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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Divisions of geologic time subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_geologic_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_of_geologic_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_of_geologic_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Naming of geologic time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_of_geologic_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_geologic_time_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_geologic_time_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History of the geologic time scale </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_geologic_time_scale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of the geologic time scale subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_geologic_time_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_primary_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_primary_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Establishment of primary principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_primary_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulation_of_a_modern_geologic_time_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation_of_a_modern_geologic_time_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Formulation of a modern geologic time scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation_of_a_modern_geologic_time_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_advent_of_geochronometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_advent_of_geochronometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The advent of geochronometry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_advent_of_geochronometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_international_geologic_time_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_international_geologic_time_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Modern international geologic time scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_international_geologic_time_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_proposed_revisions_to_the_ICC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_proposed_revisions_to_the_ICC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Major proposed revisions to the ICC </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_proposed_revisions_to_the_ICC-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major proposed revisions to the ICC subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_proposed_revisions_to_the_ICC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_Anthropocene_Series/Epoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_Anthropocene_Series/Epoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_Anthropocene_Series/Epoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_revisions_to_pre-Cryogenian_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_revisions_to_pre-Cryogenian_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_revisions_to_pre-Cryogenian_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shields_et_al._2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shields_et_al._2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Shields et al. 2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shields_et_al._2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Van_Kranendonk_et_al._2012_(GTS2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Van_Kranendonk_et_al._2012_(GTS2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Van_Kranendonk_et_al._2012_(GTS2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_geologic_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_geologic_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Table of geologic time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_geologic_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Earth_based_geologic_time_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Earth_based_geologic_time_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Non-Earth based geologic time scales </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Earth_based_geologic_time_scales-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Non-Earth based geologic time scales subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Earth_based_geologic_time_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lunar_(selenological)_time_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_(selenological)_time_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lunar (selenological) time scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_(selenological)_time_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martian_geologic_time_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martian_geologic_time_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Martian geologic time scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martian_geologic_time_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Geologic time scale</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiese_tydskaal" title="Geologiese tydskaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geologiese tydskaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologische_Zeitskala" title="Geologische Zeitskala – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geologische Zeitskala" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مقياس زمني جيولوجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس زمني جيولوجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_temporal_xeol%C3%B3xica" title="Escala temporal xeolóxica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escala temporal xeolóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoxronoloji_c%C9%99dv%C9%99l" title="Geoxronoloji cədvəl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Geoxronoloji cədvəl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="ভূতাত্ত্বিক সময় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূতাত্ত্বিক সময়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-chit_s%C3%AE-kan-chhioh" title="Tē-chit sî-kan-chhioh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-chit sî-kan-chhioh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurun_Wektu_Geologis" title="Kurun Wektu Geologis – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kurun Wektu Geologis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Геохронологик шкала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геохронологик шкала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Геахраналагічная шкала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геахраналагічная шкала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भूबिज्ञानी समय पैमाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूबिज्ञानी समय पैमाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Геохронологична скала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геохронологична скала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ka_vremenska_skala" title="Geološka vremenska skala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geološka vremenska skala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeul_amzervezhio%C3%B9_douarouriezhel" title="Skeul amzervezhioù douarouriezhel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skeul amzervezhioù douarouriezhel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_dels_temps_geol%C3%B2gics" title="Taula dels temps geològics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula dels temps geològics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologick%C3%BD_%C4%8Das" title="Geologický čas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geologický čas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisk_tidsskala" title="Geologisk tidsskala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geologisk tidsskala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologische_Zeitskala" title="Geologische Zeitskala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geologische Zeitskala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geokronoloogiline_skaala" title="Geokronoloogiline skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geokronoloogiline skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γεωλογικός χρόνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωλογικός χρόνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_temporal_geol%C3%B3gica" title="Escala temporal geológica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala temporal geológica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologia_temposkalo" title="Geologia temposkalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geologia temposkalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskala_kronoestratigrafiko" title="Eskala kronoestratigrafiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskala kronoestratigrafiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_des_temps_g%C3%A9ologiques" title="Échelle des temps géologiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle des temps géologiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsc%C3%A1la_geola%C3%ADoch" title="Amscála geolaíoch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amscála geolaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_xeol%C3%B3xico" title="Tempo xeolóxico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tempo xeolóxico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="지질 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지질 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin_ilimin_%C6%99asa_da_duwatsu" title="Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarihin ilimin ƙasa da duwatsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूवैज्ञानिक समय-मान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje" title="Geološko razdoblje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geološko razdoblje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_waktu_geologi" title="Skala waktu geologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala waktu geologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_del_tempore_geologic" title="Scala del tempore geologic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scala del tempore geologic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0s%C3%B6gut%C3%ADmatal" title="Jarðsögutímatal – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðsögutímatal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_dei_tempi_geologici" title="Scala dei tempi geologici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala dei tempi geologici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="לוח הזמנים הגאולוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוח הזמנים הגאולוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಭೂರಚನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಯುಗಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂರಚನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಯುಗಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="გეოქრონოლოგიური სკალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოქრონოლოგიური სკალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%88%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Геохронология шәкілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геохронология шәкілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Goloven_Dhororiethel" title="An Goloven Dhororiethel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="An Goloven Dhororiethel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ech%C3%A8l_tan_jeyolojik" title="Echèl tan jeyolojik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Echèl tan jeyolojik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologiskuo_laika_skala" title="Geologiskuo laika skala – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Geologiskuo laika skala" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aevum_geologicum" title="Aevum geologicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aevum geologicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2eolo%C4%A3isk%C4%81_laika_skala" title="Ģeoloģiskā laika skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeoloģiskā laika skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologesch_Z%C3%A4itskala" title="Geologesch Zäitskala – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geologesch Zäitskala" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologin%C4%97_laiko_skal%C4%97" title="Geologinė laiko skalė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geologinė laiko skalė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_de_edas_jeolojial" title="Scala de edas jeolojial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scala de edas jeolojial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_id%C5%91sk%C3%A1la" title="Földtörténeti időskála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földtörténeti időskála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Геолошка скала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геолошка скала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridrefin%27ny_fotoana_ara-je%C3%B4l%C3%B4jika" title="Maridrefin'ny fotoana ara-jeôlôjika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maridrefin'ny fotoana ara-jeôlôjika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_masa_geologi" title="Skala masa geologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala masa geologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Геологийн цаг тоолол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Геологийн цаг тоолол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C" title="ဘူမိဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ အချိန်ကာလ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘူမိဗေဒဆိုင်ရာ အချိန်ကာလ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologische_tijdschaal" title="Geologische tijdschaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geologische tijdschaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="地質時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地質時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerdtidj%C3%A4%C3%A4ler" title="Eerdtidjääler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eerdtidjääler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisk_tidsskala" title="Geologisk tidsskala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geologisk tidsskala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisk_tidsskala" title="Geologisk tidsskala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geologisk tidsskala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quielle_des_temps_giologiques" title="Équielle des temps giologiques – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Équielle des temps giologiques" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_dels_tempses_geologics" title="Escala dels tempses geologics – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escala dels tempses geologics" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoxronologik_shkala" title="Geoxronologik shkala – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geoxronologik shkala" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="د ځمک‌پوهنې زماني مقیاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ځمک‌پوهنې زماني مقیاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_stratygraficzna" title="Tabela stratygraficzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tabela stratygraficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_de_tempo_geol%C3%B3gico" title="Escala de tempo geológico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala de tempo geológico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scara_timpului_geologic" title="Scara timpului geologic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scara timpului geologic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Геохронологическая шкала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геохронологическая шкала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геохронология – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Геохронология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_gjeologjike_e_Tok%C3%ABs" title="Historia gjeologjike e Tokës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia gjeologjike e Tokës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geologic time scale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronostratigrafick%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka" title="Chronostratigrafická tabuľka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chronostratigrafická tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_period&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Geological period</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System that relates geologic strata to time</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_(light)_-_path_text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Geologic time scale proportionally represented as a log-spiral. The image also shows some notable events in Earth's history and the general evolution of life." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg/330px-Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg/495px-Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg/660px-Geologic_time_scale_-_spiral_-_ICS_colours_%28light%29_-_path_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The geologic time scale, proportionally represented as a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral" title="Logarithmic spiral">log-spiral</a> with some major events in Earth's history. A <a href="/wiki/Megaannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannus">megaannus</a> (Ma) represents one million (106) years.</figcaption></figure> The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">rock record</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. It is a system of <a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">chronological dating</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">chronostratigraphy</a> (the process of relating <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> to time) and <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geochronology</a> (a scientific branch of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> that aims to determine the age of rocks). It is used primarily by <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth scientists</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysicists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">paleoclimatologists</a>) to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The time scale has been developed through the study of rock layers and the observation of their relationships and identifying features such as <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetic</a> properties, and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. The definition of standardised international units of geologic time is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> (ICS), a constituent body of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS), whose primary objective<a href="#cite_note-ICS_statutes-1">[1]</a> is to precisely define global chronostratigraphic units of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICC)<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> that are used to define divisions of geologic time. The chronostratigraphic divisions are in turn used to define geochronologic units.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Age of Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div> The geologic time scale is a way of representing <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a> based on events that have occurred throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>, a time span of about <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">4.54 ± 0.05 Ga</a> (4.54 billion years).<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple_2001_AoE-3">[3]</a> It chronologically organises strata, and subsequently time, by observing fundamental changes in stratigraphy that correspond to major geological or paleontological events. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, marks the lower boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> System/Period and thus the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and Paleogene systems/periods. For divisions prior to the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a>, arbitrary numeric boundary definitions (<a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages</a>, GSSAs) are used to divide geologic time. Proposals have been made to better reconcile these divisions with the rock record.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_2022_pre-Cryogenian-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> Historically, regional geologic time scales were used<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> due to the litho- and biostratigraphic differences around the world in time equivalent rocks. The ICS has long worked to reconcile conflicting terminology by standardising globally significant and identifiable stratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(geology)" title="Horizon (geology)">horizons</a> that can be used to define the lower boundaries of chronostratigraphic units. Defining chronostratigraphic units in such a manner allows for the use of global, standardised nomenclature. The International Chronostratigraphic Chart represents this ongoing effort. Several key principles are used to determine the relative relationships of rocks and thus their chronostratigraphic position.<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1795v1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1816-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostratigraphic_units-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">law of superposition</a> that states that in undeformed stratigraphic sequences the oldest strata will lie at the bottom of the sequence, while newer material stacks upon the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1795v1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> In practice, this means a younger rock will lie on top of an older rock unless there is evidence to suggest otherwise. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">principle of original horizontality</a> that states layers of sediments will originally be deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> However, it is now known that not all sedimentary layers are deposited purely horizontally,<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehta_et_al_1994-12">[12]</a> but this principle is still a useful concept. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">principle of lateral continuity</a> that states layers of sediments extend laterally in all directions until either thinning out or being cut off by a different rock layer, i.e. they are laterally continuous.<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a> Layers do not extend indefinitely; their limits are controlled by the amount and type of sediment in a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basin</a>, and the geometry of that basin. The principle of <a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting_relationships" title="Cross-cutting relationships">cross-cutting relationships</a> that states a rock that cuts across another rock must be younger than the rock it cuts across.<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1795v1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_included_fragments" title="Law of included fragments">law of included fragments</a> that states small fragments of one type of rock that are embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming.<a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> The relationships of <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformities</a> which are geologic features representing a gap in the geologic record. Unconformities are formed during periods of erosion or non-deposition, indicating non-continuous sediment deposition.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Observing the type and relationships of unconformities in strata allows geologist to understand the relative timing the strata. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_faunal_succession" title="Principle of faunal succession">principle of faunal succession</a> (where applicable) that states rock strata contain distinctive sets of fossils that succeed each other vertically in a specific and reliable order.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1816-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> This allows for a correlation of strata even when the horizon between them is not continuous. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_geologic_time">Divisions of geologic time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Divisions of geologic time">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">Biostratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy" title="Magnetostratigraphy">Magnetostratigraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithostratigraphy" title="Lithostratigraphy">Lithostratigraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></div> The geologic time scale is divided into chronostratigraphic units and their corresponding geochronologic units. <ul><li>An <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>eon is the largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Eonothem" title="Eonothem">eonothem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_geology_2020-13">[13]</a> There are four formally defined eons: the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a></li> <li>An <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">era is the second largest geochronologic time unit and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Erathem" title="Erathem">erathem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_geology_2020-13">[13]</a> There are ten defined eras: the <a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, with none from the Hadean eon.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a></li> <li>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">period is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_geology_2020-13">[13]</a> There are 22 defined periods, with the current being the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> As an exception two subperiods are used for the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a></li> <li>An <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">epoch is the second smallest geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_geology_2020-13">[13]</a> There are 37 defined epochs and one informal one. The current epoch is the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. There are also 11 subepochs which are all within the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and Quaternary.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> The use of subepochs as formal units in international chronostratigraphy was ratified in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2022_subseries-15">[15]</a></li> <li>An <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">age is the smallest hierarchical geochronologic unit. It is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_geology_2020-13">[13]</a> There are 96 formal and five informal ages.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> The current age is the <a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a>.</li> <li>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">chron is a non-hierarchical formal geochronology unit of unspecified rank and is equivalent to a chronostratigraphic <a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chronozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> These correlate with <a href="/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy" title="Magnetostratigraphy">magnetostratigraphic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithostratigraphy" title="Lithostratigraphy">lithostratigraphic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">biostratigraphic</a> units as they are based on previously defined stratigraphic units or geologic features.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Formal, hierarchical units of the geologic time scale (largest to smallest) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chronostratigraphic unit (strata) </th> <th>Geochronologic unit (time) </th> <th>Time span<a href="#cite_note-timespan-16">[note 1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eonothem </td> <td>Eon </td> <td>Several hundred million years to two billion years </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erathem </td> <td>Era </td> <td>Tens to hundreds of millions of years </td></tr> <tr> <td>System </td> <td>Period </td> <td>Millions of years to tens of millions of years </td></tr> <tr> <td>Series </td> <td>Epoch </td> <td>Hundreds of thousands of years to tens of millions of years </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subseries </td> <td>Subepoch </td> <td>Thousands of years to millions of years </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stage </td> <td>Age </td> <td>Thousands of years to millions of years </td></tr></tbody></table> The subdivisions Early and Late are used as the geochronologic equivalents of the chronostratigraphic Lower and Upper, e.g., Early <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> Period (geochronologic unit) is used in place of Lower Triassic System (chronostratigraphic unit). Rocks representing a given chronostratigraphic unit are that chronostratigraphic unit, and the time they were laid down in is the geochronologic unit, e.g., the rocks that represent the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> System are the Silurian System and they were deposited during the Silurian Period. This definition means the numeric age of a geochronologic unit can be changed (and is more often subject to change) when refined by geochronometry while the equivalent chronostratigraphic unit (the revision of which is less frequent) remains unchanged. For example, in early 2022, the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geologic_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geologic time)">periods</a> (geochronologic units) was revised from 541 Ma to 538.8 Ma but the rock definition of the boundary (GSSP) at the base of the Cambrian, and thus the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian <a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">systems</a> (chronostratigraphic units) has not been changed; rather, the absolute age has merely been refined. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a> is the element of <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> that deals with the relation between rock bodies and the relative measurement of geological time.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> It is the process where distinct strata between defined stratigraphic horizons are assigned to represent a relative interval of geologic time. A chronostratigraphic unit is a body of rock, layered or unlayered, that is defined between specified stratigraphic horizons which represent specified intervals of geologic time. They include all rocks representative of a specific interval of geologic time, and only this time span. Eonothem, erathem, system, series, subseries, stage, and substage are the hierarchical chronostratigraphic units.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> A geochronologic unit is a subdivision of geologic time. It is a numeric representation of an intangible property (time).<a href="#cite_note-ICS_definitions-17">[16]</a> These units are arranged in a hierarchy: eon, era, period, epoch, subepoch, age, and subage.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> Geochronology is the scientific branch of geology that aims to determine the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments either through absolute (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>) or relative means (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">stratigraphic position</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope_ratio" title="Stable isotope ratio">stable isotope ratios</a>). <a href="/wiki/Geochronometry" title="Geochronometry">Geochronometry</a> is the field of geochronology that numerically quantifies geologic time.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_definitions-17">[16]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP) is an internationally agreed-upon reference point on a <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic_section" title="Stratigraphic section">stratigraphic section</a> that defines the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_GSSP-18">[17]</a> (Recently this has been used to define the base of a system)<a href="#cite_note-Knoll_2006_Ediacaran-19">[18]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age</a> (GSSA)<a href="#cite_note-Remane_1996_GSSP-20">[19]</a> is a numeric-only, chronologic reference point used to define the base of geochronologic units prior to the Cryogenian. These points are arbitrarily defined.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> They are used where GSSPs have not yet been established. Research is ongoing to define GSSPs for the base of all units that are currently defined by GSSAs. The standard international units of the geologic time scale are published by the International Commission on Stratigraphy on the International Chronostratigraphic Chart; however, regional terms are still in use in some areas. The numeric values on the International Chronostratigrahpic Chart are represented by the unit <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> (megaannum, for 'million <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">years</a>'). For example, 201.4 ± 0.2 Ma, the lower boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Period, is defined as 201,400,000 years old with an uncertainty of 200,000 years. Other <a href="/wiki/Si_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Si prefix">SI prefix</a> units commonly used by geologists are <a href="/wiki/Gigaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigaannum">Ga</a> (gigaannum, billion years), and <a href="/wiki/Kiloannums" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloannums">ka</a> (kiloannum, thousand years), with the latter often represented in calibrated units (<a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">before present</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_of_geologic_time">Naming of geologic time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming of geologic time">edit</a>]</div> The names of geologic time units are defined for chronostratigraphic units with the corresponding geochronologic unit sharing the same name with a change to the suffix (e.g. Phanerozoic <a href="/wiki/Eonothem" title="Eonothem">Eonothem</a> becomes the Phanerozoic Eon). Names of erathems in the Phanerozoic were chosen to reflect major changes in the history of life on Earth: <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> (old life), <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> (middle life), and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> (new life). Names of systems are diverse in origin, with some indicating chronologic position (e.g., Paleogene), while others are named for <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> (e.g., Cretaceous), <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>), or are tribal (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a>) in origin. Most currently recognised series and subseries are named for their position within a system/series (early/middle/late); however, the International Commission on Stratigraphy advocates for all new series and subseries to be named for a geographic feature in the vicinity of its <a href="/wiki/Stratotype" title="Stratotype">stratotype</a> or <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)" title="Type locality (geology)">type locality</a>. The name of stages should also be derived from a geographic feature in the locality of its stratotype or type locality.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_chronostrat-14">[14]</a> Informally, the time before the Cambrian is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> or pre-Cambrian (Supereon).<a href="#cite_note-Shields_2022_pre-Cryogenian-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Precam-21">[note 2]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Time span and <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of geologic eonothem/eon names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Time span </th> <th>Duration (million years) </th> <th>Etymology of name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=538.8–0">538.8 to 0</a> million years ago </td> <td>538.8 </td> <td>From Greek φανερός (phanerós) 'visible' or 'abundant' and ζωή (zoē) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2500–538.8">2,500 to 538.8</a> million years ago </td> <td>1961.2 </td> <td>From Greek πρότερος (próteros) 'former' or 'earlier' and ζωή (zoē) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4031–2500">4,031 to 2,500</a> million years ago </td> <td>1531 </td> <td>From Greek <a href="/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ἀρχή">ἀρχή</a> (archē) 'beginning, origin'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4567.3–4031">4,567.3 to 4,031</a> million years ago </td> <td>536.3 </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ᾍδης, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Háidēs, the god of the underworld (hell, the inferno) in Greek mythology. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Time span and etymology of geologic erathem/era names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Time span </th> <th>Duration (million years) </th> <th>Etymology of name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=66–0">66 to 0</a> million years ago </td> <td>66 </td> <td>From Greek καινός (kainós) 'new' and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=251.9–66">251.9 to 66</a> million years ago </td> <td>185.902 </td> <td>From Greek μέσο (méso) 'middle' and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=538.8–251.9">538.8 to 251.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>286.898 </td> <td>From Greek παλιός (palaiós) 'old' and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1000–538.8">1,000 to 538.8</a> million years ago </td> <td>461.2 </td> <td>From Greek νέος (néos) 'new' or 'young', πρότερος (próteros) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1600–1000">1,600 to 1,000</a> million years ago </td> <td>600 </td> <td>From Greek μέσο (méso) 'middle', πρότερος (próteros) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2500–1600">2,500 to 1,600</a> million years ago </td> <td>900 </td> <td>From Greek παλιός (palaiós) 'old', πρότερος (próteros) 'former' or 'earlier', and ζωή (zōḗ) 'life'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2800–2500">2,800 to 2,500</a> million years ago </td> <td>300 </td> <td>From Greek νέος (néos) 'new' or 'young' and ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos) 'ancient'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3200–2800">3,200 to 2,800</a> million years ago </td> <td>400 </td> <td>From Greek μέσο (méso) 'middle' and ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos) 'ancient'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3600–3200">3,600 to 3,200</a> million years ago </td> <td>400 </td> <td>From Greek παλιός (palaiós) 'old' and ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos) 'ancient'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4031–3600">4,031 to 3,600</a> million years ago </td> <td>431 </td> <td>From Greek ἠώς (ēōs) 'dawn' and ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos) 'ancient'. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Time span and etymology of geologic system/period names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Time span </th> <th>Duration (million years) </th> <th>Etymology of name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.6–0">2.6 to 0</a> million years ago </td> <td>2.58 </td> <td>First introduced by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Desnoyers" title="Jules Desnoyers">Jules Desnoyers</a> in 1829 for sediments in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> Basin that appeared to be younger than <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a><a href="#cite_note-Tertiary-24">[note 3]</a> rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Desnoyers_1829-25">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=23–2.6">23 to 2.6</a> million years ago </td> <td>20.45 </td> <td>Derived from Greek νέος (néos) 'new' and γενεά (geneá) 'genesis' or 'birth'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=66–23">66 to 23</a> million years ago </td> <td>42.97 </td> <td>Derived from Greek παλιός (palaiós) 'old' and γενεά (geneá) 'genesis' or 'birth'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Common_use_in_English" title="Tilde">~</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=145–66">145 to 66</a> million years ago </td> <td>~79 </td> <td>Derived from Terrain Crétacé used in 1822 by <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Omalius_d%27Halloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy">Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy</a> in reference to extensive beds of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Basin" title="Paris Basin">Paris Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-d'Halloy_1822-26">[23]</a> Ultimately derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> crēta 'chalk'. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=201.4–145">201.4 to 145</a> million years ago </td> <td>~56.4 </td> <td>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>. Originally used by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> as 'Jura Kalkstein' (Jura limestone) in 1799.<a href="#cite_note-Humboldt_1799-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Brongniart" title="Alexandre Brongniart">Alexandre Brongniart</a> was the first to publish the term Jurassic in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-Brogniart_1829-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Jurassic-29">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=251.9–201.4">251.9 to 201.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>50.502 </td> <td>From the Trias of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Alberti" title="Friedrich August von Alberti">Friedrich August von Alberti</a> in reference to a trio of formations widespread in southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=298.9–251.9">298.9 to 251.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>46.998 </td> <td>Named after the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Perm_Governorate" title="Perm Governorate">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murchison_1842-30">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=358.9–298.9">358.9 to 298.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>60 </td> <td>Means 'coal-bearing', from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> carbō (coal) and ferō (to bear, carry).<a href="#cite_note-Phillips_1835-31">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=419.2–358.9">419.2 to 358.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>60.3 </td> <td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick_1840-32">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=443.8–419.2">443.8 to 419.2</a> million years ago </td> <td>24.6 </td> <td>Named after the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murchison_1835-33">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=485.4–443.8">485.4 to 443.8</a> million years ago </td> <td>41.6 </td> <td>Named after the Celtic tribe, <a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lapworth_1879-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=538.8–485.4">538.8 to 485.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>53.4 </td> <td>Named for <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinised</a> form of the Welsh name for <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Cymru.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=635–538.8">635 to 538.8</a> million years ago </td> <td>~96.2 </td> <td>Named for the <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_Hills" title="Ediacara Hills">Ediacara Hills</a>. Ediacara is possibly a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a> 'Yata Takarra' 'hard or stony ground'.<a href="#cite_note-Butcher_2004-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHD_Ediacara_Fossil_Site-38">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=720–635">720 to 635</a> million years ago </td> <td>~85 </td> <td>From Greek κρύος (krýos) 'cold' and γένεσις (génesis) 'birth'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1000–720">1,000 to 720</a> million years ago </td> <td>~280 </td> <td>From Greek τόνος (tónos) 'stretch'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1200–1000">1,200 to 1,000</a> million years ago </td> <td>200 </td> <td>From Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1400–1200">1,400 to 1,200</a> million years ago </td> <td>200 </td> <td>From Greek ἔκτᾰσῐς (éktasis) 'extension'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1600–1400">1,600 to 1,400</a> million years ago </td> <td>200 </td> <td>From Greek κάλυμμᾰ (kálumma) 'cover'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1800–1600">1,800 to 1,600</a> million years ago </td> <td>200 </td> <td>From Greek σταθερός (statherós) 'stable'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2050–1800">2,050 to 1,800</a> million years ago </td> <td>250 </td> <td>From Greek ὀροσειρά (oroseirá) 'mountain range'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2300–2050">2,300 to 2,050</a> million years ago </td> <td>250 </td> <td>From Greek ῥύαξ (rhýax) 'stream of lava'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2500–2300">2,500 to 2,300</a> million years ago </td> <td>200 </td> <td>From Greek σίδηρος (sídēros) '<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Time span and etymology of geologic series/epoch names </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Time span </th> <th>Duration (million years) </th> <th>Etymology of name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=0.012–0">0.012 to 0</a> million years ago </td> <td>0.0117 </td> <td>From Greek ὅλος (hólos) 'whole' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2.58–0.012">2.58 to 0.012</a> million years ago </td> <td>2.5683 </td> <td>Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλεῖστος (pleîstos) 'most' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=5.33–2.58">5.33 to 2.58</a> million years ago </td> <td>2.753 </td> <td>Coined in the early 1830s from Greek πλείων (pleíōn) 'more' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=23.03–5.33">23.03 to 5.33</a> million years ago </td> <td>17.697 </td> <td>Coined in the early 1830s from Greek μείων (meíōn) 'less' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=33.9–23.03">33.9 to 23.03</a> million years ago </td> <td>10.87 </td> <td>Coined in the 1850s from Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=56–33.9">56 to 33.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>22.1 </td> <td>Coined in the early 1830s from Greek ἠώς (ēōs) 'dawn' and καινός (kainós) 'new', referring to the dawn of modern life during this epoch </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=66–56">66 to 56</a> million years ago </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Coined by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Philippe_Schimper" title="Wilhelm Philippe Schimper">Wilhelm Philippe Schimper</a> in 1874 as a portmanteau of paleo- + Eocene, but on the surface from Greek παλαιός (palaios) 'old' and καινός (kainós) 'new' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=100.5–66">100.5 to 66</a> million years ago </td> <td>34.5 </td> <td rowspan="2">See <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=145–100.5">145 to 100.5</a> million years ago </td> <td>44.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Jurassic">Upper Jurassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=161.5–145">161.5 to 145</a> million years ago </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td rowspan="3">See <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=174.7–161.5">174.7 to 161.5</a> million years ago </td> <td>13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Jurassic">Lower Jurassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=201.4–174.7">201.4 to 174.7</a> million years ago </td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=237–201.4">237 to 201.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>35.6 </td> <td rowspan="3">See <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=247.2–237">247.2 to 237</a> million years ago </td> <td>10.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Triassic">Lower Triassic</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=251.9–247.2">251.9 to 247.2</a> million years ago </td> <td>4.702 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=259.51–251.9">259.51 to 251.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>7.608 </td> <td>Named for <a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Loping</a>, China, an anglicization of Mandarin 乐平 (lèpíng) 'peaceful music' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=273.01–259.51">273.01 to 259.51</a> million years ago </td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>Named for the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a> of the American Southwest, ultimately from Arabic وَادِي ٱل (wādī al) 'valley of the' and Latin lupus 'wolf' via Spanish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=298.9–273.01">298.9 to 273.01</a> million years ago </td> <td>25.89 </td> <td>From Latin cis- (before) + Russian Урал (Ural), referring to the western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Upper Pennsylvanian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=307–298.9">307 to 298.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td rowspan="3">Named for the US state of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, from <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> + Latin silvanus (forest) + -ia by analogy to Transylvania </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Middle Pennsylvanian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=315.2–307">315.2 to 307</a> million years ago </td> <td>8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Lower Pennsylvanian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=323.2–315.2">323.2 to 315.2</a> million years ago </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Upper Mississippian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=330.9–323.2">330.9 to 323.2</a> million years ago </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td rowspan="3">Named for the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, from Ojibwe ᒥᐦᓯᓰᐱ (misi-ziibi) 'great river' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Middle Mississippian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=346.7–330.9">346.7 to 330.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>15.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Lower Mississippian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=358.9–346.7">358.9 to 346.7</a> million years ago </td> <td>12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Devonian">Upper Devonian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=382.7–358.9">382.7 to 358.9</a> million years ago </td> <td>23.8 </td> <td rowspan="3">See <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle Devonian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=393.3–382.7">393.3 to 382.7</a> million years ago </td> <td>10.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Devonian">Lower Devonian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=419.2–393.3">419.2 to 393.3</a> million years ago </td> <td>25.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=423–419.2">423 to 419.2</a> million years ago </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>Named for the Homolka a Přídolí nature reserve near <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czechia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=427.4–423">427.4 to 423</a> million years ago </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, England </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=433.4–427.4">433.4 to 427.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Named for the <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Edge" title="Wenlock Edge">Wenlock Edge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, England </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=443.8–433.4">443.8 to 433.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a>, Wales </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Ordovician">Upper Ordovician</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=458.4–443.8">458.4 to 443.8</a> million years ago </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td rowspan="3">See <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle Ordovician</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=470–458.4">470 to 458.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Ordovician">Lower Ordovician</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=485.4–470">485.4 to 470</a> million years ago </td> <td>15.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=497–485.4">497 to 485.4</a> million years ago </td> <td>11.6 </td> <td>From Mandarin 芙蓉 (fúróng) 'lotus', referring to the state symbol of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=509–497">509 to 497</a> million years ago </td> <td>12 </td> <td>Named for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miao_Ling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miao Ling (page does not exist)">Miao Ling</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E5%B6%BA%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="extiw" title="zh:苗嶺山脈">zh</a>] mountains of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, Mandarin for 'sprouting peaks' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Cambrian Series 2</a> (informal) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=521–509">521 to 509</a> million years ago </td> <td>12 </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=538.8–521">538.8 to 521</a> million years ago </td> <td>17.8 </td> <td>Named for <a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_geologic_time_scale">History of the geologic time scale</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the geologic time scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> While a modern geological time scale was not formulated until 1911<a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1911-39">[36]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holmes" title="Arthur Holmes">Arthur Holmes</a>, the broader concept that rocks and time are related can be traced back to (at least) the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> (c. 570–487 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">BCE</a>) observed rock beds with fossils of shells located above the sea-level, viewed them as once living organisms, and used this to imply an unstable relationship in which the sea had at times <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgressed</a> over the land and at other times had <a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">regressed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> This view was shared by a few of Xenophanes's contemporaries and those that followed, including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BCE) who (with additional observations) reasoned that the positions of land and sea had changed over long periods of time. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a> was also recognised by <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Chinese naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a><a href="#cite_note-Nathan_1995-41">[38]</a> (1031–1095) and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a>-philosophers, notably the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brothers of Purity</a>, who wrote on the processes of stratification over the passage of time in their <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">treatises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> Their work likely inspired that of the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Ibn Sînâ, 980–1037) who wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a> (1027) on the concept of stratification and superposition, pre-dating <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Steno" title="Nicolas Steno">Nicolas Steno</a> by more than six centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> Avicenna also recognised fossils as "petrifications of the bodies of plants and animals",<a href="#cite_note-Adams_1938-42">[39]</a> with the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (c. 1200–1280) extending this into a theory of a petrifying fluid.<a href="#cite_note-Rudwick_1985-43">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The reference to Albertus Magnus and a petrifying fluid is a hangover from the original Geologic time scale article. I cannot confidently corroborate the source material against this statement. (April 2022)">verification needed</a>] These works appeared to have little influence on <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval Europe</a> who looked to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to explain the origins of fossils and sea-level changes, often attributing these to the '<a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Deluge</a>', including <a href="/wiki/Restoro_d%27Arezzo" title="Restoro d'Arezzo">Ristoro d'Arezzo</a> in 1282.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> when <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452–1519) would reinvigorate the relationships between stratification, relative sea-level change, and time, denouncing attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge':<a href="#cite_note-McCurdy_1938-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Of the stupidity and ignorance of those who imagine that these creatures were carried to such places distant from the sea by the Deluge...Why do we find so many fragments and whole shells between the different layers of stone unless they had been upon the shore and had been covered over by earth newly thrown up by the sea which then became petrified? And if the above-mentioned Deluge had carried them to these places from the sea, you would find the shells at the edge of one layer of rock only, not at the edge of many where may be counted the winters of the years during which the sea multiplied the layers of sand and mud brought down by the neighboring rivers and spread them over its shores. And if you wish to say that there must have been many deluges in order to produce these layers and the shells among them it would then become necessary for you to affirm that such a deluge took place every year.</blockquote> These views of da Vinci remained unpublished, and thus lacked influence at the time; however, questions of fossils and their significance were pursued and, while views against <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a> were not readily accepted and dissent from <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> doctrine was in some places unwise, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro" title="Girolamo Fracastoro">Girolamo Fracastoro</a> shared da Vinci's views, and found the attribution of fossils to the 'Deluge' absurd.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_primary_principles">Establishment of primary principles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishment of primary principles">edit</a>]</div> Niels Stensen, more commonly known as Nicolas Steno (1638–1686), is credited with establishing four of the guiding principles of stratigraphy.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> In De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus Steno states:<a href="#cite_note-Steno_1669-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kardel_2018-45">[42]</a> <blockquote> <ul><li>When any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting on it was fluid and, therefore, when the lowest stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed.</li> <li>... strata which are either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to it were at one time parallel to the horizon.</li> <li>When any given stratum was being formed, it was either encompassed at its edges by another solid substance or it covered the whole globe of the earth. Hence, it follows that wherever bared edges of strata are seen, either a continuation of the same strata must be looked for or another solid substance must be found that kept the material of the strata from being dispersed.</li> <li>If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum.</li></ul> </blockquote> Respectively, these are the principles of superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, and cross-cutting relationships. From this Steno reasoned that strata were laid down in succession and inferred relative time (in Steno's belief, time from <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a>). While Steno's principles were simple and attracted much attention, applying them proved challenging.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> These basic principles, albeit with improved and more nuanced interpretations, still form the foundational principles of determining the correlation of strata relative to geologic time. Over the course of the 18th-century geologists realised that: <ul><li>Sequences of strata often become eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition</li> <li>Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances</li> <li>The strata of any given area represented only part of Earth's long history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulation_of_a_modern_geologic_time_scale">Formulation of a modern geologic time scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formulation of a modern geologic time scale">edit</a>]</div> The apparent, earliest formal division of the geologic record with respect to time was introduced during the era of Biblical models by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burnet_(theologian)" title="Thomas Burnet (theologian)">Thomas Burnet</a> who applied a two-fold terminology to mountains by identifying "montes primarii" for rock formed at the time of the 'Deluge', and younger "monticulos secundarios" formed later from the debris of the "primarii".<a href="#cite_note-Burnet_1681-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moro" title="Anton Moro">Anton Moro</a> (1687–1784) also used primary and secondary divisions for rock units but his mechanism was volcanic.<a href="#cite_note-Moro_1740-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> In this early version of the <a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">Plutonism</a> theory, the interior of Earth was seen as hot, and this drove the creation of primary igneous and metamorphic rocks and secondary rocks formed contorted and fossiliferous sediments. These primary and secondary divisions were expanded on by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Targioni_Tozzetti" title="Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti">Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti</a> (1712–1783) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arduino_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Arduino (geologist)">Giovanni Arduino</a> (1713–1795) to include tertiary and quaternary divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer_2009-40">[37]</a> These divisions were used to describe both the time during which the rocks were laid down, and the collection of rocks themselves (i.e., it was correct to say Tertiary rocks, and Tertiary Period). Only the Quaternary division is retained in the modern geologic time scale, while the Tertiary division was in use until the early 21st century. The Neptunism and Plutonism theories would compete into the early <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> with a key driver for resolution of this debate being the work of <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a> (1726–1797), in particular his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Earth" title="Theory of the Earth">Theory of the Earth</a>, first presented before the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1788-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1795v1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutton_1795v2-49">[46]</a> Hutton's theory would later become known as <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a>, popularised by <a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">John Playfair</a><a href="#cite_note-Playfair_1802-50">[47]</a> (1748–1819) and later <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1797–1875) in his <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1832v2-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyell_1834v3-52">[49]</a> Their theories strongly contested the 6,000 year age of the Earth as suggested determined by <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> via Biblical chronology that was accepted at the time by western religion. Instead, using geological evidence, they contested Earth to be much older, cementing the concept of deep time. During the early 19th century <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Julien_d%27Omalius_d%27Halloy" title="Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy">Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Brongniart" title="Alexandre Brongniart">Alexandre Brongniart</a> pioneered the systematic division of rocks by stratigraphy and fossil assemblages. These geologists began to use the local names given to rock units in a wider sense, correlating strata across national and continental boundaries based on their similarity to each other. Many of the names below erathem/era rank in use on the modern ICC/GTS were determined during the early to mid-19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_advent_of_geochronometry">The advent of geochronometry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The advent of geochronometry">edit</a>]</div> During the 19th century, the debate regarding Earth's age was renewed, with geologists estimating ages based on <a href="/wiki/Denudation" title="Denudation">denudation</a> rates and sedimentary thicknesses or ocean chemistry, and physicists determining ages for the cooling of the Earth or the Sun using basic <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a> or orbital physics.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple_2001_AoE-3">[3]</a> These estimations varied from 15,000 million years to 0.075 million years depending on method and author, but the estimations of <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_King" title="Clarence King">Clarence King</a> were held in high regard at the time due to their pre-eminence in physics and geology. All of these early geochronometric determinations would later prove to be incorrect. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> laid the ground work for radiometric dating, but the knowledge and tools required for accurate determination of radiometric ages would not be in place until the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple_2001_AoE-3">[3]</a> Early attempts at determining ages of uranium minerals and rocks by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Boltwood" title="Bertram Boltwood">Bertram Boltwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Strutt,_4th_Baron_Rayleigh" title="Robert Strutt, 4th Baron Rayleigh">Robert Strutt</a>, and Arthur Holmes, would culminate in what are considered the first international geological time scales by Holmes in 1911 and 1913.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1911-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1913-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2001-54">[51]</a> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> in 1913<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a>, and the developments in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffrey_Dempster" title="Arthur Jeffrey Dempster">Arthur Jeffrey Dempster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._C._Nier" title="Alfred O. C. Nier">Alfred O. C. Nier</a> during the early to mid-<a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> would finally allow for the accurate determination of radiometric ages, with Holmes publishing several revisions to his geological time-scale with his final version in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple_2001_AoE-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2001-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_1960-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-GTS1960-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_international_geologic_time_scale">Modern international geologic time scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern international geologic time scale">edit</a>]</div> The establishment of the IUGS in 1961<a href="#cite_note-Harrison_1978-58">[55]</a> and acceptance of the Commission on Stratigraphy (applied in 1965)<a href="#cite_note-ICS_statutes_1986-59">[56]</a> to become a member commission of IUGS led to the founding of the ICS. One of the primary objectives of the ICS is "the establishment, publication and revision of the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart which is the standard, reference global Geological Time Scale to include the ratified Commission decisions".<a href="#cite_note-ICS_statutes-1">[1]</a> Following on from Holmes, several A Geological Time Scale books were published in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-GTS82-60">[57]</a> 1989,<a href="#cite_note-GTS1989-61">[58]</a> 2004,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2004-62">[59]</a> 2008,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2008-63">[60]</a> 2012,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a> 2016,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2016-65">[62]</a> and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2020-66">[63]</a> However, since 2013, the ICS has taken responsibility for producing and distributing the ICC citing the commercial nature, independent creation, and lack of oversight by the ICS on the prior published GTS versions (GTS books prior to 2013) although these versions were published in close association with the ICS.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> Subsequent Geologic Time Scale books (2016<a href="#cite_note-GTS2016-65">[62]</a> and 2020<a href="#cite_note-GTS2020-66">[63]</a>) are commercial publications with no oversight from the ICS, and do not entirely conform to the chart produced by the ICS. The ICS produced GTS charts are versioned (year/month) beginning at v2013/01. At least one new version is published each year incorporating any changes ratified by the ICS since the prior version. The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline. <div style="text-align:center;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_p148jgs61kf4hw62fzi0jv6ku24oq0u"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Siderian" coords="506,79,586,100" title="Siderian" alt="Siderian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rhyacian" coords="556,79,637,100" title="Rhyacian" alt="Rhyacian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Orosirian" coords="609,79,695,100" title="Orosirian" alt="Orosirian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Statherian" coords="660,80,745,99" title="Statherian" alt="Statherian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Calymmian" coords="707,80,787,99" title="Calymmian" alt="Calymmian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ectasian" coords="751,79,832,100" title="Ectasian" alt="Ectasian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Stenian" coords="799,79,874,100" title="Stenian" alt="Stenian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tonian" coords="855,79,925,100" title="Tonian" alt="Tonian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cryogenian" coords="904,79,957,100" title="Cryogenian" alt="Cryogenian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ediacaran" coords="925,79,977,100" title="Ediacaran" alt="Ediacaran" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cambrian" coords="947,79,988,100" title="Cambrian" alt="Cambrian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ordovician" coords="957,79,999,100" title="Ordovician" alt="Ordovician" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Devonian" coords="974,79,1016,100" title="Devonian" alt="Devonian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carboniferous" coords="985,79,1032,100" title="Carboniferous" alt="Carboniferous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Permian" coords="1000,79,1041,100" title="Permian" alt="Permian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Triassic" coords="1011,79,1052,100" title="Triassic" alt="Triassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jurassic" coords="1022,79,1064,100" title="Jurassic" alt="Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cretaceous" coords="1038,79,1079,100" title="Cretaceous" alt="Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="1048,79,1096,100" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eoarchean" coords="187,56,273,76" title="Eoarchean" alt="Eoarchean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" coords="271,56,374,76" title="Paleoarchean" alt="Paleoarchean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" coords="363,56,461,76" title="Mesoarchean" alt="Mesoarchean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neoarchean" coords="444,56,536,76" title="Neoarchean" alt="Neoarchean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" coords="562,56,687,76" title="Paleoproterozoic" alt="Paleoproterozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" coords="732,56,851,76" title="Mesoproterozoic" alt="Mesoproterozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" coords="853,56,967,76" title="Neoproterozoic" alt="Neoproterozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleozoic" coords="951,56,1037,76" title="Paleozoic" alt="Paleozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesozoic" coords="1006,56,1087,76" title="Mesozoic" alt="Mesozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cenozoic" coords="1054,56,1095,76" title="Cenozoic" alt="Cenozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hadean" coords="87,32,157,53" title="Hadean" alt="Hadean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Archean" coords="315,32,390,53" title="Archean" alt="Archean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Proterozoic" coords="694,32,791,53" title="Proterozoic" alt="Proterozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" coords="973,32,1070,53" title="Phanerozoic" alt="Phanerozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Precambrian" coords="463,9,560,30" title="Precambrian" alt="Precambrian" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_p148jgs61kf4hw62fzi0jv6ku24oq0u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/p148jgs61kf4hw62fzi0jv6ku24oq0u.png" /></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1p7ranz6q1y5dxkzdb8huwzb327mxrf"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cambrian" coords="72,59,153,80" title="Cambrian" alt="Cambrian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ordovician" coords="157,59,248,80" title="Ordovician" alt="Ordovician" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Silurian" coords="225,59,305,80" title="Silurian" alt="Silurian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Devonian" coords="305,59,386,80" title="Devonian" alt="Devonian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carboniferous" coords="405,59,514,80" title="Carboniferous" alt="Carboniferous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Permian" coords="523,59,598,80" title="Permian" alt="Permian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Triassic" coords="613,59,693,80" title="Triassic" alt="Triassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jurassic" coords="714,59,794,80" title="Jurassic" alt="Jurassic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cretaceous" coords="836,59,928,80" title="Cretaceous" alt="Cretaceous" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="955,59,1041,80" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neogene" coords="1020,59,1095,80" title="Neogene" alt="Neogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Quaternary" coords="1059,59,1100,80" title="Quaternary" alt="Quaternary" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleozoic" coords="291,34,377,55" title="Paleozoic" alt="Paleozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesozoic" coords="741,34,821,55" title="Mesozoic" alt="Mesozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cenozoic" coords="979,34,1060,55" title="Cenozoic" alt="Cenozoic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" coords="523,9,621,30" title="Phanerozoic" alt="Phanerozoic" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1p7ranz6q1y5dxkzdb8huwzb327mxrf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1p7ranz6q1y5dxkzdb8huwzb327mxrf.png" /></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_gulzqjw1x4uvqz9lenmf2nuz0ptfg82"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleocene" coords="96,59,182,80" title="Paleocene" alt="Paleocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eocene" coords="353,59,422,80" title="Eocene" alt="Eocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oligocene" coords="599,59,685,80" title="Oligocene" alt="Oligocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Miocene" coords="825,59,900,80" title="Miocene" alt="Miocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pliocene" coords="983,60,1058,79" title="Pliocene" alt="Pliocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleistocene" coords="1024,63,1100,79" title="Pleistocene" alt="Pleistocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene" coords="1061,59,1103,80" title="Holocene" alt="Holocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="351,34,437,55" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neogene" coords="847,34,922,55" title="Neogene" alt="Neogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Quaternary" coords="1023,37,1101,54" title="Quaternary" alt="Quaternary" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cenozoic" coords="532,9,612,30" title="Cenozoic" alt="Cenozoic" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_gulzqjw1x4uvqz9lenmf2nuz0ptfg82" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/gulzqjw1x4uvqz9lenmf2nuz0ptfg82.png" /></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_o148ko038imue7clp0z9q0kiq4p4xca"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gelasian" coords="175,59,255,80" title="Gelasian" alt="Gelasian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" coords="527,59,613,80" title="Calabrian (stage)" alt="Calabrian (stage)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Chibanian" coords="859,59,946,80" title="Chibanian" alt="Chibanian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" coords="1026,59,1084,80" title="Late Pleistocene" alt="Late Pleistocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleistocene" coords="521,34,618,55" title="Pleistocene" alt="Pleistocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene" coords="1039,34,1120,55" title="Holocene" alt="Holocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Quaternary" coords="526,9,618,30" title="Quaternary" alt="Quaternary" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_o148ko038imue7clp0z9q0kiq4p4xca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/o148ko038imue7clp0z9q0kiq4p4xca.png" /></div> Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline) <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1z5nfnmb6fll33dfhma8c94aq05ywqf"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Greenlandian" coords="163,35,266,56" title="Greenlandian" alt="Greenlandian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Northgrippian" coords="487,35,596,56" title="Northgrippian" alt="Northgrippian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Meghalayan" coords="853,35,945,56" title="Meghalayan" alt="Meghalayan" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene" coords="532,9,612,30" title="Holocene" alt="Holocene" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1z5nfnmb6fll33dfhma8c94aq05ywqf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1z5nfnmb6fll33dfhma8c94aq05ywqf.png" /></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_proposed_revisions_to_the_ICC">Major proposed revisions to the ICC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Major proposed revisions to the ICC">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_Anthropocene_Series/Epoch">Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proposed Anthropocene Series/Epoch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></div> First suggested in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-Crutzen_2021-67">[64]</a> the Anthropocene is a proposed epoch/series for the most recent time in Earth's history. While still informal, it is a widely used term to denote the present geologic time interval, in which many conditions and processes on Earth are profoundly altered by human impact.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> As of April 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit">[update]</a> the Anthropocene has not been ratified by the ICS; however, in May 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene_Working_Group" title="Anthropocene Working Group">Anthropocene Working Group</a> voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS for the establishment of the Anthropocene Series/Epoch.<a href="#cite_note-Subramanian_2019-69">[66]</a> Nevertheless, the definition of the Anthropocene as a geologic time period rather than a geologic event remains controversial and difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbard_2021-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Head_2021-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zalasiewicz_2021-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauer_2021-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_for_revisions_to_pre-Cryogenian_timeline">Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Proposals for revisions to pre-Cryogenian timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shields_et_al._2021">Shields et al. 2021</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shields et al. 2021">edit</a>]</div> An international working group of the ICS on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphic subdivision have outlined a template to improve the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale based on the rock record to bring it in line with the post-Tonian geologic time scale.<a href="#cite_note-Shields_2022_pre-Cryogenian-4">[4]</a> This work assessed the geologic history of the currently defined eons and eras of the pre-Cambrian,<a href="#cite_note-Precam-21">[note 2]</a> and the proposals in the "Geological Time Scale" books 2004,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2004_Precambrian-74">[71]</a> 2012,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2020_Precambrian-75">[72]</a> Their recommend revisions<a href="#cite_note-Shields_2022_pre-Cryogenian-4">[4]</a> of the pre-Cryogenian geologic time scale were (changes from the current scale [v2023/09] are italicised): <ul><li>Three divisions of the Archean instead of four by dropping Eoarchean, and revisions to their geochronometric definition, along with the repositioning of the Siderian into the latest Neoarchean, and a potential Kratian division in the Neoarchean. <ul><li>Archean (4000–2450 Ma) <ul><li>Paleoarchean (4000–3500 Ma)</li> <li>Mesoarchean (3500–3000 Ma)</li> <li>Neoarchean (3000–2450 Ma) <ul><li>Kratian (no fixed time given, prior to the Siderian) – from Greek κράτος (krátos) 'strength'.</li> <li>Siderian (?–2450 Ma) – moved from Proterozoic to end of Archean, no start time given, base of Paleoproterozoic defines the end of the Siderian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Refinement of geochronometric divisions of the Proterozoic, Paleoproterozoic, repositioning of the Statherian into the Mesoproterozoic, new Skourian period/system in the Paleoproterozoic, new Kleisian or Syndian period/system in the Neoproterozoic. <ul><li>Paleoproterozoic (2450–1800 Ma) <ul><li>Skourian (2450–2300 Ma) – from Greek σκουριά (skouriá) 'rust'.</li> <li>Rhyacian (2300–2050 Ma)</li> <li>Orosirian (2050–1800 Ma)</li></ul></li> <li>Mesoproterozoic (1800–1000 Ma) <ul><li>Statherian (1800–1600 Ma)</li> <li>Calymmian (1600–1400 Ma)</li> <li>Ectasian (1400–1200 Ma)</li> <li>Stenian (1200–1000 Ma)</li></ul></li> <li>Neoproterozoic (1000–538.8 Ma)<a href="#cite_note-EdiacaranDate-76">[note 4]</a> <ul><li>Kleisian or Syndian (1000–800 Ma) – respectively from Greek κλείσιμο (kleísimo) 'closure' and σύνδεση (sýndesi) 'connection'.</li> <li>Tonian (800–720 Ma)</li> <li>Cryogenian (720–635 Ma)</li> <li>Ediacaran (635–538.8 Ma)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (Shield et al. 2021, ICS working group on pre-Cryogenian chronostratigraphy), shown to scale:<a href="#cite_note-kratian-77">[note 5]</a> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_l5zd2j9hyfau3v6kr4b0e4yc6n0opnw"></map><img usemap="#timeline_l5zd2j9hyfau3v6kr4b0e4yc6n0opnw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/l5zd2j9hyfau3v6kr4b0e4yc6n0opnw.png" /></div> Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale: <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_t7q215o64ihdmyi65hhoassvgdht97w"></map><img usemap="#timeline_t7q215o64ihdmyi65hhoassvgdht97w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/t7q215o64ihdmyi65hhoassvgdht97w.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Van_Kranendonk_et_al._2012_(GTS2012)">Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Van Kranendonk et al. 2012 (GTS2012)">edit</a>]</div> The book, Geologic Time Scale 2012, was the last commercial publication of an international chronostratigraphic chart that was closely associated with the ICS.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_Cohen_2013-2">[2]</a> It included a proposal to substantially revise the pre-Cryogenian time scale to reflect important events such as the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a>, among others, while at the same time maintaining most of the previous chronostratigraphic nomenclature for the pertinent time span.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012b-78">[73]</a> As of April 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit">[update]</a> these proposed changes have not been accepted by the ICS. The proposed changes (changes from the current scale [v2023/09]) are italicised: <ul><li>Hadean Eon (4567–4030 Ma) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaotian_(geology)" title="Chaotian (geology)">Chaotian</a> Era/Erathem (4567–4404 Ma) – the name alluding both to the <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">mythological Chaos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic</a> phase of <a href="/wiki/Planet_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet formation">planet formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldblatt_2010-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a></li> <li>Jack Hillsian or Zirconian Era/Erathem (4404–4030 Ma) – both names allude to the Jack Hills Greenstone Belt which provided the oldest mineral grains on Earth, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldblatt_2010-79">[74]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Archean Eon/Eonothem (4030–2420 Ma) <ul><li>Paleoarchean Era/Erathem (4030–3490 Ma) <ul><li>Acastan Period/System (4030–3810 Ma) – named after the <a href="/wiki/Acasta_Gneiss" title="Acasta Gneiss">Acasta Gneiss</a>, one of the oldest preserved pieces of <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldblatt_2010-79">[74]</a></li> <li>Isuan Period/System (3810–3490 Ma) – named after the <a href="/wiki/Isua_Greenstone_Belt" title="Isua Greenstone Belt">Isua Greenstone Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mesoarchean Era/Erathem (3490–2780 Ma) <ul><li>Vaalbaran Period/System (3490–3020 Ma) – based on the names of the <a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaapvaal craton">Kaapvaal</a> (Southern Africa) and <a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara</a> (Western Australia) <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>, to reflect the growth of stable continental nuclei or proto-<a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratonic</a> kernels.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li> <li>Pongolan Period/System (3020–2780 Ma) – named after the Pongola Supergroup, in reference to the well preserved evidence of terrestrial microbial communities in those rocks.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neoarchean Era/Erathem (2780–2420 Ma) <ul><li>Methanian Period/System (2780–2630 Ma) – named for the inferred predominance of <a href="/wiki/Methanotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanotrophic">methanotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a><a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li> <li>Siderian Period/System (2630–2420 Ma) – named for the voluminous <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a> formed within its duration.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Proterozoic Eon/Eonothem (2420–538.8 Ma)<a href="#cite_note-EdiacaranDate-76">[note 4]</a> <ul><li>Paleoproterozoic Era/Erathem (2420–1780 Ma) <ul><li>Oxygenian Period/System (2420–2250 Ma) – named for displaying the first evidence for a global oxidising atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li> <li>Jatulian or Eukaryian Period/System (2250–2060 Ma) – names are respectively for the Lomagundi–Jatuli δ13C isotopic excursion event spanning its duration, and for the (proposed)<a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_2014-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-El_Albani_2010-82">[77]</a> first fossil appearance of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li> <li>Columbian Period/System (2060–1780 Ma) – named after the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mesoproterozoic Era/Erathem (1780–850 Ma) <ul><li>Rodinian Period/System (1780–850 Ma) – named after the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, stable environment.<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012-64">[61]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Proposed pre-Cambrian timeline (GTS2012), shown to scale: <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_re6wppnru9dvts0bl42x31dwoj904o2"></map><img usemap="#timeline_re6wppnru9dvts0bl42x31dwoj904o2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/re6wppnru9dvts0bl42x31dwoj904o2.png" /></div> Current ICC pre-Cambrian timeline (v2023/09), shown to scale: <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_rdfx6nfh1awecg2ap9k34vl2syzv0vh"></map><img usemap="#timeline_rdfx6nfh1awecg2ap9k34vl2syzv0vh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/rdfx6nfh1awecg2ap9k34vl2syzv0vh.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_geologic_time">Table of geologic time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Table of geologic time">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geologic_time_scale" title="Special:EditPage/Geologic time scale">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The following table summarises the major events and characteristics of the divisions making up the geologic time scale of Earth. This table is arranged with the most recent geologic periods at the top, and the oldest at the bottom. The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of each subdivision of time. As such, this table is not to scale and does not accurately represent the relative time-spans of each geochronologic unit. While the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> Eon looks longer than the rest, it merely spans ~539 million years (~12% of Earth's history), whilst the previous three eons<a href="#cite_note-Precam-21">[note 2]</a> collectively span ~3,461 million years (~76% of Earth's history). This bias toward the most recent eon is in part due to the relative lack of information about events that occurred during the first three eons compared to the current eon (the Phanerozoic).<a href="#cite_note-Shields_2022_pre-Cryogenian-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> The use of subseries/subepochs has been ratified by the ICS.<a href="#cite_note-Aubry_2022_subseries-15">[15]</a> While some regional terms are still in use,<a href="#cite_note-GTS2012_Precambrian-5">[5]</a> the table of geologic time conforms to the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a>, ages, and colour codes set forth by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in the official International Chronostratigraphic Chart.<a href="#cite_note-ICS_statutes-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICS_IGTS-84">[79]</a> The International Commission on Stratigraphy also provide an online interactive version of this chart. The interactive version is based on a service delivering a machine-readable <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a>/<a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> representation of the time scale, which is available through the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Management_and_Application_of_Geoscience_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information">Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information</a> <a href="/wiki/GeoSciML" title="GeoSciML">GeoSciML</a> project as a service<a href="#cite_note-web_GTSelements-85">[80]</a> and at a <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> end-point.<a href="#cite_note-web_Cox_SPARQL_GTS-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2014-87">[82]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable collapsible sticky-header" style="clear:both;margin:0; font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Eonothem/ Eon </th> <th>Erathem/ Era </th> <th>System/ Period </th> <th>Series/ Epoch </th> <th>Stage/ Age </th> <th>Major events </th> <th>Start, million years ago <a href="#cite_note-ICC-dates-88">[note 6]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="102" style="background:rgb(154,217,221)"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> </td> <td rowspan="24" style="background:rgb(242,249,29)"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="#cite_note-Tertiary-24">[note 3]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(249,249,127)"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(253,230,202)"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> </td> <td style="background:#fcf0f2"><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">4.2-kiloyear event</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian expansion</a>, increasing <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere">CO2</a>. </td> <td style="background:#fcf0f2">0.0042 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fcf0e8"><a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Northgrippian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8.2-kiloyear_event" title="8.2-kiloyear event">8.2-kiloyear event</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum" title="Holocene climatic optimum">Holocene climatic optimum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a> flooding of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> becomes a desert. End of Stone Age and start of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. Humans finally expand into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Arctic Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. </td> <td style="background:#fcf0e8">0.0082 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fcf0de"><a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a> </td> <td>Climate stabilises. Current <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> begins. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Agriculture begins</a>. Humans spread across the <a href="/wiki/Wet_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet Sahara">wet Sahara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme North">Extreme North</a>, and the Americas (mainland and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>). </td> <td style="background:#fcf0de">0.0117 ± 0.000099 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(255,239,175)"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,211)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Upper/Late</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Tarantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarantian">Tarantian</a>') </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, ending with <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba eruption</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction">Pleistocene megafauna (including the last terror birds) extinction</a>. Humans expand into <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,211)">0.129 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,199)"><a href="/wiki/Chibanian" title="Chibanian">Chibanian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid-Pleistocene_Transition" title="Mid-Pleistocene Transition">Mid-Pleistocene Transition</a> occurs, high amplitude <a href="/wiki/100,000-year_problem" title="100,000-year problem">100 ka</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial cycles</a>. Rise of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,199)">0.774 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,186)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Calabrian</a> </td> <td>Further cooling of the climate. Giant <a href="/wiki/Terror_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror birds">terror birds</a> go extinct. Spread of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> across <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,242,186)">1.8 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,237,179)"><a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian</a> </td> <td>Start of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciations</a> and unstable climate.<a href="#cite_note-Hoag_2017-89">[83]</a> Rise of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,237,179)">2.58 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background:rgb(255,230,25)"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(255,255,153)"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,191)"><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a> develops<a href="#cite_note-Bartoli_2005-90">[84]</a> as the cold slowly intensifies towards the Pleistocene. Atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O2</a> and CO2 content reaches present-day levels while landmasses also reach their current locations (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> joins the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South Americas</a>, while allowing <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">a faunal interchange</a>). The last non-marsupial metatherians go extinct. <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a> common in East Africa; <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> begins.<a href="#cite_note-Tyson_2009-91">[85]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,191)">3.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,179)"><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flooding</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Cooling climate continues from the Miocene. First <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">equines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephantimorpha" title="Elephantimorpha">elephantines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Tyson_2009-91">[85]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,179)">5.333 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:rgb(255,255,0)"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,115)"><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Messinian_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Messinian Event">Messinian Event</a> with hypersaline lakes in empty <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Sahara desert formation begins. <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_Icehouse_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth">Moderate icehouse climate</a>, punctuated by <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> and re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristoderes</a>, the last non-crocodilian <a href="/wiki/Sebecosuchia" title="Sebecosuchia">crocodylomorphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creodonta" title="Creodonta">creodonts</a> go extinct. After <a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">separating from gorilla ancestors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee and human ancestors</a> gradually separate; <a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a> in Africa. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,115)">7.246 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,102)"><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,102)">11.63 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,89)"><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Middle Miocene climate optimum temporarily provides a warm climate.<a href="#cite_note-Gannon_2013_BryantUniHons-92">[86]</a> Extinctions in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">middle Miocene disruption</a>, decreasing shark diversity. First <a href="/wiki/Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo">hippos</a>. Ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great apes</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,89)">13.82 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,77)"><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,77)">15.98 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,65)"><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. Start of <a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikoura Orogeny">Kaikoura Orogeny</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Alps in New Zealand">Southern Alps in New Zealand</a>. Widespread forests slowly <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">draw in</a> massive amounts of CO2, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO2 from 650 <a href="/wiki/Ppmv" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppmv">ppmv</a> down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-Royer_2006-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-94">[note 7]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> and mammal families become recognizable. The last of the primitive whales go extinct. <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Grasses</a> become ubiquitous. Ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a>, including humans.<a href="#cite_note-web_LS_2017-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nengo_2017-96">[89]</a> Afro-Arabia collides with Eurasia, fully forming the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpide Belt">Alpide Belt</a> and closing the Tethys Ocean, while allowing a faunal interchange. At the same time, Afro-Arabia splits into <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">West Asia</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,65)">20.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,51)"><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanian age">Aquitanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(255,255,51)">23.03 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="background:rgb(253,154,82)"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(254,192,122)"><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,230,170)"><a href="/wiki/Chattian" title="Chattian">Chattian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Grande Coupure</a> extinction. Start of widespread <a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Antarctic glaciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deconto_2003-97">[90]</a> Rapid <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and diversification of fauna, especially <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (e.g. first <a href="/wiki/Macropodiformes" title="Macropodiformes">macropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipedia">seals</a>). Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cimolesta" title="Cimolesta">Cimolestans</a>, miacoids and condylarths go extinct. First <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">neocetes</a> (modern, fully aquatic whales) appear. </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,230,170)">27.82 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,154)"><a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Rupelian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,154)">33.9 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(253,180,108)"><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,205,161)"><a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_Icehouse_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth">Moderate, cooling climate</a>. Archaic <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Creodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Creodont">creodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miacoidea" title="Miacoidea">miacoids</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Condylarth" class="mw-redirect" title="Condylarth">condylarths</a>" etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. <a href="/wiki/Archaeoceti" title="Archaeoceti">Primitive whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sea cows</a> diversify after returning to water. <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> continue to diversify. First <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">diprotodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simian" title="Simian">simians</a>. The multituberculates and leptictidans go extinct by the end of the epoch. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice cap</a>; End of <a href="/wiki/Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevier_orogeny" title="Sevier orogeny">Sevier Orogenies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in North America. <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_orogeny" title="Hellenic orogeny">Hellenic Orogeny</a> begins in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,205,161)">37.71 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(253,192,145)"><a href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,192,145)">41.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(253,180,130)"><a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,180,130)">47.8 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(252,167,115)"><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> </td> <td>Two transient events of global warming (<a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">PETM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eocene_Thermal_Maximum_2" title="Eocene Thermal Maximum 2">ETM-2</a>) and warming climate until the <a href="/wiki/Eocene_Climatic_Optimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eocene Climatic Optimum">Eocene Climatic Optimum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Azolla_event" title="Azolla event">Azolla event</a> decreased CO2 levels from 3500 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a> to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling.<a href="#cite_note-Royer_2006-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-94">[note 7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Greater India</a> collides with Eurasia and starts <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Himalayan Orogeny</a> (allowing a <a href="/wiki/Biotic_interchange" title="Biotic interchange">biotic interchange</a>) while Eurasia completely separates from North America, creating the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> diverges from the rest of Eurasia. First <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and true <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(252,167,115)">56 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(253,167,95)"><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,191,111)"><a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Starts with <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impact">Chicxulub impact</a> and the <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Pg_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="K–Pg extinction event">K–Pg extinction event</a>, wiping out all non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs, most marine reptiles, many other vertebrates (e.g. many Laurasian metatherians), most cephalopods (only <a href="/wiki/Nautilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilidae">Nautilidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleoidea" title="Coleoidea">Coleoidea</a> survived) and many other invertebrates. <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_Icehouse_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth">Climate tropical</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> (avians) diversify rapidly into a number of lineages following the extinction event (while the marine revolution stops). Multituberculates and the first <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> widespread. First large birds (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terror_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror birds">terror birds</a>) and mammals (up to bear or small hippo size). <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a> in Europe and Asia begins. First <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscideans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plesiadapiformes" title="Plesiadapiformes">plesiadapiformes</a> (stem primates) appear. <a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Some marsupials</a> migrate to Australia. </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,191,111)">59.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,191,101)"><a href="/wiki/Selandian" title="Selandian">Selandian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,191,101)">61.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(253,180,98)"><a href="/wiki/Danian" title="Danian">Danian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,180,98)">66 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="30" style="background:rgb(103,197,202)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> </td> <td rowspan="12" style="background:rgb(127,198,78)"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:rgb(166,216,74)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Upper/Late</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(242,250,140)"><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a> </td> <td rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plants</a> proliferate (after developing many features since the Carboniferous), along with new types of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, while other seed plants (gymnosperms and seed ferns) decline. More modern <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fish begin to appear. <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">Ammonoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belemnoidea" title="Belemnoidea">belemnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudist">rudist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> all common. Many new types of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">tyrannosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanosauridae">titanosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">hadrosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsidae" title="Ceratopsidae">ceratopsids</a>) evolve on land, while <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> appear in water and probably cause the last temnospondyls to die out; and <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a> and modern types of sharks appear in the sea. The revolution started by marine reptiles and sharks reaches its peak, though ichthyosaurs vanish a few million years after being heavily reduced at the <a href="/wiki/Bonarelli_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonarelli Event">Bonarelli Event</a>. Toothed and <a href="/wiki/Neornithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neornithes">toothless avian birds</a> coexist with pterosaurs. Modern <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metatherian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, who migrate to South America) and <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">eutherian</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placentals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptictida" title="Leptictida">leptictidans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimolesta" title="Cimolesta">cimolestans</a>) mammals appear while the last non-mammalian cynodonts die out. First <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_crab" title="Terrestrial crab">terrestrial crabs</a>. Many snails become terrestrial. Further breakup of Gondwana creates <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Afro-</a><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Greater India</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ocean">Antarctic Oceans</a> and the islands of the Indian (and some of the Atlantic) Ocean. Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevier_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevier Orogeny">Sevier Orogenies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmospheric</a> oxygen and carbon dioxide levels similar to present day. <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a> disappear. Climate initially warm, but later it cools. </td> <td style="background:rgb(242,250,140)">72.1 ± 0.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(230,244,127)"><a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(230,244,127)">83.6 ± 0.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(217,239,116)"><a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,239,116)">86.3 ± 0.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(204,233,104)"><a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,233,104)">89.8 ± 0.3 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,227,93)"><a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,227,93)">93.9 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,222,83)"><a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,222,83)">100.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background:rgb(140,205,87)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Lower/Early</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,234,151)"><a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,234,151)">~113 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,228,138)"><a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,228,138)">~121.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,223,127)"><a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,223,127)">~125.77 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(166,217,117)"><a href="/wiki/Hauterivian" title="Hauterivian">Hauterivian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,217,117)">~132.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(153,211,106)"><a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,211,106)">~139.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(140,205,96)"><a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(140,205,96)">~145 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="background:rgb(52,178,201)"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(179,227,238)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Upper/Late</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,241,247)"><a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> </td> <td rowspan="11">Climate becomes humid again. <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycadeoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadeoid">cycadeoids</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> common. <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnosaur">carnosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stegosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegosaur">stegosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coelurosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelurosaur">coelurosaurs</a>, become the dominant land vertebrates. Mammals diversify into <a href="/wiki/Shuotheriidae" title="Shuotheriidae">shuotheriids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australosphenida" title="Australosphenida">australosphenidans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutriconodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutriconodont">eutriconodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multituberculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Multituberculate">multituberculates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetrodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetrodont">symmetrodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dryolestid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryolestid">dryolestids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreosphenida" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreosphenida">boreosphenidans</a> but mostly remain small. First <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">lizards, snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. First <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parvipelvia" title="Parvipelvia">Parvipelvian</a> ichthyosaurs and <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a> diverse. Rhynchocephalians throughout the world. <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">Bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">ammonoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belemnoidea" title="Belemnoidea">belemnites</a> abundant. <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a> very common, along with <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">sponges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terebratulida" title="Terebratulida">terebratulid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhynchonellida" title="Rhynchonellida">rhynchonellid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>. Breakup of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> into <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, with the latter also breaking into two main parts; the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Oceans</a> form. <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> forms. <a href="/wiki/Nevadan_orogeny" title="Nevadan orogeny">Nevadan orogeny</a> in North America. <a href="/wiki/Rangitata_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangitata Orogeny">Rangitata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Orogeny" title="Cimmerian Orogeny">Cimmerian orogenies</a> taper off. Atmospheric CO2 levels 3–4 times the present-day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv<a href="#cite_note-Royer_2006-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-94">[note 7]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorph">Crocodylomorphs</a> (last pseudosuchians) seek out an aquatic lifestyle. <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_marine_revolution" title="Mesozoic marine revolution">Mesozoic marine revolution</a> continues from late Triassic. <a href="/wiki/Tentaculita" title="Tentaculita">Tentaculitans</a> disappear. </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,241,247)">149.2 ± 0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(204,236,244)"><a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,236,244)">154.8 ± 1.0 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,231,241)"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfordian stage">Oxfordian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,231,241)">161.5 ± 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(128,207,216)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,231,229)"><a href="/wiki/Callovian" title="Callovian">Callovian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,231,229)">165.3 ± 1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,226,227)"><a href="/wiki/Bathonian" title="Bathonian">Bathonian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,226,227)">168.2 ± 1.3 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(166,221,224)"><a href="/wiki/Bajocian" title="Bajocian">Bajocian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,221,224)">170.9 ± 1.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(154,217,221)"><a href="/wiki/Aalenian" title="Aalenian">Aalenian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(154,217,221)">174.7 ± 1.0 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(66,174,208)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Lower/Early</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,206,227)"><a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,206,227)">184.2 ± 0.7 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(128,197,221)"><a href="/wiki/Pliensbachian" title="Pliensbachian">Pliensbachian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(128,197,221)">192.9 ± 1.0 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(103,188,216)"><a href="/wiki/Sinemurian" title="Sinemurian">Sinemurian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(103,188,216)">199.5 ± 0.3 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(78,179,211)"><a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian">Hettangian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(78,179,211)">201.4 ± 0.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(129,43,146)"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(189,140,195)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Upper/Late</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,185,219)"><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaurs</a> dominant on land as <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchia" title="Pseudosuchia">pseudosuchians</a> and in the air as <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a> also arise from bipedal archosaurs. <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">Ichthyosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nothosaur" title="Nothosaur">nothosaurs</a> (a group of sauropterygians) dominate large marine fauna. <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodonts</a> become smaller and nocturnal, eventually becoming the first true <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, while other remaining synapsids die out. <a href="/wiki/Rhynchosaur" title="Rhynchosaur">Rhynchosaurs</a> (archosaur relatives) also common. <a href="/wiki/Seed_ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed ferns">Seed ferns</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dicroidium" title="Dicroidium">Dicroidium</a> remained common in Gondwana, before being replaced by advanced gymnosperms. Many large aquatic <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyl</a> amphibians. <a href="/wiki/Ceratitida" title="Ceratitida">Ceratitidan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammonoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoids">ammonoids</a> extremely common. <a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">Modern corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">teleost</a> fish appear, as do many modern <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> orders and suborders. First <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andes_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes Mountains">Andean Orogeny</a> in South America. <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Orogeny" title="Cimmerian Orogeny">Cimmerian Orogeny</a> in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rangitata_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangitata Orogeny">Rangitata Orogeny</a> begins in New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Hunter-Bowen_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-Bowen Orogeny">Hunter-Bowen Orogeny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>, Queensland and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> ends, (c. 260–225 Ma). <a href="/wiki/Carnian_pluvial_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnian pluvial event">Carnian pluvial event</a> occurs around 234–232 Ma, allowing the first dinosaurs and <a href="/wiki/Lepidosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidosaurs">lepidosaurs</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">rhynchocephalians</a>) to radiate. <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a> occurs 201 Ma, wiping out all <a href="/wiki/Conodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonts">conodonts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">last parareptiles</a>, many marine reptiles (e.g. all sauropterygians except <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiosaurs">plesiosaurs</a> and all ichthyosaurs except <a href="/wiki/Parvipelvia" title="Parvipelvia">parvipelvians</a>), all <a href="/wiki/Crocopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocopoda">crocopodans</a> except crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, and many ammonoids (including the whole <a href="/wiki/Ceratitida" title="Ceratitida">Ceratitida</a>), bivalves, brachiopods, corals and sponges. First <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medlin_1997-98">[91]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,185,219)">~208.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(214,170,211)"><a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(214,170,211)">~227 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(201,155,203)"><a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(201,155,203)">~237 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(177,104,177)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(201,131,191)"><a href="/wiki/Ladinian" title="Ladinian">Ladinian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(201,131,191)">~242 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(188,117,183)"><a href="/wiki/Anisian" title="Anisian">Anisian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(188,117,183)">247.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(152,57,153)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Lower/Early</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(176,81,165)"><a href="/wiki/Olenekian" title="Olenekian">Olenekian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(176,81,165)">251.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(164,70,159)"><a href="/wiki/Induan" title="Induan">Induan</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(164,70,159)">251.902 ± 0.024 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="48" style="background:rgb(153,192,141)"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background:rgb(240,64,40)"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(251,167,148)"><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(252,192,178)"><a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a> unite into <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouachitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouachitas">Ouachitas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachians</a>, among other mountain ranges (the superocean <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassa</a> or Proto-Pacific also forms). End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. Hot and dry climate. A possible drop in oxygen levels. <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>) become widespread and dominant, while <a href="/wiki/Parareptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Parareptile">parareptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyli" title="Temnospondyli">temnospondyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> remain common, with the latter probably giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">modern amphibians</a> in this period. In the mid-Permian, lycophytes are heavily replaced by ferns and seed plants. <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">Beetles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> evolve. The very large arthropods and non-tetrapod tetrapodomorphs go extinct. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; <a href="/wiki/Productida" title="Productida">productid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiriferida" title="Spiriferida">spiriferid</a> brachiopods, bivalves, <a href="/wiki/Foram" class="mw-redirect" title="Foram">forams</a>, ammonoids (including goniatites), and <a href="/wiki/Orthocerida" title="Orthocerida">orthoceridans</a> all abundant. <a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Crown reptiles</a> arise from earlier diapsids, and split into the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">lepidosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuehneosauridae" title="Kuehneosauridae">kuehneosaurids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">choristoderes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocopoda">archosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testudinata" title="Testudinata">testudinatans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">ichthyosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalattosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalattosaurs">thalattosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">sauropterygians</a>. Cynodonts evolve from larger therapsids. <a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's Extinction</a> (273 Ma), <a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">End-Capitanian extinction</a> (260 Ma), and <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a> (252 Ma) occur one after another: more than 80% of life on Earth becomes extinct in the lattermost, including most <a href="/wiki/Retaria" title="Retaria">retarian</a> plankton, corals (<a href="/wiki/Tabulata" title="Tabulata">Tabulata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugosa" title="Rugosa">Rugosa</a> die out fully), brachiopods, bryozoans, gastropods, ammonoids (the goniatites die off fully), insects, parareptiles, synapsids, amphibians, and crinoids (only <a href="/wiki/Articulata_(Crinoidea)" title="Articulata (Crinoidea)">articulates</a> survived), and all <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoliths">hyoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edrioasteroidea" title="Edrioasteroidea">edrioasteroid crinozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blastoid" title="Blastoid">blastoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acanthodians" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodians">acanthodians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouachita Orogeny">Ouachita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innuitian_orogeny" title="Innuitian orogeny">Innuitian orogenies</a> in North America. <a href="/wiki/Uralian_orogeny" title="Uralian orogeny">Uralian orogeny</a> in Europe/Asia tapers off. <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altaid</a> orogeny in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Hunter-Bowen_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-Bowen Orogeny">Hunter-Bowen Orogeny</a> on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> begins (c. 260–225 Ma), forming the New England Fold Belt. </td> <td style="background:rgb(252,192,178)">254.14 ± 0.07 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(252,180,162)"><a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(252,180,162)">259.51 ± 0.21 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(251,116,92)"><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(251,154,133)"><a href="/wiki/Capitanian" title="Capitanian">Capitanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(251,154,133)">264.28 ± 0.16 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(251,141,118)"><a href="/wiki/Wordian" title="Wordian">Wordian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(251,141,118)">266.9 ± 0.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(251,128,105)"><a href="/wiki/Roadian" title="Roadian">Roadian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(251,128,105)">273.01 ± 0.14 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(239,88,69)"><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,135,118)"><a href="/wiki/Kungurian" title="Kungurian">Kungurian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,135,118)">283.5 ± 0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(227,123,104)"><a href="/wiki/Artinskian" title="Artinskian">Artinskian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,123,104)">290.1 ± 0.26 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(227,111,92)"><a href="/wiki/Sakmarian" title="Sakmarian">Sakmarian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,111,92)">293.52 ± 0.17 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(227,99,80)"><a href="/wiki/Asselian" title="Asselian">Asselian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(227,99,80)">298.9 ± 0.15 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(103,165,153)"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> <a href="#cite_note-CarboSub-99">[note 8]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(126,188,198)"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> <a href="#cite_note-MissiPenns-100">[note 9]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,212,199)"><a href="/wiki/Gzhelian" title="Gzhelian">Gzhelian</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Winged insects</a> radiate suddenly; some (esp. <a href="/wiki/Protodonata" class="mw-redirect" title="Protodonata">Protodonata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaeodictyoptera" title="Palaeodictyoptera">Palaeodictyoptera</a>) of them as well as some <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a> become very large. First <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> forests (<a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">scale trees</a>, ferns, <a href="/wiki/Sigillaria" title="Sigillaria">club trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calamites" title="Calamites">giant horsetails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordaites" title="Cordaites">Cordaites</a>, etc.). Higher <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels. <a href="/wiki/Permo-Carboniferous" title="Permo-Carboniferous">Ice Age</a> continues to the Early Permian. <a href="/wiki/Goniatite" title="Goniatite">Goniatites</a>, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. First <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a>. Testate <a href="/wiki/Foram" class="mw-redirect" title="Foram">forams</a> proliferate. <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a> collides with <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> and Siberia-Kazakhstania, the latter of which forms <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uralian_orogeny" title="Uralian orogeny">Uralian orogeny</a>. Variscan orogeny continues (these collisions created orogenies, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>). <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> (e.g. temnospondyls) spread in Euramerica, with some becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous_Rainforest_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse">Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse</a> occurs, initiating a dry climate which favors amniotes over amphibians. Amniotes diversify rapidly into <a href="/wiki/Synapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsids">synapsids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parareptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parareptiles">parareptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">cotylosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protorothyridids" class="mw-redirect" title="Protorothyridids">protorothyridids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsids">diapsids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhizodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizodont">Rhizodonts</a> remained common before they died out by the end of the period. First <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,212,199)">303.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,208,197)"><a href="/wiki/Kasimovian" title="Kasimovian">Kasimovian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,208,197)">307 ± 0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,203,185)"><a href="/wiki/Moscovian_(Carboniferous)" title="Moscovian (Carboniferous)">Moscovian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,203,185)">315.2 ± 0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(153,194,181)"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirian" title="Bashkirian">Bashkirian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,194,181)">323.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(103,143,102)"><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian</a> <a href="#cite_note-MissiPenns-100">[note 9]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,194,107)"><a href="/wiki/Serpukhovian" title="Serpukhovian">Serpukhovian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Large <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">lycopodian primitive trees</a> flourish and amphibious <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">eurypterids</a> live amid <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-forming coastal <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">swamps</a>, radiating significantly one last time. First <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">gymnosperms</a>. First <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">holometabolous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">paraneopteran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">polyneopteran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odonatoptera" title="Odonatoptera">odonatopteran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephemeroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeroptera">ephemeropteran</a> insects and first <a href="/wiki/Barnacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnacles">barnacles</a>. First five-digited <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a> (amphibians) and <a href="/wiki/Land_snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Land snails">land snails</a>. In the oceans, <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fishes</a> are dominant and diverse; <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blastoid" title="Blastoid">blastoids</a>) abundant. <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthocerida" title="Orthocerida">orthoceridans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goniatite" title="Goniatite">goniatites</a> and brachiopods (<a href="/wiki/Productida" title="Productida">Productida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiriferida" title="Spiriferida">Spiriferida</a>, etc.) recover and become very common again, but <a href="/wiki/Trilobita" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobita">trilobites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a> decline. <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Ice_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Ice Age">Glaciation</a> in East <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> continues from Late Devonian. <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Island/Tuhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Island/Tuhua">Tuhua Orogeny</a> in New Zealand tapers off. Some lobe finned fish called rhizodonts become abundant and dominant in freshwaters. <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> collides with a different small continent, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,194,107)">330.9 ± 0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(166,185,108)"><a href="/wiki/Vis%C3%A9an" title="Viséan">Viséan</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,185,108)">346.7 ± 0.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(140,176,108)"><a href="/wiki/Tournaisian" title="Tournaisian">Tournaisian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(140,176,108)">358.9 ± 0.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(203,140,55)"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(241,225,157)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Upper/Late</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(242,237,179)"><a href="/wiki/Famennian" title="Famennian">Famennian</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">First <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">lycopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferns">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seed_ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed ferns">seed ferns</a>, from earlier <a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">progymnosperms</a>), first trees (the progymnosperm <a href="/wiki/Archaeopteris" title="Archaeopteris">Archaeopteris</a>), and first <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">winged insects</a> (palaeoptera and neoptera). <a href="/wiki/Strophomenida" title="Strophomenida">Strophomenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atrypa" title="Atrypa">atrypid</a> <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugosa" title="Rugosa">rugose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabulata" title="Tabulata">tabulate</a> corals, and <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a> are all abundant in the oceans. First fully coiled cephalopods (<a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">Ammonoidea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nautilida" title="Nautilida">Nautilida</a>, independently) with the former group very abundant (especially <a href="/wiki/Goniatite" title="Goniatite">goniatites</a>). Trilobites and ostracoderms decline, while jawed fishes (<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">placoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned</a> <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">bony fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acanthodians" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodians">acanthodians</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a>) proliferate. Some <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">lobe finned fish</a> transform into digited <a href="/wiki/Stegocephalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegocephalia">fishapods</a>, slowly becoming amphibious. The last non-trilobite artiopods die off. First <a href="/wiki/Decapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapods">decapods</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Prawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawns">prawns</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Isopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopods">isopods</a>. Pressure from jawed fishes cause eurypterids to decline and <a href="/wiki/Coleoidea" title="Coleoidea">some cephalopods</a> to lose their shells while anomalocarids vanish. "Old Red Continent" of <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a> persists after forming in the Caledonian orogeny. Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian Orogeny">Acadian Orogeny</a> for <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Anti-Atlas Mountains</a> of North Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> of North America, also the <a href="/wiki/Antler_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Antler Orogeny">Antler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variscan_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Variscan Orogeny">Variscan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Island/Tuhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Island/Tuhua">Tuhua orogenies</a> in New Zealand. A series of extinction events, including the massive <a href="/wiki/Kellwasser_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellwasser event">Kellwasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangenberg_event" title="Hangenberg event">Hangenberg</a> ones, wipe out many acritarchs, corals, sponges, molluscs, trilobites, eurypterids, graptolites, brachiopods, crinozoans (e.g. all <a href="/wiki/Cystoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystoids">cystoids</a>), and fish, including all placoderms and ostracoderms. </td> <td style="background:rgb(242,237,179)">372.2 ± 1.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(242,237,173)"><a href="/wiki/Frasnian" title="Frasnian">Frasnian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(242,237,173)">382.7 ± 1.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(241,200,104)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(241,225,133)"><a href="/wiki/Givetian" title="Givetian">Givetian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(241,225,133)">387.7 ± 0.8 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(241,213,118)"><a href="/wiki/Eifelian" title="Eifelian">Eifelian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(241,213,118)">393.3 ± 1.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(229,172,77)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Lower/Early</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(229,208,117)"><a href="/wiki/Emsian" title="Emsian">Emsian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(229,208,117)">407.6 ± 2.6 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(229,196,104)"><a href="/wiki/Pragian" title="Pragian">Pragian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(229,196,104)">410.8 ± 2.8 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(229,183,90)"><a href="/wiki/Lochkovian" title="Lochkovian">Lochkovian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(229,183,90)">419.2 ± 3.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background:rgb(179,225,182)"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:rgb(230,245,225)"><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pridoli epoch">Pridoli</a> </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">Ozone layer</a> thickens. First <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> and fully terrestrialised arthropods: <a href="/wiki/Myriapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Myriapods">myriapods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">hexapods</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Arachnids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnids">arachnids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">Eurypterids</a> diversify rapidly, becoming widespread and dominant. Cephalopods continue to flourish. True <a href="/wiki/Jawed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed fish">jawed fishes</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">ostracoderms</a>, also roam the seas. <a href="/wiki/Tabulate_coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabulate coral">Tabulate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugosa" title="Rugosa">rugose</a> corals, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> (Pentamerida, <a href="/wiki/Rhynchonellida" title="Rhynchonellida">Rhynchonellida</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Cystoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystoids">cystoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a> all abundant. <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> diverse; <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a> not as varied. Three minor extinction events. Some echinoderms go extinct. Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonian Orogeny">Caledonian Orogeny</a> (collision between Laurentia, Baltica and one of the formerly small Gondwanan terranes) for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a>. Also continued into Devonian period as the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian Orogeny">Acadian Orogeny</a>, above (thus Euramerica forms). <a href="/wiki/Taconic_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Taconic Orogeny">Taconic Orogeny</a> tapers off. <a href="/wiki/Andean-Saharan_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean-Saharan glaciation">Icehouse period</a> ends late in this period after starting in Late Ordovician. <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachlan Orogeny">Lachlan Orogeny</a> on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> tapers off. </td> <td style="background:rgb(230,245,225)">423 ± 2.3 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(191,230,207)"><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludlow epoch">Ludlow</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,240,223)"><a href="/wiki/Ludfordian" title="Ludfordian">Ludfordian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,240,223)">425.6 ± 0.9 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(204,236,221)"><a href="/wiki/Gorstian" title="Gorstian">Gorstian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,236,221)">427.4 ± 0.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(179,225,194)"><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlock epoch">Wenlock</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,235,209)"><a href="/wiki/Homerian" title="Homerian">Homerian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,235,209)">430.5 ± 0.7 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,230,195)"><a href="/wiki/Sheinwoodian" title="Sheinwoodian">Sheinwoodian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,230,195)">433.4 ± 0.8 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(153,215,179)"><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">Llandovery</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,230,207)"><a href="/wiki/Telychian" title="Telychian">Telychian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,230,207)">438.5 ± 1.1 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,225,194)"><a href="/wiki/Aeronian" title="Aeronian">Aeronian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,225,194)">440.8 ± 1.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(166,220,181)"><a href="/wiki/Rhuddanian" title="Rhuddanian">Rhuddanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,220,181)">443.8 ± 1.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(0,146,112)"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(127,202,147)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Upper/Late</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,219,171)"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Ordovician_Biodiversification_Event" title="Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event">Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event</a> occurs as plankton increase in number: <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> diversify into many new types (especially brachiopods and molluscs; e.g. long <a href="/wiki/Orthoconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthoconic">straight-shelled</a> cephalopods like the long lasting and diverse <a href="/wiki/Orthocerida" title="Orthocerida">Orthocerida</a>). Early <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, articulate <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> (Orthida, Strophomenida, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (nautiloids), <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">ostracods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, many types of <a href="/wiki/Echinoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinoderms">echinoderms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blastoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastoids">blastoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystoids">cystoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crinoids">crinoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea urchins">sea urchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumbers">sea cucumbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">star-like forms</a>, etc.), branched <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a>, and other taxa all common. <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a> still persist and common. Cephalopods become dominant and common, with some trending toward a coiled shell. Anomalocarids decline. Mysterious <a href="/wiki/Tentaculita" title="Tentaculita">tentaculitans</a> appear. First <a href="/wiki/Eurypterids" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterids">eurypterids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostracoderm" title="Ostracoderm">ostracoderm</a> fish appear, the latter probably giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Jawed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed fish">jawed fish</a> at the end of the period. First uncontroversial terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and fully terrestrialised <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">plants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Ordovician glaciation">Ice age</a> at the end of this period, as well as a series of mass <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">extinction events</a>, killing off some cephalopods and many brachiopods, bryozoans, echinoderms, graptolites, trilobites, bivalves, corals and <a href="/wiki/Conodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonts">conodonts</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,219,171)">445.2 ± 1.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(153,214,159)"><a href="/wiki/Katian" title="Katian">Katian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,214,159)">453 ± 0.7 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(140,208,148)"><a href="/wiki/Sandbian" title="Sandbian">Sandbian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(140,208,148)">458.4 ± 0.9 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(77,180,126)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(116,198,156)"><a href="/wiki/Darriwilian" title="Darriwilian">Darriwilian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(116,198,156)">467.3 ± 1.1 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(102,192,146)"><a href="/wiki/Dapingian" title="Dapingian">Dapingian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(102,192,146)">470 ± 1.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(26,157,111)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Lower/Early</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(65,176,135)"><a href="/wiki/Floian" title="Floian">Floian</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Arenig" title="Arenig">Arenig</a>) </td> <td style="background:rgb(65,176,135)">477.7 ± 1.4 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(51,169,126)"><a href="/wiki/Tremadocian" title="Tremadocian">Tremadocian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(51,169,126)">485.4 ± 1.9 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" style="background:rgb(127,160,86)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(179,224,149)"><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(230,245,201)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_10" title="Cambrian Stage 10">Stage 10</a> </td> <td rowspan="10">Major diversification of (fossils mainly show bilaterian) life in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambrian Explosion">Cambrian Explosion</a> as oxygen levels increase. Numerous fossils; most modern <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Arthropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods">arthropods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">hemichordates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>) appear. Reef-building <a href="/wiki/Archaeocyatha" title="Archaeocyatha">archaeocyathan</a> sponges initially abundant, then vanish. Stromatolites replace them, but quickly fall prey to the <a href="/wiki/Agronomic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomic revolution">Agronomic revolution</a>, when some animals started burrowing through the microbial mats (affecting some other animals as well). First <a href="/wiki/Artiopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiopods">artiopods</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>), <a href="/wiki/Priapulid" class="mw-redirect" title="Priapulid">priapulid</a> worms, inarticulate <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> (unhinged lampshells), <a href="/wiki/Hyoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoliths">hyoliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graptolite" title="Graptolite">graptolites</a>, pentaradial echinoderms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Blastozoa" title="Blastozoa">blastozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">crinozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleutherozoa" title="Eleutherozoa">eleutherozoans</a>), and numerous other animals. <a href="/wiki/Anomalocarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalocarid">Anomalocarids</a> are dominant and giant predators, while <a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">many Ediacaran fauna die out</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">Crustaceans</a> and molluscs diversify rapidly. <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Foram" class="mw-redirect" title="Foram">forams</a>), <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> continue to present day. First <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> from earlier chordates. <a href="/wiki/Petermann_Orogeny" title="Petermann Orogeny">Petermann Orogeny</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> tapers off (550–535 Ma). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Delamerian_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Delamerian Orogeny">Delamerian Orogeny</a> (c. 514–490 Ma) on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>. Some small terranes split off from Gondwana. <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmospheric</a> CO2 content roughly 15 times present-day (<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>) levels (6000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm)<a href="#cite_note-Royer_2006-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-94">[note 7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">streptophyta</a> start colonising land. 3 extinction events occur 517, 502 and 488 Ma, the <a href="/wiki/End-Botomian_mass_extinction" title="End-Botomian mass extinction">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambrian%E2%80%93Ordovician_extinction_event" title="Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event">last</a> of which wipe out many of the anomalocarids, artiopods, hyoliths, brachiopods, molluscs, and conodonts (early jawless vertebrates). </td> <td style="background:rgb(230,245,201)">~489.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(217,240,187)"><a href="/wiki/Jiangshanian" title="Jiangshanian">Jiangshanian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(217,240,187)">~494 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(204,235,174)"><a href="/wiki/Paibian" title="Paibian">Paibian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,235,174)">~497 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(166,207,134)"><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,223,170)"><a href="/wiki/Guzhangian" title="Guzhangian">Guzhangian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(204,223,170)">~500.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(191,217,157)"><a href="/wiki/Drumian" title="Drumian">Drumian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(191,217,157)">~504.5 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(179,212,146)"><a href="/wiki/Wuliuan" title="Wuliuan">Wuliuan</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,212,146)">~509 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(153,192,120)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,202,142)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_4" title="Cambrian Stage 4">Stage 4</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(179,202,142)">~514 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(166,197,131)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Stage 3</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,197,131)">~521 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(140,176,108)"><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,186,128)"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_2" title="Cambrian Stage 2">Stage 2</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(166,186,128)">~529 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(153,181,117)"><a href="/wiki/Fortunian" title="Fortunian">Fortunian</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(153,181,117)">538.8 ± 0.2 * </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" style="background:rgb(247,53,99)"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(254,179,66)"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,106)"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Good <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of primitive <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a> flourish worldwide in seas, possibly appearing after an <a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">explosion</a>, possibly caused by a large-scale oxidation event.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2019-101">[92]</a> First <a href="/wiki/Vendozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendozoa">vendozoans</a> (unknown affinity among animals), <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterians</a>. Enigmatic vendozoans include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like <a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a>). Simple <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a> of possible worm-like <a href="/wiki/Trichophycus_pedum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichophycus pedum">Trichophycus</a>, etc.<a href="/wiki/Taconic_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Taconic Orogeny">Taconic Orogeny</a> in North America. <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli Range</a> <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-African Orogeny">Pan-African Orogeny</a>, leading to the formation of the short-lived Ediacaran supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a>, which by the end of the period breaks up into <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petermann_Orogeny" title="Petermann Orogeny">Petermann Orogeny</a> forms on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 Ma. <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">Ozone layer</a> forms. An increase in oceanic <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> levels. </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,106)">~635 * </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,204,92)"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Possible "<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a>" period. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a> still rare. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off. First uncontroversial <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">animal</a> fossils. First hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Amastigomycota" title="Amastigomycota">terrestrial fungi</a><a href="#cite_note-NaranjoOrtiz_2019-102">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">streptophyta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zarsky_2022-103">[94]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,204,92)">~720 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(254,191,78)"><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Final assembly of <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> supercontinent occurs in early Tonian, with breakup beginning c. 800 Ma. <a href="/wiki/Sveconorwegian_orogeny" title="Sveconorwegian orogeny">Sveconorwegian orogeny</a> ends. <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenville Orogeny">Grenville Orogeny</a> tapers off in North America. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 Ma. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920–850 Ma), <a href="/wiki/Gascoyne_Complex" title="Gascoyne Complex">Gascoyne Complex</a>, Western Australia. Deposition of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Superbasin" title="Adelaide Superbasin">Adelaide Superbasin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centralian_Superbasin" title="Centralian Superbasin">Centralian Superbasin</a> begins on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>. First hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a> (from holozoans) and terrestrial algal mats. Many endosymbiotic events concerning red and green algae occur, transferring plastids to <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">ochrophyta</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">cryptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">haptophyta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euglenid" title="Euglenid">euglenids</a> (the events may have begun in the Mesoproterozoic)<a href="#cite_note-Yoon_2004-104">[95]</a> while the first <a href="/wiki/Retaria" title="Retaria">retarians</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Forams" class="mw-redirect" title="Forams">forams</a>) also appear: eukaryotes diversify rapidly, including algal, eukaryovoric and <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralised</a> forms. <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a> of simple <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicellular">multi-celled</a> eukaryotes. <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic_oxygenation_event" title="Neoproterozoic oxygenation event">Neoproterozoic oxygenation event</a> (NOE), 850–540 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,191,78)">1000 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background:rgb(253,180,98)"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,154)"><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Narrow highly <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic</a> belts due to <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> forms, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Ocean" title="Pan-African Ocean">Pan-African Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sveconorwegian_orogeny" title="Sveconorwegian orogeny">Sveconorwegian orogeny</a> starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080–), <a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Block" title="Musgrave Block">Musgrave Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolites</a> decline as <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> proliferate. </td> <td style="background:rgb(254,217,154)">1200 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(253,204,138)"><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Platform_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform cover">Platform covers</a> continue to expand. <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">Algal</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a> in the seas. <a href="/wiki/Grenville_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenville Orogeny">Grenville Orogeny</a> in North America. Columbia breaks up. </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,204,138)">1400 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(253,192,122)"><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Platform_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform cover">Platform covers</a> expand. Barramundi Orogeny, <a href="/wiki/McArthur_Basin" title="McArthur Basin">McArthur Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>, and Isan Orogeny, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland. First <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">archaeplastidans</a> (the first eukaryotes with <a href="/wiki/Plastids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastids">plastids</a> from cyanobacteria; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthokonts">opisthokonts</a> (giving rise to the first <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holozoa" title="Holozoa">holozoans</a>). <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">Acritarchs</a> (remains of marine algae possibly) start appearing in the fossil record. </td> <td style="background:rgb(253,192,122)">1600 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(247,67,112)"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(248,117,167)"><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian</a> </td> <td colspan="3">First uncontroversial <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> with nuclei and endomembrane system. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a> forms as the second undisputed earliest supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on <a href="/wiki/Yilgarn_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Yilgarn craton">Yilgarn craton</a>, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 Ma, on the <a href="/wiki/Gascoyne_Complex" title="Gascoyne Complex">Gascoyne Complex</a> in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 Ma), Gawler Craton, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. Oxygen levels drop again. </td> <td style="background:rgb(248,117,167)">1800 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(247,104,152)"><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian</a> </td> <td colspan="3">The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> becomes much more <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygenic</a> while more cyanobacterial stromatolites appear. <a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a> asteroid impacts. Much <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penokean_orogeny" title="Penokean orogeny">Penokean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Hudsonian_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Hudsonian Orogeny">Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies</a> in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 Ma. Glenburgh Orogeny, <a href="/wiki/Gascoyne_Complex" title="Gascoyne Complex">Glenburgh Terrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,005–1,920 Ma. Kimban Orogeny, <a href="/wiki/Gawler_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawler craton">Gawler craton</a> in Australian continent begins. </td> <td style="background:rgb(247,104,152)">2050 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(247,91,137)"><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a> forms. <a href="/wiki/Huronian" class="mw-redirect" title="Huronian">Huronian</a> glaciation. First hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. Multicellular <a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Francevillian biota</a>. Kenorland disassembles. </td> <td style="background:rgb(247,91,137)">2300 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(247,79,124)"><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> (due to <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>) increases oxygen. Sleaford Orogeny on <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gawler_Craton" title="Gawler Craton">Gawler Craton</a> 2,440–2,420 Ma. </td> <td style="background:rgb(247,79,124)">2500 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(240,4,127)"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> </td> <td style="background:rgb(249,155,193)"><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean</a> </td> <td colspan="4">Stabilization of most modern <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>; possible <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 Ma. <a href="/wiki/Abitibi_greenstone_belt" title="Abitibi greenstone belt">Abitibi greenstone belt</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> begins to form, stabilises by 2,600 Ma. First uncontroversial <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a>, and first terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a>. </td> <td style="background:rgb(249,155,193)">2800 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(247,104,169)"><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a> </td> <td colspan="4">First <a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">stromatolites</a> (probably <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial</a> phototrophic bacteria, like cyanobacteria). Oldest <a href="/wiki/Macrofossil" title="Macrofossil">macrofossils</a>. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Blake_River_Megacaldera_Complex" title="Blake River Megacaldera Complex">Blake River Megacaldera Complex</a> begins to form in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, ends by roughly 2,696 Ma. </td> <td style="background:rgb(247,104,169)">3200 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(244,68,159)"><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean</a> </td> <td colspan="4">Prokaryotic <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Methanogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanogens">methanogens</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>) diversify rapidly, along with early <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>. First known <a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">phototrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. Oldest definitive <a href="/wiki/Microfossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfossils">microfossils</a>. First <a href="/wiki/Microbial_mats" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial mats">microbial mats</a>. Oldest <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a> on Earth (such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara Craton</a>) may have formed during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Oldest-craton-107">[note 11]</a> Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica. </td> <td style="background:rgb(244,68,159)">3600 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(218,3,127)"><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean</a> </td> <td colspan="4">First uncontroversial <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living organisms</a>: at first <a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">protocells</a> with <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA-based genes</a> around 4000 Ma, after which true <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>) evolve along with <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>-based genes around 3800 Ma. The end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napier_Mountains" title="Napier Mountains">Napier</a> Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 Ma. </td> <td style="background:rgb(218,3,127)">4031 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:rgb(174,2,126)"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> </td> <td colspan="5">Formation of <a href="/wiki/Protolith" title="Protolith">protolith</a> of the oldest known rock (<a href="/wiki/Acasta_Gneiss" title="Acasta Gneiss">Acasta Gneiss</a>) c. 4,031 to 3,580 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-Bowring_1999-108">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iizuka_2007-109">[98]</a> Possible first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonics</a>. First hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">life forms</a>. End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a>, 4,404 ± 8 Ma).<a href="#cite_note-Wilde_2001-110">[99]</a> Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth, forming the first oceans. Formation of <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (4,510 Ma), probably from a <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">giant impact</a>. Formation of Earth (4,543 to 4,540 Ma) </td> <td style="background:rgb(174,2,126)">4567.3 ± 0.16 <a href="#cite_note-absolute-age-106">[note 10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Earth_based_geologic_time_scales">Non-Earth based geologic time scales</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-Earth based geologic time scales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Lunar geologic timescale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian geologic timescale">Martian geologic timescale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology of Venus</a></div>Some other <a href="/wiki/Planet#Solar_System" title="Planet">planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> have sufficiently rigid structures to have preserved records of their own histories, for example, <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Mars</a> and the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Dominantly fluid planets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, do not comparably preserve their history. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>, events on other planets probably had little direct influence on the Earth, and events on Earth had correspondingly little effect on those planets. Construction of a time scale that links the planets is, therefore, of only limited relevance to the Earth's time scale, except in a Solar System context. The existence, timing, and terrestrial effects of the Late Heavy Bombardment are still a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-111">[note 12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_(selenological)_time_scale">Lunar (selenological) time scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lunar (selenological) time scale">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">geologic history</a> of Earth's Moon has been divided into a time scale based on <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> markers, namely <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact cratering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. This process of dividing the Moon's history in this manner means that the time scale boundaries do not imply fundamental changes in geological processes, unlike Earth's geologic time scale. Five geologic systems/periods (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Nectarian" title="Pre-Nectarian">Pre-Nectarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarian" title="Nectarian">Nectarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imbrian" title="Imbrian">Imbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenian" title="Eratosthenian">Eratosthenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copernican_period" title="Copernican period">Copernican</a>), with the Imbrian divided into two series/epochs (Early and Late) were defined in the latest Lunar geologic time scale.<a href="#cite_note-Wilhelms_1987-112">[100]</a> The Moon is unique in the Solar System in that it is the only other body from which humans have rock samples with a known geological context. <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Imbrian" coords="115,34,179,55" title="Early Imbrian" alt="Early Imbrian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Imbrian" coords="186,34,244,55" title="Late Imbrian" alt="Late Imbrian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DNectarian" coords="53,9,161,30" title="Pre-Nectarian" alt="Pre-Nectarian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nectarian" coords="139,9,181,30" title="Nectarian" alt="Nectarian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eratosthenian" coords="360,9,468,30" title="Eratosthenian" alt="Eratosthenian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Copernican_period" coords="605,9,697,30" title="Copernican period" alt="Copernican period" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/rqgvwx9mhj95lj57eva0a98t8ypxloi.png" /></div> <div class="center">Millions of years before present</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martian_geologic_time_scale">Martian geologic time scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Martian geologic time scale">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">geological history of Mars</a> has been divided into two alternate time scales. The first time scale for Mars was developed by studying the impact crater densities on the Martian surface. Through this method four periods have been defined, the Pre-Noachian (~4,500–4,100 Ma), Noachian (~4,100–3,700 Ma), Hesperian (~3,700–3,000 Ma), and Amazonian (~3,000 Ma to present).<a href="#cite_note-Tanaka_1986-113">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr_2010-114">[102]</a> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_qet6aufoz6py1mu8mqq7qxqakgkq7df"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DNoachian" coords="-1,9,101,30" title="Pre-Noachian" alt="Pre-Noachian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Noachian" coords="80,9,161,30" title="Noachian" alt="Noachian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hesperian" coords="171,9,257,30" title="Hesperian" alt="Hesperian" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" coords="485,9,571,30" title="Amazonian (Mars)" alt="Amazonian (Mars)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_qet6aufoz6py1mu8mqq7qxqakgkq7df" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/qet6aufoz6py1mu8mqq7qxqakgkq7df.png" /></div> <div class="center">Martian time periods (millions of years ago)</div> Epochs: <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_l9mdbu2kk36h4dwzxwhwkvq47h8t0cb"></map><img usemap="#timeline_l9mdbu2kk36h4dwzxwhwkvq47h8t0cb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/l9mdbu2kk36h4dwzxwhwkvq47h8t0cb.png" /></div> A second time scale based on mineral alteration observed by the OMEGA <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> on board the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a>. Using this method, three periods were defined, the Phyllocian (~4,500–4,000 Ma), Theiikian (~4,000–3,500 Ma), and Siderikian (~3,500 Ma to present).<a href="#cite_note-Bibring_2006-115">[103]</a> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ell5m8tawqvpfmeygbgb4dgf8bskzpu"></map><img usemap="#timeline_ell5m8tawqvpfmeygbgb4dgf8bskzpu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ell5m8tawqvpfmeygbgb4dgf8bskzpu.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">Age of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic calendar">Cosmic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geon_(geology)" title="Geon (geology)">Geon (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical timeline of the universe">Graphical timeline of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geochronologic_names" title="List of geochronologic names">List of geochronologic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_timeline" title="Logarithmic timeline">Logarithmic timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Lunar geologic timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian geologic timescale">Martian geologic timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_geologic_time_scale" title="New Zealand geologic time scale">New Zealand geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric life">Prehistoric life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Big Bang">Timeline of the Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of evolution">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_geologic_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the geologic history of the United States">Timeline of the geologic history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline of human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history" title="Timeline of natural history">Timeline of natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">Timeline of paleontology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-timespan-16"><a href="#cite_ref-timespan_16-0">^</a> Time spans of geologic time units vary broadly, and there is no numeric limitation on the time span they can represent. They are limited by the time span of the higher rank unit they belong to, and to the chronostratigraphic boundaries they are defined by. </li> <li id="cite_note-Precam-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Precam_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Precam_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Precam_21-2">c</a> Precambrian or pre-Cambrian is an informal geological term for time before the Cambrian period </li> <li id="cite_note-Tertiary-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tertiary_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tertiary_24-1">b</a> The Tertiary is a now obsolete geologic system/period spanning from 66 Ma to 2.6 Ma. It has no exact equivalent in the modern ICC, but is approximately equivalent to the merged Palaeogene and Neogene systems/periods.<a href="#cite_note-Head_etal_2008-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard_etal_2010-23">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EdiacaranDate-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdiacaranDate_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdiacaranDate_76-1">b</a> Geochronometric date for the Ediacaran has been adjusted to reflect ICC v2023/09 as the formal definition for the base of the Cambrian has not changed. </li> <li id="cite_note-kratian-77"><a href="#cite_ref-kratian_77-0">^</a> Kratian time span is not given in the article. It lies within the Neoarchean, and prior to the Siderian. The position shown here is an arbitrary division. </li> <li id="cite_note-ICC-dates-88"><a href="#cite_ref-ICC-dates_88-0">^</a> The dates and uncertainties quoted are according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a> International Chronostratigraphic chart (v2023/06). An * indicates boundaries where a <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> has been internationally agreed. </li> <li id="cite_note-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide_94-3">d</a> For more information on this, see <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth#Evolution_of_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth#Evolution of Earth's atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>. Specific graphs of reconstructed CO2 levels over the past ~550, 65, and 5 million years can be seen at <a href="/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png" title="File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png">File:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" title="File:65 Myr Climate Change.png">File:65 Myr Climate Change.png</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.png" title="File:Five Myr Climate Change.png">File:Five Myr Climate Change.png</a>, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-CarboSub-99"><a href="#cite_ref-CarboSub_99-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> are official sub-systems/sub-periods. </li> <li id="cite_note-MissiPenns-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MissiPenns_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MissiPenns_100-1">b</a> This is divided into Lower/Early, Middle, and Upper/Late series/epochs </li> <li id="cite_note-absolute-age-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute-age_106-12">m</a> Defined by absolute age (<a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldest-craton-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Oldest-craton_107-0">^</a> The age of the oldest measurable <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>, is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Not enough is known about extra-solar planets for worthwhile speculation. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICS_statutes-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_statutes_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_statutes_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_statutes_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Episodes. 45 (1): 97–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2021%2F021016">10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3797">0705-3797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240772165">240772165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Ratification+of+subseries%2Fsubepochs+as+formal+rank%2Funits+in+international+chronostratigraphy&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-99&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240772165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0705-3797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2021%2F021016&rft.aulast=Aubry&rft.aufirst=Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Piller%2C+Werner+E.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+Philip+L.&rft.au=Harper%2C+David+A.+T.&rft.au=Finney%2C+Stanley+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2021%252F021016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_definitions-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_definitions_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICS_definitions_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/guide/defs">"Chapter 3. Definitions and Procedures"</a>. stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+Definitions+and+Procedures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fguide%2Fdefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS_GSSP-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ICS_GSSP_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/">"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points"</a>. stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stratigraphy.org&rft.atitle=Global+Boundary+Stratotype+Section+and+Points&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knoll_2006_Ediacaran-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Knoll_2006_Ediacaran_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnollWalterNarbonneChristie-Blick2006" class="citation journal cs1">Knoll, Andrew; Walter, Malcolm; Narbonne, Guy; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1080/00241160500409223">"The Ediacaran Period: a new addition to the geologic time scale"</a>. Lethaia. 39 (1): 13–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Letha..39...13K">2006Letha..39...13K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160500409223">10.1080/00241160500409223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=The+Ediacaran+Period%3A+a+new+addition+to+the+geologic+time+scale&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00241160500409223&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Letha..39...13K&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Walter%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Narbonne%2C+Guy&rft.au=Christie-Blick%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1080%2F00241160500409223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remane_1996_GSSP-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Remane_1996_GSSP_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemaneBassettCowieGohrbandt1996" class="citation journal cs1">Remane, Jürgen; Bassett, Michael G; Cowie, John W; Gohrbandt, Klaus H; Lane, H Richard; Michelsen, Olaf; Naiwen, Wang; the cooperation of members of ICS (1 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1996%2Fv19i3%2F007">"Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS)"</a>. Episodes. 19 (3): 77–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1996%2Fv19i3%2F007">10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i3/007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3797">0705-3797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=Revised+guidelines+for+the+establishment+of+global+chronostratigraphic+standards+by+the+International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy+%28ICS%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-81&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1996%2Fv19i3%2F007&rft.issn=0705-3797&rft.aulast=Remane&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Bassett%2C+Michael+G&rft.au=Cowie%2C+John+W&rft.au=Gohrbandt%2C+Klaus+H&rft.au=Lane%2C+H+Richard&rft.au=Michelsen%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Naiwen%2C+Wang&rft.au=the+cooperation+of+members+of+ICS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F1996%252Fv19i3%252F007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head_etal_2008-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Head_etal_2008_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadGibbardSalvador2008" class="citation journal cs1">Head, Martin J.; Gibbard, Philip; Salvador, Amos (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009">"The Quaternary: its character and definition"</a>. Episodes. 31 (2): 234–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009">10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3797">0705-3797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Quaternary%3A+its+character+and+definition&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234-238&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009&rft.issn=0705-3797&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+Philip&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episodes.org%2Fjournal%2Fview.html%3Fdoi%3D10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbard_etal_2010-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbard_etal_2010_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbardHeadWalkerthe_Subcommission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C.; the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1338">"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma"</a>. Journal of Quaternary Science. 25 (2): 96–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JQS....25...96G">2010JQS....25...96G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1338">10.1002/jqs.1338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Formal+ratification+of+the+Quaternary+System%2FPeriod+and+the+Pleistocene+Series%2FEpoch+with+a+base+at+2.58+Ma&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-102&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1338&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JQS....25...96G&rft.aulast=Gibbard&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rft.au=Head%2C+Martin+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Michael+J.+C.&rft.au=the+Subcommission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desnoyers_1829-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Desnoyers_1829_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesnoyers1829" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Desnoyers, J. (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29350#page/177/mode/1up">"Observations sur un ensemble de dépôts marins plus récents que les terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Seine, et constituant une formation géologique distincte; précédées d'un aperçu de la nonsimultanéité des bassins tertiares"</a> [Observations on a set of marine deposits [that are] more recent than the tertiary terrains of the Seine basin and [that] constitute a distinct geological formation; preceded by an outline of the non-simultaneity of tertiary basins]. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (in French). 16: 171–214, 402–491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+un+ensemble+de+d%C3%A9p%C3%B4ts+marins+plus+r%C3%A9cents+que+les+terrains+tertiaires+du+bassin+de+la+Seine%2C+et+constituant+une+formation+g%C3%A9ologique+distincte%3B+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es+d%27un+aper%C3%A7u+de+la+nonsimultan%C3%A9it%C3%A9+des+bassins+tertiares&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=171-214%2C+402-491&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Desnoyers&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F29350%23page%2F177%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29350#page/199/mode/1up">From p. 193:</a> "Ce que je désirerais ... dont il faut également les distinguer." (What I would desire to prove above all is that the series of tertiary deposits continued – and even began in the more recent basins – for a long time, perhaps after that of the Seine had been completely filled, and that these later formations – Quaternary (1), so to say – should not retain the name of alluvial deposits any more than the true and ancient tertiary deposits, from which they must also be distinguished.) However, on the very same page, Desnoyers abandoned the use of the term "Quaternary" because the distinction between Quaternary and Tertiary deposits wasn't clear. From p. 193: "La crainte de voir mal comprise ... que ceux du bassin de la Seine." (The fear of seeing my opinion in this regard be misunderstood or exaggerated, has made me abandon the word "quaternary", which at first I had wanted to apply to all deposits more recent than those of the Seine basin.) </li> <li id="cite_note-d'Halloy_1822-26"><a href="#cite_ref-d'Halloy_1822_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Halloy,_d'O.,_J.-J.1822" class="citation journal cs1">d'Halloy, d'O., J.-J. (1822). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ocAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA353">"Observations sur un essai de carte géologique de la France, des Pays-Bas, et des contrées voisines"</a> [Observations on a trial geological map of France, the Low Countries, and neighboring countries]. Annales des Mines. 7: 353–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Mines&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+un+essai+de+carte+g%C3%A9ologique+de+la+France%2C+des+Pays-Bas%2C+et+des+contr%C3%A9es+voisines&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=353-376&rft.date=1822&rft.au=d%27Halloy%2C+d%27O.%2C+J.-J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-ocAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) From page 373: "La troisième, qui correspond à ce qu'on a déja appelé formation de la craie, sera désigné par le nom de terrain crétacé." (The third, which corresponds to what was already called the "chalk formation", will be designated by the name "chalky terrain".) </li> <li id="cite_note-Humboldt_1799-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Humboldt_1799_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumboldt1799" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Humboldt, Alexander von (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ5PAAAAcAAJ">Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde</a> (in German). Vieweg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ueber+die+unterirdischen+Gasarten+und+die+Mittel+ihren+Nachtheil+zu+vermindern%3A+ein+Beytrag+zur+Physik+der+praktischen+Bergbaukunde&rft.pub=Vieweg&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Humboldt&rft.aufirst=Alexander+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZ5PAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brogniart_1829-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Brogniart_1829_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrongniart1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brongniart, Alexandre (1770-1847) Auteur du texte (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k255061">Tableau des terrains qui composent l'écorce du globe ou Essai sur la structure de la partie connue de la terre . Par Alexandre Brongniart,...</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tableau+des+terrains+qui+composent+l%27%C3%A9corce+du+globe+ou+Essai+sur+la+structure+de+la+partie+connue+de+la+terre+.+Par+Alexandre+Brongniart%2C...&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Brongniart&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+%281770-1847%29+Auteur+du+texte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k255061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-GTS2012_Jurassic-29"><a href="#cite_ref-GTS2012_Jurassic_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOggHinnovHuang2012" class="citation cs2">Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A.; Huang, C. 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Nature. 92 (2301): 399–400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Natur..92..399S">1913Natur..92..399S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F092399c0">10.1038/092399c0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3965303">3965303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Intra-atomic+Charge&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2301&rft.pages=399-400&rft.date=1913-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F092399c0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3965303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913Natur..92..399S&rft.aulast=Soddy&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F092399c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_1960-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_1960_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1959" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, A. 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Nature. 187 (4731): 27–28. 1960. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Natur.187T..27.">1960Natur.187T..27.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F187027d0">10.1038/187027d0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4179334">4179334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Revised+Geological+Time-Scale&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=4731&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F187027d0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4179334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Natur.187T..27.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F187027d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_1978-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_1978_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1978" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, James M. 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Frankfurt a.M.: Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-924500-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-924500-19-3"><bdi>3-924500-19-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14352783">14352783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+and+statutes+of+the+International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy+%28ICS%29&rft.place=Frankfurt+a.M.&rft.pub=Herausgegeben+von+der+Senckenbergischen+Naturforschenden+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14352783&rft.isbn=3-924500-19-3&rft.au=International+Union+of+Geological+Sciences.+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F14352783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GTS82-60"><a href="#cite_ref-GTS82_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._B._Harland1982" class="citation book cs1">W. 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Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24728-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24728-4"><bdi>0-521-24728-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8387993">8387993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+geologic+time+scale&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8387993&rft.isbn=0-521-24728-4&rft.au=W.+B.+Harland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F8387993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GTS1989-61"><a href="#cite_ref-GTS1989_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._B._Harland1990" class="citation book cs1">W. 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Science. 312 (5772): 400–404. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...312..400B">2006Sci...312..400B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1122659">10.1126/science.1122659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16627738">16627738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13968348">13968348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Global+Mineralogical+and+Aqueous+Mars+History+Derived+from+OMEGA%2FMars+Express+Data&rft.volume=312&rft.issue=5772&rft.pages=400-404&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13968348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...312..400B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1122659&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16627738&rft.aulast=Bibring&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Langevin%2C+Yves&rft.au=Mustard%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Poulet%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Arvidson%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Gendrin%2C+Aline&rft.au=Gondet%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Mangold%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Pinet%2C+P.&rft.au=Forget%2C+F.&rft.au=Berth%C3%A9%2C+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1122659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubryVan_CouveringChristie-BlickLanding2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Van Couvering, John A.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas; Landing, Ed; Pratt, Brian R.; Owen, Donald E.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael (2009). "Terminology of geological time: Establishment of a community standard". Stratigraphy. 6 (2): 100–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8DR35JQ">10.7916/D8DR35JQ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=Terminology+of+geological+time%3A+Establishment+of+a+community+standard&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-105&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7916%2FD8DR35JQ&rft.aulast=Aubry&rft.aufirst=Marie-Pierre&rft.au=Van+Couvering%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Christie-Blick%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Landing%2C+Ed&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Brian+R.&rft.au=Owen%2C+Donald+E.&rft.au=Ferrusquia-Villafranca%2C+Ismael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradsteinOgg2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417173639/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Gradstein_Ogg_2004.pdf">"A Geologic Time scale 2004 – Why, How and Where Next!"</a> (PDF). Lethaia. 37 (2): 175–181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Letha..37..175G">2004Letha..37..175G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00241160410006483">10.1080/00241160410006483</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Gradstein_Ogg_2004.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=A+Geologic+Time+scale+2004+%E2%80%93+Why%2C+How+and+Where+Next%21&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-181&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00241160410006483&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Letha..37..175G&rft.aulast=Gradstein&rft.aufirst=F.+M.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feesc.columbia.edu%2Fcourses%2Fw4937%2FReadings%2FGradstein_Ogg_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradsteinOggSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC">A Geologic Time Scale 2004</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78142-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78142-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78142-8&rft.aulast=Gradstein&rft.aufirst=Felix+M.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+James+G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drse4v1P-f9kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradsteinOggSmithBleeker2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, Alan G.; Bleeker, Wouter; Laurens, Lucas, J. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2004%2Fv27i2%2F002">"A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene"</a>. Episodes. 27 (2): 83–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2004%2Fv27i2%2F002">10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=A+new+Geologic+Time+Scale%2C+with+special+reference+to+Precambrian+and+Neogene&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-100&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2004%2Fv27i2%2F002&rft.aulast=Gradstein&rft.aufirst=Felix+M.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+James+G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alan+G.&rft.au=Bleeker%2C+Wouter&rft.au=Laurens%2C+Lucas%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2004%252Fv27i2%252F002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIalenti2014" class="citation news cs1">Ialenti, Vincent (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/09/28/351692717/embracing-deep-time-thinking">"Embracing 'Deep Time' Thinking"</a>. NPR. NPR Cosmos & Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Embracing+%27Deep+Time%27+Thinking.&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Ialenti&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2F13.7%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2F351692717%2Fembracing-deep-time-thinking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIalenti2014" class="citation news cs1">Ialenti, Vincent (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2014/09/21/350344129/pondering-deep-time-could-inspire-new-ways-to-view-climate-change">"Pondering 'Deep Time' Could Inspire New Ways To View Climate Change"</a>. NPR. NPR Cosmos & Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Pondering+%27Deep+Time%27+Could+Inspire+New+Ways+To+View+Climate+Change.&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Ialenti&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2F13.7%2F2014%2F09%2F21%2F350344129%2Fpondering-deep-time-could-inspire-new-ways-to-view-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnollWalterNarbonneChristie-Blick2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_H._Knoll" title="Andrew H. Knoll">Knoll, Andrew H.</a>; Walter, Malcolm R.; Narbonne, Guy M.; Christie-Blick, Nicholas (30 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~ncb/Selected_Articles_all_files/17_Science%20305.621.pdf">"A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 305 (5684): 621–622. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1098803">10.1126/science.1098803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15286353">15286353</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32763298">32763298</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215034718/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/%7Encb/Selected_Articles_all_files/17_Science%20305.621.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+New+Period+for+the+Geologic+Time+Scale&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5684&rft.pages=621-622&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32763298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15286353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1098803&rft.aulast=Knoll&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft.au=Walter%2C+Malcolm+R.&rft.au=Narbonne%2C+Guy+M.&rft.au=Christie-Blick%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~ncb%2FSelected_Articles_all_files%2F17_Science%2520305.621.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0yl7Cqsu78C&pg=PA29">"Time and Geology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0yl7Cqsu78C">The Earth Through Time</a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0"><bdi>978-0-470-38774-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+and+Geology&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Through+Time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38774-0&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0yl7Cqsu78C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2016" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzJQDAAAQBAJ">Stratigraphy and Timescales</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811549-7"><bdi>978-0-12-811549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stratigraphy+and+Timescales&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811549-7&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzJQDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2017" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/2/suppl/C">Advances in Sequence Stratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813077-3"><bdi>978-0-12-813077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Sequence+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-12-813077-3&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbookseries%2Fstratigraphy-and-timescales%2Fvol%2F2%2Fsuppl%2FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2018" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/3/suppl/C">Cyclostratigraphy and Astrochronology</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815098-6"><bdi>978-0-12-815098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclostratigraphy+and+Astrochronology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-12-815098-6&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbookseries%2Fstratigraphy-and-timescales%2Fvol%2F3%2Fsuppl%2FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2019" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/4/suppl/C">Case Studies in Isotope Stratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817552-1"><bdi>978-0-12-817552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+in+Isotope+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-12-817552-1&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbookseries%2Fstratigraphy-and-timescales%2Fvol%2F4%2Fsuppl%2FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2020" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/5/suppl/C">Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820991-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-820991-2"><bdi>978-0-12-820991-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+Isotope+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-12-820991-2&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbookseries%2Fstratigraphy-and-timescales%2Fvol%2F5%2Fsuppl%2FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontenari2021" class="citation book cs1">Montenari, Michael (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/6/suppl/C">Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-824624-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-824624-5"><bdi>978-0-12-824624-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcareous+Nannofossil+Biostratigraphy&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28Elsevier%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-12-824624-5&rft.aulast=Montenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbookseries%2Fstratigraphy-and-timescales%2Fvol%2F6%2Fsuppl%2FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeologic+time+scale" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Montenari, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/7/suppl/C">Integrated Quaternary Stratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-98913-8.</li> <li>Montenari, Michael (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/stratigraphy-and-timescales/vol/8/suppl/C">Stratigraphy of Geo- and Biodynamic Processes</a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press (Elsevier). ISBN 978-0-323-99242-8.</li> <li>Nichols, Gary (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gcgp5oLFrZMC">Sedimentology and Stratigraphy</a> (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3592-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3592-4">978-1-4051-3592-4</a></li> <li>Williams, Aiden (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etVhxQEACAAJ">Sedimentology and Stratigraphy</a> (1st ed.). Forest Hills, NY: Callisto Reference. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64116-075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64116-075-9">978-1-64116-075-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geologic_time_scale&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geologic_time_scale" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Geological_column" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Geological column">Geological column</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li>The current version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/chart">stratigraphy.org/chart</a></li> <li>Interactive version of the International Chronostratigraphic Chart is found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/timescale">stratigraphy.org/timescale</a></li> <li>A list of current Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Points is found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/">stratigraphy.org/gssps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418090602/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_1b.html">NASA: Geologic Time</a> (archived 18 April 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120115100/https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Education_Careers/Geologic_Time_Scale/GSA/timescale/home.aspx">GSA: Geologic Time Scale</a> (archived 20 January 2019)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/time/timechart/home.html">British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623025505/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/">GeoWhen Database</a> (archived 23 June 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111150720/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/geotime/index.htm">National Museum of Natural History – Geologic Time</a> (archived 11 November 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicTime">SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723195950/https://www.seegrid.csiro.au/twiki/bin/view/CGIModel/GeologicTime">Archived</a> 23 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Information model for the geologic time scale.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploringtime.org/?page=segments">Exploring Time</a> from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232455/http://www.episodes.co.in/www/backissues/272/Time%20Scale.pdf">Episodes</a>, Gradstein, Felix M. et al. (2004) A new Geologic Time Scale, with special reference to Precambrian and Neogene, Episodes, Vol. 27, no. 2 June 2004 (pdf)</li> <li>Lane, Alfred C, and Marble, John Putman 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckIrAAAAYAAJ">Report of the Committee on the measurement of geologic time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714173934/http://www.newsciencelessons.com/geology_lesson_plans.html">Lessons for Children on Geologic Time</a> (archived 14 July 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deeptime.info">Deep Time – A History of the Earth : Interactive Infographic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.buzz/threads/geologic-time-scale.36/">Geology Buzz: Geologic Time Scale</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812084221/https://geology.buzz/threads/geologic-time-scale.36/">Archived</a> 12 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era (present–66.0 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era (66.0–252 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic (145–201 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic (201–252 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era (252–539 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian (252–299 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous (299–359 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian (359–419 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian (419–444 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician (444–485 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian (485–539 Ma)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon (539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago). See also: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geologic time scale</a>  • <a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  • <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Geologic_time_scale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Geologic_time_scale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Geologic time scale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Big_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_History" title="Template:Big History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_History" title="Template talk:Big History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Big_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Themes and subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldilocks_principle" title="Goldilocks principle">Goldilocks principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Eight thresholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1: Creation - <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a></li> <li>2: Stars - <a href="/wiki/Star#Formation_and_evolution" title="Star">creation of stars</a></li> <li>3: Elements - <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">creation of chemical elements</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">dying stars</a></li> <li>4: Planets - <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">formation of planets</a></li> <li>5: Life - <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution of life</a></li> <li>6: Humans - development of <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Homo sapiens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li>7: Agriculture - <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li>8: Modernity - <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Web-based education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OER_Project" title="OER Project">Big History Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alvarez" title="Walter Alvarez">Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chaisson" title="Eric Chaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Spier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Spier (page does not exist)">Fred Spier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Snooks" title="Graeme Snooks">Graeme Snooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History_(TV_series)" title="Big History (TV series)">Big History</a> (2013 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Terminology">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earth" title="Template talk:Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth" title="Outline of Earth">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_atmosphere" title="Prebiotic atmosphere">Prebiotic atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">Troposphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">Stratosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosphere" title="Mesosphere">Mesosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosphere" title="Thermosphere">Thermosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">Exosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Energy balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">Culture and society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">List of sovereign states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_culture" title="Earth in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_symbol" title="Earth symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Etymology" title="Earth">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_astronomy" title="Geodetic astronomy">Geodetic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth" title="Gravity of Earth">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote 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