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Nobel Sariak - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_Fundazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Fundazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nobel Fundazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Fundazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fundazioaren_eraketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundazioaren_eraketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Fundazioaren eraketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundazioaren_eraketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundazioaren_kapitala_eta_kostua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundazioaren_kapitala_eta_kostua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Fundazioaren kapitala eta kostua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundazioaren_kapitala_eta_kostua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lehen_sariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehen_sariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lehen sariak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehen_sariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bigarren Mundu Gerra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomia_Zientzietako_saria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomia_Zientzietako_saria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ekonomia Zientzietako saria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomia_Zientzietako_saria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjudikazio_prozesua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjudikazio_prozesua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adjudikazio prozesua</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adjudikazio_prozesua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Adjudikazio prozesua azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adjudikazio_prozesua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hautagaiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hautagaiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hautagaiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hautagaiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hautaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hautaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hautaketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hautaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hilondoko_izendapenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hilondoko_izendapenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hilondoko izendapenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hilondoko_izendapenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aitorpenaren_atzerapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aitorpenaren_atzerapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Aitorpenaren atzerapena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aitorpenaren_atzerapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarien_zeremoniak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarien_zeremoniak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sarien zeremoniak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sarien_zeremoniak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sarien zeremoniak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sarien_zeremoniak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_banketea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_banketea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nobel banketea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_banketea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_hitzaldia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_hitzaldia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nobel hitzaldia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_hitzaldia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sariak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sariak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sariak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sariak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sariak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sariak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dominak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diplomak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sariaren_dirua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sariaren_dirua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sariaren dirua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sariaren_dirua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eztabaidak_eta_kritikak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eztabaidak_eta_kritikak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eztabaidak eta kritikak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eztabaidak_eta_kritikak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Eztabaidak eta kritikak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eztabaidak_eta_kritikak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hartzaile_eztabaidagarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hartzaile_eztabaidagarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hartzaile eztabaidagarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hartzaile_eztabaidagarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorpenak_ahaztu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorpenak_ahaztu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lorpenak ahaztu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorpenak_ahaztu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enfasia_aurkikuntzan_asmakizunean_baino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enfasia_aurkikuntzan_asmakizunean_baino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Enfasia aurkikuntzan asmakizunean baino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enfasia_aurkikuntzan_asmakizunean_baino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genero_desberdintasuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genero_desberdintasuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Genero desberdintasuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genero_desberdintasuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bereziki_nabarmendutako_sarituak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bereziki_nabarmendutako_sarituak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bereziki nabarmendutako sarituak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bereziki_nabarmendutako_sarituak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Bereziki nabarmendutako sarituak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bereziki_nabarmendutako_sarituak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Askotariko_sarituak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Askotariko_sarituak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Askotariko sarituak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Askotariko_sarituak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senitarteko_sarituak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senitarteko_sarituak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Senitarteko sarituak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senitarteko_sarituak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errefusak_eta_mugak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errefusak_eta_mugak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Errefusak eta mugak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errefusak_eta_mugak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eragin_kulturala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eragin_kulturala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eragin kulturala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eragin_kulturala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nobel Sariak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 191 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">191 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys" title="Nobelprys – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኖቤል ሽልማት – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖቤል ሽልማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkpukpe_N%E1%BB%8Dbel%C3%B9" title="Mkpukpe Nọbelù – oboloera" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mkpukpe Nọbelù" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="oboloera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جائزة نوبل – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جايزة نوبل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جايزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جايزة نوبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="ন&#039;বেল বঁটা – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ন&#039;বেল বঁটা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Nobel" title="Premios Nobel – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premios Nobel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="&quot;Nobel&quot; mükafatı – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="&quot;Nobel&quot; mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نوبل جایزه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوبل جایزه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Нобель премияһы – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нобель премияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paica_Nob%C3%A9l" title="Paica Nobél – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paica Nobél" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuobel%C4%97_prem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Nuobelė premėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuobelė premėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premyo_Nobel" title="Premyo Nobel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Premyo Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелеўская прэмія – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peris_Nob%C3%A8l" title="Peris Nobèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Peris Nobèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নোবেল পুরস্কার – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel" title="Priz Nobel – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangargaan_Nobel" title="Pangargaan Nobel – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pangargaan Nobel" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелиин шагнал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нобелиин шагнал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premyo_Nobel" title="Premyo Nobel – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Premyo Nobel" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Ci%C5%8Dng" title="Nobel Ciōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nobel Ciōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Нобелин совгӀат – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нобелин совгӀат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel" title="Premiu Nobel – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Premiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena" title="Nobelova cena – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4dgroda_Nobla" title="Nôdgroda Nobla – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nôdgroda Nobla" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нобель парни – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нобель парни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Nobel" title="Gwobr Nobel – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobeli" title="Xelata Nobeli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xelata Nobeli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nobel Prize" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio" title="Nobel-premio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_auhind" title="Nobeli auhind – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli auhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جایزه نوبل – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-palkinto" title="Nobel-palkinto – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobel-palkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_avvutaso" title="Nobeli avvutaso – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nobeli avvutaso" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelvir%C3%B0isl%C3%B8nin" title="Nobelvirðislønin – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nobelvirðislønin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel" title="Prix Nobel – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpris" title="Nobelpris – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nobelpris" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – friulera" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis" title="Nobelpriis – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel" title="Duais Nobel – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri_Nobel" title="Pri Nobel – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pri Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel" title="Duais Nobel – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Nobel" title="Premios Nobel – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premios Nobel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jop%C3%B3i_Nobel" title="Jopói Nobel – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jopói Nobel" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबॅल पुरस्कार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="नोबॅल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundyr_Nobel" title="Aundyr Nobel – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aundyr Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar_Nobel" title="Kyautar Nobel – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kyautar Nobel" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Chióng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nobel Chióng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C" title="פרס נובל – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nobel Prize" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Nobel-díj – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նոբելյան մրցանակ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նոպելեան Մրցանակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոպելեան Մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_nrite_Nobel" title="Ihe nrite Nobel – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe nrite Nobel" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio" title="Nobel-premio – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nobel-premio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル賞 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Praiz" title="Nobel Praiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nobel Praiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebungah_Nobel" title="Bebungah Nobel – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bebungah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნობელის პრემია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_s%C4%B1yl%C4%B1%C4%A3%C4%B1" title="Nobel sıylıģı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nobel sıylıģı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraz_Nobel" title="Arraz Nobel – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arraz Nobel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel" title="Prix Nobel – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Prix Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9heo_ya_Nobero" title="Kĩheo ya Nobero – kikuyuera" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩheo ya Nobero" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyuera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Нобель сыйлығы – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="រង្វាន់ណូបែល – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រង្វាន់ណូបែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81" title="노벨상 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Нобелни премиясы – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нобелни премиясы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبَل یَنام – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نوبَل یَنام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobel%C3%AA" title="Xelata Nobelê – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xelata Nobelê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewas_Nobel" title="Pewas Nobel – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pewas Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Нобель сыйлыгы – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нобель сыйлыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum" title="Praemium Nobelianum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is" title="Nobelpräis – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_Nobel" title="Pest Nobel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pest Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelio_premija" title="Nobelio premija – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nobelio premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija" title="Nobela prēmija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka_Nobel" title="Loka Nobel – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loka Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiah_Nobel" title="Adiah Nobel – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Adiah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോബൽ സമ്മാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелийн шагнал – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нобелийн шагнал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%93" title="ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯓ – manipurera" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯓ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="नोबेल पारितोषिक – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" title="Hadiah Nobel – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premju_Nobel" title="Premju Nobel – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Premju Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Prémio Nobel – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Prémio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF" title="နိုဘယ်ဆု – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဘယ်ဆု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل جایزه – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premmio_Nobel" title="Premmio Nobel – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Premmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="नोबेल सिरपा – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नोबेल सिरपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel" title="Nobel – niasera" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Nobel" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niasera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Premie" title="Nobel Premie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nobel Premie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pris_Nobel" title="Pris Nobel – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pris Nobel" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèmi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-palkindo" title="Nobel-palkindo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nobel-palkindo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badhaasa_Noobeli" title="Badhaasa Noobeli – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Badhaasa Noobeli" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нобелы преми – osetiera" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нобелы преми" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبل انعام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل جايزه – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوبل جايزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel" title="Prêmio Nobel – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prêmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay" title="Nobel Suñay – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel" title="Premiul Nobel – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелевская премия – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелівска премія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нобелівска премія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="नोबेल् प्रशस्तिः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नोबेल् प्रशस्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Нобель бириэмийэтэ – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8miu_Nobel" title="Prèmiu Nobel – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prèmiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel" title="Premiu Nobel – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Premiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="نوبيل پرائيز – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نوبيل پرائيز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasm%C9%A3urt_n_Nubl" title="Tasmɣurt n Nubl – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasmɣurt n Nubl" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nobel Prize" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena" title="Nobelova cena – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nobelova cena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaalmarinta_Nobel" title="Abaalmarinta Nobel – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abaalmarinta Nobel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel" title="Çmimi Nobel – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset" title="Nobelpriset – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel" title="Tuzo ya Nobel – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நோபல் பரிசு – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೊಬೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ҷоизаи Нобел – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷоизаи Нобел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="รางวัลโนเบล – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_ba%C3%BDragy" title="Nobel baýragy – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nobel baýragy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantimpalang_Nobel" title="Gantimpalang Nobel – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gantimpalang Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Ödülü – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_b%C3%BCl%C3%A4ge" title="Nobel büläge – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nobel büläge" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="نوبىل مۇكاپاتى – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نوبىل مۇكاپاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелівська премія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нобелівська премія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبل انعام – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_mukofoti" title="Nobel mukofoti – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mio_Nobel" title="Prèmio Nobel – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Prèmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%C3%A4n_premii" title="Nobelän premii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nobelän premii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel" title="Giải Nobel – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giải Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pris_Nobel" title="Pris Nobel – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pris Nobel" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahidungog_Nobel" title="Pahidungog Nobel – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pahidungog Nobel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺贝尔奖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნობელიშ პრემია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნობელიშ პრემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="נאבעל פריז – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאבעל פריז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80b%C3%B9n_Nobel" title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ – amazigera estandarra" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazigera estandarra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺贝尔奖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7191#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Nobel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nobel Saria</b> (suedieraz: Nobelpriset [nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]; norvegieraz: Nobelprisen) <a href="/wiki/Aurrerapen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurrerapen">aurrerapen</a> <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">akademi</a>ko, <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kultural</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Zientifiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientifiko">zientifiko</a>ak aitortzeko, <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko eta <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko erakundeek hainbat kategoriatan ematen duten nazioarteko <a href="/wiki/Sari_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sari (argipena)">sari</a> multzoa da. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari">ingeniari</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Industria" title="Industria">industrial</a> suediarraren nahiari esker bost Nobel sari jarri ziren martxan 1895ean, eta 1901ean eman ziren lehen aldiz Kimika, <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">Literatura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bakea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">Medikuntza</a>ko sariak. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mundu mailan onartuta dago eskuragarri dauden sari entzutetsuenak direla dagozkien alorretan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1968an, Sveriges Riksbank Suediako <a href="/wiki/Banku" title="Banku">banku</a> zentralak, Sveriges Riksbank <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</a> Zientzien Saria ezarri zuen Alfred Nobelen <a href="/wiki/Oroimen" title="Oroimen">oroimen</a>ean. Saria Nobel Fundazioak 1968an Sveriges Riksbanketik jaso zuen <a href="/wiki/Dohaintza_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dohaintza (argipena)">dohaintza</a>n oinarritzen da, bankuaren 300. urteurrena zela eta. Ekonomia Zientzien lehen saria <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a>ek eta <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a>ek jaso zuten 1969. urtean. Ekonomia Zientzien Saria <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>eko Suediako Zientzien Errege Akademiak eman zuen, 1901az geroztik Nobel Sariak ematen diren <a href="/wiki/Printzipio" title="Printzipio">printzipio</a> berberei jarraituz.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suediako Zientzien <a href="/wiki/Errege" title="Errege">Errege</a> <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">Akademia</a>k Kimikako zein Fisikako Nobel Sariak eta Sveriges Riksbankek&#160;Zientzia Ekonomikoetan ematen dituzte, Alfred Nobelen oroimenean. <a href="/wiki/Karolinka" title="Karolinka">Karolinka</a> Institutuko Nobel Batzarrak Fisiologia edo Medikuntzako Nobel Saria, Suediako Akademiak Literaturako Nobel Saria, eta Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeak Bakearen Nobel Saria ematen dituzte. </p><p>1901 eta 2018 urteen artean, Nobel Sariak (eta Ekonomia Zientzietako Sariak, 1969tik aurrera) 590 aldiz eman ziren, 935 pertsona eta erakundeei.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zenbait aldiz, behin baino gehiagotan jaso dute Nobel Saria, eta horrek 27 <a href="/wiki/Erakunde" title="Erakunde">erakunde</a> eta 908 pertsona biltzen ditu. Sari-zeremonia urtero egiten dute Stockholmen, Suedian (Noruegiakoa <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>n ospatzen den Bake Sariaren ekitaldia izan ezik).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hartzaile bakoitzak ("laureatua" izenarekin ezagutzen dena) <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urre</a>zko <a href="/wiki/Domina" title="Domina">domina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diploma_(hezkuntza)" title="Diploma (hezkuntza)">diploma</a> eta Nobel <a href="/wiki/Fundazio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fundazio (argipena)">Fundazio</a>ak erabakitzen duen <a href="/wiki/Diru" title="Diru">diru</a> kopuru bat jasotzen ditu. (2020. urteaz gero, sari bakoitzak 9.000.000 SEK balioko ditu, edo 935.366 dolar inguru, 848.678 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> edo 716.224 £).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1980a baino lehen egindako dominak 23 <a href="/wiki/Kilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilate">kilate</a>ko urreaz eginda zeuden, eta ondorengoak 18 kilateko urre berdean, 24 kilateko urrezko estaldurarekin. </p><p>Saria ez da hil ostean ematen. Hala ere, pertsona bati saria ematen bazaio eta jaso aurretik hiltzen bada, saria oraindik aurkez daiteke.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ezin da saririk banatu hiru pertsona baino gehiagori, nahiz eta Bakearen Nobel Saria hiru pertsona baino gehiagoko erakundeei ematerik badagoen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie,</a> 1903an. Zientzietako bi Nobel Sari (Fisika eta Kimika) jaso dituen pertsona bakarra da. Eta soilik lau pertsonak jaso dute bi Nobel Sari.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfred Nobel 1833ko urriaren 21ean jaio zen <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>en, <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Ingeniari" title="Ingeniari">ingeniari</a>en familia baten. <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimikari</a>, ingeniari eta <a href="/wiki/Asmatzaile" title="Asmatzaile">asmatzaile</a>a izan zen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1894an, Nobelek Bofors <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdin</a>a eta <a href="/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu">altzairu</a> fabrika bat erosi zuen, <a href="/wiki/Armamentu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armamentu">armamentu</a>en fabrikatzaile garrantzitsua bihurtuz. Nobelek <a href="/wiki/Balistidae" title="Balistidae">balistita</a> ere sortu zuen. Asmakizun hau <a href="/wiki/Ke" title="Ke">ke</a>rik gabeko <a href="/wiki/Lehergai" title="Lehergai">lehergailu</a> <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militar</a> askoren aitzindaria izan zen, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Hauts" title="Hauts">hauts</a> kordita britainiar ke gabekoa. <a href="/wiki/Patente" title="Patente">Patente</a>en erreklamazioen ondorioz, Nobel korditari buruzko arau-hauste auzian parte hartu beharrean aurkitu zen. Bere bizitzan zehar Nobelek dirutza bildu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Aberastasun" title="Aberastasun">aberastasun</a> gehiena egin zituen 355 asmakizunetatik zetorkiola. Horien artean <a href="/wiki/Dinamita" title="Dinamita">dinamita</a> da ospetsuena.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1888an, Nobel harrituta geratu zen <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantzia</a>ko egunkari baten <i>"Hiltzearen merkataria hil da"</i> &#160;izenburuko heriotza-oharra irakurtzerakoan. Alfreden anaia Ludvig zen hildakoa, eta heriotza-oharra zortzi urte goiztiarra izan zen. Dena den, oharrak Nobeli <a href="/wiki/Nahasmendu_obsesibo-konpultsibo" title="Nahasmendu obsesibo-konpultsibo">nahasmen</a>a sortu zion, kezkati geratuz ea nola izango zen gogoratua gerora. Horrek bere <a href="/wiki/Testamentu" title="Testamentu">testamentu</a>a aldatzera bultzatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1896ko abenduaren 10ean, Alfred Nobel <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo</a>n zuen <a href="/wiki/Txalet" title="Txalet">txalet</a>ean zendu zen, <a href="/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin">burmuin</a>eko <a href="/wiki/Odoljario" title="Odoljario">odoljario</a> baten ondorioz, 63 urte zituenean.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobelek hainbat testamentu idatzi zituen bere bizitzan. Hil baino urtebete lehenago egin zuen azkena, 1895eko azaroan <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>eko <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko Elkartean sinatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Denen harridurarako, Nobelen azken <a href="/wiki/Borondatezko_gizarte_aurreikuspeneko_erakunde" title="Borondatezko gizarte aurreikuspeneko erakunde">borondate</a>ak zehazten zuen bere dirutza sari<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sorta bat emateko erabiliko zela, "<a href="/wiki/Gizateriaren_ondare" title="Gizateriaren ondare">gizateria</a>ren onura handiena" lortzen zutenentzat <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a>n edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a>n eta <a href="/wiki/Bake" title="Bake">bake</a>an.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobelek bere <a href="/wiki/Aktibo" title="Aktibo">aktibo</a> osoen&#160;% 94, 31 milioi SEK (186 milioi dolar 2008an, 150 milioi <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> 2008an) utzi zuen bost Nobel Sariak ezartzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testamentuaren inguruko eszeptizismoa zela eta, Norvegiako <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>ek ez zuen onartu erabakia 1897ko apirila arte.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testamentuaren <a href="/wiki/Hi_exekutibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi exekutibo">exekutibo</a>ek, Ragnar Sohlmanek eta Rudolf Lilljequistek, Nobel Fundazioa eratzeaz arduratu ziren, fortuna zaintzeko eta sariak banatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobelen aginduek Norvegiako Nobel Batzordea izendatu zuten Bakearen Saria emateko. Bertako kideek testamentua 1897ko apirilean onartu eta gutxira izendatuak izan ziren, handik lasterrera sarietako beste erakundeak izendatuz. Hauek <a href="/wiki/Karolinka" title="Karolinka">Karolinka</a> Institutua, Suediako <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">Akademia</a>, eta Suediako <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">Zientzie</a>n Errege Akademia izan ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobel Fundazioak sariak nola eman beharreko <a href="/wiki/Jarraibide_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jarraibide (argipena)">jarraibide</a>ei buruzko akordioa lortu zuen, et, 1900. urtean, Nobel Fundazioaren <a href="/wiki/Estatutu" title="Estatutu">estatutu</a> berriak Oskar II. erregearen aginduz promulgatu zituzten. 1905ean, Suedia eta Norvegiaren arteko batasun pertsonala desegin egin zen.<sup id="cite_ref-#2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Fundazioa">Nobel Fundazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nobel Fundazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nobel Fundazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundazioaren_eraketa">Fundazioaren eraketa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fundazioaren eraketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fundazioaren eraketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:R%C3%B6ntgen,_Wilhelm_Conrad_(1845-1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>ek jaso zuen 1901ean Fisikako lehen Nobel Saria, 1895ean X izpiak aurkitzeagatik.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>en 1896ko abenduaren 30ean irakurri zen bere borondatearen eta <a href="/wiki/Testamentu" title="Testamentu">testamentu</a>aren arabera, Alfred Nobelek eratutako fundazioak <a href="/wiki/Gizarte" title="Gizarte">gizarte</a>aren zerbitzura lan egiten zutenak sarituko zituen. Nobel Saria Alfred Nobelen dirutza pertsonalak finantzatu zuen. Iturri ofizialek diotenez, Alfred Nobelek <a href="/wiki/Akzio" title="Akzio">akzio</a>en&#160;% 94a Nobel Fundazioari utzi zizkion, eta horiek dira sariaren egungo oinarri ekonomikoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel Fundazioa erakunde <a href="/wiki/Pribatutasun" title="Pribatutasun">pribatu</a> gisa sortu zen 1900eko ekainean. Bere eginkizuna Nobel Sarien <a href="/wiki/Finantzaketa" title="Finantzaketa">finantzaketa</a>z eta <a href="/wiki/Administrazio" title="Administrazio">administrazioa</a>z arduratzea da.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Testamentuaren arabera, Fundazioaren zeregin nagusia Nobelek utzitako fortuna kudeatzea da. Robert eta Ludvig Nobelek petrolioaren negozioan parte hartu zuten <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>en, eta E. Bargengren historialari suediarrak dioenez, Nobel familiako <a href="/wiki/Artxibo_(agirien_bilduma)" title="Artxibo (agirien bilduma)">artxibategia</a>n aztertuz, "<a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Bakun</a>en Alfredek zuen dirua erretiratzea baimentzea izan zen faktore erabakigarria, horrek ahalbideratu zuelako Nobel Sariak ezartzea."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobel Fundazioaren beste zeregin garrantzitsu bat, sariak nazioartean <a href="/wiki/Merkaturatze" title="Merkaturatze">merkaturatzea</a> eta sariei lotutako administrazio informala gainbegiratzea da. Fundazioak ez du Nobel saridunak hautatzeko prozesuan parte hartzen.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zentzu askotan, Nobel Fundazioa <a href="/wiki/Inbertsio" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbertsio">inbertsio</a> konpainia baten antzekoa da, Nobelen dirua egoki inbertituz sariak eta administrazio jarduerak finantzatzeko oinarri sendoa lortzeko. Nobel Fundazioa <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>n (1946az geroztik) eta <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> inbertsio <a href="/wiki/Zerga" title="Zerga">zerge</a>tatik (1953az geroztik) salbuetsita dago.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1980ko hamarkadaz geroztik, Fundazioaren inbertsioak <a href="/wiki/Errentagarritasun" title="Errentagarritasun">errentagarri</a>agoak bilakatu ziren, eta 2007ko abenduaren 31an, Nobel Fundazioak kontrolatutako aktiboak 3.628 bilioi suediar kronak ziren (560 milioi dolar inguru).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estatutuen arabera, Fundazioa Suediako edo Norvegiako bost herritarrek osatutako batzordea zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>en zuen egoitza. Kontseiluko presidentea Suediako erregeak izendatzen zuen, gainerako lau kideek sarien partaide ziren <a href="/wiki/Erakunde" title="Erakunde">erakunde</a>en patronatuek izendatuz. Kontseiluko kideen artean zuzendari exekutibo bat hautatzen zen, zuzendariorde bat erregeak izendatzen zuena, eta bi diputatu patronatuko kideek aukeratuta. Hala ere, 1995. urteaz geroztik batzordeko kide guztiak patronatuek aukeratu dituzte, eta baita &#160;zuzendari exekutiboa eta zuzendariordea. Batzordeaz gain, Nobel Fundazioa sarian partaide diren erakundeek osatzen dute (Suediako <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">Zientzia</a> Akademiako Errege Akademia, <a href="/wiki/Karolinka" title="Karolinka">Karolinka</a> Institutuko Nobel Batzarra, Suediako <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">Akademia</a> eta Norvegiako Nobel Batzordea), erakunde horien patronatuak, eta ikuskariak.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fundazioaren_kapitala_eta_kostua">Fundazioaren kapitala eta kostua</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fundazioaren kapitala eta kostua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fundazioaren kapitala eta kostua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaur egun Nobel <a href="/wiki/Fundazio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fundazio (argipena)">Fundazioa</a>ren <a href="/wiki/Kapital_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kapital (argipena)">kapital</a>aren&#160;% 50 <a href="/wiki/Akzio" title="Akzio">akzio</a>etan inbertituta dago,&#160;% 20 <a href="/wiki/Bonu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bonu (argipena)">bonu</a>etan, eta&#160;% 30 beste inbertsio batzuetan (adibidez estaldura-fondoak edo <a href="/wiki/Ondasun_higiezin" title="Ondasun higiezin">higiezin</a>ak). Banaketa ehuneko 10 aldatu daiteke.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2008ko hasieran, funtsen&#160;% 64 <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Amerika</a>ko eta <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>ko akzioetan inbertitu ziren,&#160;% 20 bonuetan, eta&#160;% 12 higiezinetan eta estaldura fondoetan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2011n urteko kostu osoa 120 milioi krona izan zen gutxi gorabehera, horietatik 50 milioi krona sarietara bideratuz. Sariak ematean ziharduten erakundeei eta pertsonei ordaintzeko gastuak 27,4 milioi krona izan ziren. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>eko eta <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>ko Nobel astean izandako ekitaldiak 20,2 milioi krona kosta ziren. <a href="/wiki/Administrazio" title="Administrazio">Administrazioa</a>, Nobel sinposioa, eta antzerako gaiak 22,4 milioi krona kosta ziren. Halaber, kontuan hartu behar da <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</a> Zientzien sariaren 16,5 milioi krona Sveriges Riksbankek ordaindu zituela.<sup id="cite_ref-#3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehen_sariak">Lehen sariak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehen sariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lehen sariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG/220px-Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG/330px-Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG/440px-Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum_145.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bakearen Nobel Sariaren Dominaren aurrealdea eta atzealdea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nobel Fundazioa eta haren ildoak jarri zirenean, Nobel <a href="/wiki/Batzorde" title="Batzorde">Batzorde</a>ak inaugurazioko sarietarako hautagaitzak biltzen hasi ziren. Ondorioz, aurretiazko hautagaien zerrenda bidali zuten erakunde saritzaileetara. </p><p>Nobel Batzordearen <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a> Sariko zerrendak, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>en <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpi</a>en aurkikuntza eta <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>en <a href="/wiki/Izpi_katodiko" title="Izpi katodiko">izpi katodiko</a>en lana aipatu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zientzien Akademiak Röntgen hautatu zuen saria jasotzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bestalde, hemeretzigarren mendearen azken hamarkadetan, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikari</a> askok ekarpen garrantzitsuak egin zituzten. Horrela, Kimika Sariarekin Akademian "<a href="/wiki/Zientzialari" title="Zientzialari">zientzialari</a> hauei saria zein <a href="/wiki/Ordena_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ordena (argipena)">orden</a>atan eman behar zitzaien erabakitzea eztabaidatu zuten".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akademiak 20 izendapen jaso zituen, horietako hamaika Jacobus van 't Hoffentzat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eta ondorioz, Van 't Hoffi eman zioten saria <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a> kimikoan egindako ekarpenengatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suediako Akademiak <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a> <a href="/wiki/Poeta" title="Poeta">poeta</a> aukeratu zuen Literaturako lehen Nobel Saria emateko. 42 <a href="/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle">idazle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artista" title="Artista">artista</a> eta literatura kritikari suediarrek osatutako talde batek erabaki honen aurka <a href="/wiki/Protesta" title="Protesta">protesta</a> egin zuen, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi">Leo Tolstoi</a> saritzea espero zutelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Batzuek, Burton Feldman barne, sari hau kritikatu zuten Prudhomme poeta erdipurdikoa zela uste zutelako. Feldmanen azalpena izan zen Akademiako kide gehienek literatura victoriarra nahiago zutela, eta horregatik hautatu zutela poeta victoriar bat.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lehenengolo <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a> saria <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a> fisiologo eta <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologia" title="Mikrobiologia">mikrobiologo</a> <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar" title="Alemaniar">alemaniar</a>rarentzat izan zen. 1890ko hamarkadan, von Behringek <a href="/wiki/Antitoxina" title="Antitoxina">antitoxina</a> garatu zuen, ordura arte milaka hildako sortzen zituen <a href="/wiki/Difteria" title="Difteria">difteria</a> tratatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bake</a>aren lehen Nobel saria partekatua izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" title="Henri Dunant">Jean Henri Dunant</a> <a href="/wiki/Suitzar" title="Suitzar">suitzar</a>rarengana joan zen, <a href="/wiki/Gurutze_Gorriaren_Nazioarteko_Batzordea" title="Gurutze Gorriaren Nazioarteko Batzordea">Gurutze Gorriaren Nazioarteko</a> Mugimendua sortu eta <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Hitzarmengintza" title="Hitzarmengintza">Hitzarmen</a>a abiarazteko eginkizunagatik, eta baita <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakezaletasun" title="Bakezaletasun">bakezale</a> <a href="/wiki/Frantses" title="Frantses">frantses</a>arengana, Bakearen Ligako sortzailea eta Dunantekin batera aktiboa izan zelako Ordena eta Zibilizazioaren Itunean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bigarren Mundu Gerra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bigarren Mundu Gerra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1938an eta 1939an, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>ren <a href="/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha">Hirugarren Reich</a>ak hiru <a href="/wiki/Alemaniar" title="Alemaniar">alemaniar</a> sariduni (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt</a> eta Gerhard Domagki) debekatu egin zien sariak onartzea.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gerora gizon bakoitzak diploma eta domina jaso ahal izan zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Suedia <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerra</a>n ofizialki <a href="/wiki/Neutral_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Neutral (argipena)">neutral</a>a izan bazen ere, sariak era irregularrean eman ziren. 1939an, Bakearen Saria ez zen eman. 1940tik 1942ra ez zen saririk eman inongo kategoriatan, Alemaniak <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a> okupatu zuelako. Hurrengo urtean, sari guztiak eman ziren, literaturako eta bakekoa izan ezik.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norvegia okupatuta zegoen bitartean, bertako Nobel Batzordeko hiru kidek <a href="/wiki/Erbeste" title="Erbeste">erbeste</a>ra ihes egin zuten. Gainerako kideek alemaniarren jazarpena saihestu zuten Nobel Fundazioak <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>ko Batzordearen eraikinaren jabetza <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>koa zela adierazi zuenean.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Horrela, Suedia gerran ez zegoenez, alemaniar militarren babesleku segurua zen. Kide horiek batzordearen lana aurrera eramaten jarraitzen zuten, baina urte horretan ez ziren saririk eman. 1944an, Nobel Fundazioak, erbestean zeuden hiru kideekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bakearen</a> Sarirako hautagaitzak aurkeztuko zirela ziurtatu zuen, saria berriro ere emateko.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomia_Zientzietako_saria">Ekonomia Zientzietako saria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekonomia Zientzietako saria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ekonomia Zientzietako saria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1968an, Sveriges Riksbank Suediako <a href="/wiki/Banku" title="Banku">banku</a> zentralak 300. urteurrena ospatu zuen, eta diru kopuru handia eman zion Nobel Fundazioari Alfred Nobelen omenez sari bat ezartzeko. Hurrengo urtean, Sveriges Riksbank Saria <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia_zientziak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekonomia zientziak">Ekonomia Zientzie</a>tan Alfred Nobelen Memorian eman zen lehen aldiz. Suediako Zientzien Errege Akademia sarituen hautaketaz arduratu zen. Ekonomia Sariaren lehen sarituak <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> izan ziren, "prozesu ekonomikoak aztertzeko eredu <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamiko</a>ak garatu eta aplikatu zituztelako".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bestalde, Nobel Fundazioaren Kontseiluak erabaki zuen gehikuntza horren ondoren, sari berririk ez onartzea.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjudikazio_prozesua">Adjudikazio prozesua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Adjudikazio prozesua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Adjudikazio prozesua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjudikazio prozesua Nobel Sari guztientzako antzerakoa da, desberdintasun nagusia izanik nork izendatzen dituen hautagaiak arlo bakoitzerako.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg/330px-Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Marie_Curie_and_Albert_Einstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Marie Curie eta <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> 1913an.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hautagaiak">Hautagaiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hautagaiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hautagaiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel Batzordeak hautagaitza orriak 3.000 pertsona ingururi bidaltzen dizkie, normalean sariak eman aurreko urteko irailean. Pertsona horiek, oro har, arlo garrantzitsu baten lan egiten duten <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">akademi</a>ko nabarmenak dira. Bakearen Sariari dagokionez, kontsultak <a href="/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu">gobernu</a>ei, bakearen saridun ohiei, eta <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko Nobel Batzordeko kideei edo kide ohiei ere bidaltzen zaizkie. Izendapen orriak itzultzeko epea sariketaren urteko urtarrilaren 31 da.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobel Batzordeak 300 hautagai inguru izendatzen ditu jasotako orrietatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hautagaiek ez dira <a href="/wiki/Jendaurreko_aurkezpen" title="Jendaurreko aurkezpen">jendaurre</a>an ezagutarazten, eta saria lortzeko hautagaiei ere ez zaie esaten. Saria jasotzeko hautagaien <a href="/wiki/Erregistro" title="Erregistro">erregistro</a> guztiak, saria eman zenetik 50 urtez <a href="/wiki/Zigilu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Zigilu">zigila</a>tzen dira.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hautaketa">Hautaketa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hautaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hautaketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ondoren, Nobel <a href="/wiki/Batzorde" title="Batzorde">Batzorde</a>ak txosten bat prestatzen du arlo garrantzitsuenetan <a href="/wiki/Aditu" title="Aditu">aditu</a>ak diren aholkuak islatuz. Hori, aurretiko hautagaien zerrendarekin batera, saritzen duten erakundeei aurkeztuko zaie.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Instituzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituzio">Instituzio</a>ek batu egiten dira hautagaien artean sarituak aukeratzeko, <a href="/wiki/Bozketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozketa">bozketa</a>ren gehiengo osoarekin egingodutena. Bozketa egin eta berehala jakinarazten da haien erabakia, errekurritu ezin dena.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gehienez hiru saritu eta bi lan desberdin aukeratu ahal izango dira sari bakoitzeko. Bakearen Saria izan ezik, instituzioei ematea badelako, sariak <a href="/wiki/Pertsona_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pertsona (argipena)">pertsone</a>i soilik eman ahal izango zaizkie.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hilondoko_izendapenak">Hilondoko izendapenak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hilondoko izendapenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hilondoko izendapenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilondoko_zutitze" title="Hilondoko zutitze">Hilondo</a>ko izendapenak onartzen ez badira gaur egun, hasieran batzordearen erabakiaren eta sari banaketaren artean hil ziren zientzialariak, saria jasotzeko eskubidea izan zuten. Hori bi aldiz gertatu zen: 1931ko <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">Literatura</a> Saria <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a>i eman zitzaionean, eta 1961eko Bakearen saria <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> <a href="/wiki/NBE_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="NBE (argipena)">NBE</a>ko idazkari nagusiari emandakoan. 1974az geroztik, urrian sariak iragartzen direnean saritua bizirik egon behar da. <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> hautagai bat egon zen, 1996an Ekonomiako saria jakinarazi ziotena, baina aurkeztu aurretik zendu egin zen.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2011ko urrian, <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntzako_Nobel_saria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medikuntzako Nobel saria">Medikuntzako Nobel Saria</a> lortzeko sarituak iragarri zirenean, batzordea ez zen ohartu sarituetako bat, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a>, hiru egun lehenago zendu zela. Batzordea Steinmanen sariaren inguruan eztabaidatzen aritu zen, nahiz eta arauen arabera saria ez da ematen hil ondoren.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Batzordeak erabaki zuen Steinmani saria "fede onez" eman zitzaiola, eta aldaketarik gabe geratuko zela.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aitorpenaren_atzerapena">Aitorpenaren atzerapena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aitorpenaren atzerapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Aitorpenaren atzerapena"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobelen <a href="/wiki/Testamentu" title="Testamentu">testamentu</a>ak zioen "aurreko urtean zehar egindako aurkikuntzak aitortzeko" sariak emango zituela. Hasieran, sariek normalean azken aurkikuntzak hartzen zituzten aintzat.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hala ere, aurkikuntza goiztiar horietako batzuk geroago gutxietsita geratu ziren. Adibidez, Johannes Fibigerek 1926ko saria jaso zuen <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a>n edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">Medikuntza</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbizia</a> eragiten zuen ustezko <a href="/wiki/Parasito" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasito">parasito</a>a aurkitzeagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lotsa hori ez errepikatzeko, sariek gero eta <a href="/wiki/Onarpenerako_laginketa" title="Onarpenerako laginketa">onarpen</a> handiagoak izan zituzten aurkikuntza zientifikoek denboraren proba gainditzen zutenean.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ralf Petterssonek, Fisiologia edo Medikuntzako Nobel Saria <a href="/wiki/Batzorde" title="Batzorde">Batzorde</a>ko presidente ohiaren arabera, "aurreko urtea" irizpidea Nobel Batzordearen interpretazioan, aurkikuntzaren eragin osoa agerian geratu den urtea da.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aitortzen den saria eta burutzen den tartea, <a href="/wiki/Diziplina_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diziplina (argipena)">diziplina</a> batetik bestera aldatu egiten da. <a href="/wiki/Literaturako_Nobel_Saria" title="Literaturako Nobel Saria">Literatura</a> Saria normalean lorpen bakar bat baino gehiago izateagatik, bizitzako lan metatua aitortzeko ematen da.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bake</a>aren Saria ere bizitza osoaren lanaren truke eman daiteke. Adibidez, 2008ko <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> saritua izan zen <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_harremanak" title="Nazioarteko harremanak">nazioarte</a>ko gatazkak konpontzeko lanagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dena den, gertakari jakin batzuengatik ere sarituak izan daitezke.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>ek 2001eko Bakearen Saria jaso zuen, lau urte besterik ez zeramatzala <a href="/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Erakundea" title="Nazio Batuen Erakundea">Nazio Batu</a>en Idazkari Nagusi bezala. Era berean, <a href="/wiki/Jassir_Arafat" title="Jassir Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>ek, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>ek eta <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>ek, <a href="/wiki/Osloko_Ituna" title="Osloko Ituna">Osloko Ituna</a>k arrakasta handiz amaitu eta urtebetera 1994ko saria jaso zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a>ko sariak normalean lorpena oso onartua izan ondoren ematen dute. Batzuetan, urte asko izaten dira, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>en kasuan bezala. 1983ko Fisika Saria partekatu zuen 1930eko hamarkadan <a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">izar</a>ren egitura eta bilakaerari buruz egindako lanengatik.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baina <a href="/wiki/Zientzialari" title="Zientzialari">zientzialari</a> guztiek ez dira nahiko denbora bizi izaten beren lana aitortzeko. Ondorioz, izan dira saritu ezinezko aurkikuntzak, aurkitzailea zendu ondoren izan dutelako eragina.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarien_zeremoniak">Sarien zeremoniak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sarien zeremoniak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sarien zeremoniak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/220px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/330px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/440px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haberr</a>en 1918ko diploma.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakearen Saria izan ezik, Nobel Sariak <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>en (<a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>n) ematen dira urteroko sari zeremonian, abenduaren 10ean, Alfred Nobelen heriotzaren urteurrenean. Hartzaileen hitzaldiak sari banaketaren aurreko egunetan izaten dira normalean.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-#5_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bakearen saria eta hartzaileen hitzaldiak urteko sari banaketaren zeremonian egiten dira <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>n, <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>n, eskuarki abenduaren 10ean baita. Sari-zeremonia eta lotutako banketeak <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_harremanak" title="Nazioarteko harremanak">nazioarte</a>ko ohizko ekitaldi garrantzitsuak izaten dira. Suediako zeremoniak Stockholmeko kontzertu aretoan egiten dira, eta ondorengo Nobel banketea Stockholmen udaletxeko areto nagusian. Bakearen Nobel Sariaren zeremonia Norvegiako Nobel Institutuan eta Osloko Unibertsitateko auditorioan egin izan ziren lehen, eta 1990tik hona Osloko udaletxeko areto nagusian.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>eko Nobel Sarien zeremoniako une nagusia Nobel saridun bakoitza <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Errege" title="Errege">errege</a>aren eskutik saria jasotzeko urratsak ematen dituenean gertatzen da. Eta <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>n, Norvegiako Nobel Batzordearen presidenteak Bakearen Nobel Saria aurkezten duenean <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko erregearen aurrean.<sup id="cite_ref-#5_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#5-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hala ere, hasieran Oscar II.a erregeak ez zuen onartzen <a href="/wiki/Atzerritar" title="Atzerritar">atzerritar</a>rei hain sari handiak ematea. Baina Suediak lortzen zuen <a href="/wiki/Publizitate" title="Publizitate">publizitate</a>a ikusita, <a href="/wiki/Iritzi" title="Iritzi">iritzi</a>a aldatu omen zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_banketea">Nobel banketea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nobel banketea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nobel banketea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suediako sari banaketaren ondoren, banketea ospatzen da Stockholmeko udaleko areto urdinean, <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko Errege Familiak eta 1.300 gonbidatu inguruk parte hartzen dutela. Bakearen Nobel sariaren banketea <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>ko Grand Hotelean ospatzen da, sari banaketaren ostean. Sarituaz gain, gonbidatuen artean <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>eko presidentea, Suediako lehen <a href="/wiki/Ministro" title="Ministro">ministroa</a>, eta 2006tik hona <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko erregea eta erregina daude. Guztira, 250 gonbidatu inguru joaten dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_hitzaldia">Nobel hitzaldia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nobel hitzaldia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nobel hitzaldia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel <a href="/wiki/Fundazioaren_saila" title="Fundazioaren saila">Fundazioa</a>ren <a href="/wiki/Estatutu" title="Estatutu">estatutu</a>en arabera, saritu bakoitzak hitzaldi publikoa eman behar du sariaren gaiarekin lotutako arlo bati buruz.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nobel hitzaldiak genero erretoriko gisa, hamarkadak behar izan dituzte gaur egungo formatura iristeko.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hitzaldi hauek Nobel astean izaten dira normalean (zeremoniaren eta <a href="/wiki/Oturuntza" title="Oturuntza">oturuntza</a>ren aurreko astea, sarituak <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>era iristen direnetik, Nobel banketea amaitzen den arte), baina ez da derrigorrezkoa. Saria jaso eta sei hilabeteko epean ematera behartuta dago, baina batzuk beranduago eman izan dute. Adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a>etako presidenteak Bakearen Saria 1906an jaso zuen, baina hitzaldia 1910ean eman zuen, kargua utzi ondoren.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hitzaldiak, sarituak aukeratu dituen elkarte berak antolatuak daude.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sariak">Sariak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sariak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sariak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/220px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/330px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/440px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, Literatura Sariaren omisio eztabaidatuetako bat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominak">Dominak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dominak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dominak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel <a href="/wiki/Fundazio_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fundazio (argipena)">Fundazio</a>ak 2012ko maiatzean jakinarazi zuen Svenska Medalj AB enpresarekin, Suediako bost Nobel Sarien dominak ekoizteko <a href="/wiki/Kontratu" title="Kontratu">kontratu</a>a sinatu zuela. 1902 eta 2010 artean, Nobel saridunen dominak Myntverket <a href="/wiki/Moneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneta">moneta</a> etxeak egiten zituen, Suediako konpainia zaharrenak, baina 2011an ateak utzi zituen 107 urteren ondoren. Bestalde, 2011n <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg" title="Kongsberg">Kongsberg</a>en kokatutako <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko moneta etxeak egin zituen dominak. Nobelaren dominak Nobel Fundazioaren <a href="/wiki/Marka" title="Marka">marka</a> erregistratuak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domina bakoitzean Alfred Nobelen <a href="/wiki/Irudi" title="Irudi">irudi</a>a ageri da ezkerreko profilarekin aurrealdean. <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a>ren, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>ren, <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a>ren edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a>ren eta <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a>ren dominek aurrealde berdinak dituzte, Alfred Nobelen irudia eta bere jaiotze eta heriotzaren urteak erakutsiz. Nobeleren <a href="/wiki/Erretratu" title="Erretratu">erretratu</a>a <a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bakearen</a> Sariaren eta <a href="/wiki/Ekonomia" title="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</a> Sariaren dominetan ere agertzen da, baina <a href="/wiki/Diseinu" title="Diseinu">diseinu</a> apur bat ezberdinarekin. Adibidez, saridunaren izena Ekonomia dominaren ertzean dago grabatuta.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dominaren atzealdeko irudia, saria ematen duen erakundearen arabera aldatzen da. Kimikaren eta fisikaren dominen atzealdeak diseinu bera dute.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>1980 baino lehen egindako domina guztiak 23 <a href="/wiki/Kilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilate">kilate</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urre</a>an eginda zeuden. Harrez gero, 18 kilateko urre berdean daude eginda, 24 kilateko urrezko estaldurarekin. Domina bakoitzaren pisua urrearen balioaren arabera aldatzen da, baina batez beste 175 <a href="/wiki/Gramo" title="Gramo">gramo</a> izaten da. <a href="/wiki/Diametro" title="Diametro">Diametro</a>a 66 <a href="/wiki/Milimetro" title="Milimetro">milimetro</a>koa da , eta lodiera 5,2 milimetro eta 2,4 milimetroen artekoa da.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Euren urrezko edukiagatik, eta <a href="/wiki/Erakusleiho" title="Erakusleiho">erakusleiho</a>an egoteko joera handia dutenez, Nobel dominak <a href="/wiki/Lapurreta" title="Lapurreta">lapur</a>reten menpe daude.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> eta <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> zientzialari alemaniarren dominak <a href="/wiki/Kopenhage" title="Kopenhage">Kopenhagen</a>era bidali zituzten hobeto zaintzeko. <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemania</a>k <a href="/wiki/Danimarka" title="Danimarka">Danimarka</a> inbaditu zuenean, <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>ko George de Hevesy kimikariak (eta Nobel saridunak bera ere) aqua regian <a href="/wiki/Disolbatzaile" title="Disolbatzaile">disolbatu</a> zituen (<a href="/wiki/Azido" title="Azido">azido</a> nitrokloridrikoa) Alemania <a href="/wiki/Nazionalsozialismo" title="Nazionalsozialismo">Nazi</a>ak konfiskatzea saihesteko, eta titularrei arazo legalak ekiditeko. Gerra ostean, urrea disoluziotik berreskuratu zen, dominak berriro moldekatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomak">Diplomak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Diplomak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Diplomak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel saridunek <a href="/wiki/Diploma_(hezkuntza)" title="Diploma (hezkuntza)">diploma</a> bat jasotzen dute Suediako erregearen eskutik, edo bakearen sariaren kasuan, Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeko presidentearen eskutik.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Banatzen dituzten <a href="/wiki/Erakunde" title="Erakunde">erakunde</a>ek diploma saritu bakoitzari bereziki diseinatzen dio berea. Diplomak <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Irudi" title="Irudi">irudi</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Testu" title="Testu">testu</a>ak ditu, eta bertan, saria jasotzen duenaren izena doa, eta eskuarki saria zergatik jaso duen aipatzen da. Bakearen Nobel saridunetako diplomak ez dute inolako aipamenik egiten.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sariaren_dirua">Sariaren dirua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sariaren dirua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Sariaren dirua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irabazleei saria jasotzen dutenean <a href="/wiki/Agiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Agiri">agiri</a> bat ematen zaie, diru kopuruaren zenbatekoa baieztatzen duena.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sariaren diru kopurua Nobel Fundazioak urtero duen diruaren araberakoa da. <a href="/wiki/Poltsa" class="mw-disambig" title="Poltsa">Poltsa</a> handitu egin da 1980ko hamarkadaz geroztik. Orduan sari bakoitzaren kopurua 880.000 SEK ziren (2,6 milioi SEK guztira, gaur egungo 350.000 dolar). 2009an, diru-saria 10 milioi SEKekoa izan zen (1,4 milioi dolar).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eta 2012ko ekainean, 8 milioi SEKera jaitsi zen.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bi saridunek kategoria batean saria partekatzen badute, saria banatu egiten da hartzaileen artean. Hiru badira, batzorde esleitzaileak aukera du berdin banatzeko hirurei, edo erdia esleitzeko bati eta laurdena beste biei.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ohikoa da hartzaileek sariaren dirua ematea, jarduera <a href="/wiki/Zientifiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientifiko">zientifiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kultural</a> edo humanitarioei laguntzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eztabaidak_eta_kritikak">Eztabaidak eta kritikak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eztabaidak eta kritikak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eztabaidak eta kritikak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hartzaile_eztabaidagarriak">Hartzaile eztabaidagarriak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hartzaile eztabaidagarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hartzaile eztabaidagarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beste kritika batzuen artean, Nobel Batzordeei agenda politikoa izatea leporatu zaie, eta merezitako hautagai batzuk alde batera uztea. <a href="/wiki/Eurozentrismo" title="Eurozentrismo">Eurozentrismo</a>z ere salatuak izan dira, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">Literatura</a> sariarengatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Bakearen saria</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg/220px-Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg/330px-Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg/440px-Gandhi-Tagore-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> anfitrioi lanetan <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> eta emaztea Kasturbarekin, Santiniketan 1940an. Tagoreri 1913an eman zioten Literatura Nobel Saria, baina Gandhik, Bakearen Sarirako hainbatetan hautagai izan arren, ez zuen saririk jaso.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakearen Nobel Sariagatik gehien kritikatuak izan zirenen artean <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> eta <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C3%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Ðức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> zeuden. Honek <a href="/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia">Norvegia</a>ko Nobel Batzordeko bi kideren <a href="/wiki/Dimisio" title="Dimisio">dimisioa</a> ekarri zuen. Kissingerrek eta Thọk saria jaso zuten <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Vietnam" title="Ipar Vietnam">Ipar Vietnam</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Estatu_Batuen_historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatu Batuen historia">Estatu Batuen</a> arteko <a href="/wiki/Su-etena" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-etena">su-etena</a> negoziatzeagatik 1973. urtarrilean.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hala ere, saria iragarri zenean, bi aldeek oraindik ere borrokan ari ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ipar Vietnamen aldekoek ziotenez Kissinger ez zen bakegilea, baizik eta kontrakoa, gerra zabaltzeko arduraduna. <a href="/wiki/Etsai" title="Etsai">Etsai</a>ek ostera, negoziazioetan bere praktikak <a href="/wiki/Iruzur" title="Iruzur">iruzur</a>rean oinarritzen zirela leporatu zioten Lê Đức Thọri, baina ez zuten kritikatzeko aukerarik izan, saria errefusatu egin zuelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jassir_Arafat" title="Jassir Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>ek, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>ek eta <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>ek 1994an Bakearen Saria jaso zuten, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>en eta <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>ren artean bakea egiteagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Saria iragarri eta berehala, Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeko bost kideetako batek Arafat <a href="/wiki/Terrorista_(Jousilouli)" title="Terrorista (Jousilouli)">terrorista</a> gisa salatu ondoren, dimisioa eman zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Halaber, Arafati buruzko zalantzak hainbat <a href="/wiki/Egunkari" title="Egunkari">egunkari</a>etan agertu ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakearen beste Sari eztabaidatu bat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>k 2009an jaso zuena izan zen.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hautagaitza guztiak Obamak <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batu</a>etako <a href="/wiki/Presidente" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidente">presidente</a> kargua hartu zuenetik hamaika egunetara itxi ziren, baina benetako <a href="/wiki/Ebaluazio_(hezkuntza)" title="Ebaluazio (hezkuntza)">ebaluazioa</a> hurrengo zortzi hilabetetan egin zen.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Obamak berak adierazi zuen ez zuela saria merezi, ez eta horrek kokatuko zuen konpainiaren aldamenean egotea ere.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bakearen aurreko saridunak banatuta zeuden, batzuk Obamak saria merezi zuela esanez, eta beste batzuen ustez, oraindik ez zuela lorpenik ziurtatu halako sari bat merezitzeko. Obamaren sariak, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>ren aurreko Bake Sariekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Ezkerra_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ezkerra (argipena)">ezker</a>reko joera salaketak bultzatu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Literatura Saria</b> </p><p>2004ko Literatura Saria <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a>i emateak, Suediako Akademia-kide Knut Ahnlunden <a href="/wiki/Protesta" title="Protesta">protesta</a> ekarri zuen. Ahnlundek <a href="/wiki/Dimisio" title="Dimisio">dimisioa</a> eman zuen salatuz Jelinek hautatzeak "indar aurrerakoi guztiei <a href="/wiki/Kalte_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalte (argipena)">kalte</a> konponezina" eragin ziola, eta literaturaren ikuspegi orokorra <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">arte</a> gisa, nahastu egiten zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bere ustez, Jelineken lanak "egitura artistikorik gabe eginiko testu multzo bat" ziren. <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a>ren 2009ko Literatura Sariak ere kritika sortu zuen. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>en arabera, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a>etako literatur kritikari eta irakasle askok ez zuten bere lana ezagutzen.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kritiko horientzat, sariak <a href="/wiki/Eurozentrismo" title="Eurozentrismo">eurozentriko</a>ak ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Zientzia sariak</b> </p><p>1949an, António Egas Moniz neurologoak <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">Medikuntza</a> Saria <a href="/wiki/Leukotomia_prefrontal" title="Leukotomia prefrontal">leukotomia prefrontal</a>a garatzeagatik jaso zuen. Aurreko urtean, Walter Freeman doktoreak prozeduraren bertsio bat garatua zuen, azkarrago eta errazago burutzeko. Jatorrizko prozeduraren inguruko <a href="/wiki/Publizitate" title="Publizitate">publizitate</a>aren zati bat zela eta, Freemanen prozedura <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a> mediko modernoa behar bezala kontutan hartu gabe geratu zen. Sariaren ondorioz, eta The <a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a> bezalako itzal handiko argitalpenak babestuta, leukotomia edo "<a href="/wiki/Lobotomia" title="Lobotomia">lobotomia</a>" hain ezaguna egin zen, non 5.000 lobotomia inguru burutu zirela <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batu</a>etan Monizek saria jaso ondorengo hiru urtetan.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorpenak_ahaztu">Lorpenak ahaztu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lorpenak ahaztu»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lorpenak ahaztu"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeak baieztatu egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> Bakearen Sarirako hautagai izan zela 1937-39, 1947an, eta 1948ko urtarrilean erail zuten egun batzuk lehenago.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ondoren, Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeko kideek deitoratu egin zuten saria ez zitzaiolako eman.<sup id="cite_ref-#6_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#6-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Geir Lundestad, 2006ko Norvegiako Nobel Batzordeko idazkariak esan zuenez, "Gure 106 urteko historiaren omisiorik handiena da, zalantzarik gabe, Mahatma Gandhik ez zuela inoiz <a href="/wiki/Bakearen_Nobel_Saria" title="Bakearen Nobel Saria">Bakearen Nobel</a> saria jaso. Gandhi Bakearen Nobel saririk gabe egon zitekeen. <a href="/wiki/Galdera-erantzun_sistemak" title="Galdera-erantzun sistemak">Galdera</a> da ea Nobel Batzordea Gandhi gabe egon daitekeen ala ez."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1948an, Gandhiren heriotzaren urtea, Nobel Batzordeak saria emateari uko egin zion urte hartan "ez zegoela bizi zen hautagai egokirik" esanaz.<sup id="cite_ref-#6_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#6-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Geroago, 14. <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>ri Bakearen Saria eman ziotenean 1989an, batzordeko presidenteak hitzaldian gaineratu zuen "neurri batean, Mahatma Gandhiren memoriari egindako omenaldia" izan zela.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bakearen Saria lortzeko oso ezagunak ziren beste pertsona batzuk, baina jaso ez zutenak, honakoak ziren <i>Atzerri Politika</i> aldizkariaren iritziz: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Anna Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Sari Nusseibeh eta <a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino" title="Corazón Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>. Aldizkariak zioen "inoiz irabazi ez zuten, baina izan beharko luketen pertsonak" zirela.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_(32361895088).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg/220px-Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg/330px-Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg/440px-Frances_Arnold_EM1B5928_%2832361895088%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a>ek 2018ko Kimika Saria jaso zuen, "entzimen eboluzio zuzenduengatik".</figcaption></figure> <p>1965ean <a href="/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Erakundea" title="Nazio Batuen Erakundea">Nazio Batuen Erakunde</a>ko idazkari nagusi <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>i Norvegiako ordezkari iraunkorrak jakinarazi zion urte hartan saria brari emango zitzaiola, galdetuz onartuko zuen ala ez. Enplegatuekin kontsultatu ondoren, baietz erantzun zuen. Aldi berean, Bakearen Nobel sariko Gunnar Jahn presidenteak, gogor egin zuen U Thanti saria ematearen aurka, eta azken unean <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>i eman zitzaion. Gainontzeko batzordekideek saria U Thanti ematea nahi zuten, <a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Misil" title="Misil">misil</a>en krisia baretzeko egin zuen lanagatik, <a href="/wiki/Kongo" class="mw-disambig" title="Kongo">Kongo</a>ko gerra amaitzen lagundu zuelako, eta <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>go gerra amaitzeko <a href="/wiki/Bitartekaritza" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bitartekaritza">bitartekaritza</a> lanak egin zituelako. Desadostasunak hiru urte iraun zuten, eta 1966an zein 1967an ez zen saririk eman, Gunnar Jahnek U Thantiren hautagaitzari betoa jarri ziolako modu eraginkorrean.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literatura Sariak baditu ere <a href="/wiki/Hutsegite_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hutsegite (argipena)">hutsegite</a> eztabaidagarriak. Adam Kirschek iradoki zuenez, <a href="/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle">idazle</a> aipagarri askok galdu zuten saria arrazoi <a href="/wiki/Politiko" class="mw-disambig" title="Politiko">politiko</a>engatik edo literaturaz kanpokoengatik. Era berean, <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>ko eta <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko egileengan jarritako arreta handia kritikatua izan da.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sariaren joera eurozentrikoa Peter Englund Suediako Akademiako 2009ko idazkari iraunkorrak aitortu zuen, gaineratuz hori arazoa zela.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dena den, Europarekiko joera horrek idazle aipagarri batzuk ere Literatura Saritik baztertuak utzi zituen, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Tolstoi" title="Lev Tolstoi">Leo Tolstoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Txekhov" title="Anton Txekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">JRR Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk" title="Simon Vestdijk">Simon Vestdijk</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>. Eta mundu mailan, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>ko <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hautagaiek urte berean hainbat hautagaitza jaso ditzakete. Gaston Ramonek 155 izendapen jaso zituen <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologia</a>n edo <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a>n 1930etik 1953ra bitartean.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 1963an hil zen, saria jaso gabe. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Roux" title="Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a>ek 115 izendapen<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> jaso zituen fisiologian edo medikuntzan, eta <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>ek 84 jaso zituen <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>n.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2016an argitaratutako datuen arabera, horiek izan ziren saririk gabeko hiru zientzialari izendatuak.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>ek 1925 eta 1943 bitartean, 79 hautagaitza jaso zituen fisikan,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> azkenean 1943an saria lortuz.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiru pertsona baino gehiagori saria ematearen aurkako arau zorrotza ere eztabaidagarria izan da.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sari bateko lorpena hiru kide baino gehiagok osatutako <a href="/wiki/Talde_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Talde (argipena)">talde</a> bati aitortzen zaionean, norbait saritik kanpo geratu behar da. Adibidez, 2002an <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimika</a>ko saria <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> eta <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John Fenn</a>i eman zitzaien <a href="/wiki/Proteinen_katabolismo" title="Proteinen katabolismo">proteine</a>n kimikan masa espektrometria garatzeagatik, baina sariak ez zituen aitortu Franz Hillenkampek eta Michael Karasek <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> <a href="/wiki/Unibertsitate" title="Unibertsitate">Unibertsitate</a>ko Kimika Fisiko eta Teorikoko <a href="/wiki/Institutu" class="mw-disambig" title="Institutu">Institutu</a>an egindako lorpenak.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Carl Hagen <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>ko sarirako hautagaiaren arabera, hiru pertsonen mugak saria kendu zien 2013an berari eta taldeko beste bi kideri, Gerald Guraln eta Tom Kibblem. 1964an <a href="/wiki/Artikulu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Artikulu (argipena)">artikulu</a> bat argitaratu zuten, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos" title="Kosmos">kosmos</a>aren hasierari erantzunak emanaz, Baina 2013ko Fisika Saria <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>ek eta <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>ek lortu zuten, 1964an gai berari buruz argitaratutako artikuluagatik. Bost fisikariak ondorio berdinera iritsi ziren, <a href="/wiki/Angelu_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Angelu (argipena)">angelu</a> desberdinetatik abiatuta. Hagenek salatzen zuen <a href="/wiki/KonpONbidea" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="KonpONbidea">konponbide</a> zuzena izango zela hiru pertsonen muga alde batera uztea, edo lortutako aurkikuntza berdinerako, saritzeko denbora bi urtera zabaltzea.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv/220px--Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv/Bezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ABezoek_ds_Martin_Luther_King-selectionclip.ogv&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a> Jr. 1964an Bakearen Nobel Saria jaso ondoren,<a href="/wiki/Herbehereetako_Erresuma" title="Herbehereetako Erresuma">Herbehereetan</a> egindako elkarrizketan hitz egiten. </figcaption></figure> <p>Era berean, hil ondoren saririk ez emateko arauak, berdin pertsona bakarra denean edo talde bateko partaidea, ez dizkio errekonozitzen egindako lorpenak. Ekonomia Saria 1997an partekatua izan zen, eta <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a>i, <a href="/wiki/Akzio" title="Akzio">akzio</a>en <a href="/wiki/Balorazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Balorazio">balorazio</a>aren garapenean aitzindaria, eta <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholesi</a>, aukera-prezioetan egindako lanarengatik, eman zitzaien. Baina azken honen taldekidea izan zen Fischer Blackek ezin izan zuen jaso, 1995ean zendu zelako. Urte horretako saria iragarri zuenean, Nobel batzordeak Blackem izena ere esan zuen, berea funtsezko ekarpena izan zelako. </p><p>Azpijan politikoek ere, hautagaiak merezitako aitorpena ukatu dezakete. <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>ek eta <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a>ek <a href="/wiki/Fisio_nuklear" title="Fisio nuklear">fisio nuklear</a>ra aurkitu zuten Otto Hahnekin batera, baina Hahnenen 1944ko Kimikako Nobel Sariaren zati bat ukatu egin zitzaien, <a href="/wiki/Nazionalsozialismo" title="Nazionalsozialismo">nazi</a>ek boterera iritsi zirenean ihes egin zutelako.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Meitner eta Strassmannen ikerketen ekarpenak ez ziren guztiz aitortu urte batzuetara arte, Hahnekin batera 1966ko <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> saria jaso zutenean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enfasia_aurkikuntzan_asmakizunean_baino">Enfasia aurkikuntzan asmakizunean baino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Enfasia aurkikuntzan asmakizunean baino»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Enfasia aurkikuntzan asmakizunean baino"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfred Nobelek bere dirutza utzi zuen sariak finantzatzeko "aurreko urtean <a href="/wiki/Gizateriaren_ondare" title="Gizateriaren ondare">gizateria</a>ri onura handiena erantsi diotenei" emateko.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a>ko Nobel Sariak "fisikaren esparruan" aurkikuntza "edo" <a href="/wiki/Asmakizun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Asmakizun (argipena)">asmakizun</a> "garrantzitsuena egin duenari" eman behar zaizkiola, esan zuen. Alfred Nobelek ez zituen aurkikuntzak azpimarratu, baina historikoki Nobel Sarien Batzordeek errespetu handiagoarekin hartu dituzte asmakizunak baino: Fisikako Sarien %77 aurkikuntzei eman zaizkie, eta asmakizunei %23 baino ez. Christoph Bartneckek eta Matthias Rauterbergek, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> and Technoetic Arts <a href="/wiki/Aldizkari" title="Aldizkari">aldizkari</a>etan argitaratutako artikuluetan diote, aurkikuntzei emandako gaineko garrantziak, Nobel saria gizartearen ekarpenik handiena saritzeko asmoaren jatorritik aldendu egin dela.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genero_desberdintasuna">Genero desberdintasuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Genero desberdintasuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Genero desberdintasuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>STEM arloetan <i>(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics</i>) saririk entzutetsuenei dagokionez, proportzio txikia soilik eman zaie emakumezkoei. <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a>ko 210 sarituetatik, <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>ko 181tik eta <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntza</a>ko 216tik, 1901 eta 2018 urteen artean, hiru emakumezko saritu besterik ez ziren fisikan, bost kimikan eta 12 medikuntzan.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Datu hauen eta gutxi gorabeherako <a href="/wiki/Berdintasun_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Berdintasun (argipena)">berdintasu</a>nezko sexu-ratioaren arteko desadostasunean, hainbat alderdik laguntzen dute, hala nola, hautagaitza zapuztuak; dagokien arloetan gizonak baino emakume gutxiago aritzeak, Nobel Sariak normalean ikerketa egin ondoren hamarkada batzuetara ematen direla (<a href="/wiki/Genero_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Genero (argipena)">genero</a>aren aldea arlo garrantzitsuetan handiagoa zen garaia islatzen da), atzerapen handiagoa emakumeei bere lorpenengatik saritzeko, bizitza-luzera faktore garrantzitsuagoa bihurtuz (sariak ez direlako ematen hil ostean), eta elkartutako saridunen artean emakumeak ezabatzeko joera.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Faktore horiek gorabehera, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> orain arte bi zientzia desberdinetan Nobel Sariak jaso dituen pertsona bakarra da (Fisika 1903an eta Kimika 1911an), bera izanik zientzietan bi Nobel sari jaso dituzten hiru pertsonetatik bat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bereziki_nabarmendutako_sarituak">Bereziki nabarmendutako sarituak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bereziki nabarmendutako sarituak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bereziki nabarmendutako sarituak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Askotariko_sarituak">Askotariko sarituak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Askotariko sarituak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Askotariko sarituak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lau pertsonek bi Nobel Sari jaso dituzte. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>k <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a> Saria jaso zuen 1903an <a href="/wiki/Erradioaktibitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradioaktibitate">erradioaktibitate</a>ari buruzko aurkikuntzengatik, eta 1911an <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">Kimika</a> Saria <a href="/wiki/Erradio_atomiko" title="Erradio atomiko">erradio</a> purua <a href="/wiki/Isolatze" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Isolatze">isolatze</a>agatik. Bi <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">zientzia</a> desberdinetan Nobel saria lortu duen pertsona bakarra da.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Paulingi</a> 1954ko Kimika Saria eman zioten, <a href="/wiki/Lotura_kimiko" title="Lotura kimiko">lotura kimiko</a>en eta bere aplikazioengatik <a href="/wiki/Substantzia_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Substantzia (argipena)">substantzia</a> konplexuen egituretan. Paulingek Bake Saria ere jaso zuen 1962an, <a href="/wiki/Arma_nuklear" title="Arma nuklear">arma nuklear</a>ren aurkako aktibismoagatik, partekatu gabeko bi sari jaso duen bakarra izanik. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>ek Fisika Saria bi aldiz jaso zuen: 1956an <a href="/wiki/Transistore" title="Transistore">transistore</a>a asmatu zuelako eta 1972an <a href="/wiki/Supereroankortasun" title="Supereroankortasun">supereroankortasun</a> teoriagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>rek bi aldiz jaso zuen saria Kimikan: 1958an, <a href="/wiki/Intsulina" title="Intsulina">intsulina</a> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a>ren egitura zehazteagatik, eta 1980an <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>ren oinarri <a href="/wiki/Sekuentzia_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sekuentzia (argipena)">sekuentzia</a>k zehazteko metodoa asmatzeagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/220px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/330px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg/440px-Irene_and_Marie_Curie_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> eta Irene alaba laborategian lanean, 1925ean. Mariek eta <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> senarrak 1903an jaso zuten Fisikako Nobel Saria. <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irene Joliot-Curie</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> senarrak 1935an, Fisikan baita ere. </figcaption></figure> <p>Bi erakundek bakearen saria behin baino gehiagotan jaso dute. <a href="/wiki/Gurutze_Gorriaren_Nazioarteko_Batzordea" title="Gurutze Gorriaren Nazioarteko Batzordea">Gurutze Gorriaren Nazioarteko Batzordea</a>k hiru bider jaso zuen: 1917an eta 1944an mundu gerretan egindako lanagatik; eta 1963an, mendeurrena betetzen zuelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Erakundea" title="Nazio Batuen Erakundea">Nazio Batuen</a> <a href="/wiki/Errefuxiatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Errefuxiatu">Errefuxiatu</a>entzako Goi Komisariotzari bi aldiz eman zitzaion Bakearen saria errefuxiatuei laguntzeagatik: 1954an eta 1981ean.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senitarteko_sarituak">Senitarteko sarituak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Senitarteko sarituak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Senitarteko sarituak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curie familia da sari gehien jaso dituena, lau sari bost pertsonen artean. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>k Fisikako (1903an) eta Kimikako (1911an) sariak jaso zituen. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> senarrak 1903ko Fisika saria berarekin partekatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haien alaba <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>k 1935ean Kimika Saria jaso zuen, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> senarrarekin batera. Horrez gain, Marie Curieren bigarren alabaren senarra, Henry Labouisse, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>eko zuzendaria zen, 1965ean Bakearen Nobel Saria onartu zuenean erakunde horren izenean.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curie senitartekoaren erregistroarekin bat egin ez arren, hainbat familiak daude bi saridunekin. <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> eta Carl Ferdinand Cori senar-emazteek 1947an Fisiologia edo Medikuntzako saria partekatu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eta baita <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> eta Edvard Moser senar-emazteek 2014an, (John O'Keeferekin batera).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a>ek Fisika Saria jaso zuen 1906an <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a>ak <a href="/wiki/Partikula_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Partikula (argipena)">partikula</a>k direla frogatzeagatik. Bere semea, <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>ek, sari bera jaso zuen 1937an, <a href="/wiki/Uhin" title="Uhin">uhin</a>en propietateak ere badituztela aurkitzeagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> eta bere semea William Lawrence Braggek, Fisika Saria partekatu zuten 1915ean <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpi</a>en <a href="/wiki/Kristalografia" title="Kristalografia">kristalografia</a> asmatzeagatik.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>ek Fisika saria jaso zuen 1922an, eta Aage Bohr bere semea 1975ean izan zen saritua .<sup id="cite_ref-:17_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Manne Siegbahnek 1924an Fisika Saria jaso zuen, eta bere semea <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a>ek 1981ean.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halaber, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a>ek Kimika Saria jaso zuen 1929an, eta Ulf von Euler semeak Fisiologia edo Medikuntza Saria 1970ean.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">CV Raman</a>ek Fisika Saria lortu zuen 1930ean,&#160; eta <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> ilobak sari bera 1983. urtean.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a>ek Fisiologia edo Medikuntza Saria jaso zuen 1959an; eta Roger Kornberger semeak Kimika Saria 2006an.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a>ek 1969an lehen aldiz Ekonomian emandako Saria jaso zuen, eta bere anaia <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>ek 1973ko Fisiologia edo Medikuntza Saria.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a>ek Bakearen Saria jaso zuen 1982an, eta <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> senarrak Ekonomiakoa 1974an.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> Ekonomia saridunak koinatuak ziren. Frits Zernike 1953ko Fisika sariduna, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard &#39;t Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> fisikako 1999ko saridunaren osaba zen.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 2019an, Abhijit Banerjee eta <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> bikote ezkonduak Ekonomia Nobel Saria jaso zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Errefusak_eta_mugak">Errefusak eta mugak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Errefusak eta mugak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Errefusak eta mugak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/220px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/330px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, Kimikako Nobel Saria onartzea ukatu zion <a href="/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha">Hirugarren Reich</a>ak.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bi saridunek beren borondatez errefusatu zuten Nobel Saria. 1964an <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>ri Literatura Saria eman zioten, baina uko egin zion, esanaz "Idazle batek uko egin behar dio bere burua <a href="/wiki/Erakunde" title="Erakunde">erakunde</a> bihurtzen uzteari, nahiz eta forma ohoretsuenean izan."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C3%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Ðức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọk</a>, 1973ko Bake Saria jasotzeko Vietnamgo gerrako <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>eko Bake Akordioetan <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a>kin egindako lanagatik aukeratu zuten, baina errefusatu egin zuen, Vietnamen benetako bakerik ez zegoelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> 1925eko Literatura Saria onartu ondoren, sariaren dirua errefusatzen saiatu zen. Azkenean, <a href="/wiki/Anglo" title="Anglo">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>ko Literatura <a href="/wiki/Fundazioaren_saila" title="Fundazioaren saila">Fundazioa</a> sortzeko erabiltzea adostu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha">Hirugarren Reich</a>aren garaian, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>rek <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> eta Gerhard Domagkek sariak onartzea oztopatu egin zuen. Guztiei diploma eta urrezko dominak <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">Bigarren Mundu Gerra</a>ren ostean eman zizkieten. 1958an, Boris Pasternak uko egin zion literatura sariari, <a href="/wiki/Sobietar_Batasune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobietar Batasune">Sobietar Batasune</a>ko gobernuak egin lezakeen beldurragatik <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>era bidaiatuz gero saria onartzeko. Horren truke, Suediako <a href="/wiki/Akademia" title="Akademia">Akademia</a>k ezezkoa eman zion errefusa horri, esanez "ezezko honek, jakina, ez du inola ere sariaren baliozkotasuna aldatzen".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Akademiak deitoratu egin zuen Literatura Sariaren aurkezpena ezin zelako urte hartan ospatu, eta 1989an Pasternaken semeak saria bere izenean onartu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>ri 1991ko Bakearen Nobel Saria eman zioten, baina bere haurrek onartu behar izan zuten saria, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>en etxean atxilotu zutelako. Suu Kyik bere hitzaldia bi hamarkada geroago eman zuen, 2012. urtean.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>k Bakearen Nobel Saria jaso zuen 2010ean, bera eta bere emaztea <a href="/wiki/Txinako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Txinako Herri Errepublika">Txina</a>n preso politiko gisa atxilotu zituzten bitartean, eta ezin izan zuen saria onartu bere bizitzan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eragin_kulturala">Eragin kulturala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eragin kulturala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Eragin kulturala"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mundu mailan onar daitekeen lorpen zientifiko edo literarioaren <a href="/wiki/Ikur" title="Ikur">ikur</a>ra izanik, Nobel saria <a href="/wiki/Fikzio" title="Fikzio">fikzioa</a>n maiz agertzen da. Horrela egin izan dira <i>"Saria"</i> eta "<i>Nobelen semea"</i> filmak, fikziozko Nobel saridunei buruz. Eta baita sari errealen inguruko istorioen fikziozko kontuak, besteak beste, <i>"Nobel korua"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>ren sariaren lapurretan oinarritutako filma.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dnipropetrovskeko Ekonomia eta Zuzenbide Unibertsitateko "<i>Alfred Nobelen planeta</i>" <a href="/wiki/Monumentu" title="Monumentu">monumentu</a>a 2008an ireki zen. Mundua irudikatzen duen globoan, <a href="/wiki/Misil" title="Misil">misil</a> estrategiko militarren <a href="/wiki/Hondakin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hondakin">hondakin</a>ekin egindako <a href="/wiki/Aleazio" title="Aleazio">aleazio</a> bateko 802 Nobel sarituren <a href="/wiki/Erliebe_(eskultura)" title="Erliebe (eskultura)">erliebea</a>k daude.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; 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font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;p. 34&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGolden2000">Golden,&#32;Frederic. &#32;(2000).&#32;<i>"The Worst And The Brightest". </i>&#32;Time</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSohlman1983">Sohlman,&#32;Ragnar. &#32;(1983).&#32;<i>The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes. </i>&#32;The Nobel Foundation,&#160;p. 7&#160;or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFvon_Euler1981">von Euler,&#32;U. S.. &#32;(1981).&#32;<i>"The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science". </i>&#32;Die Naturwissenschaften</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize Amounts". </i>&#32;The Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_18-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_18-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_19-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbrams2001">Abrams,&#32;Irwin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. </i>&#32;Watson Publishing International,&#160;p. 7&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4">978-0-88135-388-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;pp. 13-25&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbrams2001">Abrams,&#32;Irwin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. </i>&#32;Watson Publishing International,&#160;pp. 7-8&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4">978-0-88135-388-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCrawford1984">Crawford,&#32;Elizabeth T.. &#32;(1984).&#32;<i>The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915 (First ed.). </i>&#32;Maison des Sciences de l'Homme &amp; Cambridge University Press,&#160;p.1&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3">978-0-521-26584-3</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Nobel Prize Funded from Baku". </i>&#32;Azerbaijan International</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_24-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_24-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;p.15&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_25-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeldman2001">Feldman,&#32;Burton. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. </i>&#32;Arcade Publishing,&#160;p. 26&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9">978-1-55970-592-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;pp.17-18&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-27">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_27-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_27-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_27-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;p. 125&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#3-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#3_28-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#3_28-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSjöholm/Tt2012">Sjöholm/Tt,&#32;Gustav. &#32;(2012).&#32;<i>"Rabatter räddar Nobelfesten" [Discounts Save the Nobel Party]. </i>&#32;Dagens Nyheter (in Norwegian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Nobel-Stiftung: Noble Sorgen" [Nobel Foundation: Noble Worries]. </i>&#32;Handelsblatt (in German)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeldman2001">Feldman,&#32;Burton. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. </i>&#32;Arcade Publishing,&#160;p. 2&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9">978-1-55970-592-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeroy2003">Leroy,&#32;Francis. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofnobelpr0000unse"><i>A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. </i></a>&#32;CRC Press,&#160;pp. 117–118&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4">978-0-8247-0876-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-8"><sup><b>i</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-9"><sup><b>j</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-10"><sup><b>k</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-11"><sup><b>l</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLevinovitz2001">Levinovitz,&#32;Agneta Wallin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. </i>&#32;Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing,&#160;p. 61&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8">978-981-02-4664-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFCrawford1984">Crawford,&#32;Elizabeth T.. &#32;(1984).&#32;<i>The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915 (First ed.). </i>&#32;Maison des Sciences de l'Homme &amp; Cambridge University Press,&#160;p. 118&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3">978-0-521-26584-3</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_34-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_34-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeldman2001">Feldman,&#32;Burton. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. </i>&#32;Arcade Publishing,&#160;p. 69&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9">978-1-55970-592-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeldman2001">Feldman,&#32;Burton. &#32;(2001).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld"><i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. </i></a>&#32;Arcade Publishing,&#160;pp. 242–244&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9">978-1-55970-592-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLeroy2003">Leroy,&#32;Francis. &#32;(2003).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofnobelpr0000unse"><i>A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine. </i></a>&#32;CRC Press,&#160;p. 233&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4">978-0-8247-0876-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWilhelm1983">Wilhelm,&#32;Peter. &#32;(1983).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprize0000wilh_u5b9"><i>The Nobel Prize. </i></a>&#32;Springwood Books,&#160;p. 85&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8">978-0-86254-111-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"All Nobel Laureates". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbrams2001">Abrams,&#32;Irwin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. </i>&#32;Watson Publishing International,&#160;p. 23&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4">978-0-88135-388-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-7"><sup><b>h</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeldman2001">Feldman,&#32;Burton. &#32;(2001).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld"><i>The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. </i></a>&#32;Arcade Publishing,&#160;pp. 286–289&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9">978-1-55970-592-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#4-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#4_41-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#4_41-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Nomination Facts". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbrams2001">Abrams,&#32;Irwin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. </i>&#32;Watson Publishing International,&#160;p. 9&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4">978-0-88135-388-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Ralph Steinman Remains Nobel Laureate". </i>&#32;The Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize in Literature". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_45-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_45-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBreithaupt2001">Breithaupt,&#32;Holger. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prizes in the new century: An interview with Ralf Pettersson, Director of the Stockholm Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, the Karolinska Institute, and former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology/Medicine". </i>&#32;EMBO Reports. 2 (2),&#160;pp. 83–85&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve034._PMC_1083830._PMID_11258715" title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve034. PMC 1083830. PMID 11258715">doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve034. PMC 1083830. PMID 11258715</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Nobel Prize in Physics Honors "Masters of Light". </i>&#32;Scienceline</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"All Nobel Laureates in Literature". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize in Literature". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Peace 2008". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBryant2008">Bryant,&#32;Lisa. &#32;(2008).&#32;<i>"Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari Wins Nobel Peace Prize". </i>&#32;Voice of America. International Broadcasting Bureau</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-52">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_52-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_52-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAbrams2001">Abrams,&#32;Irwin. &#32;(2001).&#32;<i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates. </i>&#32;Watson Publishing International,&#160;pp. 27, 330&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4">978-0-88135-388-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFVishveshwara2000">Vishveshwara,&#32;S.. &#32;(2000).&#32;<i>"Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections" (PDF). </i>&#32;Current Science. 78 (8),&#160;pp. 1025–1033&#160;or.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Autobiography". </i>&#32;The Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Finn Kydland and Edward Prescott's Contribution to Dynamic Macroeconomics" (PDF). </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGingras,_Wallace2010">Gingras, Wallace,&#32;Yves, Matthew L.. &#32;(2010).&#32;<i>"Why it has become more difficult to predict Nobel Prize winners: a bibliometric analysis of nominees and winners of the chemistry and physics prizes (1901–2007)". </i>&#32;Scientometrics. 82 (2),&#160;p. 401&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9">doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0035-9</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEditorial2009">Editorial. &#32;(2009).&#32;<i>"Access&#160;: A nobel prize&#160;: Nature Chemistry". </i>&#32;Nature Chemistry. 1 (7),&#160;p. 509&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1038/nchem.372._PMID_21378920" title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1038/nchem.372. 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PMID 17687300</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBartneck,_Rauterberg2008">Bartneck, Rauterberg,&#32;Christoph, Matthias. &#32;(2008).&#32;<i>"The asymmetry between discoveries and inventions in the Nobel Prize in Physics" (PDF). </i>&#32;Technoetic Arts: A Journal of Speculative Research. 6,&#160;p. 73&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1386/tear.6.1.73_1" title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1386/tear.6.1.73 1">doi:10.1386/tear.6.1.73_1</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Nobel Prize Facts. </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia (PDF). </i>&#32;Paris: UNESCO,&#160;p. 23&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-92-9223-492-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-92-9223-492-8">978-92-9223-492-8</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Nobel Prize in Chemistry. </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. </i>&#32;Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Nobel Prizes still struggle with wide gender disparity". </i>&#32;CBC News. Associated Press</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFeeney2018">Feeney,&#32;Mary K.. &#32;(2018).&#32;<i>"Why more women don't win science Nobels". </i>&#32;The Conversation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRath2018">Rath,&#32;Akshat. &#32;(2018).&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize committee explains why women win so few prizes". </i>&#32;Quartz</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDevlin2017">Devlin,&#32;Hannah. &#32;(2017).&#32;<i>"Why don't women win Nobel science prizes?". </i>&#32;The Guardian&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0261-307" title="Berezi:BookSources/0261-307">0261-307</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRose1994">Rose,&#32;Hilary. &#32;(1994).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovepowerknowled00rose"><i>Love, Power, and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences. </i></a>&#32;Indiana University Press,&#160;p. 137&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0253209078" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0253209078">978-0253209078</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSiegel2018">Siegel,&#32;Ethan. &#32;(2018).&#32;<i>"These 5 Women Deserved, And Were Unjustly Denied, A Nobel Prize In Physics". </i>&#32;Medium</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist". </i>&#32;The Daily Telegraph. London</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFShalev2005">Shalev,&#32;Baruch Aba. &#32;(2005).&#32;<i>100 years of Nobel prizes (Third ed.). </i>&#32;The Americas Group,&#160;p. 78&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-935047-37-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-935047-37-0">978-0-935047-37-0</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Marie Curie (1867–1934)". </i>&#32;BBC News</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGrinstein,_Biermann,_Rose1997">Grinstein, Biermann, Rose,&#32;Louise S., Carol A., Rose K.. &#32;(1997).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin"><i>Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook. </i></a>&#32;Greenwood Publishing Group,&#160;pp. 108–110&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-313-29180-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-313-29180-7">978-0-313-29180-7</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014". </i>&#32;Nobel Fondation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGribbin1985">Gribbin,&#32;John. &#32;(1985).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofschrod0000grib_g0k9"><i>In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality. </i></a>&#32;Corgi,&#160;p. 91&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-552-12555-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-552-12555-0">978-0-552-12555-0</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHargittai2003">Hargittai,&#32;István. &#32;(2003).&#32;<i>The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. </i>&#32;Oxford University Press,&#160;p. 149&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-860785-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-19-860785-4">978-0-19-860785-4</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize-winning physicist". </i>&#32;The Times. London</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaugh2007">Maugh,&#32;Thomas H.. &#32;(2007).&#32;<i>"Kai Siegbahn, 89; Nobel-winning physicist invented electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis". </i>&#32;Los Angeles Times</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" (Press release).. </i>&#32;University of Chicago</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFConger2006">Conger,&#32;Krista. &#32;(2006).&#32;<i>"Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". </i>&#32;Stanford Report</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Gerardus 't Hooft - Biographical". </i>&#32;Nobelprize.org</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo Winning the Nobel Prize Together is #CoupleGoals". </i>&#32;News18</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolt2003">Holt,&#32;Jim. &#32;(2003).&#32;<i>"Exit, Pursued by a Lobster". </i>&#32;Slate</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-138">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_138-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_138-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEnglish2009">English,&#32;Jason. &#32;(2009).&#32;<i>"Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners". </i>&#32;CNN</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFWeintraub2013">Weintraub,&#32;Stanley. &#32;(2013).&#32;<i>"Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), playwright and polemicist". </i>&#32;Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36047" title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36047">doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36047</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFranchetti2007">Franchetti,&#32;Mark. &#32;(2007).&#32;<i>"How the CIA won Zhivago a Nobel". </i>&#32;The Times. London</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFinn2007">Finn,&#32;Peter. &#32;(2007).&#32;<i>"The Plot Thickens". </i>&#32;The Washington Post</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"Aung San Suu Kyi – Biographical". </i>&#32;The Nobel Foundation</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>"The Nobel Prize: On the film screen". </i>&#32;(Press release). Stockholm Business Region</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBrodesco2018">Brodesco,&#32;Alberto. &#32;(2018).&#32;<i>"Nobel laureates in fiction: From La fin du monde to The Big Bang Theory". </i>&#32;Public Understanding of Science. 27 (4),&#160;pp. 458–470&#160;or.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1177/0963662518766476._ISSN_0963-6625._PMID_29720058." title="Berezi:BookSources/doi:10.1177/0963662518766476. ISSN 0963-6625. PMID 29720058.">doi:10.1177/0963662518766476. ISSN 0963-6625. PMID 29720058.</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel. </i>&#32;Wayback Machine. Panoramio.com</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation">&#32;<i>Memorial symbol "Alfred Nobel Planet". </i>&#32;Nobelplanet.org</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emakumeen_ibilbidea_Nobel_Sarietan" title="Emakumeen ibilbidea Nobel Sarietan">Emakumeen ibilbidea Nobel Sarietan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_Domina" title="Fields Domina">Matematikarien Fields Domina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Sariak&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" 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solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7191" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7191">Q7191</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q7191%22">Q7191</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130217-5">4130217-5</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092136">sh85092136</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568591">00568591</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph117923">ph117923</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10676544">10676544</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009613">D009613</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7191" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7191">Q7191</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q7191%22">Q7191</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐55747fd74f‐czjhx Cached time: 20241125195957 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.063 seconds Real time usage: 1.222 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 81228/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 312305/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 72392/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 122869/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3679630/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 9/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1034.946 1 -total 63.50% 657.216 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda 55.73% 576.771 146 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia 52.90% 547.534 292 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