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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunter-gatherers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunter-gatherers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hunter-gatherers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunter-gatherers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pastoralism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pastoralism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pastoralism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pastoralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increase_in_post-Soviet_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increase_in_post-Soviet_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Increase in post-Soviet Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increase_in_post-Soviet_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sedentarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sedentarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Sedentarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sedentarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_peripatetic_minorities_in_Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_peripatetic_minorities_in_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_peripatetic_minorities_in_Eurasia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Eurasia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_peripatetic_minorities_in_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dom_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dom_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Dom people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dom_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kochi_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kochi_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Kochi people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kochi_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yörüks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yörüks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Yörüks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yörüks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukat_People_of_Borneo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukat_People_of_Borneo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Bukat People of Borneo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukat_People_of_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Roma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nomad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84" title="رحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3mada" title="Nómada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nómada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7%C9%99rilik" title="Köçərilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köçərilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="যাযাবর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যাযাবর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BB-bo%CC%8Dk-b%C3%AEn" title="Iû-bo̍k-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iû-bo̍k-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Качэўнікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Качэўнікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="घुमंतू लोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="घुमंतू लोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Номади – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Номади" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadi" title="Nomadi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nomadi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2mada" title="Nòmada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nòmada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Куçавçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куçавçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dovnictv%C3%AD" title="Kočovnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kočovnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomaden" title="Nomaden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nomaden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomaadid" title="Nomaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nomaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Νομάδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νομάδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3mada" title="Nómada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nómada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomado" title="Nomado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nomado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomada" title="Nomada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nomada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عشایر کوچ‌نشین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عشایر کوچ‌نشین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadisme" title="Nomadisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nomadisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1na%C3%AD" title="Fánaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fánaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3made" title="Nómade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nómade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9-mu%CC%8Dk_m%C3%ACn-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="Yù-mu̍k mìn-chhu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yù-mu̍k mìn-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9E%91%EB%AF%BC" title="유랑민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유랑민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadi" title="Nomadi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nomadi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomado" title="Nomado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nomado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomaden" title="Nomaden – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nomaden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir%C3%B0ingjar" title="Hirðingjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hirðingjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadismo" title="Nomadismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomadismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נוודים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוודים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅಲೆಮಾರಿಜನ ಜೀವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲೆಮಾರಿಜನ ಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Көшпенділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көшпенділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahamaji" title="Wahamaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wahamaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkiran%C3%AE" title="Barkiranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barkiranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%87%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Көчмөндүк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көчмөндүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomades" title="Nomades – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nomades" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klejot%C4%81ji" title="Klejotāji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klejotāji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klajokliai" title="Klajokliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klajokliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom%C3%A1dok" title="Nomádok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nomádok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Номади – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Номади" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpifindrafindra_monina" title="Mpifindrafindra monina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpifindrafindra monina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="നാടോടികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാടോടികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="विमुक्त-भटके – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विमुक्त-भटके" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Нүүдэлчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүдэлчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87" title="घुमन्ते – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घुमन्ते" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomaaden" title="Nomaaden – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nomaaden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nomade" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadisme" title="Nomadisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nomadisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਖ਼ਾਨਾਬਦੋਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਾਨਾਬਦੋਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پکھی واس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پکھی واس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوچيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوچيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koczownik" title="Koczownik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koczownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadismo" title="Nomadismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomadismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popoare_migratoare" title="Popoare migratoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Popoare migratoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кочевники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кочевники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Көс дьон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көс дьон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2madi" title="Nòmadi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nòmadi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dovn%C3%ADctvo" title="Kočovníctvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kočovníctvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadi" title="Nomadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nomadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reer_guuraa" title="Reer guuraa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Reer guuraa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ڕەوەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەوەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Номад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Номад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nomad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadit" title="Nomadit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nomadit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomader" title="Nomader – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nomader" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taong_pagala-gala" title="Taong pagala-gala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taong pagala-gala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="நாடோடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாடோடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D3%99_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күчмә халыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күчмә халыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="ชนร่อนเร่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนร่อนเร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Кӯчманчиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯчманчиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6%C3%A7ebelik" title="Göçebelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göçebelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кочовики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кочовики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4" title="خانہ بدوش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانہ بدوش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Du mục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Du mục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="游牧民族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="游牧民族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E5%B1%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="遊居文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="遊居文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person without fixed habitat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nomad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nomad (disambiguation)">Nomad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/220px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/330px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg/440px-Encampment_of_Gypsies_with_Caravans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> depicting a caravan of nomadic <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomad" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nomad"> nomad</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Nomads</b> are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas. Such groups include <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">pastoral nomads</a> (owning <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tinker" title="Tinker">tinkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">trader</a> nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century, the population of nomadic pastoral tribes slowly decreased, reaching an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world as of 1995<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nomadic hunting and gathering—following seasonally available wild plants and game—is by far the oldest human subsistence method.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastoralists raise herds of domesticated livestock, driving or accompanying them in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomadism is also a <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> adapted to infertile regions such as <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">ice and sand</a>, where mobility is the most efficient strategy for exploiting scarce resources. For example, many groups living in the tundra are <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_herders" class="mw-redirect" title="Reindeer herders">reindeer herders</a> and are semi-nomadic, following forage for their animals. </p><p>Sometimes also described as "nomadic" are various <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy (people)">itinerant</a> populations who move among densely populated areas to offer specialized services (<a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trades</a>) to their residents—external <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consultants</a>, for example. These groups are known as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_nomadic_peoples#Peripatetic" title="List of nomadic peoples">peripatetic nomads</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>nomad</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">nomade</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nomas</i></span> ("wandering shepherd"), from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νομᾰ́ς</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">nomás</i></span>, “roaming, wandering, esp. to find pasture”), which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νομός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">nomós</i></span>, “pasture”).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nomad#Dubious" title="Talk:Nomad">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_characteristics">Common characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg/220px-Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg/330px-Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg/440px-Hungarian_Gypsy_Mother_and_Child_NGM-v31-p563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> mother and child</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomads_on_the_Changtang,_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Nomads_on_the_Changtang%2C_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Nomads on the <a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rider_in_Mongolia,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5759" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption> Rider in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, 2012. While nomadic life is less common in modern times, the horse remains a national symbol in Mongolia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedscha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bedscha.jpg/250px-Bedscha.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bedscha.jpg/375px-Bedscha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bedscha.jpg/500px-Bedscha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> nomads from <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nomads are communities who move from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. Most nomadic groups follow a fixed annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements. Nomadic people traditionally travel by animal, canoe or on foot. Animals include camels, horses and alpaca. Today, some nomads travel by motor vehicle. Some nomads may live in homes or homeless shelters, though this would necessarily be on a temporary or itinerant basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nomads keep moving for different reasons. Nomadic foragers move in search of game, edible plants, and water. Aboriginal Australians, <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> of Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a> of Africa, for example, traditionally move from camp to camp to hunt and gather wild plants. Some tribes of the Americas followed this way of life. Pastoral nomads, on the other hand, make their living raising livestock such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, or yaks; these nomads usually travel in search of pastures for their flocks. The <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> and their cattle travel through the grasslands of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in western Africa. Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may also move to raid settled communities or to avoid enemies. Nomadic craftworkers and merchants travel to find and serve customers. They include the <a href="/wiki/Gadia_Lohar" title="Gadia Lohar">Gadia Lohar</a> blacksmiths of India, the Roma traders, Scottish travellers and Irish travellers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many nomadic and pastorally nomadic peoples are associated with <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climates</a>; examples include the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> peoples of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Amazigh</a> and other peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>. Pastoral nomads who are residents of arid climates include the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoikhoi</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, groups of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> of the Middle East. </p><p>Most nomads travel in groups of families, bands, or <a href="/wiki/Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a>. These groups are based on kinship and marriage ties or on formal agreements of cooperation. A council of adult males makes most of the decisions, though some tribes have chiefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the case of Mongolian nomads, a family moves twice a year. These two movements generally occur during the summer and winter. The winter destination is usually located near the mountains in a valley and most families already have fixed winter locations. Their winter locations have shelter for animals and are not used by other families while they are out. In the summer they move to a more open area in which the animals can graze. Most nomads usually move within the same region and do not travel very far. Since they usually circle around a large area, communities form and families generally know where the other ones are. Often, families do not have the resources to move from one province to another unless they are moving out of the area permanently. A family can move on its own or with others; if it moves alone, they are usually no more than a couple of kilometres from each other. The geographical closeness of families is usually for mutual support. Pastoral nomad societies usually do not have large populations. </p><p>One nomadic society, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, gave rise to the largest land empire in history. The Mongols originally consisted of loosely organized nomadic tribes in Mongolia, Manchuria, and Siberia. In the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> united them and other nomadic tribes to found the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, which eventually stretched the length of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic way of life has become increasingly rare. Many countries have converted pastures into cropland and forced nomadic peoples into permanent settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern forms of nomadic peoples are variously referred to as "shiftless", "<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">gypsies</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitans</a>", hunter-gatherers, refugees and urban <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> or <a href="/wiki/Street_people" title="Street people">street-people</a>, depending on their individual circumstances. These terms may be used in a derogatory sense. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Chaliand" title="Gérard Chaliand">Gérard Chaliand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> originated in nomad-warrior cultures. He points to <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s classification of war into two types, which Chaliand interprets as describing a difference between warfare in sedentary and nomadic societies:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>There are two different kinds of war. The one springs from the ambition of princes or republics that seek to extend their empire; such were the wars of Alexander the Great, and those of the Romans, and those which two hostile powers carry on against each other. These wars are dangerous but never go so far as to drive all its inhabitants out of a province, because the conqueror is satisfied with the submission of the people... The other kind of war is when an entire people, constrained by famine or war, leave their country with their families for the purpose of seeking a new home in a new country, not for the purpose of subjecting it to their dominion as in the first case, but with the intention of taking absolute possession of it themselves and driving out or killing its original inhabitants.</p></blockquote> <p>Primary historical sources for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomadic_steppe-style_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomadic steppe-style warfare (page does not exist)">nomadic steppe-style warfare</a> are found in many languages: Chinese, Persian, Polish, Russian, Classical Greek, Armenian, Latin and Arabic. These sources concern both the true <a href="/wiki/Steppe_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe nomads">steppe nomads</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>) and also the semi-settled people like <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, who retained or, in some cases, adopted the nomadic form of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunter-gatherers">Hunter-gatherers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hunter-gatherers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BushmenSan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BushmenSan.jpg/220px-BushmenSan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BushmenSan.jpg/330px-BushmenSan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BushmenSan.jpg/440px-BushmenSan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Starting fire by hand. <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> in Botswana.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) move from campsite to campsite, following <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> and wild <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>. Hunting and gathering describes early peoples' subsistence living style. Following the development of agriculture, most hunter-gatherers were eventually either displaced or converted to farming or pastoralist groups. Only a few contemporary societies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza people</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted tribes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, are classified as hunter-gatherers; some of these societies supplement, sometimes extensively, their foraging activity with farming or animal husbandry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pastoralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nomadic_peoples" title="List of nomadic peoples">List of nomadic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_200_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/330px-World_in_200_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/495px-World_in_200_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/World_in_200_BCE.png/660px-World_in_200_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the world in 200 BC: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and other nomadic pastoralists</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg/250px-Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg/375px-Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg/500px-Radzivill_Chronicle_Cumans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman people">Cuman</a> nomads, <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Chronicle" title="Radziwiłł Chronicle">Radziwiłł Chronicle</a>, 13th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurvger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/250px-Gurvger.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/375px-Gurvger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/500px-Gurvger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Gurvan_Saikhan_Uul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurvan Saikhan Uul">Gurvan Saikhan Mountains</a>. Approximately 30% of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>'s 3 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/250px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/375px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/500px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>A Sámi family in Norway around 1900. <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herded</a> for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sámi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral nomads">Pastoral nomads</a> are nomads moving between pastures. Nomadic <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and an increase in the complexity of <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karim_Sadr" title="Karim Sadr">Karim Sadr</a> has proposed the following stages:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Pastoralism:</b> This is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> within the family.</li> <li><b>Agropastoralism:</b> This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.</li> <li><b>True Nomadism:</b> This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between specialised nomadic and agricultural populations.</li></ul> <p>The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed first as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">secondary-products revolution</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sherratt" title="Andrew Sherratt">Andrew Sherratt</a>, in which early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">pre-pottery Neolithic</a> cultures that had used animals as live meat ("on the hoof") also began using animals for their secondary products, for example: <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and other animal hair, hides (and consequently <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>), and traction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8,500 to 6,500 BCE in the area of the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, during a period of increasing aridity, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB) cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between them and a newly-arrived <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> people from Egypt (the <a href="/wiki/Harifian" class="mw-redirect" title="Harifian">Harifian</a> culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabian</a> nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2600 BCE), and of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> spread in the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yamnaya <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">steppe pastoralists</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, who were among the first to master <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseback riding</a>, played a key role in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> and in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> across Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trekboer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekboer">Trekboers</a> in southern Africa adopted nomadism from the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some elements of <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a> culture in colonial South America also re-invented nomadic lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Increase_in_post-Soviet_Central_Asia">Increase in post-Soviet Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Increase in post-Soviet Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the results of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">break-up of the Soviet Union</a> and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> republics has been the resurgence of pastoral nomadism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a> as a representative example, nomadism was the centre of their economy before Russian colonization at the turn of the 20th century, when they were settled into agricultural villages. The population became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> after World War II, but some people still take their herds of horses and cows to high pastures (<i>jailoo</i>) every summer, continuing a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrank, unemployed relatives were reabsorbed into family farms, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The symbols of nomadism, specifically the crown of the grey felt tent known as the <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>, appears on the national flag, emphasizing the central importance of nomadism in the genesis of the modern nation of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sedentarization">Sedentarization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sedentarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">Sedentism</a></div> <p>From 1920 to 2008, the population of nomadic pastoral tribes slowly decreased from over a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s population.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal pastures were nationalized during the 1960s. The National Commission of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> registered the population of Iran at 21 million in 1963, of whom two million (9.5%) were nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the nomadic population of Iran has dramatically decreased in the 20th century, Iran still has one of the largest nomadic populations in the world, an estimated 1.5 million in a country of about 70 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">forced collectivization</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s rule met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">famine of 1931–1934</a> caused some 1.5 million deaths: this represents more than 40% of the total <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> population at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulani_herdsman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fulani_herdsman.jpg/220px-Fulani_herdsman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fulani_herdsman.jpg/330px-Fulani_herdsman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Fulani_herdsman.jpg/440px-Fulani_herdsman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herdsman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. Spread throughout West Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> are the largest nomadic group in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1950s as well as the 1960s, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as home ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. Government policies in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, oil production in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A century ago, nomadic Bedouin still made up some 10% of the total <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> population. Today, they account for some 1% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At independence in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> was essentially a nomadic society. The great <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">Sahel droughts</a> of the early 1970s caused massive problems in a country where 85% of its inhabitants were nomadic herders. Today only 15% remain nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As many as 2 million nomadic <a href="/wiki/Kuchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchis">Kuchis</a> wandered over <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the years before the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion</a>, and most experts agreed that by 2000 the number had fallen dramatically, perhaps by half. A severe <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> had destroyed 80% of the livestock in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> experienced a serious <a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Niger_food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2005–06 Niger food crisis">food crisis in 2005</a> following erratic rainfall and <a href="/wiki/Desert_locust" title="Desert locust">desert locust</a> invasions. Nomads such as the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a>, who make up about 20% of Niger's 12.9 million population, had been so badly hit by the Niger food crisis that their already fragile way of life is at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomads in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> were also affected.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fulani of West Africa are the world's largest nomadic group.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/220px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/330px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/440px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Tents of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> nomads in <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. They migrate from region to region depending on the season.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pala nomads living in <a href="/wiki/Western_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Tibet">Western Tibet</a> have a diet that is unusual in that they consume very few vegetables and no fruit. The main staple of their diet is <i><a href="/wiki/Tsampa" title="Tsampa">tsampa</a></i> and they drink <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a> style <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">butter tea</a>. Pala will eat heartier foods in the winter months to help keep warm. Some of the customary restrictions they explain as cultural saying only that <i>drokha</i> do not eat certain foods, even some that may be naturally abundant. Though they live near sources of <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a> these do not play a significant role in their diet, and they do not eat <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> animals, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> or the wild asses that are abundant in the environs, classifying the latter as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> due to their cloven hooves. Some families do not eat until after the morning milking, while others may have a light meal with butter tea and <i>tsampa</i>. In the afternoon, after the morning milking, the families gather and share a communal meal of tea, <i>tsampa</i> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. During winter months the meal is more substantial and includes meat. <a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herders</a> will eat before leaving the camp and most do not eat again until they return to camp for the evening meal. The typical evening meal may include thin stew with <i>tsampa</i>, animal fat and dried <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>. Winter stew would include a lot of meat with either <i>tsampa</i> or boiled flour <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-goldstein_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldstein-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nomadic diets in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> have not changed much over centuries. The Kazakh nomad cuisine is simple and includes meat, salads, marinated vegetables and fried and baked <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">breads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a> is served in bowls, possibly with sugar or <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>. Milk and other <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products, like <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, are especially important. <i><a href="/wiki/Kumiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumiss">Kumiss</a></i> is a drink of <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> milk. <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> is a popular sport, but the nomadic people do not have much time for leisure. Horse riding is a valued skill in their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_(23380103871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg/220px-Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg/330px-Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg/440px-Nomadic_Clan_on_the_Move_%2823380103871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Movement of nomads in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception">Perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ann Marie Kroll Lerner states that the pastoral nomads were viewed as "invading, destructive, and altogether antithetical to civilizing, sedentary societies" during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to Lerner, they are rarely accredited as "a civilizing force".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hill" title="Allan Hill">Allan Hill</a> and Sara Randall observe that western authors have looked for "romance and mystery, as well as the repository of laudable characteristics believed lost in the West, such as independence, stoicism in the face of physical adversity, and a strong sense of loyalty to family and to tribe" in nomadic pastoralist societies. Hill and Randall observe that nomadic pastoralists are stereotypically seen by the settled populace in Africa and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> as "aimless wanderers, immoral, promiscuous and disease-ridden" peoples. According to Hill and Randall, both of these perceptions "misrepresent the reality".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_peripatetic_minorities_in_Eurasia">Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Eurasia<span class="anchor" id="Peripatetic_minorities"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nomad" title="Talk:Nomad">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg/250px-Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg/375px-Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg/500px-Greguss_J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%A1toros_cig%C3%A1nyok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>A tent of Romani nomads in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peripatetic minorities are mobile populations moving among settled populations offering a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each existing community is primarily endogamous, and subsists traditionally on a variety of commercial or service activities. Formerly, all or a majority of their members were itinerant, and this largely holds true today. Migration generally takes place within the political boundaries of a single state these days. </p><p>Each of the peripatetic communities is multilingual, it speaks one or more of the languages spoken by the local sedentary populations, and, additionally, within each group, a separate dialect or language is spoken. They are speaking languages of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic</a> origin and many are structured somewhat like an <a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argot</a> or secret language, with vocabularies drawn from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a>, and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_groups_of_Afghanistan" title="Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan">Peripatetic groups of Afghanistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nomads_of_India" title="Nomads of India">Nomads of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Denotified_Tribes" title="Denotified Tribes">Denotified Tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business,_transportation,_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg/220px-Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg/330px-Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg/440px-Camels_are_bred_by_Cholistani_people_which_they_sell_for_business%2C_transportation%2C_sacrifice_and_meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="3281" /></a><figcaption>Camel grazers in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dom_people">Dom people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dom people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom people</a></div> <p>In Afghanistan, the Nausar worked as tinkers and animal dealers. Ghorbat men mainly made <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieves</a>, drums, and bird cages, and the women peddled these as well as other items of household and personal use; they also worked as moneylenders to rural women. Peddling and the sale of various goods was also practiced by men and women of various groups, such as the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz, the Noristani, and the Vangawala. The latter and the Pikraj also worked as animal dealers. Some men among the Shadibaz and the Vangawala entertained as monkey or bear handlers and snake charmers; men and women among the Baluch were musicians and dancers. The Baluch men were warriors that were feared by neighboring tribes and often were used as mercenaries. Jogi men and women had diverse subsistence activities, such as dealing in horses, harvesting, <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">begging</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Iran, the Asheq of Azerbaijan, the Challi of Baluchistan, the Luti of Kurdistan, Kermānshāh, Īlām, and Lorestān, the Mehtar in the Mamasani district, the Sazandeh of Band-i Amir and Marv-dasht, and the Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups worked as professional musicians. The men among the Kowli worked as tinkers, smiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also made baskets, sieves, and brooms and dealt in donkeys. Their women made a living from peddling, begging, and fortune-telling. </p><p>The Ghorbat among the Basseri were smiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and made sieves, reed mats, and small wooden implements. In the Fārs region, the Qarbalband, the Kuli, and Luli were reported to work as smiths and to make baskets and sieves; they also dealt in pack animals, and their women peddled various goods among pastoral nomads. In the same region, the Changi and Luti were musicians and balladeers, and their children learned these professions from the age of 7 or 8 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal in animals, and play music. The men of the sedentary groups work in towns as scavengers and hangmen; elsewhere they are fishermen, smiths, basket makers, and singers; their women dance at feasts and tell fortunes. Abdal men played music and made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. The Tahtacı traditionally worked as lumberers; with increased sedentarization, however, they have taken to agriculture and horticulture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; the history of each is almost entirely contained in their oral traditions. Although some groups—such as the Vangawala—are of Indian origin, some—like the Noristani—are most probably of local origin; still others probably migrated from adjoining areas. The Ghorbat and the Shadibaz claim to have originally come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtacı traditional accounts mention either <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorāsān</a> as their original home. The Baluch say they<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Who are the Baluch talking about? Themselves, or the Ghorbat and the Shadibaz? (February 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were attached as a service community to the <a href="/wiki/Jamshedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamshedi">Jamshedi</a>, after they fled Baluchistan because of feuds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kochi_people">Kochi people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kochi people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kochi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi people">Kochi people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yörüks"><span id="Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks"></span>Yörüks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Yörüks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yörük">Yörük</a></div> <p>Still some groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sar%C4%B1ke%C3%A7ililer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarıkeçililer (page does not exist)">Sarıkeçililer</a> continues nomadic lifestyle between coastal towns <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> even though most of them were settled by both late <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Turkish</a> republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bukat_People_of_Borneo">Bukat People of Borneo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bukat People of Borneo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bukat people of Borneo in Malaysia live within the region of the river <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendalam (page does not exist)">Mendalam</a>, which the natives call <b>Buköt</b>. Bukat is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> that encapsulates all the tribes in the region. These natives are historically self-sufficient but were also known to trade various goods. This is especially true for the clans who lived on the periphery of the territory. The products of their trade were varied and fascinating, including: "...resins (damar, <i>Agathis dammara; jelutong bukit, Dyera costulata,</i> gutta-percha, <i>Palaquium</i> spp.); wild honey and beeswax (important in trade but often unreported); aromatic resin from insence wood (<i>gaharu, Aquilaria microcarpa);</i> camphor (found in the fissures of <i>Dryobalanops aromaticus);</i> several types of rotan of cane (<i>Calamus rotan</i> and other species); poison for blowpipe darts (one source is <i>ipoh</i> or <i>ipu</i>: see Nieuwenhuis 1900a:137); the antlers of deer (the sambar, <i>Cervus unicolor);</i> rhinoceros horn (see Tillema 1939:142); pharmacologically valuable bezoar stones (concretions formed in the intestines and gallbladder of the gibbon, <i>Seminopithecus,</i> and in the wounds of porcupines, <i>Hestrix crassispinus);</i> birds' nests, the edible nests of swifts (<i>Collocalia</i> spp.); the heads and feathers of two species of hornbills (<i>Buceros rhinoceros, Rhinoplax vigil)</i>; and various hides (clouded leopards, bears, and other animals)."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nomadic tribes also commonly hunted boar with poison blow darts for their own needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant groups in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gens_du_voyage_(France)" title="Gens du voyage (France)">Gens du voyage (France)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roma">Roma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nomad camp near Tingri, Tibet. 1993"><img alt="Nomad camp near Tingri, Tibet. 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg/271px-Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg/407px-Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg/543px-Nomad_camp_near_Tingri_Tibet._1993i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nomad camp near <a href="/wiki/Tingri_(town)" title="Tingri (town)">Tingri</a>, Tibet. 1993</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_charmer(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Snake charmer from Telugu community of Sri Lanka."><img alt="Snake charmer from Telugu community of Sri Lanka." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg/292px-Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg/439px-Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg/585px-Snake_charmer%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5028" data-file-height="3098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Snake charmer from Telugu community of Sri Lanka.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Scythian horseman from the general area of the Ili river, Pazyryk, c. 300 BCE."><img alt="A Scythian horseman from the general area of the Ili river, Pazyryk, c. 300 BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/135px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/202px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/270px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> horseman from the general area of the <a href="/wiki/Ili_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili river">Ili river</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Pazyryk</a>, c. 300 BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schongauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yeniche people, 15th century"><img alt="Yeniche people, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schongauer.jpg/168px-Schongauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schongauer.jpg/253px-Schongauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Schongauer.jpg/337px-Schongauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yeniche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniche people">Yeniche people</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan."><img alt="A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/123px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/185px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/247px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A young <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> lighting a camp fire in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kyrgyz nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, now Uzbekistan, by pioneer color photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, c. 1910."><img alt="Kyrgyz nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, now Uzbekistan, by pioneer color photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, c. 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/194px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/291px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/387px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, now Uzbekistan, by pioneer color photographer <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a>, c. 1910.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuareg in Mali, 1974."><img alt="Tuareg in Mali, 1974." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/269px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/403px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mali1974-151_hg.jpg/538px-Mali1974-151_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2668" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> in Mali, 1974.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kyrgyz nomads, 1869–1870."><img alt="Kyrgyz nomads, 1869–1870." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/251px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/377px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/502px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> nomads, 1869–1870.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nomads in the Desert (Giulio Rosati)."><img alt="Nomads in the Desert (Giulio Rosati)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg/266px-Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg/398px-Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg/531px-Giulio_Rosati_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Nomads in the Desert</i> (<a href="/wiki/Giulio_Rosati" title="Giulio Rosati">Giulio Rosati</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gros Ventre (Atsina) American Indians moving camps with travois for transporting skin lodges and belongings."><img alt="Gros Ventre (Atsina) American Indians moving camps with travois for transporting skin lodges and belongings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg/234px-AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg/351px-AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg/467px-AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Ventre people">Gros Ventre</a> (Atsina) American Indians moving camps with <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> for transporting <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">skin lodges</a> and belongings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House barge of the Sama-Bajau peoples, Indonesia. 1914–1921"><img alt="House barge of the Sama-Bajau peoples, Indonesia. 1914–1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg/275px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg/412px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg/549px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Woonschuit_van_een_Oerang-Laoet_familie_Ka._Toengkal_TMnr_10010488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House barge of the <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau peoples">Sama-Bajau peoples</a>, Indonesia. 1914–1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph of Bedouins (wandering Arabs) of Tunisia, 1899"><img alt="Photograph of Bedouins (wandering Arabs) of Tunisia, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg/238px-Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg/357px-Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg/476px-Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> (wandering Arabs) of Tunisia, 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ravi_Varma,_Gypsies_(1893).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian nomads (1893), by Raja Ravi Varma"><img alt="Indian nomads (1893), by Raja Ravi Varma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg/115px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg/172px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg/230px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Gypsies_%281893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="4256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian nomads (1893), by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gipsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian nomad Banjara"><img alt="Banjara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gipsy.jpg/122px-Gipsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gipsy.jpg/183px-Gipsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gipsy.jpg/244px-Gipsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian nomad <a href="/wiki/Banjara" title="Banjara">Banjara</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_peoples_of_Europe" title="Nomadic peoples of Europe">Nomadic peoples of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_human_migration" title="Seasonal human migration">Seasonal human migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_conflict" title="Nomadic conflict">Nomadic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Gypsies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sea Gypsies (disambiguation)">Sea Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_society" title="Pastoral society">Pastoral society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul> <p>Figurative use of the term: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_nomad" title="Global nomad">Global nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_nomad" title="Digital nomad">Digital nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowbird (people)">Snowbird (people)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_brat" title="Military brat">Military brat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nomadic_Project" title="The Nomadic Project">The Nomadic Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveler" title="Perpetual traveler">Perpetual traveler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="RV lifestyle">RV lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_culture_kid" title="Third culture kid">Third culture kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlanding" title="Overlanding">Overlanding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/NOMAD">"NOMAD"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200206/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/NOMAD">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span> – via The Free Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOMAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FNOMAD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nomadism">"nomadism | society | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505193646/https://www.britannica.com/topic/nomadism">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=nomadism+%26%23124%3B+society+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnomadism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/features/1995/04/05/facts/">"Nomads: At the Crossroads – The Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></i> (266). April 5, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428075941/https://newint.org/features/1995/04/05/facts">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Nomads%3A+At+the+Crossroads+%E2%80%93+The+Facts&rft.issue=266&rft.date=1995-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Ffeatures%2F1995%2F04%2F05%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorable.com/subsistence">"Subsistence"</a>. <i>explorable.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194958/https://explorable.com/subsistence">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explorable.com&rft.atitle=Subsistence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorable.com%2Fsubsistence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomewoodRodgers1988" class="citation cs2">Homewood, Katherine; Rodgers, W.A. (1988), "Pastoralism, conservation and the overgrazing controversy", <i>Conservation in Africa</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–128, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511565335.009">10.1017/cbo9780511565335.009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521341998" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521341998"><bdi>978-0521341998</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Pastoralism%2C+conservation+and+the+overgrazing+controversy&rft.pages=111-128&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511565335.009&rft.isbn=978-0521341998&rft.aulast=Homewood&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichmann" class="citation web cs1">Teichmann, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082300/http://romani.uni-graz.ac.at/rombase/cd/data/ethn/topics/data/nomadic.en.pdf">"ROMBASE: Didactically edited information on Roma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romani.uni-graz.ac.at/rombase/cd/data/ethn/topics/data/nomadic.en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROMBASE%3A+Didactically+edited+information+on+Roma&rft.aulast=Teichmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromani.uni-graz.ac.at%2Frombase%2Fcd%2Fdata%2Fethn%2Ftopics%2Fdata%2Fnomadic.en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1987" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Aparna (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/209394957/Rao-1987-the-Concept-of-Peripatetics-an-Introduction"><i>The concept of peripatetics: An introduction</i></a>. Cologne: Bohlau Verlag. pp. 1–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629141918/https://www.scribd.com/doc/209394957/Rao-1987-the-Concept-of-Peripatetics-an-Introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-10</span></span>. <q>[...] peripatetics, [...] endogamous nomads who are largely non-primary producers or extractors, and whose principal resources are constituted by other human populations [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concept+of+peripatetics%3A+An+introduction&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Bohlau+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F209394957%2FRao-1987-the-Concept-of-Peripatetics-an-Introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English dictionaries agree that the word came from French in the 16th century but incorrectly claim that the French word referred to pasturing. (See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=nomad">American Heritage Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714204318/https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=nomad">Archived</a> 2017-07-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/nomade">Digitized Treasury of the French Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723221641/http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/nomade">Archived</a> 2018-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French). The meanings of the Latin and Greek predecessors are irrelevant and in fact misleading for the meaning of the English word.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2005" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Jack (2005-03-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Y9B5uHQcAC"><i>Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23781-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23781-1"><bdi>978-0-307-23781-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23781-1&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8Y9B5uHQcAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Douglas L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41145912">"Nomadism and Desertification in Africa and the Middle East"</a>. <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 51–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00815903">10.1007/BF00815903</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41145912">41145912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153445920">153445920</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313160236/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41145912">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Nomadism+and+Desertification+in+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-66&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153445920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41145912%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00815903&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41145912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaliand2007" class="citation book cs1">Chaliand, Gerard (2007). <i>The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda</i>. University of California Press. pp. 85–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Terrorism%3A+From+Antiquity+to+Al+Qaeda&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chaliand&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0119.xml">"Steppe Nomadic Warfare"</a>. <i>Oxford Bibliographies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913175313/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0119.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Steppe+Nomadic+Warfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199791279%2Fobo-9780199791279-0119.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7631678.stm">"Your pictures: Ed Vallance"</a>. BBC News – In Pictures. 2008-09-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312202449/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7631678.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Your+pictures%3A+Ed+Vallance&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F7631678.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYee1991" class="citation web cs1">Yee, Danny (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dannyreviews.com/h/Nomadism.html">"The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa Karim Sadr [Book Review]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312202455/https://dannyreviews.com/h/Nomadism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Nomadism+in+Ancient+Northeast+Africa+Karim+Sadr+%5BBook+Review%5D&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdannyreviews.com%2Fh%2FNomadism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKNMD.html">Nomads of the Middle East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428125713/http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKNMD.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, David Zeidan, OM-IRC, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNingDupont1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ning, Shi; Dupont, Lydie M. (June 1997). "Vegetation and climatic history of southwest Africa: A marine palynological record of the last 300,000 years". <i>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 117–131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997VegHA...6..117N">1997VegHA...6..117N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01261959">10.1007/bf01261959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-6314">0939-6314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129710387">129710387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=Vegetation+and+climatic+history+of+southwest+Africa%3A+A+marine+palynological+record+of+the+last+300%2C000+years&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-131&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01261959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129710387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0939-6314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997VegHA...6..117N&rft.aulast=Ning&rft.aufirst=Shi&rft.au=Dupont%2C+Lydie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203223113/http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm">"Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm">the original</a> on 2016-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Subsistence%3A+Pastoralism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fsubsistence%2Fsub_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population">"Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+horsemen+may+have+swept+into+Bronze+Age+Europe%2C+transforming+the+local+population&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fthousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2019" class="citation news cs1">Curry, Andrew (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235330/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature">the original</a> on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+first+Europeans+weren%27t+who+you+might+think&rft.date=2019-08&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Ffirst-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouché1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fouché, Leo (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISg9AAAAIAAJ">"V: Foundation of the Cape Colony, 1652–1708"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Walker_(historian)" title="Eric A. Walker (historian)">Walker, Eric Anderson</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of the British Empire</i>. Vol. VIII: South Africa, Rhodesia and the Protectorates. Cambridge: CUP Archive (published 1963). p. 136<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-16</span></span>. <q>[...] <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Stel" title="Simon van der Stel">van der Stel</a> recognised the roving tendency among the colonists and tried to arrest it. A proclamation of 1692 illustrated his fears: it stated that colonists were making a living by grazing cattle and bartering in the interior [...]. This seems clear proof that the <i>trekboer</i>, as a distinct type, was coming into existence during the time of van der Stel. [...] Generation after generation of these hardy and self-reliant nomads pushed the frontiers of civilisation further into the wilderness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V%3A+Foundation+of+the+Cape+Colony%2C+1652%E2%80%931708&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Fouch%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISg9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatta1992" class="citation book cs1">Slatta, Richard W. (1 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWN1W5DHIvcC"><i>Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier</i></a> (reprint ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803292154" title="Special:BookSources/9780803292154"><bdi>9780803292154</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423055443/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWN1W5DHIvcC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] the early nineteenth century witnessed 'the nomad <i>gaucho</i> of the colonial period converted into the loyal <i>gaucho</i> of the <i>estancia</i>.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauchos+and+the+Vanishing+Frontier&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.isbn=9780803292154&rft.aulast=Slatta&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWN1W5DHIvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/sd/rodirect/ROan0009.htm">Pastoral Livestock Development in Central Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128220108/http://www.fao.org/sd/rodirect/ROan0009.htm">Archived</a> 2010-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FAO Rural Development Division</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"CONCLUSION", <i>Speaking Soviet with an Accent</i>, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 140–146, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vkh78.13">10.2307/j.ctt5vkh78.13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822978091" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822978091"><bdi>978-0822978091</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speaking+Soviet+with+an+Accent&rft.atitle=CONCLUSION&rft.pages=140-146&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vkh78.13&rft.isbn=978-0822978091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130312/http://www.bestirantravel.com/culture/history/nomads.html">"Persian & Iranian Nomads at Best Iran Travel.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestirantravel.com/culture/history/nomads.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+%26+Iranian+Nomads+at+Best+Iran+Travel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestirantravel.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fnomads.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussavi-Nejad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moussavi-Nejad, Ebrahim (December 2003). "Censuses of Pastoral Nomads and Some General Remarks about the Census of Nomadic Tribes of Iran in 1998". <i>Nomadic Peoples</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 24–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F082279403781826328">10.3167/082279403781826328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nomadic+Peoples&rft.atitle=Censuses+of+Pastoral+Nomads+and+Some+General+Remarks+about+the+Census+of+Nomadic+Tribes+of+Iran+in+1998&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=24-35&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F082279403781826328&rft.aulast=Moussavi-Nejad&rft.aufirst=Ebrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-18-ft-irannomads18-story.html">Iran's nomads going extinct</a>, Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518101036/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/kazakhstan_672">"National Geographic: Images of Animals, Nature, and Cultures"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/kazakhstan_672">the original</a> on 18 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic%3A+Images+of+Animals%2C+Nature%2C+and+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fworldmusic%2Fview%2Fpage.basic%2Fcountry%2Fcontent.country%2Fkazakhstan_672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/events/2006/06/51.htm">"Kazahstan Student Society in the United Kingdom"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000026/http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/events/2006/06/51.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazahstan+Student+Society+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazsociety.org.uk%2Fevents%2F2006%2F06%2F51.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/hn-english/history_en.htm">"General information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212415/http://www.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/hn-english/history_en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.kz%2Fheritagenet%2Fkz%2Fhn-english%2Fhistory_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKPPL.html">The Middle East People Groups and Their Distribution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126112213/http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKPPL.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Zeidan, David, OM-IRC, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/60.htm">Mauritania – Political Power in the Mid-1980s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921122851/http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/60.htm">Archived</a> 2011-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jun-30-mn-46357-story.html">"Severe Drought Driving Nomads From Desert"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, June 30, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4153804.stm">Niger way of life 'under threat'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202013520/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4153804.stm">Archived</a> 2018-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, August 16, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm">Mali's nomads face famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224054313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, August 9, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20191205-west-africa-s-fulani-nomads-fight-climate-change-to-survive">"West Africa's Fulani nomads fight climate change to survive"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=West+Africa%27s+Fulani+nomads+fight+climate+change+to+survive&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20191205-west-africa-s-fulani-nomads-fight-climate-change-to-survive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldstein-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldstein_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1990" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Mervyll (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igQiDpD66pwC&pg=PA114"><i>Nomads of Western Tibet: The Survival of a Way of Life</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520072107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520072107"><bdi>978-0520072107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+Western+Tibet%3A+The+Survival+of+a+Way+of+Life&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0520072107&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Mervyll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigQiDpD66pwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovic2003" class="citation book cs1">Pavlovic, Zoran (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uR_x9HdQra0C&pg=PA57"><i>Kazakhstan</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438105192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438105192"><bdi>978-1438105192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1438105192&rft.aulast=Pavlovic&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuR_x9HdQra0C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Lerner, Ann Marie Kroll (2006). "History of Nomad Studies in Anthropology: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=256YglLwBkUC&q=%22History+of+Nomad+Studies+in+Anthropology%22"><i>Iron Age Nomads of the Urals: Interpreting Sauro–Sarmatian and Sargat Identities</i></a> (Ph.D.). Department of Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084037447">1084037447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Iron+Age+Nomads+of+the+Urals%3A+Interpreting+Sauro%E2%80%93Sarmatian+and+Sargat+Identities&rft.inst=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+Michigan+State+University&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084037447&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie+Kroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D256YglLwBkUC%26q%3D%2522History%2Bof%2BNomad%2BStudies%2Bin%2BAnthropology%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillRandall2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Allan G.; Randall, Sara (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_T_O_8XmdQC&pg=PA21">"Issues in the Study of the Demography of Sahelian Pastoralists and Agro–Pastoralists"</a>. In Hill, Allan G. (ed.). <i>Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel: Issues in the Welfare of Selected West African Communities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 21–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136882845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136882845"><bdi>978-1136882845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issues+in+the+Study+of+the+Demography+of+Sahelian+Pastoralists+and+Agro%E2%80%93Pastoralists&rft.btitle=Population%2C+Health+and+Nutrition+in+the+Sahel%3A+Issues+in+the+Welfare+of+Selected+West+African+Communities&rft.pages=21-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1136882845&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Allan+G.&rft.au=Randall%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_T_O_8XmdQC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelch1986" class="citation journal cs1">Gmelch, S B (October 1986). "Groups That Don't Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 307–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.15.100186.001515">10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001515</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Groups+That+Don%27t+Want+In%3A+Gypsies+and+Other+Artisan%2C+Trader%2C+and+Entertainer+Minorities&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-330&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.15.100186.001515&rft.issn=0084-6570&rft.aulast=Gmelch&rft.aufirst=S+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/peripatetics-afghanistan-iran-and-turkey">"Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210200206/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/peripatetics-afghanistan-iran-and-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Peripatetics+of+Afghanistan%2C+Iran%2C+and+Turkey+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fperipatetics-afghanistan-iran-and-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlandRao2004" class="citation book cs1">Berland, Joseph C.; Rao, Aparna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAv53wlHfoC&q=nomads+customary+%22peripatetic+minorities%22&pg=PA28"><i>Customary Strangers</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897897716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897897716"><bdi>978-0897897716</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Customary+Strangers&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0897897716&rft.aulast=Berland&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Aparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CAv53wlHfoC%26q%3Dnomads%2Bcustomary%2B%2522peripatetic%2Bminorities%2522%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellato1995" class="citation book cs1">Sellato, Barnard (1995). <i>Nomads of the Borneo Rainforest: The Economics, Politics, and Ideology of Settling Down</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+the+Borneo+Rainforest%3A+The+Economics%2C+Politics%2C+and+Ideology+of+Settling+Down.&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sellato&rft.aufirst=Barnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nomads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nomads">Nomads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Nomad" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Nomad">Nomad</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJen_Grimble2021" class="citation web cs1">Jen Grimble (10 Jul 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/a-different-way-of-living-the-last-surviving-nomads/ss-BB1fyKnQ?li=BBnb7Kz#image=1">"A different way of living: the last surviving nomads"</a>. <i>MSN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=A+different+way+of+living%3A+the+last+surviving+nomads&rft.date=2021-07-10&rft.au=Jen+Grimble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Ftravel%2Ftripideas%2Fa-different-way-of-living-the-last-surviving-nomads%2Fss-BB1fyKnQ%3Fli%3DBBnb7Kz%23image%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANomad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oberfalzerova, Alena (2006): <i>Metaphors and Nomads</i>, Triton, Prague. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8072548492" title="Special:BookSources/8072548492">8072548492</a></li> <li>Sadr, Karim (1991). <i>The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812230663" title="Special:BookSources/0812230663">0812230663</a></li> <li>Cowan, Gregory (2002). "Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration" University of Adelaide (available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37830">Nomadology in architecture: ephemerality, movement and collaboration.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926214754/http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20060904.161630/">Adelaide University Public View</a>)</li> <li>Chatty, Dawn (1983–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomadsinoman.com/nomadic-life/articles">Articles on Nomadic life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chatwin" title="Bruce Chatwin">Chatwin, Bruce</a> (1987). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Songlines" title="The Songlines">The Songlines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a> (1980). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" title="A Thousand Plateaus">A Thousand Plateaus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Goldstein" title="Melvyn Goldstein">Melvyn Goldstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20040906105907/http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Impact_China_Reform_Policy.htm">The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Remote%20World%20of%20Tibet%27s%20Nomads.html">The Remote World of Tibet's Nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1939). <i>L'Empire des Steppes</i> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Michael Haerdter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neme.org/texts/nomadism">Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kradin" title="Nikolay Kradin">Kradin, Nikolay</a> (2004). "Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective". In <i>Alternatives of Social Evolution</i>. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">A.V. Korotayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Bondarenko" title="Dmitri Bondarenko">Dmitri Bondarenko</a>, V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (pp. 274–288). <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Grinin" title="Leonid Grinin">Leonid Grinin</a> et al. (pр. 501–524). Volgograd: Uchitel'.</li> <li>Kradin, Nikolay N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227100055/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol8/number3/pdf/jwsr-v8n3-kradin.pdf">"Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development+. <i>Journal of World-System Research</i> 8: 368–388</a>.</li> <li>Kradin, Nikolay N. (2003). "Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Declin"e. In <i>Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution</i>. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Bondarenko" title="Dmitri Bondarenko">Dmitri Bondarenko</a>, and T. Barfield (pp. 73–87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>Kradin, Nikolay N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117000557/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/SF/Complex_lat-1.doc">"Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads". <i>World Cultures</i> 15: 171–189</a>.</li> <li>Beall, Cynthia and Goldstein, Melvyn (May 1993). "Past becoming future for Mongolian nomads" <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic Magazine</a></i></li> <li>Vigo, Julian (2005). "Nomadic Sexualities and Nationalities: Postcolonial Performative Words and Visual Texts". <i>Inscriptions in the Sand</i> Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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