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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png/300px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png/450px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png/600px-Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_Partridges_in_the_snow.png 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski" title="Józef Chełmoński">Józef Chełmoński</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">Partridges</a> in the snow</i>, 1891</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg/300px-Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg/450px-Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg/600px-Richard_Freiherr_von_Drasche-Wartinberg_Im_tiefen_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4376" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Richard von Drasche-Wartinberg: <i>In Deep Winter</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The depiction of <b>winter landscapes in <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a></b> begins in the 15th century. Wintry and snowy landscapes are not seen in early European painting since most of the subjects were religious. Painters avoided landscapes in general for the same reason. The first depictions of snow began to occur in the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth_Environments_p._863-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Paintings</a> that feature snow as a <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">theme</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/Landscapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscapes">landscapes</a>, even if some of these works involve <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> landscapes. Most of these winter landscapes in art history are <a href="/wiki/Plein-air" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-air">plein-air</a> depictions of winter scenes, using the quality of gray winter light to create the special winter atmosphere. Depiction of snow in Europe is essentially a northern European theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Renaissance_and_the_eve_of_Romanticism">Between Renaissance and the eve of Romanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Between Renaissance and the eve of Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg/170px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg/255px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg/340px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_f%C3%A9vrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1899" /></a><figcaption><i>February</i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Limbourg_brothers" title="Limbourg brothers">Paul Limbourg</a>, or the "Rustic painter", 1412 and 1416, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cond%C3%A9" title="Musée Condé">Musée Condé</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early European painters generally did not depict snow since most of their paintings were of religious subjects. The first artistic representations of snow came in the 15th and 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth_Environments_p._863-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because frequent snowfall is a part of winter in northern European countries, depiction of snow in Europe began first in the northern European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 15th century, wintry scenes had been represented by artists in parts of large sculptural works on churches and even on a smaller scale in private devotional scripts such as the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>, a devotional collection of texts, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalms</a>. These were often <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_Months" title="Labours of the Months">Labours of the Months</a>,</i> a cycle of twelve paintings that illustrated the social life, the agricultural tasks, the weather, and the landscape for each month of the year. January and February were typically shown as snowy, as is <i>February</i> in the famous cycle of the <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a></i>, illustrated 1412–1416. Some snowy scenes also appear in a set of early 14th-century frescoes created by Master Wenceslas for the Bishop's Palace at Trento, showing people throwing snowballs at each other,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a detail of <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti" title="Ambrogio Lorenzetti">Ambrogio Lorenzetti</a>'s <i>Effects of Good Government in the City and Countryside</i> (1337–39).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, landscapes had not yet developed as a genre in art, which explains the scarcity of winter scenes in medieval painting. Snow was not depicted in art except where it had a context, such as in the winter months of calendars. </p><p>During the Early <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> and even more during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> in the 17th century, interest in landscape painting was increasing. The winter of 1564–1565 was said to be the longest and most severe for more than a hundred years – the beginning of a cold period in northern Europe now called the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. For the next 150 years, northern European winters were comparatively snowy and harsh. Crop failures, heavy snowfalls and advancing glaciers that consumed Alpine pastures and villages made the era a grim one for European peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-brief_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_(Winter)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/275px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/413px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/550px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6819" data-file-height="4853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i>, 1565, oil on wood, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was early in the frigid winter of 1565 that Bruegel created <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarded as the first true winter landscape painting. It was part of a series that illustrated the months, something thematically similar to the traditional Flemish <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">books of hours</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the snowy <i>Hunters</i> (December–January), it included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></i> (August). <i>The Hunters</i> depicts village life in a snowbound Flemish setting, showing not only hunters with pikes trudging off with their dogs to seek game, but also villagers gathered around a fire, frozen ponds with skaters, and houses and churches in the distance – all against a fanciful backdrop of snow-covered mountains. The series was commissioned in 1565 by a wealthy patron in Antwerp, <a href="/wiki/Niclaes_Jonghelinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Niclaes Jonghelinck">Niclaes Jonghelinck</a>. The paintings by Flemish artist <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> were on a larger scale than calendar paintings; they measured approximately three feet by five feet (0.9 by 1.5 meters).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruegel continued to depict snow in his paintings. He created the first nativity scene to include snow, <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_a_Winter_Landscape" title="Adoration of the Magi in a Winter Landscape">Adoration of the Magi in a Winter Landscape</a></i>, which is also the earliest known painting to actually depict falling snow. He also started a vogue for <a href="/wiki/Netherlandish" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlandish">Netherlandish</a> winter painting. The popularity of landscapes in the Netherlands was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in a now Protestant (Calvinist) society, which preferred non-religious themes such as <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre painting</a>, and landscape painting. The tradition of painting landscapes continued well into the 19th century and developed into the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic painting">Romantic landscape</a>. Between 1780 and 1820, following the initial vogue in the 16th century for Netherlandish winter landscapes, winter subjects again become popular. However, this time winter landscapes became popular in their own right, as the beginning of the Romantic movement created a new interest in the landscape. This new interest, combined with the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe, gave landscape painting for its own sake, not simply as a backdrop to a scene or a setting, a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than it had held earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earth_Environments_p._863-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_landscape_painting">Romantic landscape painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Romantic landscape painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_(London).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg/288px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg/432px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg/576px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Winterlandschaft_%28London%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4344" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>: <i>Winter Landscape</i> (c. 1811)</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, after a relatively warm period that coincided with the end of the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, the European climate turned cool again, heading for a trough whose lowest point was in the second decade of the 19th century. In 1809, a series of major volcanic eruptions heralded the arrival of a particularly cold period as the clouds of ash partially blocked out the sun. The decade from 1810 to 1819 was the coldest in England since the 17th century. In 1812, the French <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> was forced to retreat from Moscow by the advancing winter – known to the Russians as General Snow. These climactic events played a great part in the development of a new art genre, the winter landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-brief_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century, the growing Romantic movement intensified interest in landscape painting, including winter landscapes. Practitioners included the German artist <a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>, who depicted remote and wild landscapes. Caspar David Friedrich was a romantic landscape painter, and was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes as austere, forbidding and desolate. His winter scenes are solemn and still. They are often painted <a href="/wiki/Plein-air" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-air">plein-air</a>, with the artist using the thin, gray light of winter to create an appropriate atmosphere and illustrate the effect of light reflected off snow. According to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot". Although based on direct observation, his landscapes did not reproduce nature but were painted to create a dramatic effect, using nature as a mirror of human emotions. His aim was a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature, paralleling Romanticism's validation of intense emotions such as apprehension, fear, horror, terror and awe. Awe in particular – experienced when confronting the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublimity</a> of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities – drew Friedrich's interest, as seen in his idealized portrayals of coasts, forests and craggy mountains. Friedrich created the notion of a landscape full of romantic feeling – <i>die romantische Stimmungslandschaft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HB_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works detail a wide range of geographical features, and he used the landscape as an expression of religious <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with other Romantic painters, Friedrich helped position <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a> as a major genre within Western art. His style influenced his contemporary, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Johan Christian Dahl</a> (1788–1857), and, later, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> (1827–1901) and many Russian painters, in particular <a href="/wiki/Arkhip_Kuindzhi" title="Arkhip Kuindzhi">Arkhip Kuindzhi</a> (c. 1842–1910) and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a> (1832–98).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Romantic works</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspar David Friedrich: Cairn in Snow (1807)"><img alt="Caspar David Friedrich: Cairn in Snow (1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/198px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/297px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/396px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Cairn_in_Snow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="3329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Cairn_in_Snow" title="Cairn in Snow">Cairn in Snow</a></i> (1807)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caspar David Friedrich: Winter Landscape (1811)"><img alt="Caspar David Friedrich: Winter Landscape (1811)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/209px-Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/313px-Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/418px-Winter_Landscape_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5546" data-file-height="3984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caspar David Friedrich: <i>Winter Landscape</i> (1811)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johan Christian Dahl: Winter landscape at Vordingborg"><img alt="Johan Christian Dahl: Winter landscape at Vordingborg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg/182px-Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg/272px-Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg/363px-Vinterlandskab_ved_Vordingborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="3820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Johan Christian Dahl</a>: <i>Winter landscape at <a href="/wiki/Vordingborg" title="Vordingborg">Vordingborg</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julius von Klever: Thaw on the Way"><img alt="Julius von Klever: Thaw on the Way" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/189px-1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/283px-1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/377px-1876._%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Klever" title="Julius von Klever">Julius von Klever</a>: <i>Thaw on the Way</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Von Klever: Winter (1876)"><img alt="Von Klever: Winter (1876)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/105px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/157px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/209px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1862" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Von Klever: <i>Winter</i> (1876)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Moras: Snowy Forest Landscape"><img alt="Walter Moras: Snowy Forest Landscape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg/222px-Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg/332px-Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg/443px-Walter_Moras_-_Verschneite_Waldlandschaft_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Moras" title="Walter Moras">Walter Moras</a>: <i>Snowy Forest Landscape</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivan Choultsé: Winter Sunset (1920s)"><img alt="Ivan Choultsé: Winter Sunset (1920s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/187px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/281px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/375px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Choults%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Choultsé">Ivan Choultsé</a>: <i>Winter Sunset</i> (1920s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivan Aivazovsky: Little Russian Ox Cart"><img alt="Ivan Aivazovsky: Little Russian Ox Cart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG/184px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG/277px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG/369px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Little_Russian_Ox_Cart_in_Winter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>: <i>Little Russian Ox Cart</i></div> </li> </ul><p> The work of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf School">Düsseldorf School</a> is characterized by finely detailed but still fanciful landscapes, often portraying religious or allegorical stories. Leading members of the Düsseldorf School advocated <a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">plein-air</a> painting and tended to use a <a href="/wiki/Palette_(painting)" title="Palette (painting)">palette</a> of relatively subdued and muted colors. The Düsseldorf School grew out of, and was a part of, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a>. Prominent members of the Düsselorf School included <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schadow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow">Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Koller" title="Rudolf Koller">Rudolf Koller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Lessing" title="Karl Friedrich Lessing">Karl Friedrich Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Schirmer" title="Johann Wilhelm Schirmer">Johann Wilhelm Schirmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Achenbach" title="Andreas Achenbach">Andreas Achenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fredrik_Gude" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Fredrik Gude">Hans Fredrik Gude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Achenbach" title="Oswald Achenbach">Oswald Achenbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Schr%C3%B6dter" title="Adolf Schrödter">Adolf Schrödter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humboldt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humboldt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Icebergs_(Frederic_Edwin_Church).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg/300px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg/450px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg/600px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Icebergs" title="The Icebergs">The Icebergs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a>, (1861), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about the 1830s <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a> and other artists of the <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_School" title="Barbizon School">Barbizon School</a> established a French landscape tradition that in the 19th century would become the most influential in Europe. </p><p>It is often assumed that <a href="/wiki/Plein-air" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein-air">plein-air</a> painting started with the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionists</a>, but in fact it was already common in the late 18th century when the members of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> of American <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape</a> painters were already painting in plein-air.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a>, a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a>, was known for painting large landscapes that he saw during his travels to the Arctic and Central and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Plein-air painting, in its strictest sense, is the practice of painting landscape pictures out-of-doors; more loosely, the achievement of an intense impression of the open air (French: plein air) in a landscape painting. Until the time of the painters of the Barbizon school in mid-19th-century France, it was normal practice to execute rough sketches of landscape subjects in the open air and produce finished paintings in the studio. Part of this was a matter of convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impressionists">Impressionists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impressionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg/210px-Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg/315px-Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg/420px-Monet_-_Boulvard_Saint_Denis_in_Argenteuil_im_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monet">Monet</a>: <i>Boulevard Saint Denis</i> (1875)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Impressionists were the first artists who made plein-air painting a major genre. They painted outdoors and were interested in real-life subject matter. Their most evident preoccupation and interest was capturing the effect of light and weather at a particular moment – they often painted the same theme all over again in different light and different weather. The Impressionists were influenced in many of their subjects by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_woodblock_prints" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese woodblock prints">Japanese woodblock prints</a>. The themes of falling snow and figures with umbrellas in snow are frequent subjects in the <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> Japanese woodblock prints.<sup id="cite_ref-www.mfa.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.mfa.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that a series of severe winters in France also contributed to an increase in the number of winter landscapes produced by Impressionists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impressionist painters like <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Alfred Sisley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Camille Pissarro</a> started painting large numbers of winter landscapes in which they experimented with the use of light and color to paint what they called the <i>effets de neige</i> (the effects of snow). Other painters who painted winter landscapes but less frequently were <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Gustave Caillebotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>. The French master <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s first painting in his winter series of 140 paintings was <i>A Cart on the Snowy Road at <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a></i>, which was followed by many other winter landscapes, including a long series with haystacks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the painting <i>Boulevard Saint Denis</i>, Monet sought to catch the moment when the sun was hidden behind the clouds during a light snowfall.<sup id="cite_ref-www.mfa.org_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.mfa.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magpie_(Monet)" title="The Magpie (Monet)">The Magpie</a></i>, Monet's largest and probably most widely known winter painting, he used blue-gray colors to depict shadows in the snow.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Impressionists_in_Winter" title="Impressionists in Winter">Impressionists in Winter</a></i> was an exhibition organized around the theme <i>Effets de Neige</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Impressionist works</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monet: The Magpie (1869)"><img alt="Monet: The Magpie (1869)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/221px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/332px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/443px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Magpie_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4289" data-file-height="2909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monet">Monet</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magpie_(Monet)" title="The Magpie (Monet)">The Magpie</a></i> (1869)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_(snow_effect)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caillebotte: Rooftops in the Snow (snow effect) (1875)"><img alt="Caillebotte: Rooftops in the Snow (snow effect) (1875)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/190px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/284px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/379px-Gustave_Caillebotte_-_Rooftops_in_the_Snow_%28snow_effect%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5041" data-file-height="3993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte" title="Gustave Caillebotte">Caillebotte</a>: <i> Rooftops in the Snow (snow effect)</i> (1875)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_(French_-_Wheatstacks,_Snow_Effect,_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monet: Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning"><img alt="Monet: Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/233px-Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/466px-Claude_Monet_%28French_-_Wheatstacks%2C_Snow_Effect%2C_Morning_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4651" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monet: <i><a href="/wiki/Haystacks_(Monet_series)" title="Haystacks (Monet series)">Wheatstacks, Snow Effect, Morning</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signac: Boulevard de Clichy (1886)"><img alt="Signac: Boulevard de Clichy (1886)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg/206px-Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg/309px-Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg/412px-Paul_Signac_Boulevard_de_Clichy_1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Signac" title="Signac">Signac</a>: <i>Boulevard de Clichy</i> (1886)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lebacq: Snow at Bruges (1910)"><img alt="Lebacq: Snow at Bruges (1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG/211px-Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG/316px-Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG/421px-Neige-Bruges-1910.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="2034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lebacq" title="Georges Lebacq">Lebacq</a>: <i>Snow at Bruges</i> (1910)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gauguin: Winter Landscape (1879)"><img alt="Gauguin: Winter Landscape (1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/202px-Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/303px-Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg/404px-Winter_landscape_Paul_Gauguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="2643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gauguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauguin">Gauguin</a>: <i>Winter Landscape</i> (1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renoir: Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne (1868)"><img alt="Renoir: Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg/190px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg/285px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg/380px-Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_-_Patineurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Skaters_in_the_Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne">Skaters in the Bois de Boulogne</a></i> (1868)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renoir: Snowy Landscape (1870-1875)"><img alt="Renoir: Snowy Landscape (1870-1875)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/387px-Auguste_Renoir_-_Snow-covered_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="3537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renoir: <i>Snowy Landscape</i> (1870-1875)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technique">Technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg/210px-Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg/315px-Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg/420px-Claude_Monet_-_Train_in_the_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Monet: <i>Train in the Snow</i> (1875)</figcaption></figure> <p>It was the natural outdoor light that made the Impressionist's treatment of subjects different. They closely observed the various colors of light that were reflected from objects and captured those colors in their paintings. Since Impressionists painted in <i><a href="/wiki/Plein_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Plein air">plein air</a></i>, the shadows reflected the light of the sky as it was reflected onto surfaces. </p><p>Impressionists generally used vivid colors, with often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter. The new technology of premixed paints in tin tubes aided the development of this style.<sup id="cite_ref-bomford_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bomford-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, painters had made their own paints by grinding and mixing dry pigment powders with linseed oil.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1860s, many vivid synthetic pigments became commercially available such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viridian" title="Viridian">viridian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium yellow">cadmium yellow</a> and synthetic <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramarine blue">ultramarine blue</a>, as well as even newer colors such as <a href="/wiki/Cerulean_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerulean blue">cerulean blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallert_159_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallert_159-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Impressionists soon moved toward a brighter style of painting.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870s, <a href="/wiki/Monet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monet">Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Renoir">Renoir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pissarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pissarro">Pissarro</a> usually chose to paint on grounds of a light grey or beige colour, but some of the Impressionists had come to prefer white grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-bomford_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bomford-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Winter landscapes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Konstantin Kryzhitsky: Early Snow"><img alt="Konstantin Kryzhitsky: Early Snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg/196px-Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg/294px-Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg/391px-Konstantin_Kryzhitsky_RanniySneg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kryzhitsky" title="Konstantin Kryzhitsky">Konstantin Kryzhitsky</a>: <i>Early Snow</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Korovin: Moonlit Night, Winter (1913)"><img alt="Korovin: Moonlit Night, Winter (1913)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG/183px-Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG/274px-Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG/365px-Korovin_moonlit_night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Korovin" title="Korovin">Korovin</a>: <i>Moonlit Night, Winter</i> (1913)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anokhin: The Village (2006)"><img alt="Anokhin: The Village (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/178px-Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/266px-Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/355px-Derevnya_2006_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anokhin" title="Anokhin">Anokhin</a>: <i>The Village</i> (2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anokhin: The Thaw (1991)"><img alt="Anokhin: The Thaw (1991)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/246px-Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/370px-Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg/493px-Ottepel_1991_by_Nikolay_Anokhin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anokhin: <i>The Thaw</i> (1991)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Germashev [ru]: Snow (1897)"><img alt="Mikhail Germashev [ru]: Snow (1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg/186px-Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg/278px-Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg/371px-Sneg-vypal-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Germashev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Germashev (page does not exist)">Mikhail Germashev</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Гермашев, Михаил Маркианович">ru</a>]</span>: <i>Snow</i> (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skite.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Nesterov: Winter in Skite (1904)"><img alt="Mikhail Nesterov: Winter in Skite (1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skite.JPG/167px-Skite.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skite.JPG/250px-Skite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skite.JPG/333px-Skite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>: <i>Winter in Skite</i> (1904)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sergei Vinogradov: Entrance"><img alt="Sergei Vinogradov: Entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5.jpg/158px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5.jpg/237px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90._%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_%D0%92%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/File:Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johann Jungblut [de]: Winter Landscape (1885)"><img alt="Johann Jungblut [de]: Winter Landscape (1885)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg/194px-Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg/292px-Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg/389px-Johann_Jungblut_Abendliche_Winterlandschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Jungblut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Jungblut (page does not exist)">Johann Jungblut</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Jungblut" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Jungblut">de</a>]</span>: <i>Winter Landscape</i> (1885)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Müller-Kaempff: Winter, Darss Peninsula"><img alt="Paul Müller-Kaempff: Winter, Darss Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg/163px-Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg/244px-Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg/326px-Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff_Dar%C3%9F_Winter_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_M%C3%BCller-Kaempff" title="Paul Müller-Kaempff">Paul Müller-Kaempff</a>: <i>Winter, Darss Peninsula</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivan Choultsé: Winter Morning"><img alt="Ivan Choultsé: Winter Morning" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/159px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/238px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/318px-%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5_-_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Choults%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Choultsé">Ivan Choultsé</a>: <i>Winter Morning</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aivazovsky: Moscow from Sparrow Hills"><img alt="Aivazovsky: Moscow from Sparrow Hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG/207px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG/311px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG/414px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Moscow_in_Winter_from_the_Sparrow_Hills.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aivazovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a>: <i>Moscow from Sparrow Hills</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Aivazovsky: - Little Russia (1868)"><img alt="Aivazovsky: - Little Russia (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG/171px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG/256px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG/341px-Ivan_Constantinovich_Aivazovsky_-_Winter_Scene_in_Little_Russia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aivazovsky: - <i>Little Russia</i> (1868)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moras Sledding on a Sunny Day"><img alt="Moras Sledding on a Sunny Day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg/201px-Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg/301px-Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg/401px-Walter_Moras_-_Rodeln_an_einem_sonnigen_Wintertag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Moras" title="Walter Moras">Moras</a> <i>Sledding on a Sunny Day</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moras: Fishing Village in Wintertime"><img alt="Moras: Fishing Village in Wintertime" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg/161px-Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg/241px-Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg/322px-Walter_Moras_-_Fischerdorf_in_der_Winterszeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moras: <i>Fishing Village in Wintertime</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryabushkin: Winter morning (1903)"><img alt="Ryabushkin: Winter morning (1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg/296px-Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg/444px-Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg/592px-Ryabushkin_-_Winter_morning._1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ryabushkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryabushkin">Ryabushkin</a>: <i>Winter morning</i> (1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 66.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 64.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexei Savrasov: Winter (1873)"><img alt="Alexei Savrasov: Winter (1873)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg/97px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg/146px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg/195px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Savrasov" title="Alexei Savrasov">Alexei Savrasov</a>: <i>Winter</i> (1873)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sculpture" title="Snow sculpture">Snow sculpture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_Snow" title="Landscape with Snow">Landscape with Snow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Storm:_Hannibal_and_his_Army_Crossing_the_Alps" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps">Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Snow_on_Petit-Montrouge" title="Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge">Effect of Snow on Petit-Montrouge</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Earth_Environments_p._863-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earth_Environments_p._863_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future</i>, by David Huddart & Tim Stott, p. 863 (quoted), 2010, John Wiley & Sons, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470749609" title="Special:BookSources/9780470749609">9780470749609</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2004" class="citation cs2">Kent, Neil (2004), <i>Soul of the North: a Social, Architectural and Cultural History of the Nordic Countries, 1700-1940</i>, London: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-067-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-067-2"><bdi>1-86189-067-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+of+the+North%3A+a+Social%2C+Architectural+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Nordic+Countries%2C+1700-1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86189-067-2&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florian Heine, "The First Time: Innovations in Art", Bucher, Munich, 2007 at 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCouat" class="citation web cs1">McCouat, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artinsociety.com/the-emergence-of-the-winter-landscape.html">"The Emergence of the Winter Landscape"</a>. <i>Journal of Art in Society</i>. www.artinsociety.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404011750/http://www.artinsociety.com/the-emergence-of-the-winter-landscape.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Art+in+Society&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Winter+Landscape&rft.aulast=McCouat&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artinsociety.com%2Fthe-emergence-of-the-winter-landscape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216105133/http://bjws.blogspot.se/2014/01/illuminated-manuscript-snow.html">"illuminated-manuscript-snow"</a>. bjws.blogspot.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjws.blogspot.se/2014/01/illuminated-manuscript-snow.html">the original</a> on 2014-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=illuminated-manuscript-snow&rft.pub=bjws.blogspot.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjws.blogspot.se%2F2014%2F01%2Filluminated-manuscript-snow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/07/brief-history-snow-britain-charlie-english">"A brief history of snow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 7 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019232022/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/07/brief-history-snow-britain-charlie-english">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+snow&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2010%2Fjan%2F07%2Fbrief-history-snow-britain-charlie-english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/hunters-in-the-snow-winter/WgFmzFNNN74nUg">"Hunters in the Snow (Winter)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416125456/https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/hunters-in-the-snow-winter/WgFmzFNNN74nUg?projectId=art-project">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunters+in+the+Snow+%28Winter%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Fhunters-in-the-snow-winter%2FWgFmzFNNN74nUg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstad,_Cothren2010" class="citation book cs1">Stokstad, Cothren, Marilyn, Michael (2010). <i>Art History- Fourteenth to Seventeenth Century Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+History-+Fourteenth+to+Seventeenth+Century+Art&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stokstad%2C+Cothren&rft.aufirst=Marilyn%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1968" class="citation book cs1">Foote, Timothy (1968). <i>The World of Bruegel</i>. Library of Congress: Time-Life Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Bruegel&rft.place=Library+of+Congress&rft.pub=Time-Life+Library&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prettejohn" title="Elizabeth Prettejohn">Prettejohn, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <i>Beauty & Art, 1750–2000</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280160-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280160-0">0-19-280160-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HB-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HB_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeenken1938" class="citation cs2">Beenken, Hermann (April 1938), "Caspar David Friedrich", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs">The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</a></i>, <b>72</b> (421): 171–175, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/867281">867281</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=421&rft.pages=171-175&rft.date=1938-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F867281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beenken&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Academic American Encyclopedia</i>, Danbury: Grolier, 1989, p. 332, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-2024-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-2024-9"><bdi>0-7172-2024-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+American+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Danbury&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7172-2024-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1964" class="citation cs2">Epstein, Suzanne Latt (1964), <i>The Relationship of the American Luminists to Caspar David Friedrich</i>, New York: Columbia University, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23758262">23758262</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+of+the+American+Luminists+to+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23758262&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Latt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humboldt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-humboldt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumboldt1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt, Wilhelm von</a> (1968). Albert Leitzmann (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMJD-ToURyUC&pg=PA585"><i>Gesammelte Schriften. 1. Abteilung: Werke. Band 6 1827-1835</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 585. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019258-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019258-2"><bdi>978-3-11-019258-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118064336/https://books.google.com/books?id=CMJD-ToURyUC&pg=PA585">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesammelte+Schriften.+1.+Abteilung%3A+Werke.+Band+6+1827-1835&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019258-2&rft.aulast=Humboldt&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMJD-ToURyUC%26pg%3DPA585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107122642/http://jamesgurney.com/interview.html">"interview"</a>. jamesgurney.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamesgurney.com/interview.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=interview&rft.pub=jamesgurney.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamesgurney.com%2Finterview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[I really like the work before 1860 the best. People often assume that plein-air painting started with the Impressionists, but it's much older than that, going back to the late 18th Century. The Hudson River School painters, under the influence of Asher B. Durand, were the first to make a regular practice of it, and they often made more sensitive observations than later plein-air painters, because they weren't influenced by the notion of "art for art's sake." Art does not exist for its own sake. The purpose of art is not to make an aesthetically pleasing picture; it should be much more—to tell a story, reveal a character, convey an emotion, or express some truth about nature.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-landscape.blogspot.se/2010/05/what-is-plein-air-painting.html">"What is plein-air painting?"</a>. art-landscape.blogspot.se. 11 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174719/https://art-landscape.blogspot.se/2010/05/what-is-plein-air-painting.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+plein-air+painting%3F&rft.pub=art-landscape.blogspot.se&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart-landscape.blogspot.se%2F2010%2F05%2Fwhat-is-plein-air-painting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_voyageoftheicebergs">"Voyage of the Icebergs -online book"</a>. /issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001107/http://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_voyageoftheicebergs">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voyage+of+the+Icebergs+-online+book&rft.pub=%2Fissuu.com%2Fdallasmuseumofart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fdallasmuseumofart%2Fdocs%2Fdma_voyageoftheicebergs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464567/plein-air-painting">"plein-air-painting"</a>. global.britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=plein-air-painting&rft.pub=global.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F464567%2Fplein-air-painting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.mfa.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.mfa.org_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.mfa.org_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/boulevard-saint-denis-argenteuil-in-winter-34290">"boulevard-saint-denis-argenteuil-in-winter"</a>. www.mfa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731072734/http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/boulevard-saint-denis-argenteuil-in-winter-34290">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=boulevard-saint-denis-argenteuil-in-winter&rft.pub=www.mfa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.org%2Fcollections%2Fobject%2Fboulevard-saint-denis-argenteuil-in-winter-34290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culturevulture.net/art-architecture/impressionists-in-winter/">"impressionists-in-winter"</a>. culturevulture.net. January 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520022029/http://culturevulture.net/art-architecture/impressionists-in-winter/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=impressionists-in-winter&rft.pub=culturevulture.net&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fculturevulture.net%2Fart-architecture%2Fimpressionists-in-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/monets-garden-melbourne-winter-masterpieces-exhibition">"Monet's Garden – Melbourne Winter Masterpieces Exhibition"</a>. www.thecultureconcept.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230013318/http://www.thecultureconcept.com/circle/monets-garden-melbourne-winter-masterpieces-exhibition">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monet%27s+Garden+%E2%80%93+Melbourne+Winter+Masterpieces+Exhibition&rft.pub=www.thecultureconcept.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecultureconcept.com%2Fcircle%2Fmonets-garden-melbourne-winter-masterpieces-exhibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[During the latter half of the nineteenth century (1874–1886), many people found it difficult to cope with this new vision. It was all about capturing the moment, the joy of life and revealing many of its secrets or truths.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRathbone1999">Rathbone 1999</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFSweeney1999">Sweeney 1999</a>, pp. 23–27; For the range of 63 major works produced from 1867–1893, see Moffett et al. 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/artwork/claude-monet-paintings-1889-18948.htm">"claude-monet-paintings-1889"</a>. entertainment.howstuffworks.com. 28 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214252/http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/artwork/claude-monet-paintings-1889-18948.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-39251539/snowy-landscapes">the original</a> on 2014-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=snowy-landscapes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1P3-39251539%2Fsnowy-landscapes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bomford-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bomford_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bomford_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214232029/http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300050356">"Impressionists"</a>. /yalepress.yale.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300050356">the original</a> on 2014-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impressionists&rft.pub=%2Fyalepress.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fyupbooks%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D0300050356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillipscollection.org/docs/education/lbp-kit_4.pdf">Renoir and the Impressionist Process</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105173433/http://phillipscollection.org/docs/education/lbp-kit_4.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Collection" title="The Phillips Collection">The Phillips Collection</a></i>, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallert_159-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallert_159_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallert, Arie; Hermens, Erma; Peek, Marja (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdFOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&dq="><i>Historical painting techniques, materials, and studio practice: preprints of a symposium, University of Leiden, the Netherlands, 26-29 June, 1995</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091707/https://books.google.com/books?id=pdFOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&dq=">Archived</a> 2022-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. [Marina Del Rey, Calif.]: Getty Conservation Institute. p. 159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892363223" title="Special:BookSources/0892363223">0892363223</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcimag.com/articles/83955-a-history-of-pigment-use-in-western-art-part-2">"a-history-of-pigment-use-in-western-art-part-2"</a>. www.pcimag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060853/http://www.pcimag.com/articles/83955-a-history-of-pigment-use-in-western-art-part-2">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=a-history-of-pigment-use-in-western-art-part-2&rft.pub=www.pcimag.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcimag.com%2Farticles%2F83955-a-history-of-pigment-use-in-western-art-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoner,_J.H.Rushfield,_R.2013" class="citation book cs1">Stoner, J.H.; Rushfield, R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1msM3h9mbaoC"><i>Conservation of Easel Paintings</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136000416" title="Special:BookSources/9781136000416"><bdi>9781136000416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+Easel+Paintings&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136000416&rft.au=Stoner%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Rushfield%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1msM3h9mbaoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbone1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rathbone, Eliza E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-39251539/snowy-landscapes">"Snowy Landscapes"</a>. <i>Southwest Art</i>. <b>28</b> (10). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0192-4214">0192-4214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215050100/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-39251539/snowy-landscapes">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis Group: 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00431679909604257">10.1080/00431679909604257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1672">0043-1672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weatherwise&rft.atitle=The+Impressionists+Paint+Winter%3A+A+Special+Effect&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1999-01%2F1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00431679909604257&rft.issn=0043-1672&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinter+landscapes+in+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&oldid=1235034786">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_landscapes_in_Western_art&oldid=1235034786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artistic_techniques" title="Category:Artistic techniques">Artistic techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_paintings" title="Category:Modern paintings">Modern paintings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_genres" title="Category:Visual arts genres">Visual arts genres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape_paintings" title="Category:Landscape paintings">Landscape paintings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 July 2024, at 11:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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