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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalapani_dispute_(1998–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalapani_dispute_(1998–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kalapani dispute (1998–2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalapani_dispute_(1998–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lympiadhura_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lympiadhura_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lympiadhura claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lympiadhura_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="কালাপানি অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালাপানি অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="कालापानी इलाका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कालापानी इलाका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapani" title="Kalapani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalapani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoire_de_Kalapani" title="Territoire de Kalapani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoire de Kalapani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayah_Kalapani" title="Wilayah Kalapani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilayah Kalapani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="कालापाणी प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालापाणी प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="कालापानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालापानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapani" title="Kalapani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kalapani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="காலாபானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காலாபானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalapani_territory&params=30.214_N_80.984_E_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°12′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°59′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.214°N 80.984°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.214; 80.984</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalapani_River&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalapani River">Kalapani River</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kala_Pani_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kala Pani (disambiguation)">Kala Pani (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Territory in dispute</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Territory in dispute</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kalapani territory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Territory in dispute</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalapani territory is located in Uttarakhand"><img alt="Kalapani territory is located in Uttarakhand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg/250px-India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg/375px-India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg/500px-India_Uttarakhand_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.887%;left:94.477%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kalapani territory"><img alt="Kalapani territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kalapani territory</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 250px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 250px; width: 250px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-zoom="11" data-lat="30.22" data-lon="80.98" data-overlays="["_b6d33c80150ff61be0bfbdef2f168fb24794bfd3"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/11/30.22/80.98/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,11,30.22,80.98,250x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kalapani_territory&revid=1231246679&groups=_b6d33c80150ff61be0bfbdef2f168fb24794bfd3" width="250" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,11,30.22,80.98,250x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kalapani_territory&revid=1231246679&groups=_b6d33c80150ff61be0bfbdef2f168fb24794bfd3 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 250px; height: 250px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 118px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 237px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 232px; left: 140px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 206px; left: 188.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 205.875px; left: 234px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 5km<br />3miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: -180.29357854566px; left: -63.479869555015px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #333322; font-size: 14px; font-weight:normal;"> TIBET<br />(CHINA)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: -177.29357854566px; left: -62.979869555015px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet"><img alt="Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 54.871586947425px; left: -309.95354512695px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #333322; font-size: 14px; font-weight:normal;"> KUMAON<br />(INDIA)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 57.871586947425px; left: -309.45354512695px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division"><img alt="Kumaon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 44.377668955232px; left: 6.04217117674px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tera Gad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 39.127668955232px; left: 20.54217117674px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Tera<br />Gad</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 127.52970554226px; left: 51.857277930119px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Pankha Gad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 122.27970554226px; left: 66.357277930119px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Pankha<br />Gad</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 116.30536872504px; left: 143.90794653047px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Lilinthi Gad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 111.05536872504px; left: 158.40794653047px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Lilinthi<br />Gad</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 75.243629389436px; left: 152.18656233941px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Lipu Gad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 78.743629389436px; left: 152.18656233941px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Lipu<br />Gad</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 86.739261556756px; left: 73.909422668032px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kalapani River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 105.23926155676px; left: 88.909422668032px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kalapani<br />River</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 93.239261556756px; left: 73.909422668032px; width: 11px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kalapani_River" title="Kalapani River"><img alt="Kalapani River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/13px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/20px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/26px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 156.33115087826px; left: 206.06358464409px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tinkar Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/14px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/21px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/28px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 151.08115087826px; left: 221.56358464409px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Tinkar<br />Pass</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 151.67991119833px; left: 195.94207066445px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Om Parvat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/14px-Blue_Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/21px-Blue_Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/28px-Blue_Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 159.67991119833px; left: 173.44207066445px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Om Parvat</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 180.93971245471px; left: 63.970930738792px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="P. 6172" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/14px-Blue_Fire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/21px-Blue_Fire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Blue_Fire.svg/28px-Blue_Fire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 199.93971245471px; left: 65.470930738792px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> P. 6172</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 169.96942480024px; left: -63.742758487908px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Gunji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 175.96942480024px; left: -61.242758487908px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Gunji</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 178.96942480024px; left: -63.742758487908px; width: 6px; height: 6px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gunji,_Uttarakhand" title="Gunji, Uttarakhand"><img alt="Gunji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/8px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 100.6168626067px; left: 36.408194967881px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kalapani camping ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 108.6168626067px; left: 23.908194967881px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> camp<br />ground</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 107.29514698564px; left: 24.345483316362px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kalapani village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 123.29514698564px; left: 18.845483316362px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kalapani<br />village</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 91.52187983626px; left: 189.67250528048px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Lipulekh Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg/14px-Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg/21px-Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg/28px-Mountain_pass_12x12_se.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 86.27187983626px; left: 205.17250528048px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Lipulekh<br />Pass</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 97.52187983626px; left: 189.67250528048px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass" title="Lipulekh Pass"><img alt="Lipulekh Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/14px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/21px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/28px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 214px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/30.22/80.98/en" data-zoom="12" data-lat="30.22" data-lon="80.98" data-overlays="["_e906ec6f7e57060d50ee951eee98100db1a3ac2a"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Kalapani territory is the southern half of the Kalapani river basin</div></div></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Uttarakhand</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalapani territory is located in Sudurpashchim Province"><img alt="Kalapani territory is located in Sudurpashchim Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Nepal_Sudurpashchim_Pradesh_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="634" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:13%;left:51.619%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kalapani territory"><img alt="Kalapani territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kalapani territory</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kalapani territory (Sudurpashchim Province)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Sudurpashchim Province</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalapani_territory&params=30.214_N_80.984_E_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°12′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°59′02″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.214°N 80.984°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.214; 80.984</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Controlled by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br />Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Border security</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">35 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,180 m (20,280 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,650 m (11,980 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">50–100</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kalapani territory</b> is an area under Indian administration as part of <a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976p.&nbsp;90,_Fig.&nbsp;1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976p.&nbsp;90,_Fig.&nbsp;1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-line_of_control_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-line_of_control-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is also <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">claimed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> since 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-ours_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ours-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dark_waters_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dark_waters-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nepal's claim, it lies in <a href="/wiki/Darchula_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Darchula district">Darchula district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Print_bone_of_contention_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Print_bone_of_contention-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory represents part of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a> of the <b>Kalapani river</b>, one of the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttarakhand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kali River (Uttarakhand)">Kali River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> at an altitude of 3600–5200 meters. The valley of Kalapani, with the <a href="/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass" title="Lipulekh Pass">Lipulekh Pass</a> at the top, forms the Indian route to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a>–<a href="/wiki/Manasarovar" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasarovar">Manasarovar</a>, an ancient pilgrimage site. It is also the traditional trading route to Tibet for the <a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a> of Kumaon and the <a href="/wiki/Tinkar" title="Tinkar">Tinkar</a> valley of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterjee,_The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand19764–5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee,_The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand19764–5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi197685_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi197685-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kali River forms the boundary between India and Nepal in this region. However, India states that the headwaters of the river are not included in the boundary. Here the border runs along the watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a position dating back to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-District_Almora_map_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-District_Almora_map-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Almora_British_territory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almora_British_territory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepal has another pass, the Tinkar Pass (or "Tinkar Lipu"), close to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After India closed the Lipulekh Pass in the aftermath of the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, much of the Bhotiya trade used to pass through the Tinkar Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nepalese protests regarding the Kalapani territory started in 1997, after India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahaseth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahaseth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, Nepalese maps have shown the area up to the Kalapani river, measuring 35 square kilometres,<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_Nepal_1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_Nepal_1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Darchula_District" title="Darchula District">Darchula District</a>. </p><p>A joint technical committee of Indian and Nepalese officials have been discussing the issue since 1998, along with other border issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the matter has not yet been resolved. </p><p>On 20 May 2020, Nepal released a new map of its own territory that expanded its claim an additional 335 square kilometres up to the <a href="/wiki/Kuthi_Yankti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthi Yankti">Kuthi Yankti</a> river, including Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura.<sup id="cite_ref-KTMPost_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTMPost-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not explain why a new claim arose.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kathmandu_Post" title="The Kathmandu Post">The Kathmandu Post</a></i>, residents of Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura, which India has claimed for decades, were not counted after the 1961 Nepal census.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final census report of <a href="/wiki/2021_Nepal_census" title="2021 Nepal census">2021 Nepal census</a> did not include data of Kuti, Gunji and Nabi villages of the Kalapani area,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was included in the preliminary census report released in January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_tradition">Geography and tradition</h2></div> <p>According to the <i>Almora District Gazetteer</i> (1911) "Kalapani" (literally, "dark water") is the name given to a remarkable collection of springs near the Kalapani village. The springs rise from the north-eastern declivity of a peak known as Byans-Rikhi at an elevation of 14,220 feet (4,330 m) and flow into a stream in the valley (elevation: 12,000 ft). The stream, bearing the name "Kalapani River", is formed from two streams, says the <i>Gazetteer</i>, one rising from the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass" title="Lipulekh Pass">Lipulekh Pass</a> (<i>Lipu Gad</i>) and another from the western declivity of the Kuntas peak (<i>Tera Gad</i>). Modern maps show two further streams joining from the southeast, which arise at the <i>Om Parvat</i> and Point 6172 respectively. The latter of these, called <i>Pankha Gad</i>, joins the river very near the Kalapani village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_Kumaon_(Survey_of_India),_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg/280px-Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg/420px-Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg/560px-Sketch_of_Kumaon_%28Survey_of_India%29%2C_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="3418" /></a><figcaption>Survey map of Kumaon (Surveyor: W. J. Webb, Draughtsman: Robert Tate, 1819) as published in the <i>Historical Records of the Survey of India</i>, 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Gazetteer</i> continues to state that the united stream of Kalapani flows five miles southwest, where it is joined by the Kuthi Yankti river that arises from the Limpiyadhura Pass (near the village of <a href="/wiki/Gunji,_Uttarakhand" title="Gunji, Uttarakhand">Gunji</a>). After this union, the river is called the "Kali River".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language being not entirely logical, the term "Kali River" is often applied to the river from the location of the springs themselves. The springs are considered sacred by the people of the area and "erroneously" regarded as the origin of the Kali River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911229,_252_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911229,_252-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they had been regarded as a landmark by the British from the very first survey undertaken by W. J. Webb in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_India_history_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_India_history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 275px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 275px; width: 275px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 275px; height: 275px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="275" data-height="275" data-zoom="9" data-lat="30.26" data-lon="80.84" data-overlays="["_b200d32eb2f66752c9ca6b84c9d0223587e0cd7f"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/30.26/80.84/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,9,30.26,80.84,275x275.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kalapani_territory&revid=1231246679&groups=_b200d32eb2f66752c9ca6b84c9d0223587e0cd7f" width="275" height="275" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,9,30.26,80.84,275x275@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kalapani_territory&revid=1231246679&groups=_b200d32eb2f66752c9ca6b84c9d0223587e0cd7f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 275px; height: 275px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 130.5px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 257px; left: 262px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 257px; left: 165px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 231px; left: 213.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 230.875px; left: 259px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 15km<br />10miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 75.70795704031px; left: 159.24795527811px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #333322; font-size: 14px; font-weight:normal;"> TIBET<br />(CHINA)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 78.70795704031px; left: 159.74795527811px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet"><img alt="Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 264.38518194129px; left: 177.37125134321px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #333322; font-size: 14px; font-weight:normal;"> NEPAL</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 267.38518194129px; left: 177.87125134321px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 159.67091717965px; left: 32.384882822433px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #333322; font-size: 14px; font-weight:normal;"> KUMAON<br />(INDIA)</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 162.67091717965px; left: 32.884882822433px; width: 0px; height: 0px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division"><img alt="Kumaon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/2px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/3px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/4px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 199.54257942883px; left: 118.40007566136px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kali River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 192.04257942883px; left: 113.90007566136px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Kali<br />River</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 206.04257942883px; left: 118.40007566136px; width: 11px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttarakhand)" title="Kali River (Uttarakhand)"><img alt="Kali River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/13px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/20px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/26px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 192.88165998017px; left: 200.96981253394px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tinkar Khola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 211.38165998017px; left: 205.96981253394px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Tinkar River</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 99.05398023971px; left: 90.055240615537px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kuthi Yankti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 93.80398023971px; left: 85.555240615537px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kuthi<br />Yankti</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 105.55398023971px; left: 90.055240615537px; width: 11px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kuthi_Yankti" title="Kuthi Yankti"><img alt="Kuthi Yankti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/13px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/20px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/26px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 135.71704926517px; left: 171.72243734408px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kalapani River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/13px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/20px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AS-rzeka-icon.svg/26px-AS-rzeka-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="15" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 139.21704926517px; left: 176.72243734408px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #5581A9; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kalapani</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 142.21704926517px; left: 171.72243734408px; width: 11px; height: 11px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kalapani_River" title="Kalapani River"><img alt="Kalapani River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/13px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/20px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/26px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 177.71254934604px; left: 187.48506540452px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tinkar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 183.71254934604px; left: 196.98506540452px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Tinkar</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 180.22715102597px; left: 150.7310209845px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Changru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 187.22715102597px; left: 170.2310209845px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Changru</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 153.11524401079px; left: 205.38640179997px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Tinkar Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/12px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/18px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/24px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 154.11524401079px; left: 218.88640179997px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Tinkar Pass</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 182.07109512799px; left: 141.34315362278px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Garbyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 188.07109512799px; left: 132.84315362278px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Garbyang</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 41.149179289321px; left: 50.394016535282px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Limpiyadhura Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/12px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/18px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg/24px-Mountain_pass_12x12_ne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 37.149179289321px; left: 65.894016535282px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Limpiyadhura</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 105.43616242328px; left: 105.96647970371px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kuthi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 111.43616242328px; left: 115.46647970371px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kuthi</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 156.52485607913px; left: 139.18394412959px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Gunji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 162.52485607913px; left: 134.68394412959px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Gunji</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 165.52485607913px; left: 139.18394412959px; width: 6px; height: 6px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gunji,_Uttarakhand" title="Gunji, Uttarakhand"><img alt="Gunji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/8px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 140.85608631887px; left: 161.20628611013px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Kalapani village" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 146.85608631887px; left: 154.70628611013px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Kalapani</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #777755FF; top: 136.91271912026px; left: 201.28857957328px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Lipulekh Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/12px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/18px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg/24px-Mountain_pass_12x12_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 137.91271912026px; left: 214.78857957328px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #AA1205; font-size: 10px; font-weight:normal;"> Lipulekh</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 143.91271912026px; left: 201.28857957328px; width: 10px; height: 10px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass" title="Lipulekh Pass"><img alt="Lipulekh Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 239px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/30.26/80.84/en" data-zoom="10" data-lat="30.26" data-lon="80.84" data-overlays="["_89c121668dc0be26e028e8bdcd99573178829cf6"]"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Byans divided between Kumaon and Nepal</div></div></div></div> <p>The area on both sides of the Kali River is called Byans, which was a <a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">pargana</a> (district in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> times). It is populated by <a href="/wiki/Byansi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Byansi people">Byansis</a>, who speak a <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish" class="mw-redirect" title="West Himalayish">West Himalayish</a> language (closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhang-Zhung language</a> once spoken in West Tibet).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byansis practise <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, living in their traditional homes in the high Himalayas during the summer and moving down to towns such as <a href="/wiki/Dharchula" title="Dharchula">Dharchula</a> in the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199656,_58_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199656,_58-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While high-altitude pastoralism is the mainstay of the Byansis, trade with western Tibet was also a key part of their livelihood.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Limpiyadhura pass and the Lipulekh pass were frequently used by the Byansis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199658_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199658-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Lipulekh pass leading to the Tibetan trading town of <a href="/wiki/Burang_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Burang Town">Burang</a> (or Taklakot) was the most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the southeast of the Kalapani river is the <a href="/wiki/Tinkar" title="Tinkar">Tinkar</a> valley (presently in Nepal), with large villages of Changru and Tinkar. This area is also populated by Byansis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have another pass referred to as Tinkar Pass that leads to Burang.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_19th_century">Early 19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg/280px-Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg/420px-Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg/560px-Kumaon_Garhwal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Garhwal and Kumaon in current-day Uttarakhand</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, Nepal attempted to enlarge its domains, conquering much of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> in the east and, in the west, the basins of <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnali_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnali River">Karnali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Garhwal Division">Garhwal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Division">Kumaon</a>. This brought them in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a>, who controlled directly or indirectly the north Indian plains between Delhi and Calcutta. A series of campaigns termed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> occurred in 1814–1816. In 1815 the British general <a href="/wiki/David_Ochterlony" title="David Ochterlony">Ochterlony</a> evicted the Nepalese from Garhwal and Kumaon across the Kali River,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200541-42_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200541-42-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending the 25-year rule of the region by Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octherlony offered peace terms to the Nepalese demanding British oversight through a Resident and the delimitation of Nepal's territories corresponding roughly to its present-day boundaries in the east and west. The Nepalese refusal to accede to these terms led to another campaign the following year, targeting the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>, after which the Nepalese capitulated.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resulting agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a>, states in its Article 5: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The king of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claims to and connexion with the countries lying to the West of the River Kali, and engages never to have any concern with those countries or the inhabitants thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014Sec.&nbsp;1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014Sec.&nbsp;1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Even though the Article was meant to set Kali River as the boundary of Nepal, initially the British administrators retained control of the entire Byans region both to the <a href="/wiki/Byans,_Darchula" title="Byans, Darchula">east</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byans_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Byans valley">west</a> of the Kali/Kalapani river, stating that it had been traditionally part of Kumaon.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817, the Nepalese made a representation to the British, claiming that they were entitled to the areas to the east of Kali. After consideration, the British governor-general in council accepted the demand. The <a href="/wiki/Byans,_Darchula" title="Byans, Darchula">Byans region to the east of Kali</a> was transferred to Nepal, dividing the Byans pargana across the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not being satisfied with this, the Nepalese also extended a claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kuthi_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthi valley">Kuthi valley</a> further west, stating that the Kuthi Yankti stream, the western branch of the head waters, should be considered the main Kali River. Surveyor W. J. Webb and other British officials showed that the lesser stream flowing from the Kalapani springs "had always been recognised as the main branch of the Kali" and "had in fact given its name to the river". Consequently, the British Indian government retained the Kuthi valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naya_Muluk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Naya_Muluk.png/280px-Naya_Muluk.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Naya_Muluk.png/420px-Naya_Muluk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Naya_Muluk.png 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The western Tarai regions (between Kali river to Rapti river, now called <a href="/wiki/Naya_Muluk" title="Naya Muluk">Naya Muluk</a>) were returned to Nepal by British India, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Some time around 1865, the British shifted the border near Kalapani to the <i>watershed</i> of the Kalapani river instead of the river itself, thereby claiming the area now called the Kalapani territory.<sup id="cite_ref-District_Almora_map_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-District_Almora_map-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the British position that the Kali River begins only from the Kalapani springs,<sup id="cite_ref-Almora_British_territory_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almora_British_territory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which meant that the agreement of Sugauli did not apply to the region above the springs.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars Manandhar and Koirala believe that the shifting of the border was motivated by strategic reasons. The inclusion of the highest point in the region, Point 6172, provides an unhindered view of the Tibetan plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Manandhar and Koirala, this represents an "unauthorized", "unilateral" move on the part of the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Nepal was effectively a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British-protected state</a> at that time, even though the British termed it an "independent state with special treaty relations".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time that the British claimed the Kalapani territory, they had also ceded to Nepalese control the western Tarai regions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal's boundaries had moved on from those of the Sugauli treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Spotlight_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spotlight-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg/280px-India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg/420px-India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg/560px-India-Nepal_border_in_1947_Political_Map_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Indo-Nepal border in the first political map of independent India in 1947<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/280px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/420px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/560px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>A 1955 US Army map of the Byans region, with the Kalapani territory extending to the northeast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg/280px-CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg/420px-CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg/560px-CIA-map-of-borders-of-Nepal-1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>A CIA map of the borders of Nepal, 1965, shows the Kalapani territory as part of India</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1923, Nepal received recognition from the British as a completely independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200564_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200564-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, India acquired independence from their rule and became a republic. Nepal and India entered into a Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950, which had a strong element of mutual security alliance, mirroring the earlier treaties with British India.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No changes in India's border with Nepal are discernible from the maps of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalapani territory continued to be shown as part of India. Following the Chinese take-over of Tibet in 1951, India increased its security presence along the northern border to inhibit possibilities of encroachment and infiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalapani area is likely to have been included among such areas.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepal too requested India's help in policing its northern border as early as 1950, and 17 posts are said to have been established jointly by the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepal expert <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cowan" title="Samuel Cowan">Sam Cowan</a> states that, from the date of its independence, India "has assumed and acted on the basis that the trail to Lipu Lekh fell exclusively within its territory". The 1954 Trade Agreement between India and China mentioned Lipulekh as one of the passes that could be used by Indo-Tibetan trade and pilgrimage traffic. Nepal was not mentioned in the Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201511_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201511-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A State Police post was established at Kalapani in 1956, which remained in place till 1979, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The China–Nepal boundary agreement signed on 5 October 1961 states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Chinese-Nepalese boundary line starts from the point where the watershed between the Kali River and the Tinkar River meet the watershed between the tributaries of the Mapchu (Karnali) River on the one hand and the Tinkar River on the other hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201516_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201516-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>So the <a href="/wiki/Trijunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Trijunction">trijunction</a> of the India–China–Nepal borders was at the meeting point of the watersheds of Karnali, Kali and Tinkar rivers, which lies just to the west of Tinkar Pass. Tinkar Pass is where the Border Pillar number 1 of the China–Nepal border was placed, and still remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201516–17_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201516–17-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">border war</a> with China, India closed the Lipulekh Pass. The Byansis of Kumaon then used the Tinkar Pass for all their trade with Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, India and China agreed to reopen the Lipulekh pass, and the trade through it steadily increased.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kalapani_dispute_(1998–2019)"><span id="Kalapani_dispute_.281998.E2.80.932019.29"></span>Kalapani dispute (1998–2019)</h2></div> <p>Nepal virtually ignored the Kalapani issue — the 35 km<sup>2</sup> of area between the Lipu Gad/Kalapani River and the watershed of the river — from 1961 to 1997; since then, says scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_E._Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo E. Rose (page does not exist)">Leo E. Rose</a>, it became "convenient" of Nepal to raise the controversy for domestic political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1998, Nepal agreed with India that all border disputes, including Kalapani, would be resolved through bilateral talks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite several rounds of negotiations from 1998 to the present, the issue remains unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepal has laid claim to all the areas east of the Lipu Gad/Kalapani River, their contention being that the Lipu Gad was in fact the Kali River up to its source. They wanted the western border shifted 5.5 km westwards so as to include the Lipulekh Pass. Indian officials responded that the administrative records dating back to 1830s show that the Kalapani area had been administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh district</a> (then a part of the <a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora district</a>). India also denied the Nepalese contention that Lipu Gad was the Kali River. In the Indian view, the Kali River begins only after Lipu Gad is joined by other streams arising from the Kalapani springs. Therefore, the Indian border leaves the midstream of river near Kalapani and follows the high watershed of the streams that join it.<sup id="cite_ref-Alok_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2020, India inaugurated a new link road to the Kailas-Manasarovar. Nepal objected to the exercise and said that it was violative of the prior understanding that boundary issues would be resolved through negotiation. India reaffirmed its commitment to negotiation but stated that the road follows the pre-existing route.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lympiadhura_claims">Lympiadhura claims</h2></div> <p>The CPN-ML faction led by <a href="/wiki/Bam_Dev_Gautam" title="Bam Dev Gautam">Bam Dev Gautam</a>, which split off from <a href="/wiki/CPN-UML" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN-UML">CPN-UML</a> in 1998, laid more expansive claims than the Nepalese government. Several Nepalese intellectuals drove these claims, chief among them being <a href="/wiki/Buddhi_Narayan_Shrestha" title="Buddhi Narayan Shrestha">Buddhi Narayan Shrestha</a>, the former Director General of the Land Survey Department. According to the intellectuals, the "Kali River" is in fact the Kuthi Yankti river that arises below the Limpiyadhura range. So they claim the entire area of Kumaon up to the <a href="/wiki/Kuthi_Valley" title="Kuthi Valley">Kuthi Valley</a>, close to 400 km<sup>2</sup> in total.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 2000, the Nepalese government did not subscribe to these expansive demands.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kyodo_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyodo-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a statement to the Indian Parliament in 2000, the Indian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a> suggested that Nepal had questioned the source of the Kalapani river. But he denied that there was any dispute regarding the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 May 2020, Nepal for the first time released a map that followed through with the more expansive claims, showing the entire area to the east of Kuthi Yankti river as part of their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-KTMPost_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KTMPost-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal_(Second_Amendment_2077)_Bill" title="Constitution of Nepal (Second Amendment 2077) Bill">bill</a> seeking to give legal status to the new map was unanimously approved by the lower house in the Nepal Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="title"><div>Kalapani at different times</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A section of the Survey map of W. J. Webb drawn in 1819 shows a source of Kali river flowing through Beans (Byans Valley)[f]"><img alt="A section of the Survey map of W. J. Webb drawn in 1819 shows a source of Kali river flowing through Beans (Byans Valley)[f]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg/180px-1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg/270px-1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg/360px-1819-Kalapani-area-from-province-of-Kumaon-by-Webb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6761" data-file-height="5617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A section of the Survey map of W. J. Webb drawn in 1819 shows a source of Kali river flowing through Beans (Byans Valley)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab,_Kashmir,_Far-west_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SDUK map of 1834 shows the source of Kali river flowing through Byans valley, also shown as the international border"><img alt="SDUK map of 1834 shows the source of Kali river flowing through Byans valley, also shown as the international border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg/138px-Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg/207px-Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg/277px-Punjab%2C_Kashmir%2C_Far-west_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="2172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge" title="Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge">SDUK</a> map of 1834 shows the source of Kali river flowing through Byans valley, also shown as the international border</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical map of 1805–1836 (printed in 1908) shows Lipulekh as the trijunction"><img alt="Historical map of 1805–1836 (printed in 1908) shows Lipulekh as the trijunction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg/148px-Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg/222px-Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg/296px-Ceded_Conquered_Provinces_details.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical map of 1805–1836 (printed in 1908) shows Lipulekh as the trijunction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official map of 1851 shows the Kali river in Kumaon and the border along the Kalapani river near Lipulekh"><img alt="Official map of 1851 shows the Kali river in Kumaon and the border along the Kalapani river near Lipulekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg/180px-Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg/270px-Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg/360px-Map_Kumaon_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Official map of 1851 shows the Kali river in Kumaon and the border along the Kalapani river near Lipulekh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumaon_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Kumaon in 1924, showing Kuti river flowing from Limpiyadhura, Kali river from Lipulekh but the Kalapani area is in Kumaon (India)"><img alt="Map of Kumaon in 1924, showing Kuti river flowing from Limpiyadhura, Kali river from Lipulekh but the Kalapani area is in Kumaon (India)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kumaon_1924.jpg/180px-Kumaon_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kumaon_1924.jpg/270px-Kumaon_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kumaon_1924.jpg/360px-Kumaon_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Kumaon in 1924, showing Kuti river flowing from Limpiyadhura, Kali river from Lipulekh but the Kalapani area is in Kumaon (India)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal by Survey of India in 1927 excluding Kalapani area from Nepal"><img alt="Map of Nepal by Survey of India in 1927 excluding Kalapani area from Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg/180px-1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg/270px-1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg/360px-1927_Skeleton_Map_of_Nepal_by_SOI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7928" data-file-height="2748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Nepal by Survey of India in 1927 excluding Kalapani area from Nepal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Nepal drawn by Ganesh Bahadur KC (Nepal survey School) in 1942 shows "undemarkated border", excluding Kalapani territory."><img alt="A map of Nepal drawn by Ganesh Bahadur KC (Nepal survey School) in 1942 shows "undemarkated border", excluding Kalapani territory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg/180px-1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg/270px-1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg/360px-1942_Geographical_Map_Nepal_by_Ganesh_Bahadur_KC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7111" data-file-height="2811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A map of Nepal drawn by Ganesh Bahadur KC (Nepal survey School) in 1942 shows "undemarkated border", excluding Kalapani territory.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US army map of 1955 continues showing undemarkated Indo-Nepal border"><img alt="US army map of 1955 continues showing undemarkated Indo-Nepal border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/175px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/262px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg/350px-1955-US-Army-map-Kali-river-sources.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US army map of 1955 continues showing undemarkated Indo-Nepal border</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani,_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal promulgated by the Government of Nepal in 2020 includes the Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipukekh"><img alt="Map of Nepal promulgated by the Government of Nepal in 2020 includes the Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipukekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani%2C_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg/180px-New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani%2C_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani%2C_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg/270px-New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani%2C_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/New_Map_includes_the_area_of_Kalapani%2C_Limpiyadhura_and_Lipukekh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Nepal promulgated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Government of Nepal</a> in 2020 includes the Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipukekh</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Territorial disputes of India and Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susta_territory" title="Susta territory">Susta territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_border" title="China–Nepal border">China–Nepal border</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Nepalese analyst, Buddhi Narayana Shrestha, the distance between the two passes is 3.84 km.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003243_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003243-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some survey maps of Nepal transpose the names of the <i>Pankha Gad</i> and <i>Lilinti Gad</i>, the two tributaries that join the Kalapani from the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_Nepal_1996_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_Nepal_1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Col. William J. Webb surveyed the Kumaon area between 1815–1821. By May 1816, "he had surveyed to the sources of the Kali and was working along the north border".<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_India_history_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_India_history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webb did not assign names to the three large tributaries that join the Kali River in Kumaon, even though he labelled their valleys as Byans, Darma and Johar. The name "Kuthi valley" for Byans valley and "Kuthi Yankti" for the river are later coinages, apparently named after the village Kuthi, the main village of the valley. Webb spelt its name as "Koontee", which was presumably related to the "Koontas Mountains" immediately to its northeast.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005">Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005</a>, p. 58) states that the Nepalese rule was quite represseive: "[In Jumla] Repression and high revenue demands produced substantial out-migration. ... Jumla's population had declined from around 125,000 before annexation to under 80,000 by 1860.... During the twenty-five years of Gorkhali rule beyond the Mahakali River, the situation was if anything worse, particularly in Kumaon." <a href="#CITEREFOakley,_Holy_Himalaya1905">Oakley, Holy Himalaya (1905</a>, pp. 124–125): "It is said that 200,000 people were sold as slaves in this manner, so that a vast number of villages became deserted, and few families of consequence remained in the country. ... Those who could not pay the taxes and fines arbitrarily imposed on them were sold as slaves." <a href="#CITEREFPradhan,_Thapa_Politics_in_Nepal2012">Pradhan, Thapa Politics in Nepal (2012</a>, p. 48): "... due to mismanagement and highhandedness of the Gorkha officials, the people of Kumaon and Garhwal were trying to overthrow the Gorkha rule."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the Indo-Tibetan border was undefined at this time, indicated as a colour wash, the Indo-Nepalese border was entirely defined</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The river is labelled "Kalee-R" with upside down lettering, in a style different from all the other rivers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-threat-of-entering-uttarakhand-s-kalapani-area-should-not-be-taken-lightly-experts/story-DVwye0tu5pRkDpcjSFkAuK.html">"Why Kalapani is crucial and the Chinese threat should not be taken lightly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. 9 August 2017. <q>Kalapani is a 35 square kilometre area in the hill state's Pithoragarh district under control of Indo Tibetan Border Police.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Kalapani+is+crucial+and+the+Chinese+threat+should+not+be+taken+lightly&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fchinese-threat-of-entering-uttarakhand-s-kalapani-area-should-not-be-taken-lightly-experts%2Fstory-DVwye0tu5pRkDpcjSFkAuK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alok-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alok_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta,_The_Context_of_New-Nepal2009">Gupta, The Context of New-Nepal (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003">Śreshṭha, Border Management of Nepal (2003)</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976p.&nbsp;90,_Fig.&nbsp;1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976p.&nbsp;90,_Fig.&nbsp;1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976">Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)</a>, p. 90, Fig. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-line_of_control-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-line_of_control_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> K. C. Sharad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/nepalitimes/pdf/Nepali_Times_213.pdf">Kalapani's new 'line of control'</a>, Nepali Times, 10 September 2004, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ours-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ours_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/1998/07/02/its-ours">It's ours</a>, The Economist, 2 July 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dark_waters-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dark_waters_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ramananda Sengupta, Akhilesh Upadhyay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/in-dark-waters/205875">In Dark Waters</a>, Outlook, 20 July 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Print_bone_of_contention-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Print_bone_of_contention_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2019" class="citation news cs1">Shukla, Srijan (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/why-kalapani-is-a-bone-of-contention-between-india-and-nepal/317926/">"Why Kalapani is a bone of contention between India and Nepal"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Why+Kalapani+is+a+bone+of+contention+between+India+and+Nepal&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Srijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-essential%2Fwhy-kalapani-is-a-bone-of-contention-between-india-and-nepal%2F317926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee,_The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand19764–5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterjee,_The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand19764–5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChatterjee,_The_Bhotias_of_Uttarakhand1976">Chatterjee, The Bhotias of Uttarakhand (1976)</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi197685-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi197685_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManzardo,_Dahal_&_Rai,_The_Byanshi1976">Manzardo, Dahal & Rai, The Byanshi (1976)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-District_Almora_map-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-District_Almora_map_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-District_Almora_map_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue2001">Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)</a>, pp. 3–4: "The map 'District Almora' published by the Survey of India [during 1865–1869] for the first time shifted the boundary further east beyond even the Lipu Khola (Map-5). The new boundary moving away from Lipu Khola follows the southern divide of Pankhagadh Khola and then moves north along the ridge."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almora_British_territory-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almora_British_territory_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almora_British_territory_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._3,_Part_21981">Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 3, Part 2 (1981)</a>, pp. 381–382 and <a href="#CITEREFWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911">Walton, Almora District Gazetteer (1911)</a>, p. 253: "The drainage area of the Kalapani lies <i>wholly within British territory</i>, but a short way below the springs the Kali forms the boundary with Nepal." (Emphasis added)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003243-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003243_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003">Śreshṭha, Border Management of Nepal (2003)</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shrader_Lipu_Tinkar_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchrader,_Trading_Patterns_in_the_Nepal_Himalayas1988">Schrader, Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas (1988)</a>, p. 99: "Lipu La, however, was closed in 1962, due to the strained Sino-Indian relations. Today remaining trade moves via Tinkar La."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1999" class="citation cs2">Rose, Leo E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialogue+of+the+deaf&rft.pub=kathmandupost.com&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Feditorial%2F2020%2F05%2F21%2Fdialogue-of-the-deaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nepal-new-map-includes-lipulekh-kalapani-amid-border-dispute-1680041-2020-05-20">"Nepal launches new map including Lipulekh, Kalapani amid border dispute with India"</a>. indiatoday.in. 20 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+launches+new+map+including+Lipulekh%2C+Kalapani+amid+border+dispute+with+India&rft.pub=indiatoday.in&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fnepal-new-map-includes-lipulekh-kalapani-amid-border-dispute-1680041-2020-05-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugam Pokharel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/21/asia/nepal-india-map-territories-intl/index.html">Nepal issues a new map claiming contested territories with India as its own</a>, CNN, 21 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/01/26/central-bureau-of-statistics-estimates-750-people-living-in-the-kalapani-area">"Central Bureau of Statistics estimates 750 people living in the Kalapani area"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i>. 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+estimates+750+people+living+in+the+Kalapani+area&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fnational%2F2022%2F01%2F26%2Fcentral-bureau-of-statistics-estimates-750-people-living-in-the-kalapani-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-kalapani-villages-in-final-nepal-census/articleshow/99019539.cms">"No Kalapani villages in final Nepal census"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Kalapani+villages+in+final+Nepal+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fno-kalapani-villages-in-final-nepal-census%2Farticleshow%2F99019539.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/nepal-census-in-lipulekh-kalapani-limpiyadhura/articleshow/89187550.cms">"Nepal 'census' in Lipulekh, Kalapani, Limpiyadhura"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+%27census%27+in+Lipulekh%2C+Kalapani%2C+Limpiyadhura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fdehradun%2Fnepal-census-in-lipulekh-kalapani-limpiyadhura%2Farticleshow%2F89187550.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911252–253_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911">Walton, Almora District Gazetteer (1911)</a>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Survey_of_India_history-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_of_India_history_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Survey_of_India_history_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillimore1954" class="citation cs2">Phillimore, R. 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(1954), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/rarebooks/downloads/HRSA_03.pdf"><i>Historical Records of the Survey of India, 1815–1830</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Survey of India, p. 45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Records+of+the+Survey+of+India%2C+1815%E2%80%931830&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Survey+of+India&rft.date=1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Frarebooks%2Fdownloads%2FHRSA_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911229,_252-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911229,_252_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911">Walton, Almora District Gazetteer (1911)</a>, pp. 229, 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaganoLaPolla2001" class="citation cs2">Nagano, Yasuhiko; LaPolla, Randy J. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCMOAAAAYAAJ"><i>New Research on Zhangzhung and Related Himalayan Languages: Bon Studies 3</i></a>, National Museum of Ethnology, p. 499</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Research+on+Zhangzhung+and+Related+Himalayan+Languages%3A+Bon+Studies+3&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Nagano&rft.aufirst=Yasuhiko&rft.au=LaPolla%2C+Randy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCMOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "Geographically, the traditional Byans region is divided into two parts, Pangjungkhu, including Budi, Garbyang and Chhangru, and Yerjungkhu, consisting of Gunji, Nabi, Rongkang, and Napalchu. The Byans people recognize two varieties of their language, Pangjungkhu boli Yerjungkhu boli, which correspond to this geographical division, but the differences between the two are now minor."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199656,_58-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199656,_58_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas1996">Negi, Singh & Das, Trade in the Cis and Trans Himalayas 1996</a>, pp. 56, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas1996">Negi, Singh & Das, Trade in the Cis and Trans Himalayas (1996)</a>, p. 58: "'The total trade of western Tibet with all parts of India, including Nepal and the native states, amount to about 90,000 annually, and of this the United Provinces and Tehri Garhwal get 70,000', reported Sherring in 1906, and the credit for this amazing success in trade entrepreneurship would go to these hardy Bhotia traders of Central Himalaya."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199658-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas199658_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNegi,_Singh_&_Das,_Trade_in_the_Cis_and_Trans_Himalayas1996">Negi, Singh & Das, Trade in the Cis and Trans Himalayas (1996)</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1976" class="citation cs2">Chatterjee, Bishwa B. (January 1976), "The Bhotias of Uttarakhand", <i>India International Centre Quarterly</i>, <b>3</b> (1): 4–5, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001864">23001864</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+International+Centre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Bhotias+of+Uttarakhand&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=1976-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23001864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Bishwa+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "The reference point defining the right extremity of Bhot Pradesh is another mountain pass, the famous Lipu Lekh, which was the most popular traditional gateway to western Tibet and to great Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage centers of Kailash and Mansarovar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawa2000" class="citation cs2">Nawa, Katsuo (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_18_03.pdf">"Ethnic Categories and their Usages in Byans, Far Western Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>European Bulletin of Himalayan Research</i> (18), Südasien Institut</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Bulletin+of+Himalayan+Research&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Categories+and+their+Usages+in+Byans%2C+Far+Western+Nepal&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Nawa&rft.aufirst=Katsuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Febhr%2Fpdf%2FEBHR_18_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherring1996" class="citation cs2">Sherring, Charles (1996) [first published 1906], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQrs6LtdfSAC&pg=PA166"><i>Western Tibet and the British Border Land</i></a>, Asian Educational Services, p. 166, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0854-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0854-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Tibet+and+the+British+Border+Land&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0854-2&rft.aulast=Sherring&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQrs6LtdfSAC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "On the Nepal side there is the Tinkar Pass, quite close to the Lipu Lekh, which is of about the same altitude and is approached by just as easy a route. However, the Tinkar Pass is of little use to Nepal, as this portion of that country is cut off from the rest of Nepal by impassable glaciers and mountains; it simply affords an alternative route to traders from Garbyang."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200541-42-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200541-42_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005">Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)</a>, p. 41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRose,_Nepal_–_Strategy_for_Survival1971">Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971)</a>, pp. 83–85: "Ochterlony forced Amar Singh Thapa to agree at Malaun to terms under which the Nepali army retired with their arms, and the territory between the Kali and Sutlej rivers came under the control of the British."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005">Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)</a>, p. 41-42: "The Nepalese government initially balked at these terms, but agreed to ratify them in March 1816 after Ochterloney occupied the Makwanpur Valley only thirty miles from the capital."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRose,_Nepal_–_Strategy_for_Survival1971">Rose, Nepal – Strategy for Survival (1971)</a>, pp. 87–88: "[In 1816] With the collapse of the main defense line, the Darbar quickly dispatched Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya to Ochterlony's camp with a copy of the Sugauli treaty bearing the seal of the Maharaja."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014Sec.&nbsp;1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014Sec.&nbsp;1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014">Dhungel & Pun, Nepal–India Relations (2014)</a>, Sec. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981">Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)</a>, pp. 679–680: "By treaty the Kali was made the boundary on the east, and this arrangement divided into two parts [the] parganah Byans, which had hitherto been considered as an integral portion of Kumaon as distinguished from Doti and Jumla."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981679–680_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson,_Himalayan_Gazetteer,_Vol._2,_Part_21981">Atkinson, Himalayan Gazetteer, Vol. 2, Part 2 (1981)</a>, pp. 679–680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20014-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20014_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue2001">Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoon1996" class="citation cs2">Hoon, Vineeta (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Living on the Move: Bhotiyas of the Kumaon Himalaya</i></a>, Sage Publications, p. 76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9325-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9325-9"><bdi>978-0-8039-9325-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+on+the+Move%3A+Bhotiyas+of+the+Kumaon+Himalaya&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-9325-9&rft.aulast=Hoon&rft.aufirst=Vineeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "The British settled this dispute by stating that the name Kaliganga is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred waters</a> of Kalapani. Therefore, Kalapani is the source and the [Kuthi Yankti] is only a tributary feeder. By doing this, Gunji and Nabi were annexed to the British territory. Tinker and Changru are the only Vyas villages that belong to Nepal since they undisputedly lie to the east of the River Kaliganga."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Letter of the Government of India to Commissioner of Kumaon, September 5, 1817. Included in <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Sood" title="Rakesh Sood">Rakesh Sood</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rakeshsood.in/tag/india-nepal/">A Reset in India–Nepal Relations</a>, blog post at rakeshsood.in with attachments for an article published in <i>The Hindu</i>, 29 May 2020. "Governor General entirely approves your having declined to transfer to the Chountra Bum Sah the two villages of Koontee and Nabee in Pergunah Byanse without the specific orders of the Government on the ground of <i>their being situated to the west of the stream ordinarily recognized as the principal branch of the Kali in that quarter</i>." (emphasis added)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhungel_&_Pun,_Nepal–India_Relations2014">Dhungel & Pun, Nepal–India Relations (2014)</a>, p. 5: "The correspondence [on 8 March 1817] appears to indicate that, while the Zamindars resided on the west side of Kali in British India [in the Kuthi valley], their tenants lived on the east of the Kali River in Nepal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta,_The_Context_of_New-Nepal2009">Gupta, The Context of New-Nepal (2009)</a>, p. 63: "India holds that the river Kali begins from the meeting point of the Lipu Gad with the stream from Kalapani springs"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue20013–4_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManandhar_&_Koirala,_Nepal-India_Boundary_Issue2001">Manandhar & Koirala, Nepal-India Boundary Issue (2001)</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnley2009" class="citation cs2">Onley, James (March 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809135838/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">"The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Asian Affairs</i>, <b>11</b> (1): 50, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Raj+Reconsidered%3A+British+India%27s+Informal+Empire+and+Spheres+of+Influence+in+Asia+and+Africa&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Onley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsciences.exeter.ac.uk%2Fiais%2Fdownloads%2FOnley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "Nepal during 1816–1923, Afghanistan during 1880–1919, and Bhutan during 1910–47 were British-protected states in all but name, but the British Government never publicly clarified or proclaimed their status as such, preferring to describe them as independent states in special treaty relations with Britain."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005">Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)</a> <ul><li>pp. 46–47: "In return, the British restored to Nepal the western Tarai, taken in 1816, and conferred an honorary knighthood on Jang [Bahadur Rana] himself."</li> <li>pp. 54–55: "... the Ranas secured a steady rise in state revenue, which rose from around 1.4 million rupees in 1850 to perhaps 12 million in 1900, a substantial rise even allowing for inflation. ... Particularly important was the return to Nepal in 1860 of the western Tarai districts, which were initially very sparsely populated."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2007" class="citation cs2">Mishra, Ratneshwar (2007), "Ethnicity and National Unification: The Madheshis of Nepal (Sectional President's Address)", <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, <b>67</b>: 809, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148000">44148000</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+National+Unification%3A+The+Madheshis+of+Nepal+%28Sectional+President%27s+Address%29&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=809&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Ratneshwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "The eastern Rapti river was returned to Nepal in 1817, and, in 1861, the Western tarai was also returned as recognition of Nepaiese assistance in quelling the Indian rebellion of 1857.[62] It is thus that Janakpur and Kapilvastu of hallowed memory are in Nepal and not in India."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spotlight-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spotlight_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keshab Poudel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2019/11/13/demonstrations-against-border-counterproductive/">Demonstrations against Border Counterproductive</a>, Spotlight, 13 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200564-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal200564_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005">Whelpton, A History of Nepal (2005)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmanUprety2002" class="citation cs2">Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA65"><i>Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective</i></a>, World Bank Publications, pp. 65–66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5352-3"><bdi>978-0-8213-5352-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+on+South+Asia%27s+International+Rivers%3A+A+Legal+Perspective&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3&rft.aulast=Salman&rft.aufirst=Salman+M.+A.&rft.au=Uprety%2C+Kishor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GEr4fyDbqgC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKavic,_India's_Quest_for_Security1967">Kavic, India's Quest for Security (1967)</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUprety1996" class="citation cs2">Uprety, Prem (June 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/3970/3365">"Treaties between Nepal and Her Neighbors: A Historical Perspective"</a>, <i>Tribhuvan University Journal</i>, <b>XIX</b>: 21–22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribhuvan+University+Journal&rft.atitle=Treaties+between+Nepal+and+Her+Neighbors%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=XIX&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Uprety&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FTUJ%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3970%2F3365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "The letters of exchange reminds one of the article seven of the treaty of 1815, and the article three of the treaty of 1923."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarma1994" class="citation cs2">Varma, Uma (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRBuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Uttar Pradesh State Gazetteer</i></a>, Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, Dept. of District Gazetteers, pp. 40–41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+State+Gazetteer&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Govt.+of+Uttar+Pradesh%2C+Dept.+of+District+Gazetteers&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Varma&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2010" class="citation cs2">Raghavan, Srinath (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC"><i>War and Peace in Modern India</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 234–236, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00737-7"><bdi>978-1-137-00737-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=234-236&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00737-7&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEbtBJb1bsHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFCowan2015">Cowan (2015)</a>, p. 21: "... an elected member of the National Panchayat from Byas, Bahadur Singh Aitwal, says that Indian security forces were present in Kalapani from 1959."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19691229&id=55QeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gcsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2850,6804556&hl=en">Nepal Border Posts Abandoned by India</a>, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, 29 December 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKavic,_India's_Quest_for_Security1967">Kavic, India's Quest for Security (1967)</a>, p. 55: "The extent of these precautionary measures is reflected in the rise in the cost of these defence posts from $42,000 (1952) to $280,000 (1954)".... "[25] The initiative reportedly came from Nepal. See Robert Trumbull in the New York Times, 16 February 1950."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201511-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201511_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2015">Cowan (2015)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nihar R. Nayak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idsa.in/idsacomments/ControversyoverLipu-LekhPass_nnayak_080615">Controversy over Lipu-Lekh Pass: Is Nepal’s Stance Politically Motivated?</a>, IDSA Comment, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 9 June 2015: "In effect, Lipu-Lekh has been a recognized trading and pilgrim route between China and India since 1954."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201516-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201516_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2015">Cowan (2015)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan201516–17-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan201516–17_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCowan2015">Cowan (2015)</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kurian, Nimmi (2016). "Prospects for Sino-Indian Trans-border Economic Linkages". <i>International Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (3–4): 299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002088170504200307">10.1177/002088170504200307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8817">0020-8817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154449847">154449847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+Sino-Indian+Trans-border+Economic+Linkages&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=299&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154449847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002088170504200307&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Nimmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "India and China opened their first border trade route way back in 1991 between Dharachula in Uttaranchal and Pulan [Purang] in Tibet through the Lipulekh Pass."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingLama2016" class="citation cs2">Ling, L.H.M.; Lama, Mahendra P (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IIsxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50"><i>India China: Rethinking Borders and Security</i></a>, University of Michigan Press, pp. 49–50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13006-1"><bdi>978-0-472-13006-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+China%3A+Rethinking+Borders+and+Security&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-472-13006-1&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=L.H.M.&rft.au=Lama%2C+Mahendra+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIIsxDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "The governments of India and China agreed to establish border trade at Pulan in the TAR and Gunji in the Pithoragarh District in the state of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand) of India. Border trade would take place during mutually agreed times each year. Lipulekh Pass (Qiang La) would facilitate visits by persons engaged in border trade and their exchange of commodities... Trade along Lipulekh has steadily increased from Rs. 0.4 million ($6,000) in 1992—93 to Rupees Rs. 6.9 million ($100,000) three years later."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansingh2005" class="citation cs2">Mansingh, Surjit (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gwu.edu/~sigur/assets/docs/scap/SCAP21-Mansingh.pdf"><i>India-China Relations in the Context of Vajpayee's 2003 Visit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-China+Relations+in+the+Context+of+Vajpayee%27s+2003+Visit&rft.pub=The+Elliott+School+of+International+Affairs%2C+The+George+Washington+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mansingh&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gwu.edu%2F~sigur%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Fscap%2FSCAP21-Mansingh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "Though border trade along these routes is statistically insignificant, it makes a huge difference to the lives of people living in the Himalayan region... when I traversed Lipulekh Pass... I asked a villager... where the money for all this construction activity came from. He answered with a broad grin <i>Tibet khul gaya</i> (Tibet has been opened)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suhasini Haidar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-road-to-kailash-mansarovar-runs-into-diplomatic-trouble/article31545943.ece">New road to Kailash Mansarovar runs into diplomatic trouble</a>, The Hindu, 9 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhungel2009" class="citation cs2">Dhungel, Dwarika Nath (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgYwDW13ILoC&pg=PA59">"Historical Eye View"</a>, in Dwarika N. Dhungel; Santa B. Pun (eds.), <i>The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 59–60, note 19, figure 2.17, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8403-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8403-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-8403-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Eye+View&rft.btitle=The+Nepal-India+Water+Relationship%3A+Challenges&rft.pages=59-60%2C+note+19%2C+figure+2.17&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8403-4&rft.aulast=Dhungel&rft.aufirst=Dwarika+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgYwDW13ILoC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta,_The_Context_of_New-Nepal2009">Gupta, The Context of New-Nepal (2009)</a>: "Before claiming some area around the Kalapani tri-junction, Nepal had disputed even the source of the river Kali, as claimed by India."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404200356/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html">"Field Listing – Disputes – international"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%E2%80%93+Disputes+%E2%80%93+international&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyodo-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyodo_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Defining+Himalayan+borders+an+uphill+battle.-a058533253">"Defining Himalayan borders an uphill battle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News International</a></i>. 3 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span> – via thefreelibrary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyodo+News+International&rft.atitle=Defining+Himalayan+borders+an+uphill+battle&rft.date=2000-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FDefining%2BHimalayan%2Bborders%2Ban%2Buphill%2Bbattle.-a058533253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FVPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Lok Sabha Debates, Volume 8, Issue 3</i></a>, Lok Sabha Secretariat, 2000, p. 19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lok+Sabha+Debates%2C+Volume+8%2C+Issue+3&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FVPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span>: "I am clarifying there is no dispute regarding Kalapani. Hence it would not be correct to say there is a dispute regarding Kalapani between India and Nepal. Kalapani is a river and there are two opinions regarding its source."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharjee2020" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharjee, Kallol (13 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-parliaments-lower-house-unanimously-passes-bill-to-redraw-political-map/article31821242.ece">"Nepal passes amendment on new map"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nepal+passes+amendment+on+new+map&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Kallol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fnepal-parliaments-lower-house-unanimously-passes-bill-to-redraw-political-map%2Farticle31821242.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhimire2020" class="citation web cs1">Ghimire, Binod (13 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/06/13/constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-nepal-map-endorsed-unanimously-at-the-lower-house">"Constitution amendment bill to update Nepal map endorsed unanimously at the Lower House"</a>. <i>Kathmandu Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose,_Nepal_–_Strategy_for_Survival1971" class="citation cs2">Rose, Leo E. (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC"><i>Nepal – Strategy for Survival</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01643-9"><bdi>978-0-520-01643-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+%E2%80%93+Strategy+for+Survival&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01643-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv07Vo3vAaKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose,_Nepal_and_Bhutan1999" class="citation cs2">Rose, Leo E. (January–February 1999), "Nepal and Bhutan in 1998: Two Himalayan Kingdoms", <i>Asian Survey</i>, <b>39</b> (1): 155–162, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645605">10.2307/2645605</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645605">2645605</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Nepal+and+Bhutan+in+1998%3A+Two+Himalayan+Kingdoms&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=1999-01%2F1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Leo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader,_Trading_Patterns_in_the_Nepal_Himalayas1988" class="citation cs2">Schrader, Heiko (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKEvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Trading Patterns in the Nepal Himalayas</i></a>, Bow Historical Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-405-2"><bdi>978-3-88156-405-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+Patterns+in+the+Nepal+Himalayas&rft.pub=Bow+Historical+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-88156-405-2&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKEvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚreshṭha,_Border_Management_of_Nepal2003" class="citation cs2">Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa, ed. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W31uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Border Management of Nepal</i></a>, Bhumichitra, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-57-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-99933-57-42-1"><bdi>978-99933-57-42-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Management+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Bhumichitra&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-99933-57-42-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW31uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha,_Demarcation_of_the_International_Boundaries2013" class="citation cs2">Shrestha, Buddhi N. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub59/Figpub59_screen.pdf">"Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Haim Srebro (ed.), <i>International Boundary Making</i>, Copenhagen: International Federation of Surveyors, pp. 149–182, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-92853-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-92853-08-0"><bdi>978-87-92853-08-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demarcation+of+the+International+Boundaries+of+Nepal&rft.btitle=International+Boundary+Making&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=149-182&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Surveyors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-87-92853-08-0&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Buddhi+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fig.net%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Ffigpub%2Fpub59%2FFigpub59_screen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_Relations_of_NDA_and_UPA_with_Neighbours2010" class="citation cs2">Singh, Raj Kumar (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onyAfyzvuXYC&pg=PA201"><i>Relations of NDA and UPA with Neighbours</i></a>, Gyan Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-1060-7"><bdi>978-81-212-1060-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+of+NDA+and+UPA+with+Neighbours&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-212-1060-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonyAfyzvuXYC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhya,_Nepal_and_the_Geo-Strategic_Rivalry_between_China_and_India2012" class="citation cs2">Upadhya, Sanjay (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8nfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33550-1"><bdi>978-1-136-33550-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+and+the+Geo-Strategic+Rivalry+between+China+and+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-33550-1&rft.aulast=Upadhya&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8nfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton,_Almora_District_Gazetteer1911" class="citation cs2">Walton, H. G., ed. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181493/page/n3"><i>Almora: A Gazetteer</i></a>, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, vol. 35, Government Press, United Provinces – via archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almora%3A+A+Gazetteer&rft.series=District+Gazetteers+of+the+United+Provinces+of+Agra+and+Oudh&rft.pub=Government+Press%2C+United+Provinces&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.181493%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton,_A_History_of_Nepal2005" class="citation cs2">Whelpton, John (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC"><i>A History of Nepal</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80470-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80470-7&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKoNT6tjk9mQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>S. D. Pant, (2006). <i>Nepal-India border problems</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrem_Kumari_Pant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Prem Kumari Pant (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weeklymirror.com.np/index.php?action=news&id=1690">"Long and Unsolved Indo-Nepal Border Dispute"</a>. <i>The Weekly Mirror</i>. Kathmandu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Mirror&rft.atitle=Long+and+Unsolved+Indo-Nepal+Border+Dispute&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Prem+Kumari+Pant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweeklymirror.com.np%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dnews%26id%3D1690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9836793">Kalapani–Lympiadhura territory marked</a> on <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>. Retrieved 8 November 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2019" class="citation web cs1">Shukla, Srijan (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/why-kalapani-is-a-bone-of-contention-between-india-and-nepal/317926/">"Why Kalapani is a bone of contention between India and Nepal"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Why+Kalapani+is+a+bone+of+contention+between+India+and+Nepal&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Srijan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ftheprint-essential%2Fwhy-kalapani-is-a-bone-of-contention-between-india-and-nepal%2F317926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/nepal-angry-india-road-disputed-border-area-200511133007074.html">"Why Nepal is angry over India's new road in disputed border area"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Why+Nepal+is+angry+over+India%27s+new+road+in+disputed+border+area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2Fnepal-angry-india-road-disputed-border-area-200511133007074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalapani+territory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalapani_territory&oldid=1231246679">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalapani_territory&oldid=1231246679</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_Nepal" title="Category:Territorial disputes of Nepal">Territorial disputes of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_India" title="Category:Territorial disputes of India">Territorial disputes of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_India" title="Category:Borders of India">Borders of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Nepal" title="Category:Borders of Nepal">Borders of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_borders" title="Category:International borders">International borders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Category:India–Nepal relations">India–Nepal relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2020">Use dmy dates from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_OSM_location_maps" title="Category:Articles containing OSM location maps">Articles containing OSM location maps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 June 2024, at 08:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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