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袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 胁. , 孝芯屑 4 @ 袧袗笑袠袨袧袗袥鞋袧蝎袡 袗孝袥袗小 袪袨小小袠袠
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data-vbf-loop="10"></div> <div class="blog-post"> <h2 class="blog-post-title"> 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 胁. </h2> <p class="text-justify"><strong>袙褌芯褉邪褟 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪邪 XVIII 胁. — 褝锌芯褏邪 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪褘 II 袙械谢懈泻芯泄</strong>. 袨薪邪 褋褔懈褌邪谢邪 褋械斜褟 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪褌械谢械屑 写械谢邪 袩械褌褉邪 I., 锌褉芯胁芯写懈谢邪 械谐芯 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻褍 懈 写芯褋褌懈谐谢邪 薪邪屑械褔械薪薪褘褏 懈屑 懈 械谐芯 锌褉械写褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻邪屑懈 褑械谢械泄. 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 II 芯斜谢邪写邪谢邪 胁褘写邪褞褖懈屑褋褟 褍屑芯屑 懈 薪械蟹邪褍褉褟写薪褘屑懈 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌褟屑懈, 斜褘谢邪 械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪薪芯泄, 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪胁褕械泄褋褟 胁 谢褞写褟褏, 褌邪泻褌懈褔薪芯泄 懈 褍屑械胁褕械泄 褉邪褋锌芯谢邪谐邪褌褜 懈褏 泻 褋械斜械, 褔褍褌泻芯 褉械邪谐懈褉芯胁邪胁褕械泄 薪邪 懈薪褌械褉械褋褘 胁械褉褏芯胁 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪. 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 锌芯薪褟谢邪 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑芯褋褌褜 芯褌屑械薪褘 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪, 薪芯, 薪邪褌芯谢泻薪褍胁褕懈褋褜 薪邪 褋芯锌褉芯褌懈胁谢械薪懈械 褋胁芯械谐芯 芯泻褉褍卸械薪懈褟, 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褋褉邪蟹褍 卸械 芯褌泻邪蟹邪谢邪褋褜 芯褌 褝褌芯泄 屑褘褋谢懈, 薪芯 懈 褉邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪懈谢邪 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯 懈 薪邪 校泻褉邪懈薪褍 懈 褍卸械褋褌芯褔懈谢邪 械谐芯, 褉邪蟹写邪胁 屑薪芯谐芯 蟹械屑械谢褜 懈 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘褏 褋胁芯懈屑 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸褢薪薪褘屑 懈 褉邪蟹褉械褕懈胁 褋褋褘谢邪褌褜 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘褏 胁 小懈斜懈褉褜 懈 薪邪 泻邪褌芯褉谐褍. 袣褉械褋褌褜褟薪械 芯褌胁械褌懈谢懈 屑芯褖薪褘屑 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械屑 锌芯写 锌褉械写胁芯写懈褌械谢褜褋褌胁芯屑 袝.袠. 袩褍谐邪褔褢胁邪 胁 1774–1775 谐谐., 锌芯褌褉褟褋褕懈屑 胁褋褞 褋褌褉邪薪褍. 袙芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械 斜褘谢芯 锌芯写邪胁谢械薪芯, 袩褍谐邪褔褢胁 泻邪蟹薪褢薪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 锌芯写褌胁械褉写懈谢邪 褍泻邪蟹 袩械褌褉邪 III 芯斜 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪 芯褌 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯泄 褋谢褍卸斜褘, 蟹邪泻褉械锌懈胁 械谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪 袞邪谢芯胁邪薪薪芯泄 谐褉邪屑芯褌芯泄 (1785 谐.); 锌褉芯胁械谢邪 谐械薪械褉邪谢褜薪芯械 屑械卸械胁邪薪懈械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈褏 蟹械屑械谢褜, 蟹邪泻褉械锌懈胁 蟹邪 锌芯屑械褖懈泻邪屑懈 薪械蟹邪泻芯薪薪芯 蟹邪褏胁邪褔械薪薪褘械 懈屑懈 蟹械屑谢懈; 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁懈谢邪 褋械泻褍谢褟褉懈蟹邪褑懈褞 蟹械屑械谢褜薪褘褏 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄 写褍褏芯胁械薪褋褌胁邪, 芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈胁 锌褉懈 褝褌芯屑 2 屑谢薪 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘褏 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 (1764 谐.); 芯褋褍褖械褋褌胁懈谢邪 邪写屑懈薪懈褋褌褉邪褌懈胁薪芯-褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈邪谢褜薪褍褞 褉械褎芯褉屑褍, 胁 褏芯写械 泻芯褌芯褉芯泄 褋褌褉邪薪邪 斜褘谢邪 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪邪 薪邪 斜谢懈蟹泻懈械 锌芯 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 薪芯胁褘械 褍械蟹写褘 懈 谐褍斜械褉薪懈懈 (锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕懈械, 泻褉芯屑械 小邪薪泻褌-袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐褋泻芯泄 懈 袦芯褋泻芯胁褋泻芯泄, 薪邪蟹胁邪薪懈械 «薪邪屑械褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁») 懈 锌褉懈胁谢械泻谢邪 泻 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈褞 懈屑懈 屑械褋褌薪芯械 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 (1775–1785 谐谐.); 胁胁械谢邪 褞褉懈写懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褋褌邪褌褍褋 谐芯褉芯写邪 懈 蟹邪泻褉械锌懈谢邪 褋芯褋谢芯胁薪褘械 锌褉邪胁邪 谐芯褉芯卸邪薪 袞邪谢芯胁邪薪薪芯泄 谐褉邪屑芯褌芯泄 谐芯褉芯写邪屑 (1785 谐.); 胁胁械谢邪 褋芯褋谢芯胁薪褘械 褋邪屑芯褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 懈 褋褍写; 芯泻邪蟹褘胁邪谢邪 锌芯写写械褉卸泻褍 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪褋泻芯屑褍 懈 泻褍锌械褔械褋泻芯屑褍 锌褉械写锌褉懈薪懈屑邪褌械谢褜褋褌胁褍 懈 褌芯褉谐芯胁谢械.</p> <p class="text-justify">袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 褋邪屑邪 褍锌褉邪胁谢褟谢邪 袪芯褋褋懈械泄, 芯锌懈褉邪褟褋褜 薪邪 胁褘写邪褞褖懈褏褋褟 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘褏 写械褟褌械谢械泄: 褋胁芯械谐芯 斜谢懈卸邪泄褕械谐芯 锌芯屑芯褖薪懈泻邪 袚.袗. 袩芯褌褢屑泻懈薪邪, 写懈锌谢芯屑邪褌芯胁 袧.袠. 袩邪薪懈薪邪 懈 袗. 袗. 袘械蟹斜芯褉芯写泻芯, 锌芯谢泻芯胁芯写褑械胁 袩.袗. 袪褍屑褟薪褑械胁邪, 袗.袙. 小褍胁芯褉芯胁邪, 褎谢芯褌芯胁芯写褑邪 肖.肖. 校褕邪泻芯胁邪 懈 写褉褍谐懈褏.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙芯 胁薪械褕薪械泄 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻械 锌械褉械写 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪芯泄 II 褋褌芯褟谢懈 写胁械 薪械褉械褕褢薪薪褘械 械褢 锌褉械写褕械褋褌胁械薪薪懈泻邪屑懈 蟹邪写邪褔懈: 斜芯褉褜斜邪 褋 袪械褔褜褞 袩芯褋锌芯谢懈褌芯泄 (袩芯谢褜褕械泄) 蟹邪 写褉械胁薪懈械 褉褍褋褋泻懈械 蟹械屑谢懈 懈 斜芯褉褜斜邪 褋 袨褋屑邪薪褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈械泄 (孝褍褉褑懈械泄) 懈 械褢 胁邪褋褋邪谢芯屑 袣褉褘屑褋泻懈屑 褏邪薪褋褌胁芯屑 蟹邪 胁褘褏芯写 泻 效褢褉薪芯屑褍 屑芯褉褞 懈 芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪懈械 芯褏褉邪薪褘 褞谐邪 褋褌褉邪薪褘 芯褌 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪胁褕懈褏褋褟 薪邪斜械谐芯胁 泻褉褘屑褋泻懈褏 褌邪褌邪褉.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1764 谐. 泻芯褉芯谢褢屑 袩芯谢褜褕懈 斜褘谢 懈蟹斜褉邪薪 褉褍褋褋泻懈泄 褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪懈泻 袩芯薪褟褌芯胁褋泻懈泄. 袙 袩芯谢褜褕械 薪邪褔邪谢邪褋褜 斜芯褉褜斜邪 屑械卸写褍 锌褉邪胁芯褋谢邪胁薪褘屑懈 懈 泻邪褌芯谢懈泻邪屑懈, 懈 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁胁械谢邪 胁 袩芯谢褜褕褍 胁芯泄褋泻邪. 孝褍褉褑懈褟, 懈屑械胁褕邪褟 胁懈写褘 薪邪 锌芯谢褜褋泻褍褞 袩芯写芯谢懈褞, 胁 1768 谐. 锌芯褌褉械斜芯胁邪谢邪 胁褘胁械褋褌懈 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 懈蟹 袩芯谢褜褕懈 懈 锌芯褋谢械 芯褌泻邪蟹邪 袪芯褋褋懈懈 芯斜褗褟胁懈谢邪 械泄 胁芯泄薪褍. 袙 1769–1774 谐谐. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 芯写械褉卸邪谢邪 褉褟写 锌芯斜械写, 懈 锌芯 <em>袣褞褔褍泻-袣邪泄薪邪褉写卸懈泄褋泻芯屑褍 屑懈褉薪芯屑褍 写芯谐芯胁芯褉褍</em> 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 泻褉械锌芯褋褌懈 袗蟹芯胁 褋 锌褉懈谢械谐邪褞褖械泄 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈械泄 写芯 褉械泻懈 袝褟, 邪 褌邪泻卸械 袣械褉褔褜, 袝薪懈泻邪谢械 懈 袣懈薪斜褍褉薪. 袩褉懈蟹薪邪胁邪谢芯褋褜 锌褉邪胁芯 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋褌褉芯懈褌褜 褎谢芯褌 懈 褋胁芯斜芯写薪芯 锌褉芯褏芯写懈褌褜 褔械褉械蟹 锌褉芯谢懈胁褘 袘芯褋褎芯褉 懈 袛邪褉写邪薪械谢谢褘 胁 小褉械写懈蟹械屑薪芯械 屑芯褉械. 袣褉褘屑褋泻芯械 褏邪薪褋褌胁芯 芯斜褗褟胁谢褟谢芯褋褜 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑褘屑, 褔褌芯 写邪胁邪谢芯 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌褜 胁谢懈褟褌褜 薪邪 械谐芯 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻褍 懈 锌褉械泻褉邪褌懈褌褜 薪邪斜械谐懈 泻褉褘屑褋泻懈褏 褌邪褌邪褉.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1768 谐. 袗胁褋褌褉懈褟 锌褉械写谢芯卸懈谢邪 袩褉褍褋褋懈懈 褉邪蟹写械谢懈褌褜 袩芯谢褜褕褍. 袙 1769 谐. 褋 褌邪泻懈屑 卸械 锌褉械写谢芯卸械薪懈械屑 袩褉褍褋褋懈褟 芯斜褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袨写薪邪泻芯 袪芯褋褋懈褟 薪械 斜褘谢邪 蟹邪懈薪褌械褉械褋芯胁邪薪邪 胁 褉邪蟹写械谢械 袩芯谢褜褕懈: 谢褍褔褕械 斜褘谢芯 懈屑械褌褜 褋谢邪斜芯谐芯 褋芯褋械写邪. 袗胁褋褌褉懈褟 胁 1770 谐. 蟹邪薪褟谢邪 笑懈锌褋泻芯械 胁芯械胁芯写褋褌胁芯 袩芯谢褜褕懈. 袝褢 锌芯写写械褉卸邪谢邪 袩褉褍褋褋懈褟. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 斜褘谢邪 胁褘薪褍卸写械薪邪 褋芯谐谢邪褋懈褌褜褋褟. 袩芯 锌械褉胁芯屑褍 褉邪蟹写械谢褍 袩芯谢褜褕懈 (1772 谐.) 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 胁芯褋褌芯褔薪褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 袘械谢芯褉褍褋褋懈懈 懈 褔邪褋褌褜 袥懈褎谢褟薪写懈懈. 袩褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈械 褔邪褋褌懈 袘械谢芯褉褍褋褋懈懈 斜褘谢芯 锌褉芯写芯谢卸械薪懈械屑 胁芯褋褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈褟 褋谢邪胁褟薪 袛褉械胁薪械褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪. 袙 1768 谐. 泻 袪芯褋褋懈懈 斜褘谢邪 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪邪 袗谢褟褋泻邪, 邪 胁 1783 谐. — 袣褉褘屑褋泻芯械 褏邪薪褋褌胁芯.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙胁懈写褍 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈褟 薪邪 褞谐械 懈 胁 袩芯胁芯谢卸褜械 褋胁芯斜芯写薪褘褏 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪, 写谢褟 蟹邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 锌芯屑械褖懈泻邪屑 褉邪蟹褉械褕邪谢芯褋褜 锌械褉械胁芯写懈褌褜 褌褍写邪 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘褏 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪. 孝邪泻卸械 胁 褝褌懈 屑械褋褌邪 锌褉懈蟹褘胁邪谢懈褋褜 懈薪芯褋褌褉邪薪薪褘械 锌芯褋械谢械薪褑褘, 锌褉械卸写械 胁褋械谐芯 褋械褉斜褘 懈 薪械屑褑褘, 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪胁褕懈械 袧芯胁褍褞 小械褉斜懈褞 懈 薪械屑械褑泻懈械 泻芯谢芯薪懈懈 胁 袧芯胁芯褉芯褋褋懈懈 懈 袩芯胁芯谢卸褜械. 袘褘谢懈 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪褘 小械胁邪褋褌芯锌芯谢褜, 袨写械褋褋邪, 啸械褉褋芯薪, 袧懈泻芯谢邪械胁, 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪芯褋谢邪胁 懈 写褉褍谐懈械 薪芯胁褘械 谐芯褉芯写邪, 褋芯蟹写邪薪 效械褉薪芯屑芯褉褋泻懈泄 褎谢芯褌. 袙 褌芯屑 卸械 1783 谐. 锌芯 袚械芯褉谐懈械胁褋泻芯屑褍 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌褍 谐褉褍蟹懈薪褋泻芯械 褑邪褉褋褌胁芯 袣邪褉褌谢懈-袣邪褏械褌懈 写芯斜褉芯胁芯谢褜薪芯 锌械褉械褕谢芯 锌芯写 锌褉芯褌械泻褌芯褉邪褌 袪芯褋褋懈懈.</p> <p class="text-justify">孝褍褉褑懈褟 薪械 屑芯谐谢邪 褋屑懈褉懈褌褜褋褟 褋 锌芯褌械褉械泄 袣褉褘屑邪 懈 胁 1787 谐. 褋薪芯胁邪 芯斜褗褟胁懈谢邪 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁芯泄薪褍. 袙 1788 谐. 胁 胁芯泄薪褍 褋 孝褍褉褑懈械泄 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢邪 袗胁褋褌褉懈褟. 袩芯褋谢械 褉褟写邪 锌芯褉邪卸械薪懈泄 薪邪 褋褍褕械 懈 薪邪 屑芯褉械 褌褍褉泻懈 胁褘薪褍卸写械薪褘 斜褘谢懈 29 写械泻邪斜褉褟 1791 谐. 蟹邪泻谢褞褔懈褌褜 <em>携褋褋泻懈泄 屑懈褉</em>, 锌芯 泻芯褌芯褉芯屑褍 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褞 屑械卸写褍 褉械泻邪屑懈 挟卸薪褘泄 袘褍谐 懈 袛薪械褋褌褉.</p> <p class="text-justify">楔胁械褑懈褟 褉械褕懈谢邪 胁芯褋锌芯谢褜蟹芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 褉褍褋褋泻芯-褌褍褉械褑泻芯泄 胁芯泄薪芯泄 懈 锌芯褌褉械斜芯胁邪谢邪 芯褌 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁械褉薪褍褌褜 械泄 锌芯谢褍褔械薪薪褘械 锌芯 袧懈褕褌邪写褌褋泻芯屑褍 懈 袗斜芯褋泻芯屑褍 写芯谐芯胁芯褉邪屑 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈懈, 邪 袨褋屑邪薪褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈 — 袣褉褘屑 懈 蟹械屑谢懈, 锌芯谢褍褔械薪薪褘械 锌芯 袣褞褔褍泻-袣邪泄薪邪褉写卸懈泄褋泻芯屑褍 屑懈褉褍. 袩芯谢褍褔懈胁 芯褌泻邪蟹, 芯薪邪 胁 懈褞薪械 1788 谐. 斜械蟹 芯斜褗褟胁谢械薪懈褟 胁芯泄薪褘 薪邪锌邪谢邪 薪邪 袪芯褋褋懈褞. 袧芯 袪芯褋褋懈褟 芯褌褉邪蟹懈谢邪 褕胁械写褋泻褍褞 邪谐褉械褋褋懈褞, 懈 胁 1790 谐. 斜褘谢 蟹邪泻谢褞褔褢薪 <em>袙械褉械谢褜褋泻懈泄 屑懈褉</em> 褋 褋芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈械屑 锌褉械卸薪懈褏 谐褉邪薪懈褑.</p> <p class="text-justify">袩芯 薪邪褋褌芯褟薪懈褞 袩褉褍褋褋懈懈 胁 1793 谐. 屑械卸写褍 薪械褞, 袗胁褋褌褉懈械泄 懈 袪芯褋褋懈械泄 斜褘谢 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写褢薪 胁褌芯褉芯泄 褉邪蟹写械谢 袩芯谢褜褕懈. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 袘械谢芯褉褍褋褋懈懈 懈 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褍褞 褔邪褋褌褜 袩褉邪胁芯斜械褉械卸薪芯泄 校泻褉邪懈薪褘. 袪邪蟹写械谢 胁褘蟹胁邪谢 胁械褋薪芯泄 1794 谐. 胁芯褋褋褌邪薪懈械 胁 袩芯谢褜褕械 锌芯写 褉褍泻芯胁芯写褋褌胁芯屑 孝. 袣芯褋褌褞褕泻芯. 袨薪芯 斜褘谢芯 锌芯写邪胁谢械薪芯 褉褍褋褋泻懈屑懈 胁芯泄褋泻邪屑懈, 懈 胁 1795 谐. 锌褉芯懈蟹芯褕褢谢 褌褉械褌懈泄 褉邪蟹写械谢 袩芯谢褜褕懈 屑械卸写褍 袪芯褋褋懈械泄, 袩褉褍褋褋懈械泄 懈 袗胁褋褌褉懈械泄, 锌芯褋谢械 泻芯褌芯褉芯谐芯 袩芯谢褜褕邪 锌褉械泻褉邪褌懈谢邪 褋胁芯褢 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械 泻邪泻 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯械 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯. 袙 袪芯褋褋懈褞 胁芯褕谢懈 袟邪锌邪写薪邪褟 袘械谢芯褉褍褋褋懈褟, 芯褋褌邪胁褕邪褟褋褟 褔邪褋褌褜 袩褉邪胁芯斜械褉械卸薪芯泄 校泻褉邪懈薪褘, 袥懈褌胁邪 懈 薪邪褏芯写懈胁褕械械褋褟 锌芯写 褉褍褋褋泻懈屑 锌褉芯褌械泻褌芯褉邪褌芯屑 谐械褉褑芯谐褋褌胁芯 袣褍褉谢褟薪写懈褟. 孝邪泻 斜褘谢芯 <em>蟹邪胁械褉褕械薪芯 胁芯褋褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈械 写褉械胁薪械褉褍褋褋泻懈褏 蟹械屑械谢褜</em> 懈 锌褉懈褋芯械写懈薪械薪懈械 袩褉懈斜邪谢褌懈泻懈, 褔褌芯 芯斜械褋锌械褔懈谢芯 胁褘褏芯写 泻 袘邪谢褌懈泄褋泻芯屑褍 屑芯褉褞.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1795 谐. 懈褉邪薪褑褘 胁褌芯褉谐谢懈褋褜 胁 袟邪泻邪胁泻邪蟹褜械 懈 锌芯写胁械褉谐谢懈 械谐芯 褉邪蟹芯褉械薪懈褞. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 薪邪锌褉邪胁懈谢邪 薪邪 袣邪胁泻邪蟹 胁芯泄褋泻芯. 袧芯 胁 1796 谐. 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 II 褍屑械褉谢邪, 懈 薪邪 锌褉械褋褌芯谢 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢 械褢 褋褘薪 袩邪胁械谢 I, 泻芯褌芯褉褘泄 褉械褕懈谢 芯褌芯蟹胁邪褌褜 胁芯泄褋泻芯 褋 袣邪胁泻邪蟹邪. 袩邪胁械谢 I 斜褘谢 薪械写芯胁芯谢械薪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻芯泄 屑邪褌械褉懈, 褋褌褉械屑懈谢褋褟 胁胁械褋褌懈 锌褉褍褋褋泻懈械 锌芯褉褟写泻懈 懈 蟹邪褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 褋谢褍卸懈褌褜 芯斜谢械薪懈胁褕械械褋褟 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯. 袨薪, 泻邪泻 懈 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 II, 褉邪蟹写邪谢 芯谐褉芯屑薪芯械 泻芯谢懈褔械褋褌胁芯 蟹械屑械谢褜 懈 泻褉械褋褌褜褟薪 褋胁芯懈屑 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸褢薪薪褘屑, 薪芯 蟹邪锌褉械褌懈谢 锌褉芯写邪卸褍 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪褘褏 斜械蟹 蟹械屑谢懈 懈 芯谐褉邪薪懈褔懈谢 斜邪褉褖懈薪褍 褌褉械屑褟 写薪褟屑懈 胁 薪械写械谢褞.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 1799 谐. 斜褘谢邪 褋芯蟹写邪薪邪 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯-袗屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻邪褟 泻芯屑锌邪薪懈褟, 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁褕邪褟 锌褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈褞 薪邪 芯褋胁芯械薪懈械 «袪褍褋褋泻芯泄 袗屑械褉懈泻懈» (袗谢褟褋泻懈 懈 袗谢械褍褌褋泻懈褏 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁) 懈 袣褍褉懈谢褜褋泻懈褏 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁. 袨锌邪褋邪褟褋褜 蟹邪褏胁邪褌邪 肖褉邪薪褑懈械泄 袙芯褋褌芯褔薪芯谐芯 小褉械写懈蟹械屑薪芯屑芯褉褜褟, 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢邪 胁 邪薪褌懈褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褋泻褍褞 泻芯邪谢懈褑懈褞. 袙 1798–1799 谐谐. 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈泄 褎谢芯褌 锌芯写 泻芯屑邪薪写芯胁邪薪懈械屑 肖.肖. 校褕邪泻芯胁邪 褋芯胁屑械褋褌薪芯 褋 褌褍褉械褑泻懈屑 褎谢芯褌芯屑 懈蟹谐薪邪谢 褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹芯胁 褋 袠芯薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 芯褋褌褉芯胁芯胁. 袙 1799 谐. 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈械 胁芯泄褋泻邪 锌芯写 泻芯屑邪薪写芯胁邪薪懈械屑 袗.袙. 小褍胁芯褉芯胁邪 芯写械褉卸邪谢懈 褉褟写 锌芯斜械写 薪邪写 褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹邪屑懈 胁 小械胁械褉薪芯泄 袠褌邪谢懈懈, 薪芯, 薪械 锌芯谢褍褔懈胁 芯褌 袗胁褋褌褉懈懈 芯斜械褖邪薪薪芯泄 锌芯屑芯褖懈, 胁褘薪褍卸写械薪褘 斜褘谢懈 芯褌褋褌褍锌懈褌褜 胁 楔胁械泄褑邪褉懈褞. 袙芯蟹屑褍褖褢薪薪褘泄 袩邪胁械谢 I 芯褌芯蟹胁邪谢 胁芯泄褋泻邪 胁 袪芯褋褋懈褞 懈 薪邪褔邪谢 锌械褉械谐芯胁芯褉褘 褋 肖褉邪薪褑懈械泄. 袧械写芯胁芯谢褜薪褘械 懈屑 蟹薪邪褌褜 懈 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯 褋芯褋褌邪胁懈谢懈 蟹邪谐芯胁芯褉, 懈 胁 薪芯褔褜 薪邪 11 屑邪褉褌邪 1801 谐. 袩邪胁械谢 I 斜褘谢 褍斜懈褌.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧邪懈斜芯谢械械 胁邪卸薪褘屑 写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈械屑 <em>泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘</em> 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 胁. 斜褘谢芯 胁芯蟹薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈械 邪薪褌懈泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 胁蟹谐谢褟写芯胁 懈 锌芯薪懈屑邪薪懈褟 斜械蟹薪褉邪胁褋褌胁械薪薪芯褋褌懈 懈 锌邪谐褍斜薪芯褋褌懈 褋邪屑芯写械褉卸邪胁懈褟 懈 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁邪 写谢褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈. 袩褉懈 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪械 II 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜 薪芯胁褘械 写谢褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈 锌芯薪褟褌懈褟: «褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯», «写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯械 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯», «芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 谐褉邪写褋泻芯械», «芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯械 屑薪械薪懈械». 袪邪褋褕懈褉懈谢芯褋褜 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯械 胁芯蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 薪邪 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻褍褞 卸懈蟹薪褜, 芯薪芯 蟹邪褏胁邪褌褘胁邪谢芯 胁 锌械褉胁褍褞 芯褔械褉械写褜 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁芯, 薪芯 锌褉芯薪懈泻邪谢芯 懈 胁 褋褉械写薪懈械 褋谢芯懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟.</p> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/88_2.gif" width="127" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袧.袠. 袧芯胁懈泻芯胁<br>(褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 袛.袚. 袥械胁懈褑泻懈泄)</em></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure float-right text-center ml-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/88_1.gif" width="126" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 II<br>(褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 肖.小. 袪芯泻芯褌芯胁)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袨斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 斜褘谢芯 褋芯褋谢芯胁薪褘屑. 袙 1780-械 谐谐. 胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈 胁锌械褉胁褘械 斜褘谢邪 胁胁械写械薪邪 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 薪邪褉芯写薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟: 写胁褍褏泻谢邪褋褋薪褘械 懈 褔械褌褘褉褢褏泻谢邪褋褋薪褘械 薪邪褉芯写薪褘械 褍褔懈谢懈褖邪. 袩芯写 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐芯屑 斜褘谢 芯褌泻褉褘褌 袠薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 斜谢邪谐芯褉芯写薪褘褏 写械胁懈褑 (小屑芯谢褜薪褘泄 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褌). 袩芯褟胁懈谢芯褋褜 薪械屑邪谢芯 褔邪褋褌薪褘褏 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻懈褏 锌邪薪褋懈芯薪芯胁 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械, 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械, 写褉褍谐懈褏 谐芯褉芯写邪褏. 袨写薪芯胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 胁 屑芯写褍 胁芯褕谢芯 懈 芯斜褍褔械薪懈械 胁 写芯屑邪褕薪懈褏 褍褋谢芯胁懈褟褏. 协褌邪 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 芯泻邪蟹邪谢邪褋褜 褝褎褎械泻褌懈胁薪芯泄. 袨薪邪 褋褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢邪 薪械屑邪谢芯 胁褘褋芯泻芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘褏 谢褞写械泄, 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 胁锌芯谢薪械 屑芯谐谢懈 褉邪胁薪褟褌褜褋褟 锌芯 褋胁芯械屑褍 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯屑褍 褍褉芯胁薪褞 褋 锌褉芯褋胁械褖褢薪薪褘屑懈 蟹邪锌邪写薪褘屑懈 谢褞写褜屑懈. 袙 褋褌械薪邪褏 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌邪 胁 XVIII 胁. 褍褔懈谢芯褋褜 85% 胁褘褏芯写褑械胁 懈蟹 褋械屑械泄 褉邪蟹薪芯褔懈薪褑械胁. 袠蟹 薪懈褏 卸械 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪谢褋褟 懈 锌褉械锌芯写邪胁邪褌械谢褜褋泻懈泄 褋芯褋褌邪胁. 袣 泻芯薪褑褍 XVIII 胁. 胁 袪芯褋褋懈懈 薪邪褋褔懈褌褘胁邪谢芯褋褜 550 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈泄 褉邪蟹薪芯谐芯 胁懈写邪, 懈蟹 薪懈褏 400 薪邪褉芯写薪褘褏 褍褔懈谢懈褖. 袙 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈褟褏 芯斜褍褔邪谢芯褋褜 斜芯谢械械 60 褌褘褋. 褍褔邪褖懈褏褋褟. 袧芯 写谢褟 芯谐褉芯屑薪芯泄 褋褌褉邪薪褘 褋 锌芯褔褌懈 褋芯褉芯泻邪屑懈谢谢懈芯薪薪褘屑 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械屑 褝褌芯 斜褘谢芯 薪懈褔褌芯卸薪芯 屑邪谢芯. 袣 泻芯薪褑褍 胁械泻邪 写邪卸械 褋褉械写懈 写胁芯褉褟薪褋泻芯谐芯 褋芯褋谢芯胁懈褟, 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯 胁 锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈懈, 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 斜褘谢芯 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 薪械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪薪褘屑, 薪芯 懈 薪械谐褉邪屑芯褌薪褘屑.</p> <p class="text-justify">袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪邪 II 褉邪蟹褉械褕懈谢邪 褔邪褋褌薪褘械 褌懈锌芯谐褉邪褎懈懈, 芯褋谢邪斜懈谢邪 褑械薪蟹褍褉褍. 袠蟹屑械薪懈谢邪褋褜 芯斜褖邪褟 邪褌屑芯褋褎械褉邪 胁 褋褌褉邪薪械: 褔械褉械蟹 泻薪懈谐懈, 卸褍褉薪邪谢褘, 谐邪蟹械褌褘 褋芯蟹写邪胁邪谢芯褋褜 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪薪芯械 屑薪械薪懈械, 薪邪褔邪谢邪褋褜 斜芯褉褜斜邪 褌芯褔械泻 蟹褉械薪懈褟.</p> <p class="text-justify">袘芯谢褜褕芯械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢邪 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉邪 (谢懈褌械褉邪褌芯褉褘 袗.袧. 袪邪写懈褖械胁, 袧.袠. 袧芯胁懈泻芯胁, 锌芯褝褌 袚.袪. 袛械褉卸邪胁懈薪, 写褉邪屑邪褌褍褉谐 袛.袠. 肖芯薪胁懈蟹懈薪). 袧邪褔邪谢懈 胁褘褏芯写懈褌褜 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪褘械 懈 薪邪褍褔薪褘械 卸褍褉薪邪谢褘 胁 小邪薪泻褌-袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐械, 袦芯褋泻胁械, 携褉芯褋谢邪胁谢械 懈 写邪卸械 胁 孝芯斜芯谢褜褋泻械.</p> <p class="text-justify">袧芯 胁 锌械褔邪褌懈 写芯锌褍褋泻邪谢邪褋褜 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褍屑械褉械薪薪邪褟 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪 薪械写芯褋褌邪褌泻芯胁. 袗.袧. 袪邪写懈褖械胁 胁 1790 谐. 斜褘谢 褋芯褋谢邪薪 薪邪 10 谢械褌 胁 小懈斜懈褉褜 蟹邪 邪薪褌懈泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋泻褍褞 泻薪懈谐褍 «袩褍褌械褕械褋褌胁懈械 懈蟹 袩械褌械褉斜褍褉谐邪 胁 袦芯褋泻胁褍», 袧.袠. 袧芯胁懈泻芯胁 胁 1792 谐. 斜褘谢 锌芯褋邪卸械薪 胁 泻褉械锌芯褋褌褜 薪邪 15 谢械褌 (芯斜邪 斜褘谢懈 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪褘 袩邪胁谢芯屑 I).</p> <p class="text-justify">袩芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜 械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯谐芯 褍褉芯胁薪褟 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻懈 (肖.小. 袪芯泻芯褌芯胁, 袛.袚. 袥械胁懈褑泻懈泄, 袙.袥. 袘芯褉芯胁懈泻芯胁褋泻懈泄), 褋泻褍谢褜锌褌芯褉褘 (肖.袠. 楔褍斜懈薪), 邪褉褏懈褌械泻褌芯褉褘 (袙.袠. 袘邪卸械薪芯胁, 袦.肖. 袣邪蟹邪泻芯胁, 袠. 袝. 小褌邪褉芯胁), 芯褋薪芯胁邪褌械谢褜 褉褍褋褋泻芯谐芯 褌械邪褌褉邪 肖.袚. 袙芯谢泻芯胁.</p> <p class="text-justify">袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 薪邪褍泻邪 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪谢邪 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 胁锌懈褌褘胁邪褌褜 薪邪褍褔薪褘械 蟹薪邪薪懈褟 袝胁褉芯锌褘 懈 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪谢邪 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 薪邪褍褔薪褘泄 锌芯褌械薪褑懈邪谢. 袙 锌芯褋谢械写薪械泄 褔械褌胁械褉褌懈 XVIII 胁. 锌芯褟胁懈谢懈褋褜 薪芯胁褘泄 邪褌谢邪褋 懈 泻邪褉褌褘 胁褋械泄 袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 懈屑锌械褉懈懈. 袠蟹芯斜褉械褌邪褌械谢懈 袠.袠. 袩芯谢蟹褍薪芯胁 (1728–1766 谐谐.) 褋芯蟹写邪谢 锌械褉胁褍褞 胁 屑懈褉械 锌邪褉芯胁褍褞 屑邪褕懈薪褍, 袠.袩. 袣褍谢懈斜懈薪 (1735–1818 谐谐.) 锌褉械写谢芯卸懈谢 锌褉芯械泻褌 芯写薪芯邪褉芯褔薪芯谐芯 屑芯褋褌邪 褔械褉械蟹 袧械胁褍 写谢懈薪芯泄 锌芯褔褌懈 300 屑械褌褉芯胁.</p> <figure class="figure float-left text-center mr-3 mb-2"> <img alt="" src="/static/maps4/88_3.gif" width="207" class="figure-img img-fluid mt-2"> <figcaption class="figure-caption"><em>袣褉邪褋薪邪褟 锌谢芯褖邪写褜 胁 袦芯褋泻胁械<br>(褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 肖.携. 袗谢械泻褋械械胁,<br>XVIII 胁.)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p class="text-justify">袙褌芯褉邪褟 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪邪 XVIII 胁. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈蟹褍械褌褋褟 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕懈屑 褍泻褉械锌谢械薪懈械屑 褋邪屑芯写械褉卸邪胁懈褟 懈 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁邪, 褍褋懈谢械薪懈械屑 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁邪, 芯褋胁芯斜芯卸写械薪懈械屑 写胁芯褉褟薪褋褌胁邪 芯褌 芯斜褟蟹邪褌械谢褜薪芯泄 褋谢褍卸斜褘, 褋械泻褍谢褟褉懈蟹邪褑懈械泄 胁谢邪写械薪懈泄 写褍褏芯胁械薪褋褌胁邪, 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械屑 褝泻芯薪芯屑懈泻懈, 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯泄 胁薪械褕薪械泄 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻芯泄, 褉芯褋褌芯屑 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 懈 锌芯褟胁谢械薪懈械屑 邪薪褌懈泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋泻懈褏 胁蟹谐谢褟写芯胁. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌褉械胁褉邪褌懈谢邪褋褜 胁 芯谐褉芯屑薪芯械 屑薪芯谐芯薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪芯械 褍薪懈褌邪褉薪芯械 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯 褋 褋懈谢褜薪芯泄 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯泄 胁谢邪褋褌褜褞.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙 褉械蟹褍谢褜褌邪褌械 褉械褎芯褉屑 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪褘 II 斜褘谢 褋写械谢邪薪 蟹薪邪褔懈褌械谢褜薪褘泄 褕邪谐 胁锌械褉褢写 锌芯 锌褍褌懈 锌褉懈斜谢懈卸械薪懈褟 泻 锌械褉械写芯胁褘屑 褋褌褉邪薪邪屑 袟邪锌邪写薪芯泄 袝胁褉芯锌褘. 袩褉芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜 懈 褌芯褉谐芯胁谢褟, 褏芯褌褟 懈 褋褌械褋薪褢薪薪褘械 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪懈褔械褋褌胁芯屑, 褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪谢懈褋褜; 胁 褋褌褉邪薪械 褋谢芯卸懈谢褋褟 械写懈薪褘泄 胁褋械褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻懈泄 褉褘薪芯泻, 锌褉芯写芯谢卸邪谢 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 斜褍褉卸褍邪蟹薪褘泄 褍泻谢邪写. 袧芯胁芯褉芯褋褋懈褟 斜褘谢邪 蟹邪褋械谢械薪邪, 薪邪 效褢褉薪芯屑 屑芯褉械 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪 褉褟写 谐芯褉芯写芯胁. 袙 褌芯 卸械 胁褉械屑褟 锌褉懈 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪械 II 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢褋褟 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁械薪薪褘泄 写芯谢谐, 褉邪胁薪褘泄 写芯褏芯写褍 蟹邪 褌褉懈 褋 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪芯泄 谐芯写邪, 邪 褉械褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪薪芯械 褍锌褉邪胁谢械薪懈械 锌褉懈褕谢芯 胁 薪械褍写芯胁谢械褌胁芯褉懈褌械谢褜薪芯械 褋芯褋褌芯褟薪懈械.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙芯 胁薪械褕薪械泄 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻械 袝泻邪褌械褉懈薪械 II 褍写邪谢芯褋褜 胁褘锌芯谢薪懈褌褜 胁薪械褕薪械锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈械 蟹邪写邪褔懈, 锌芯褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褘械 谐械芯锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈屑 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械屑 袪芯褋褋懈懈: 斜褘谢邪 芯斜械褋锌械褔械薪邪 斜械蟹芯锌邪褋薪芯褋褌褜 褞卸薪褘褏 懈 蟹邪锌邪写薪褘褏 谐褉邪薪懈褑 褋褌褉邪薪褘 (邪谐褉械褋褋懈褟 孝褍褉褑懈懈 懈 楔胁械褑懈懈 斜褘谢邪 芯褌斜懈褌邪, 袣褉褘屑褋泻芯械 褏邪薪褋褌胁芯 懈 袩芯谢褜褕邪 锌械褉械褋褌邪谢懈 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪褌褜) 懈 胁芯褋褋芯械写懈薪械薪褘 袘械谢芯褉褍褋褋懈褟 懈 校泻褉邪懈薪邪.</p> <p class="text-justify">袩褉芯写芯谢卸邪谢芯褋褜 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯械 胁芯蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 薪邪 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻褍褞 卸懈蟹薪褜. 袨写薪芯泄 懈蟹 芯褋芯斜械薪薪芯褋褌械泄 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈褟 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 胁 褝褌芯 胁褉械屑褟 褋褌邪谢芯 胁蟹邪懈屑芯锌褉芯薪懈泻薪芯胁械薪懈械 褋褌邪褉芯泄 褉褍褋褋泻芯泄 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉褘 XVII 胁. 懈 薪芯胁褘褏 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褘褏 胁械褟薪懈泄. 袙 泻芯薪褑械 XVIII 胁. 锌褉芯褋胁械褖褢薪薪邪褟 褔邪褋褌褜 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻芯谐芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁邪 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈谢邪 胁芯锌褉芯褋 芯斜 芯褌屑械薪械 泻褉械锌芯褋褌薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁邪. <em>袪芯褋褋懈褟 锌褉械胁褉邪褖邪谢邪褋褜 胁芯 屑薪芯谐懈褏 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈褟褏 胁 锌褉芯褋胁械褖褢薪薪芯械 械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯械 谐芯褋褍写邪褉褋褌胁芯</em>.</p> <p class="text-justify">袙芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 胁. 褌械褉褉懈褌芯褉懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟谢邪 芯泻芯谢芯 19,4 屑谢薪 泻屑<sup>2</sup>, 芯斜褖邪褟 褔懈褋谢械薪薪芯褋褌褜 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 — 38 屑谢薪 褔械谢芯胁械泻. 袧芯 胁 XIX 胁. 袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁褋褌褍锌懈谢邪 薪械 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褋 斜谢械褋褌褟褖懈屑懈 写芯褋褌懈卸械薪懈褟屑懈, 薪芯 懈 褋 谐褉褍蟹芯屑 褋褌邪褉褘褏, 褍卸械 芯褌卸懈胁邪褞褖懈褏 褋胁芯泄 胁械泻, 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪懈泄 懈 锌芯褉褟写泻芯胁.</p> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-4 blog-sidebar"> <div class="p-3"> <ul class="list-unstyled text-small mb-2"> <li><a class="text-secondary" href="/tom4/contents.html">小芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 褌芯屑邪</a></li> </ul> <h5 class="font-italic"> 小芯写械卸邪薪懈械 褉邪蟹写械谢邪<br> 袠褋褌芯褉懈褟 </h5> <ol class="list-unstyled font-weight-light"> <li class="pb-2"><a class="active" href="/tom4/88.html">袪芯褋褋懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 胁.</a></li> <li class="pb-2"><a class="text-secondary" href="/tom4/89.html">袧邪褑懈芯薪邪谢褜薪褘泄 褋芯褋褌邪胁 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 袪芯褋褋懈懈 锌芯 褉械胁懈蟹懈懈 1795-1810 谐谐.</a></li> <li class="pb-2"><a class="text-secondary" href="/tom4/90-91.html">袪芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 懈屑锌械褉懈褟 胁芯 胁褌芯褉芯泄 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪械 XVIII 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