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<span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyrimidine_ribonucleotide_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrimidine_ribonucleotide_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrimidine_ribonucleotide_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purine_ribonucleotide_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purine_ribonucleotide_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Purine ribonucleotide synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purine_ribonucleotide_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrimidine_and_purine_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrimidine_and_purine_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pyrimidine and purine degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrimidine_and_purine_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prebiotic_synthesis_of_nucleotides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prebiotic_synthesis_of_nucleotides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prebiotic_synthesis_of_nucleotides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unnatural base pair (UBP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_applications_of_synthetic_nucleotides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_applications_of_synthetic_nucleotides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medical applications of synthetic nucleotides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_applications_of_synthetic_nucleotides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Length unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviation_codes_for_degenerate_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviation_codes_for_degenerate_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviation_codes_for_degenerate_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nucleotide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotied" title="Nukleotied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nukleotied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="نوكليوتيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوكليوتيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউক্লিওটাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্লিওটাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%CC%8Dt-kam-sng" title="Hu̍t-kam-sng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu̍t-kam-sng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нуклеотидтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нуклеотидтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нуклеатыды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нуклеатыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нуклеотид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle%C3%B2tid" title="Nucleòtid – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nucleòtid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwcleotid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="نيكليوتيد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيكليوتيد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotide" title="Nukleotide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nukleotide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotiidid" title="Nukleotiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukleotiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Νουκλεοτίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουκλεοτίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3tido" title="Nucleótido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nucleótido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotido" title="Nukleotido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nukleotido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotido" title="Nukleotido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nukleotido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نوکلئوتید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوکلئوتید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9otide" title="Nucléotide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nucléotide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAicl%C3%A9it%C3%ADd" title="Núicléitíd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Núicléitíd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3tido" title="Nucleótido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nucleótido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Нуклеотидаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нуклеотидаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="뉴클레오타이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴클레오타이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Նուկլեոտիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուկլեոտիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="न्यूक्लियोटाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूक्लियोटाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidi" title="Nukleotidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nukleotidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nukleotida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirni" title="Kirni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kirni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nucleotide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%93" title="נוקלאוטיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוקלאוטיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nukleotida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂಕ್ಲಿಯೊಟೈಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂಕ್ಲಿಯೊಟೈಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნუკლეოტიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუკლეოტიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нуклеотидтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нуклеотидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidi" title="Nukleotidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nukleotidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikleyotid" title="Nikleyotid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nikleyotid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleot%C3%AEd" title="Nukleotîd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nukleotîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нуклеотиддер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нуклеотиддер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidum" title="Nucleotidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nucleotidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleot%C4%ABdi" title="Nukleotīdi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nukleotīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidas" title="Nukleotidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nukleotidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нуклеотид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nukleotida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нуклеотид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nucleotide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%89" title="ヌクレオチド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌクレオチド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotid" title="Nucleotid – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nucleotid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambiixa" title="Tambiixa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tambiixa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidlar" title="Nukleotidlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nukleotidlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F" title="នុយក្លេអូទីត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នុយក្លេអូទីត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotydy" title="Nukleotydy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nukleotydy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucle%C3%B3tido" title="Nucleótido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nucleótido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotid%C4%83" title="Nucleotidă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nucleotidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нуклеотид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Нуклеотиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нуклеотиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidi" title="Nukleotidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nukleotidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nucleotide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نیوکلیۆتاید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوکلیۆتاید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеотид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нуклеотид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidi" title="Nukleotidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nukleotidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotidi" title="Nukleotidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nukleotidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nukleotid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கருக்காடிக்கூறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருக்காடிக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวคลีโอไทด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวคลีโอไทด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Нуклеотидҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нуклеотидҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCkleotit" title="Nükleotit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nükleotit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нуклеотиди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нуклеотиди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%DB%81" title="مرثالثہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مرثالثہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nucleotide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nucleotide" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleyotid" title="Nukleyotid – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nukleyotid" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="核苷酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核苷酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="核苷酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Biological molecules constituting nucleic acids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:17em;border:2px solid light-dark(#90db90,#024c02)"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/150px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/225px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/300px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="111" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li>Nucleotide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Genetic variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genetics" title="Outline of genetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles" title="Index of genetics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History and topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAMP_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DAMP_chemical_structure.svg/330px-DAMP_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DAMP_chemical_structure.svg/500px-DAMP_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DAMP_chemical_structure.svg/550px-DAMP_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> (at center), a <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a> called <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> (upper right), and one <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a <u title="Nucleotide"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleoside">Deoxyribonucleoside</a></u> called <a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine" title="Deoxyadenosine">deoxyadenosine</a>, whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a <u title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate">nucleotide</u>, a constituent of DNA with the name <a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate">deoxyadenosine monophosphate</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nucleotides</b> are <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> composed of a nitrogenous base, a <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose</a> sugar and a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>. They serve as <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomeric</a> units of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">deoxyribonucleic acid</a> (DNA) and <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleic acid">ribonucleic acid</a> (RNA), both of which are essential <a href="/wiki/Biomolecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomolecules">biomolecules</a> within all <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life-forms</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-easy-peasy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easy-peasy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">five-carbon sugar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a>), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>. The four nucleobases in DNA are <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a>; in RNA, <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a> is used in place of thymine. </p><p>Nucleotides also play a central role in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate">nucleoside triphosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">guanosine triphosphate</a> (GTP), <a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">cytidine triphosphate</a> (CTP), and <a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">uridine triphosphate</a> (UTP)—throughout the cell for the many cellular functions that demand energy, including: <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, etc..<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, nucleotides participate in <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cyclic guanosine monophosphate</a> or cGMP and <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> or cAMP) and are incorporated into important <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> of enzymatic reactions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_A" title="Coenzyme A">coenzyme A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">FMN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NADP%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="NADP+">NADP<sup>+</sup></a>). </p><p>In experimental <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, nucleotides can be <a href="/wiki/Radiolabeled" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolabeled">radiolabeled</a> using <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a> to yield radionucleotides. </p><p><b>5-nucleotides</b> are also used in <a href="/wiki/Flavour_enhancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavour enhancer">flavour enhancers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> to enhance the <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a> taste, often in the form of a yeast extract.<sup id="cite_ref-nucleotides-flavour-2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nucleotides-flavour-2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg/370px-0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg/555px-0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg/740px-0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by <i>double</i> hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by <i>triple</i> hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a>) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.</figcaption></figure> <p>A nucleo<u>tide</u> is composed of three distinctive chemical sub-units: a five-carbon sugar molecule, a <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a> (the two of which together are called a <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleo<u>side</u></a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate group">phosphate group</a>. With all three joined, a nucleotide is also termed a "nucleo<u>side</u> <i>mono</i>phosphate", "nucleoside <i>di</i>phosphate" or "nucleoside <i>tri</i>phosphate", depending on how many phosphates make up the phosphate group.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, nucleotides contain either a <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidine</a> base—i.e., the nucleobase molecule, also known as a nitrogenous base—and are termed <i>ribo</i>nucleotides if the sugar is ribose, or <i>deoxyribo</i>nucleotides if the sugar is deoxyribose. Individual phosphate molecules repetitively connect the <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">sugar-ring</a> molecules in two adjacent nucleotide monomers, thereby connecting the nucleotide monomers of a nucleic acid end-to-end into a long chain. These chain-joins of sugar and phosphate molecules create a 'backbone' strand for a single- or <a href="/wiki/Double_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Double helix">double helix</a>. In any one strand, the chemical orientation (<a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">directionality</a>) of the chain-joins runs from the <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)#5′-end" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">5'-end</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)#3'-end" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">3'-end</a> (<i>read</i>: 5 prime-end to 3 prime-end)—referring to the five carbon sites on sugar molecules in adjacent nucleotides. In a double helix, the two strands are oriented in opposite directions, which permits <a href="/wiki/Base_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairing">base pairing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)" title="Complementarity (molecular biology)">complementarity</a> between the base-pairs, all which is essential for <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">replicating</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcribing</a> the encoded information found in DNA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nucleic acids then are <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> assembled from nucleotides, the <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomer-units of nucleic acids</a>. The purine bases <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> and pyrimidine base <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> occur in both DNA and RNA, while the pyrimidine bases <a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a> (in DNA) and <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a> (in RNA) occur in just one. Adenine forms a <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pair</a> with thymine with two hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine with three hydrogen bonds. </p><p>In addition to being building blocks for the construction of nucleic acid polymers, singular nucleotides play roles in cellular energy storage and provision, cellular signaling, as a source of phosphate groups used to modulate the activity of proteins and other signaling molecules, and as enzymatic <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a>, often carrying out <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> reactions. Signaling <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotides">cyclic nucleotides</a> are formed by binding the phosphate group twice to the same sugar <a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">molecule</a>, bridging the 5'- and 3'- <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a> of the sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some signaling nucleotides differ from the standard single-phosphate group configuration, in having multiple phosphate groups attached to different positions on the sugar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nucleotide cofactors include a wider range of chemical groups attached to the sugar via the <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">nicotinamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">flavin</a>, and in the latter case, the ribose sugar is linear rather than forming the ring seen in other nucleotides. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleotides_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nucleotides_1.svg/660px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nucleotides_1.svg/990px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nucleotides_1.svg/1320px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Structural elements of three nucleo<u>tides</u>—where one-, two- or three-phosphates are attached to the nucleo<u>side</u> (in yellow, blue, green) at center: 1st, the nucleotide termed as a <i>nucleoside <u>mono</u>phosphate</i> is formed by adding a phosphate (in red); 2nd, adding a second phosphate forms a <i>nucleoside <u>di</u>phosphate</i>; 3rd, adding a third phosphate results in a <i>nucleoside <u>tri</u>phosphate</i>. + The nitrogenous base (<a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>) is indicated by <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">"Base"</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a>" (sugar bond). All five <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">primary, or canonical, bases</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Purines#Notable_purines" class="mw-redirect" title="Purines">purines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine#Nucleotides" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidines</a>—are sketched at right (in blue).</figcaption></figure> <div class="skin-invert-image"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of non-nucleic acid nucleotides</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png" class="mw-file-description" title="cAMP, a cyclic nucleotide signaling molecule with a single phosphate linked to both 5- and 3-positions."><img alt="cAMP, a cyclic nucleotide signaling molecule with a single phosphate linked to both 5- and 3-positions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png/250px-Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png/330px-Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png/500px-Cyclic-AMPchemdraw.png 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, a cyclic nucleotide signaling molecule with a single phosphate linked to both 5- and 3-positions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PppGpp.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="pppGpp, a nucleotide signaling molecule with both 5'- and 3'-phosphates."><img alt="pppGpp, a nucleotide signaling molecule with both 5'- and 3'-phosphates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PppGpp.svg/180px-PppGpp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PppGpp.svg/270px-PppGpp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PppGpp.svg/360px-PppGpp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_pentaphosphate" title="Guanosine pentaphosphate">pppGpp</a>, a nucleotide signaling molecule with both 5'- and 3'-phosphates.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NADP%2B_phys.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NADP, a dinucleotide enzymatic cofactor."><img alt="NADP, a dinucleotide enzymatic cofactor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NADP%2B_phys.svg/107px-NADP%2B_phys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NADP%2B_phys.svg/161px-NADP%2B_phys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NADP%2B_phys.svg/215px-NADP%2B_phys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADP</a>, a dinucleotide enzymatic <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FAD.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FAD, a dinucleotide enzymatic cofactor in which one of the ribose sugars adopts a linear configuration rather than a ring."><img alt="FAD, a dinucleotide enzymatic cofactor in which one of the ribose sugars adopts a linear configuration rather than a ring." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FAD.png/98px-FAD.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FAD.png/147px-FAD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FAD.png/196px-FAD.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a>, a dinucleotide enzymatic cofactor in which one of the ribose sugars adopts a linear configuration rather than a ring.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nucleotides can be <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" title="Nucleic acid metabolism">synthesized</a> by a variety of means, both <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> and <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In vitro, <a href="/wiki/Protecting_group" title="Protecting group">protecting groups</a> may be used during laboratory production of nucleotides. A purified <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleoside</a> is protected to create a <a href="/wiki/Phosphoramidite" title="Phosphoramidite">phosphoramidite</a>, which can then be used to obtain analogues not found in nature and/or to <a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide_synthesis" title="Oligonucleotide synthesis">synthesize an oligonucleotide</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In vivo, nucleotides can be synthesized <a href="/wiki/De_novo_synthesis" title="De novo synthesis">de novo</a> or recycled through <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage" title="Nucleotide salvage">salvage pathways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-easy-peasy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easy-peasy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The components used in de novo nucleotide synthesis are derived from biosynthetic precursors of carbohydrate and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> metabolism, and from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liver is the major organ of de novo synthesis of all four nucleotides. De novo synthesis of pyrimidines and purines follows two different pathways. Pyrimidines are synthesized first from aspartate and carbamoyl-phosphate in the cytoplasm to the common precursor ring structure orotic acid, onto which a phosphorylated ribosyl unit is covalently linked. Purines, however, are first synthesized from the sugar template onto which the ring synthesis occurs. For reference, the syntheses of the <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidine</a> nucleotides are carried out by several enzymes in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of the cell, not within a specific <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelle</a>. Nucleotides undergo breakdown such that useful parts can be reused in synthesis reactions to create new nucleotides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrimidine_ribonucleotide_synthesis">Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleotides_syn2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nucleotides_syn2.png/500px-Nucleotides_syn2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Nucleotides_syn2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>The synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> enzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(219,155,36); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> coenzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(151,149,45); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> substrate names</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(227,13,196); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> metal ions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(128,0,0); color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> inorganic molecules</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">Pyrimidine metabolism</a></div> <p>The synthesis of the pyrimidines CTP and UTP occurs in the cytoplasm and starts with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> and CO<sub>2</sub>. Next, <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Aspartate carbamoyltransferase">aspartate carbamoyltransferase</a> catalyzes a condensation reaction between <a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">aspartate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate" title="Carbamoyl phosphate">carbamoyl phosphate</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_aspartic_acid" title="Carbamoyl aspartic acid">carbamoyl aspartic acid</a>, which is cyclized into <a href="/wiki/4,5-dihydroorotic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="4,5-dihydroorotic acid">4,5-dihydroorotic acid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotase" title="Dihydroorotase">dihydroorotase</a>. The latter is converted to <a href="/wiki/Orotate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orotate">orotate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dihydroorotate_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroorotate oxidase">dihydroorotate oxidase</a>. The net reaction is: </p> <dl><dd>(<i>S</i>)-Dihydroorotate + O<sub>2</sub> → Orotate + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Orotate is covalently linked with a phosphorylated ribosyl unit. The covalent linkage between the ribose and pyrimidine occurs at position C<sub>1</sub><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a> unit, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphate</a>, and N<sub>1</sub> of the pyrimidine ring. <a href="/wiki/Orotate_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase">Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase</a> (PRPP transferase) catalyzes the net reaction yielding orotidine monophosphate (OMP): </p> <dl><dd>Orotate + <a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">5-Phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP)</a> → Orotidine 5'-phosphate + Pyrophosphate</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-monophosphate" title="Orotidine 5'-monophosphate">Orotidine 5'-monophosphate</a> is decarboxylated by orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). PRPP transferase catalyzes both the ribosylation and decarboxylation reactions, forming UMP from orotic acid in the presence of PRPP. It is from UMP that other pyrimidine nucleotides are derived. UMP is phosphorylated by two kinases to uridine triphosphate (UTP) via two sequential reactions with ATP. First, the diphosphate from UDP is produced, which in turn is phosphorylated to UTP. Both steps are fueled by ATP hydrolysis: </p> <dl><dd>ATP + UMP → ADP + UDP</dd></dl> <dl><dd>UDP + ATP → UTP + ADP</dd></dl> <p>CTP is subsequently formed by the amination of UTP by the catalytic activity of <a href="/wiki/CTP_synthetase" title="CTP synthetase">CTP synthetase</a>. Glutamine is the NH<sub>3</sub> donor and the reaction is fueled by ATP hydrolysis, too: </p> <dl><dd>UTP + Glutamine + ATP + H<sub>2</sub>O → CTP + ADP + P<sub>i</sub></dd></dl> <p>Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is derived from cytidine triphosphate (CTP) with subsequent loss of two phosphates.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purine_ribonucleotide_synthesis">Purine ribonucleotide synthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purine ribonucleotide synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">Purine metabolism</a></div> <p>The atoms that are used to build the <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine nucleotides">purine nucleotides</a> come from a variety of sources: </p> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleotide_synthesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nucleotide_synthesis.svg/250px-Nucleotide_synthesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nucleotide_synthesis.svg/500px-Nucleotide_synthesis.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><b>The <a href="/wiki/Biosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosynthetic">biosynthetic</a> origins of purine ring <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a></b><br /><br />N<sub>1</sub> arises from the amine group of <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Asp</a><br />C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>8</sub> originate from <a href="/wiki/Formate" title="Formate">formate</a><br />N<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>9</sub> are contributed by the amide group of <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Gln</a><br />C<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>5</sub> and N<sub>7</sub> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Gly</a> <br />C<sub>6</sub> comes from HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (CO<sub>2</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleotides_syn1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/600px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="541" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/900px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nucleotides_syn1.svg/1200px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the synthesis of IMP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> enzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(219,155,36); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> coenzymes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(151,149,45); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> substrate names</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(227,13,196); color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> metal ions</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(128,0,0); color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> inorganic molecules</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/De_novo_synthesis" title="De novo synthesis">de novo synthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Purine_nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine nucleotides">purine nucleotides</a> by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring proceeds by a 10-step pathway to the branch-point intermediate <a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">IMP</a>, the nucleotide of the base <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a> are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate, two-step pathways. Thus, purine <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moieties</a> are initially formed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribonucleotides">ribonucleotides</a> rather than as <a href="/wiki/Freebase_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freebase (chemistry)">free bases</a>. </p><p>Six enzymes take part in IMP synthesis. Three of them are multifunctional: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase">GART</a> (reactions 2, 3, and 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole_carboxylase" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase">PAICS</a> (reactions 6, and 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_synthase" title="Inosine monophosphate synthase">ATIC</a> (reactions 9, and 10)</li></ul> <p>The pathway starts with the formation of <a href="/wiki/PRPP" class="mw-redirect" title="PRPP">PRPP</a>. <a href="/wiki/PRPS1" class="mw-redirect" title="PRPS1">PRPS1</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that activates <a href="/wiki/R5P" class="mw-redirect" title="R5P">R5P</a>, which is formed primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a>, to PRPP by reacting it with <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. The reaction is unusual in that a pyrophosphoryl group is directly transferred from ATP to C<sub>1</sub> of R5P and that the product has the <b>α</b> configuration about C1. This reaction is also shared with the pathways for the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Trp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">His</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrimidine nucleotides">pyrimidine nucleotides</a>. Being on a major metabolic crossroad and requiring much energy, this reaction is highly regulated. </p><p>In the first reaction unique to purine nucleotide biosynthesis, <a href="/wiki/PPAT" class="mw-redirect" title="PPAT">PPAT</a> catalyzes the displacement of PRPP's <a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphate" title="Pyrophosphate">pyrophosphate</a> group (PP<sub>i</sub>) by an amide nitrogen donated from either <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> (N), <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> (N&C), <a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">aspartate</a> (N), <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a> (C<sub>1</sub>), or CO<sub>2</sub>. This is the committed step in purine synthesis. The reaction occurs with the inversion of configuration about ribose C<sub>1</sub>, thereby forming <b>β</b>-<a href="/wiki/5-phosphorybosylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-phosphorybosylamine">5-phosphorybosylamine</a> (5-PRA) and establishing the anomeric form of the future nucleotide. </p><p>Next, a glycine is incorporated fueled by ATP hydrolysis, and the carboxyl group forms an amine bond to the NH<sub>2</sub> previously introduced. A one-carbon unit from folic acid coenzyme N<sub>10</sub>-formyl-THF is then added to the amino group of the substituted glycine followed by the closure of the imidazole ring. Next, a second NH<sub>2</sub> group is transferred from glutamine to the first carbon of the glycine unit. A carboxylation of the second carbon of the glycin unit is concomitantly added. This new carbon is modified by the addition of a third NH<sub>2</sub> unit, this time transferred from an aspartate residue. Finally, a second one-carbon unit from formyl-THF is added to the nitrogen group and the ring is covalently closed to form the common purine precursor inosine monophosphate (IMP). </p><p>Inosine monophosphate is converted to adenosine monophosphate in two steps. First, GTP hydrolysis fuels the addition of aspartate to IMP by adenylosuccinate synthase, substituting the carbonyl oxygen for a nitrogen and forming the intermediate adenylosuccinate. Fumarate is then cleaved off forming adenosine monophosphate. This step is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. </p><p>Inosine monophosphate is converted to guanosine monophosphate by the oxidation of IMP forming xanthylate, followed by the insertion of an amino group at C<sub>2</sub>. NAD<sup>+</sup> is the electron acceptor in the oxidation reaction. The amide group transfer from glutamine is fueled by ATP hydrolysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyrimidine_and_purine_degradation">Pyrimidine and purine degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pyrimidine and purine degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, pyrimidine rings (C, T, U) can be degraded completely to CO<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> (urea excretion). That having been said, purine rings (G, A) cannot. Instead, they are degraded to the metabolically inert <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> which is then excreted from the body. Uric acid is formed when GMP is split into the base guanine and ribose. Guanine is deaminated to xanthine which in turn is oxidized to uric acid. This last reaction is irreversible. Similarly, uric acid can be formed when AMP is deaminated to IMP from which the ribose unit is removed to form hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine and finally to uric acid. Instead of uric acid secretion, guanine and IMP can be used for recycling purposes and nucleic acid synthesis in the presence of PRPP and aspartate (NH<sub>3</sub> donor).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prebiotic_synthesis_of_nucleotides">Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prebiotic synthesis of nucleotides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theories about the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a> require knowledge of chemical pathways that permit formation of life's key building blocks under plausible prebiotic conditions. The <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a> hypothesis holds that in the <a href="/wiki/Primordial_soup" title="Primordial soup">primordial soup</a> there existed free-floating <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">ribonucleotides</a>, the fundamental molecules that combine in series to form <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Complex molecules like RNA must have arisen from small molecules whose reactivity was governed by physico-chemical processes. RNA is composed of <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidine</a> nucleotides, both of which are necessary for reliable information transfer, and thus Darwinian <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. Becker et al. showed how pyrimidine <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">nucleosides</a> can be synthesized from small molecules and <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, driven solely by wet-dry cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purine nucleosides can be synthesized by a similar pathway. 5'-mono- and di-phosphates also form selectively from phosphate-containing minerals, allowing concurrent formation of <a href="/wiki/Polynucleotide" title="Polynucleotide">polyribonucleotides</a> with both the purine and pyrimidine bases. Thus a reaction network towards the purine and pyrimidine RNA building blocks can be established starting from simple atmospheric or volcanic molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)"><span id="Unnatural_base_pair_.28UBP.29"></span>Unnatural base pair (UBP)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unnatural base pair (UBP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)" title="Base pair">Base pair § Unnatural base pair (UBP)</a></div> <p>An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobase</a>) of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Malyshev_PNAS_20120724_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malyshev_PNAS_20120724-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/D5SICS" title="D5SICS">d5SICS</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNaM" title="DNaM">dNaM</a>. These artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic <a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">nucleobases</a>, feature two fused <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic rings</a> that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-NATJ-20140507_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATJ-20140507-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ewan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>E. coli</i> have been induced to replicate a plasmid containing UBPs through multiple generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fikes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fikes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations.<sup id="cite_ref-NATJ-20140507_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATJ-20140507-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sample_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sample-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_applications_of_synthetic_nucleotides">Medical applications of synthetic nucleotides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medical applications of synthetic nucleotides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applications of synthetic nucleotides vary widely and include disease diagnosis, treatment, or precision medicine. </p> <ol><li><b>Antiviral or Antiretroviral agents:</b> several nucleotide derivatives have been used in the treatment against infection with <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of direct nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (<a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">NRTIs</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_disoproxil" title="Tenofovir disoproxil">Tenofovir disoproxil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir_alafenamide" title="Tenofovir alafenamide">Tenofovir alafenamide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sofosbuvir" title="Sofosbuvir">Sofosbuvir</a>. On the other hand, agents such as <a href="/wiki/Mericitabine" title="Mericitabine">Mericitabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">Lamivudine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entecavir" title="Entecavir">Entecavir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telbivudine" title="Telbivudine">Telbivudine</a> must first undergo metabolization via phosphorylation to become activated.</li> <li><b>Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO)</b>: synthetic <a href="/wiki/Oligonucleotide" title="Oligonucleotide">oligonucleotides</a> have been used in the treatment of rare heritable diseases since they can bind specific <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> transcripts and ultimately modulate protein expression. <a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">Spinal muscular atrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia" title="Familial hypercholesterolemia">homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primary_hyperoxaluria" title="Primary hyperoxaluria">primary hyperoxaluria type 1</a> are all amenable to ASO-based therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of oligonucleotides is a new frontier in precision medicine and management of conditions which are untreatable.</li> <li><b>Synthetic guide RNA (gRNA)</b>: synthetic nucleotides can be used to design <a href="/wiki/Guide_RNA" title="Guide RNA">gRNA</a> which are essential for the proper function of gene-editing technologies such as <a href="/wiki/CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR-Cas9</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Length_unit">Length unit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Length unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nucleotide (abbreviated "nt") is a common unit of length for single-stranded nucleic acids, similar to how <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pair</a> is a unit of length for double-stranded nucleic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbreviation_codes_for_degenerate_bases">Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abbreviation codes for degenerate bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_notation" title="Nucleic acid notation">Nucleic acid notation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> has designated the symbols for nucleotides.<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the five (A, G, C, T/U) bases, often degenerate bases are used especially for designing <a href="/wiki/Primer_(molecular_biology)" title="Primer (molecular biology)">PCR primers</a>. These nucleotide codes are listed here. Some primer sequences may also include the character "I", which codes for the non-standard nucleotide <a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">inosine</a>. Inosine occurs in <a href="/wiki/TRNAs" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNAs">tRNAs</a> and will pair with adenine, cytosine, or thymine. This character does not appear in the following table, however, because it does not represent a degeneracy. While inosine can serve a similar function as the degeneracy "H", it is an actual nucleotide, rather than a representation of a mix of nucleotides that covers each possible pairing needed. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; margin-left:25px; margin-top:10px; margin-right:25px; margin-bottom:25px; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Description</th> <th colspan="5">Bases represented </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A</b></td> <td align="left"><b>a</b>denine</td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="5">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>C</b></td> <td align="left"><b>c</b>ytosine</td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>G</b></td> <td align="left"><b>g</b>uanine</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>T</b></td> <td align="left"><b>t</b>hymine</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>U</b></td> <td align="left"><b>u</b>racil</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>U </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>W</b></td> <td align="left"><b>w</b>eak</td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>T</td> <td rowspan="6">2 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>S</b></td> <td align="left"><b>s</b>trong</td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>M</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">a<b>m</b>ino</a></td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>K</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone"><b>k</b>eto</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>R</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">pu<b>r</b>ine</a></td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>Y</b></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">p<b>y</b>rimidine</a></td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>B</b></td> <td align="left">not A (<b>B</b> comes after A)</td> <td></td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td rowspan="4">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b></td> <td align="left">not C (<b>D</b> comes after C)</td> <td>A</td> <td></td> <td>G</td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>H</b></td> <td align="left">not G (<b>H</b> comes after G)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td></td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>V</b></td> <td align="left">not T (<b>V</b> comes after T and U)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e8e8e8"> <td><b>N</b></td> <td align="left">a<b>n</b>y base (not a gap)</td> <td>A</td> <td>C</td> <td>G</td> <td>T</td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-easy-peasy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-easy-peasy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-easy-peasy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZaharevitzAndersonMalinowskiHyman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Zaharevitz DW, Anderson LW, Malinowski NM, Hyman R, Strong JM, Cysyk RL (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1992.tb17420.x">"Contribution of de-novo and salvage synthesis to the uracil nucleotide pool in mouse tissues and tumors in vivo"</a>. <i>European Journal of Biochemistry</i>. <b>210</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1992.tb17420.x">10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17420.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1446677">1446677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+de-novo+and+salvage+synthesis+to+the+uracil+nucleotide+pool+in+mouse+tissues+and+tumors+in+vivo&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.1992.tb17420.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1446677&rft.aulast=Zaharevitz&rft.aufirst=DW&rft.au=Anderson%2C+LW&rft.au=Malinowski%2C+NM&rft.au=Hyman%2C+R&rft.au=Strong%2C+JM&rft.au=Cysyk%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1432-1033.1992.tb17420.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K & Walter P (2002). <i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i> (4th ed.). Garland Science. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1">0-8153-3218-1</a>. pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nucleotides-flavour-2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nucleotides-flavour-2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbd_El-AleemTaherLotfyEl-Massry2017" class="citation journal cs1">Abd El-Aleem FS, Taher MS, Lotfy SN, El-Massry KF, Fadel HH (2017-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1286506">"Influence of extracted 5-nucleotides on aroma compounds and flavour acceptability of real beef soup"</a>. <i>International Journal of Food Properties</i>. <b>20</b> (sup1): <span class="nowrap">S1182 –</span> <span class="nowrap">S1194</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1286506">10.1080/10942912.2017.1286506</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:100497537">100497537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Properties&rft.atitle=Influence+of+extracted+5-nucleotides+on+aroma+compounds+and+flavour+acceptability+of+real+beef+soup&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES1182+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES1194%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10942912.2017.1286506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A100497537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abd+El-Aleem&rft.aufirst=FS&rft.au=Taher%2C+MS&rft.au=Lotfy%2C+SN&rft.au=El-Massry%2C+KF&rft.au=Fadel%2C+HH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10942912.2017.1286506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiley2005" class="citation book cs1">Wiley (2005-09-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/047001590X"><i>Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</i></a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0001333.pub3">10.1002/9780470015902.a0001333.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01617-6"><bdi>978-0-470-01617-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Life+Sciences&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0001333.pub3&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01617-6&rft.au=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F047001590X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith AD, ed. (2000). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</i> (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 460.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=460&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAliLiponskaO'HaraAmici2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ali E, Liponska A, O'Hara B, Amici D, Torno M, Gao P, et al. (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9444906">"The mTORC1-SLC4A7 axis stimulates bicarbonate import to enhance de novo nucleotide synthesis"</a>. <i>Molecular Cell</i>. <b>82</b> (1): 3284–3298.e7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2022.06.008">10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9444906">9444906</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35772404">35772404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Cell&rft.atitle=The+mTORC1-SLC4A7+axis+stimulates+bicarbonate+import+to+enhance+de+novo+nucleotide+synthesis&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3284-3298.e7&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9444906%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35772404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2022.06.008&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Liponska%2C+A&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+B&rft.au=Amici%2C+D&rft.au=Torno%2C+M&rft.au=Gao%2C+P&rft.au=Asara%2C+J&rft.au=Yap+M-N%2C+F&rft.au=Mendillo%2C+M&rft.au=Ben-Sahra%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9444906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry</a> for details on carbon residue numbering</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1980" class="citation journal cs1">Jones ME (1980). "Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals: genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis". <i>Annual Review of Biochemistry</i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.49.070180.001345">10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.001345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6105839">6105839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Pyrimidine+nucleotide+biosynthesis+in+animals%3A+genes%2C+enzymes%2C+and+regulation+of+UMP+biosynthesis&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.49.070180.001345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6105839&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMurryBegley2005" class="citation book cs1">McMurry JE, Begley TP (2005). <i>The organic chemistry of biological pathways</i>. 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(October 2019). "Unified prebiotically plausible synthesis of pyrimidine and purine RNA ribonucleotides". <i>Science</i>. <b>366</b> (6461): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366...76B">2019Sci...366...76B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax2747">10.1126/science.aax2747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31604305">31604305</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203719976">203719976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Unified+prebiotically+plausible+synthesis+of+pyrimidine+and+purine+RNA+ribonucleotides&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6461&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aax2747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203719976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31604305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366...76B&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Feldmann%2C+J&rft.au=Wiedemann%2C+S&rft.au=Okamura%2C+H&rft.au=Schneider%2C+C&rft.au=Iwan%2C+K&rft.au=Crisp%2C+A&rft.au=Rossa%2C+M&rft.au=Amatov%2C+T&rft.au=Carell%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malyshev_PNAS_20120724-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malyshev_PNAS_20120724_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalyshevDhamiQuachLavergne2012" class="citation journal cs1">Malyshev DA, Dhami K, Quach HT, Lavergne T, Ordoukhanian P, Torkamani A, et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+for+Incompletely+Specified+Bases+in+Nucleic+Acid+Sequences&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Nomenclature+Committee+of+the+International+Union+of+Biochemistry+%28NC-IUB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.qmul.ac.uk%2Fiubmb%2Fmisc%2Fnaseq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleotide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigelOperschallSigel2017" class="citation book cs1">Sigel A, Operschall BP, Sigel H (2017). "Chapter 11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.). <i>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 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"Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents". <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>. <b>55</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2871%2990319-6">10.1016/0022-2836(71)90319-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5551389">5551389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Abbreviations+and+Symbols+for+Nucleic+Acids%2C+Polynucleotides+and+their+Constituents&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=1971-02-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-2836%2871%2990319-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5551389&rft.au=IUPAC-IUB+Commission+on+Biochemical+Nomenclature+%28CBN%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFavrePowell2014" class="citation book cs1">Favre HA, Powell WH, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/BlueBook/PDF/P10.pdf">"Chapter P-10 Parent Structures for Natural Products and Related Compounds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013</i>. Cambridge: Royal Soc. of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-182-4"><bdi>978-0-85404-182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+P-10+Parent+Structures+for+Natural+Products+and+Related+Compounds&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry%3A+IUPAC+Recommendations+and+Preferred+Names+2013&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Soc.+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-182-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.qmul.ac.uk%2FBlueBook%2FPDF%2FP10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANucleotide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBender2003" class="citation web cs1">Bender H, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043124/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-09/nucleoti.htm">"Nucleotide Structure"</a>. <i>Clackamas Community College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-09/nucleoti.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Genetic history of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">Geneticist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome_editing" title="Genome editing">Genome editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">Genetic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Genetic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_monitoring" title="Genetic monitoring">Genetic monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetics" title="Plant genetics">Plant genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genomics" title="Population genomics">Population genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_genetics" title="Reverse genetics">Reverse genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genetic_codes" title="List of genetic codes">List of genetic codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genetics_research_organizations" title="List of genetics research organizations">List of genetics research organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template talk:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide_metabolism_intermediates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleotide metabolism intermediates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nucleotide_metabolic_intermediates134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nucleotide</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">metabolic intermediates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purine_metabolism" title="Purine metabolism">purine<br />metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">R5P</a><b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribose_5-phosphate" title="Ribose 5-phosphate">Ribose 5-phosphate</a> (R5P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate" title="Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate">Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate</a> (PRPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylamine" title="Phosphoribosylamine">Phosphoribosylamine</a> (PRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycineamide_ribonucleotide" title="Glycineamide ribonucleotide">Glycineamide ribonucleotide</a> (GAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide" title="Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide">Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide</a> (FGAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine" title="5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine">5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine</a> (FGAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Aminoimidazole_ribotide" title="5-Aminoimidazole ribotide">5-Aminoimidazole ribotide</a> (AIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole" title="5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole">5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole</a> (CAIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide" title="Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide">Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide</a> (SAICAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AICA_ribonucleotide" title="AICA ribonucleotide">AICA ribonucleotide</a> (AICAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide_ribotide" title="5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide">5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide</a> (FAICAR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold">IMP<b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adenylosuccinate" title="Adenylosuccinate">Adenylosuccinate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold">IMP<b>→</b><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate" title="Xanthosine monophosphate">Xanthosine monophosphate</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyisourate" title="5-Hydroxyisourate">5-Hydroxyisourate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">Uric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Pyrimidine metabolism">pyrimidine<br />metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">anabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_aspartic_acid" title="Carbamoyl aspartic acid">Carbamoyl aspartic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate" title="Carbamoyl phosphate">Carbamoyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4,5-Dihydroorotic_acid" title="4,5-Dihydroorotic acid">4,5-Dihydroorotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotic_acid" title="Orotic acid">Orotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotidine_5%27-monophosphate" title="Orotidine 5'-monophosphate">Orotidine 5'-monophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">Uridine monophosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrouracil" title="Dihydrouracil">Dihydrouracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Ureidopropionic_acid" title="3-Ureidopropionic acid">3-Ureidopropionic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">thymine</a>:</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Aminoisobutyric_acid" title="3-Aminoisobutyric acid">3-Aminoisobutyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrothymine" title="Dihydrothymine">Dihydrothymine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Ureidoisobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Ureidoisobutyric acid">β-Ureidoisobutyric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nucleic_acid_constituents152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Template:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Template talk:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nucleic_acid_constituents152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a> constituents</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">Purine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">Guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purine_analogue" title="Purine analogue">Purine analogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">Uracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">Thymine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">Cytosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine_analogue" title="Pyrimidine analogue">Pyrimidine analogue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_pair#Unnatural_base_pair_(UBP)" title="Base pair">Unnatural base pair (UBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside" title="Nucleoside">Nucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleoside" title="Ribonucleoside">Ribonucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">Guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyluridine" title="5-Methyluridine">5-Methyluridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methylcytidine" title="5-Methylcytidine">5-Methylcytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">Cytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudouridine" title="Pseudouridine">Pseudouridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">Inosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Methyladenosine" title="N6-Methyladenosine"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Methyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine" title="Xanthosine">Xanthosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wybutosine" title="Wybutosine">Wybutosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleoside">Deoxyribonucleoside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine" title="Deoxyadenosine">Deoxyadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine" title="Deoxyguanosine">Deoxyguanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine" title="Thymidine">Thymidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyuridine" title="Deoxyuridine">Deoxyuridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine" title="Deoxycytidine">Deoxycytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinosine (page does not exist)">Deoxyinosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine (page does not exist)">Deoxyxanthosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nucleotide</a><br />(Nucleoside monophosphate)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">Ribonucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methyluridine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methyluridine monophosphate (page does not exist)">m<sup>5</sup>UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_monophosphate" title="Cytidine monophosphate">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_monophosphate" title="Xanthosine monophosphate">XMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">Deoxyribonucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine monophosphate">dAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine monophosphate">dGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_monophosphate" title="Thymidine monophosphate">dTMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyuridine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyuridine monophosphate">dUMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_monophosphate" title="Deoxycytidine monophosphate">dCMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyinosine_monophosphate" title="Deoxyinosine monophosphate">dIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine monophosphate (page does not exist)">dXMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide" title="Cyclic nucleotide">Cyclic nucleotide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP" title="Cyclic di-GMP">c-di-GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_di-AMP" title="Cyclic di-AMP">c-di-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose" title="Cyclic ADP-ribose">cADPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate%E2%80%93adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate">cGAMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nucleoside diphosphate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methyluridine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methyluridine diphosphate (page does not exist)">m<sup>5</sup>UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_diphosphate" title="Cytidine diphosphate">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xanthosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">Xanthosine diphosphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_diphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine diphosphate">dADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_diphosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine diphosphate">dGDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_diphosphate" title="Thymidine diphosphate">dTDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyuridine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridine diphosphate (page does not exist)">dUDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_diphosphate" title="Deoxycytidine diphosphate">dCDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleoside_triphosphate" title="Nucleoside triphosphate">Nucleoside triphosphate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methyluridine_triphosphate" title="5-Methyluridine triphosphate">m<sup>5</sup>UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthosine_triphosphate" title="Xanthosine triphosphate">XTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine triphosphate">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyguanosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyguanosine triphosphate">dGTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidine_triphosphate" title="Thymidine triphosphate">dTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyuridine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyuridine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dUTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxycytidine_triphosphate" title="Deoxycytidine triphosphate">dCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyinosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyinosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dITP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deoxyxanthosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deoxyxanthosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">dXTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purine_receptor_modulators393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Purine_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine receptor">Purine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P0_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="P0 receptor">P0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Aminoadenine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Aminoadenine (page does not exist)">8-Aminoadenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">P1</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">adenosine</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine (page does not exist)">2-(1-Hexynyl)-<i>N</i>-methyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Cl-IB-MECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Cl-IB-MECA (page does not exist)">2-Cl-IB-MECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Chloroadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Chloroadenosine (page does not exist)">2-Chloroadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2%27-MeCCPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2'-MeCCPA (page does not exist)">2'-MeCCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4%27-O-%CE%B2-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6%27-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6'-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil (page does not exist)">4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (page does not exist)">5'-<i>N</i>-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadenoson (page does not exist)">Apadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-146e" class="mw-redirect" title="ATL-146e">ATL-146e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY_60%E2%80%936583" title="BAY 60–6583">BAY 60–6583</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Binodenoson (page does not exist)">Binodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capadenoson (page does not exist)">Capadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCPA_(biochemistry)" title="CCPA (biochemistry)">CCPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-21680" title="CGS-21680">CGS-21680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-532,903" title="CP-532,903">CP-532,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CV-1808&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CV-1808 (page does not exist)">CV-1808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evodenoson (page does not exist)">Evodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR_79236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR 79236 (page does not exist)">GR 79236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HENECA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HENECA (page does not exist)">HENECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5835 (page does not exist)">LUF-5835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUF-5845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUF-5845 (page does not exist)">LUF-5845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N6-Cyclopentyladenosine" title="N6-Cyclopentyladenosine"><i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-Cyclopentyladenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namodenoson" title="Namodenoson">Namodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NECA_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="NECA (drug)">NECA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neladenoson_dalanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neladenoson dalanate (page does not exist)">Neladenoson dalanate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piclidenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piclidenoson (page does not exist)">Piclidenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regadenoson" title="Regadenoson">Regadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_WAG_994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ WAG 994 (page does not exist)">SDZ WAG 994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selodenoson (page does not exist)">Selodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonedenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonedenoson (page does not exist)">Sonedenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tecadenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tecadenoson (page does not exist)">Tecadenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trabodenoson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trabodenoson (page does not exist)">Trabodenoson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK-432,097" title="UK-432,097">UK-432,097</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine" title="3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine">3-Chlorostyrylcaffeine (CSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Methylxanthine" title="7-Methylxanthine">7-Methylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Chlorotheophylline" title="8-Chlorotheophylline">8-Chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (page does not exist)">8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Phenyltheophylline" title="8-Phenyltheophylline">8-Phenyltheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefylline" title="Acefylline">Acefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminophylline" title="Aminophylline">Aminophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATL-444" title="ATL-444">ATL-444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-4635&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-4635 (page does not exist)">AZD-4635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamifylline" title="Bamifylline">Bamifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafedrine" title="Cafedrine">Cafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_citrate" title="Caffeine citrate">Caffeine citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGH-2466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGH-2466 (page does not exist)">CGH-2466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-15943" title="CGS-15943">CGS-15943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_theophyllinate" title="Choline theophyllinate">Choline theophyllinate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciforadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciforadenant (page does not exist)">Ciforadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine">CPX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVT-6883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVT-6883 (page does not exist)">CVT-6883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethazan" title="Dimethazan">Dimethazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMPX" title="DMPX">DMPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine" class="mw-redirect" title="8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine">DPCPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyphylline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyphylline">Dyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enprofylline" title="Enprofylline">Enprofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etrumadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etrumadenant (page does not exist)">Etrumadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">Fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBMX" title="IBMX">IBMX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imaradenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imaradenant (page does not exist)">Imaradenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inupadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inupadenant (page does not exist)">Inupadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISAM-140" title="ISAM-140">ISAM-140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISAM-R316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISAM-R316 (page does not exist)">ISAM-R316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istradefylline" title="Istradefylline">Istradefylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KF-26777" title="KF-26777">KF-26777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA41063" title="Lu AA41063">Lu AA41063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_AA47070" title="Lu AA47070">Lu AA47070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRE3008F20" class="mw-redirect" title="MRE3008F20">MRE3008F20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1191" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1191">MRS-1191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1220 (page does not exist)">MRS-1220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1334 (page does not exist)">MRS-1334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1523" class="mw-redirect" title="MRS-1523">MRS-1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRS-1706" title="MRS-1706">MRS-1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-1754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-1754 (page does not exist)">MRS-1754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-3777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-3777 (page does not exist)">MRS-3777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-2" title="MSX-2">MSX-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-3" title="MSX-3">MSX-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX-4" title="MSX-4">MSX-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muvadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muvadenant (page does not exist)">Muvadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">Paraxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preladenant" title="Preladenant">Preladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxyphylline" title="Proxyphylline">Proxyphylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSB-10" title="PSB-10">PSB-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-11 (page does not exist)">PSB-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-36 (page does not exist)">PSB-36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-603&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-603 (page does not exist)">PSB-603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-788 (page does not exist)">PSB-788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1115&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1115 (page does not exist)">PSB-1115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1901 (page does not exist)">PSB-1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversine" title="Reversine">Reversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolofylline" title="Rolofylline">Rolofylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-442,416" title="SCH-442,416">SCH-442,416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-58261" title="SCH-58261">SCH-58261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipagladenant" title="Sipagladenant">Sipagladenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taminadenant" title="Taminadenant">Taminadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theacrine" title="Theacrine">Theacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodrenaline" title="Theodrenaline">Theodrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">Theophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tozadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tozadenant (page does not exist)">Tozadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipadenant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipadenant (page does not exist)">Vipadenant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VUF-5574&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VUF-5574 (page does not exist)">VUF-5574</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-241,385" title="ZM-241,385">ZM-241,385</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2_receptor" title="P2 receptor">P2</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">nucleotide</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2X_purinoreceptor" title="P2X purinoreceptor">P2X</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate"><abbr title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthio-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthio-ATP (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibacron_blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibacron blue (page does not exist)">Cibacron blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">D-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HT-AMP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HT-AMP (page does not exist)">HT-AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-%CE%B2,%CE%B3-Me-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-β,γ-Me-ATP (page does not exist)">L-β,γ-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2219&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2219 (page does not exist)">MRS-2219</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-BDBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-BDBD (page does not exist)">5-BDBD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317491 (page does not exist)">A-317491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-438079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-438079 (page does not exist)">A-438079</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-740003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-740003 (page does not exist)">A-740003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-804598&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-804598 (page does not exist)">A-804598</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-839977&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-839977 (page does not exist)">A-839977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF-353" title="AF-353">AF-353</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-10606120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-10606120 (page does not exist)">AZ-10606120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-11645373&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-11645373 (page does not exist)">AZ-11645373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Blue_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Brilliant Blue G">BBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmidazolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calmidazolium (page does not exist)">Calmidazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelerythrine" title="Chelerythrine">Chelerythrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emodin" title="Emodin">Emodin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rheum_officinale" title="Rheum officinale">Rheum officinale</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefapixant" title="Gefapixant">Gefapixant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-791343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-791343 (page does not exist)">GW-791343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-(N,N-Hexamethylene)amiloride (page does not exist)">HMA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IsoPPADS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IsoPPADS (page does not exist)">isoPPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-47965567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-47965567 (page does not exist)">JNJ-47965567</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KN-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KN-04 (page does not exist)">KN-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KN-62" title="KN-62">KN-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2159&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2159 (page does not exist)">MRS-2159</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-023 (page does not exist)">NF-023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-110 (page does not exist)">NF-110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-279 (page does not exist)">NF-279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-449&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-449 (page does not exist)">NF-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidized-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidized-ATP (page does not exist)">Oxidized-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenol_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenol Red">Phenol Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolphthalein" title="Phenolphthalein">Phenolphthalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PPNDS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPNDS (page does not exist)">PPNDS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-12062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-12062 (page does not exist)">PSB-12062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">Puerarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Radix_puerariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Radix puerariae">Radix puerariae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purotoxin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purotoxin 1 (page does not exist)">Purotoxin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_0437626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 0437626 (page does not exist)">Ro 0437626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 51 (page does not exist)">Ro 51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO-3 (page does not exist)">RO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferulate" title="Sodium ferulate">Sodium ferulate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_sinensis" title="Angelica sinensis">Angelica sinensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-P_262&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-P 262 (page does not exist)">TC-P 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylpyrazine" title="Tetramethylpyrazine">Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ligusticum_wallichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligusticum wallichii">Ligusticum wallichii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNP-ATP" title="TNP-ATP">TNP-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Thio-UTP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Thio-UTP (page does not exist)">2-Thio-UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromouridine_5%E2%80%B2-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromouridine 5′-diphosphate (page does not exist)">5-Br-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-OMe-UDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-OMe-UDP (page does not exist)">5-OMe-UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91,%CE%B2-Methylene-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α,β-Methylene-ATP (page does not exist)">α,β-Me-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">ADPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadenosine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadenosine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Ap3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenosine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenosine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">ATPγS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyadenosine_triphosphate" title="Deoxyadenosine triphosphate">dATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denufosol" title="Denufosol">Denufosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquafosol" title="Diquafosol">Diquafosol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS-365" class="mw-redirect" title="INS-365">INS-365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INS-37217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INS-37217 (page does not exist)">INS-37217</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2365 (page does not exist)">MRS-2365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2690&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2690 (page does not exist)">MRS-2690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2693&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2693 (page does not exist)">MRS-2693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2768 (page does not exist)">MRS-2768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2957&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2957 (page does not exist)">MRS-2957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-4062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-4062 (page does not exist)">MRS-4062</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-546&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-546 (page does not exist)">NF-546</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PAPET-ATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAPET-ATP (page does not exist)">PAPET-ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0474 (page does not exist)">PSB-0474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-1114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-1114 (page does not exist)">PSB-1114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine_5%C2%B4-(%CE%B2-thio)-diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine 5´-(β-thio)-diphosphate (page does not exist)">UDPβS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_galactose" title="Uridine diphosphate galactose">UDP-galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_glucose" title="Uridine diphosphate glucose">UDP-glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate_N-acetylglucosamine" title="Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine">UDP-N-acetylglucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diuridine_triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diuridine triphosphate (page does not exist)">Up3U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uridine-5%27-(%CE%B3-thio)-triphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uridine-5'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate (page does not exist)">UTPγS</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Methylthioladenosine_monophosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Methylthioladenosine monophosphate (page does not exist)">2-Me-SAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A3P5PS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A3P5PS (page does not exist)">A3P5PS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMP%CE%B1S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMPαS (page does not exist)">AMPαS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadenosine_tetraphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadenosine tetraphosphate">Ap4A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_66096&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 66096 (page does not exist)">AR-C 66096</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_67085MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 67085MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 67085MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_69931MX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 69931MX (page does not exist)">AR-C 69931MX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_118925XX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 118925XX (page does not exist)">AR-C 118925XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BzATP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BzATP (page does not exist)">BzATP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C1330-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C1330-7 (page does not exist)">C1330-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">Cangrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">Clopidogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinogrel" title="Elinogrel">Elinogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diinosine_pentaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diinosine pentaphosphate (page does not exist)">Ip5I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2179 (page does not exist)">MRS-2179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2211&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2211 (page does not exist)">MRS-2211</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2279&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2279 (page does not exist)">MRS-2279</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2395&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2395 (page does not exist)">MRS-2395</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2500 (page does not exist)">MRS-2500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRS-2578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRS-2578 (page does not exist)">MRS-2578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-157 (page does not exist)">NF-157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NF-340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NF-340 (page does not exist)">NF-340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27-Pyridylisatogen_tosylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2'-Pyridylisatogen tosylate (page does not exist)">PIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPADS" title="PPADS">PPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasugrel" title="Prasugrel">Prasugrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSB-0739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSB-0739 (page does not exist)">PSB-0739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reactive_Blue_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reactive Blue 2 (page does not exist)">RB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regrelor" title="Regrelor">Regrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">Ticlopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">blockers</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Concentrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Concentrative nucleoside transporters">CNTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (page does not exist)">6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMeThPmR (page does not exist)">dMeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2142 (page does not exist)">KGO-2142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KGO-2173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KGO-2173 (page does not exist)">KGO-2173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeThPmR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeThPmR (page does not exist)">MeThPmR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloridzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phloridzin">Phloridzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Equilibrative_nucleoside_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters"><abbr title="Equilibrative nucleoside transporters">ENTs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilostazol" title="Cilostazol">Cilostazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilazep" title="Dilazep">Dilazep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">Dipyridamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobendine" title="Hexobendine">Hexobendine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-S-((4-Nitrophenyl)methyl)-6-thioinosine (page does not exist)">NBMPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane_monoamine_transporter" title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter"><abbr title="Plasma membrane monoamine transporter">PMAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decynium-22" title="Decynium-22">Decynium-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase"><abbr title="Xanthine oxidase">XO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Xanthine oxidase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">Allopurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amflutizole" title="Amflutizole">Amflutizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzbromarone" title="Benzbromarone">Benzbromarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_osmophloeum" title="Cinnamomum osmophloeum">Cinnamomum osmophloeum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febuxostat" title="Febuxostat">Febuxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myo-inositol" class="mw-redirect" title="Myo-inositol">Myo-inositol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">Kaempferol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">Myricetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niraxostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niraxostat (page does not exist)">Niraxostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxipurinol" title="Oxipurinol">Oxipurinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytic_acid" title="Phytic acid">Phytic acid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pistacia_integerrima" title="Pistacia integerrima">Pistacia integerrima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisopurine" title="Tisopurine">Tisopurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiroxostat" title="Topiroxostat">Topiroxostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminopterin" title="Aminopterin">Aminopterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">Azathioprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">Mycophenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemetrexed" title="Pemetrexed">Pemetrexed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralatrexate" title="Pralatrexate">Pralatrexate</a></li> <li><i>Many others</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Precursors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">Adenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">Cytosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine" title="Cytidine">Cytidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_monophosphate" title="Cytidine monophosphate">CMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_diphosphate" title="Cytidine diphosphate">CDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytidine_triphosphate" title="Cytidine triphosphate">CTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">Guanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine" title="Guanosine">Guanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">Hypoxanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine" title="Inosine">Inosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosine monophosphate">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inosine_diphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inosine diphosphate (page does not exist)">IDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_triphosphate" title="Inosine triphosphate">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">Uracil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">Uridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate" title="Uridine monophosphate">UMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_diphosphate" title="Uridine diphosphate">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uridine_triphosphate" title="Uridine triphosphate">UTP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chrysophanol" title="Chrysophanol">Chrysophanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhubarb" title="Rhubarb">rhubarb</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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