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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Hasmonean_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_and_Hasmonean_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Hasmonean_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Jewish_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Jewish_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Great Jewish revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Jewish_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_finds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_finds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological finds</span> </div> </a> <button 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href="#Synagogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Synagogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present-day_Gamla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present-day_Gamla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Present-day Gamla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-day_Gamla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="جمالا (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمالا (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Гамла (резерват) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гамла (резерват)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamala" title="Gamala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gamala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamala" title="Gamala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gamala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Գամլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գամլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamala" title="Gamala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gamala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7)" title="גמלא (יישוב עתיק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמלא (יישוב עתיק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гамла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gamla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гамла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1493165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gamla&params=32_54_10_N_35_44_26_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°54′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°44′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.90278°N 35.74056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.90278; 35.74056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Jewish town in the Golan Heights, destroyed during the Great Jewish Revolt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient city. For the Syrian village near the Golan Heights, see <a href="/wiki/Jamla" title="Jamla">Jamla</a>. For Stockholm's <i>Old Town</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Gamla_stan" title="Gamla stan">Gamla stan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gamla</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גמלא</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/220px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/330px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg/440px-Golan_Heights_-_Gamla_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> of Gamla</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golan_location_map_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla is located in the Golan Heights"><img alt="Gamla is located in the Golan Heights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/250px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/375px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/500px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.427%;left:68.877%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gamla"><img alt="Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within the Golan Heights</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Al-Sunâm ("Camel's Hump")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gamla&params=32_54_10_N_35_44_26_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°54′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°44′26″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.90278°N 35.74056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.90278; 35.74056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Fortification and settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category">Basalt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">67 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1978–2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shmarya_Guttman" title="Shmarya Guttman">Shmarya Guttman</a>, Danny Sion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority" title="Israel Nature and Parks Authority">INPA</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~386746842~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=896496452">Gamla Nature Reserve</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gamla</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גַּמְלָא</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> the camel), also <b>Gamala</b>, was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> town on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. Believed to have been founded as a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> fort during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a>, it transitioned into a predominantly Jewish settlement that came under <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> rule in 81 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-AndreaBerlin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreaBerlin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town's name reflects its location on a high, elongated ridge with steep slopes resembling a camel's hump.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gamla served as a key rebel stronghold during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a> against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>. In the summer of 67 CE, after an extended siege and battle, Roman forces under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> ultimately captured the town and massacred its inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who accompanied the Roman army, provides detailed accounts of these events in his work, "<a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remains of Gamla were discovered in the 1968 survey of the Golan,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with geographical features matching Josephus' descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located approximately 10 kilometers inland from the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the town was built on the southeastern slope of Mount Gamla.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations, starting in 1970 and continuing periodically, have unearthed city walls enclosing an area of about 180 dunams, a water conduit system, <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual baths</a>, Herodian lamps, <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_in_ancient_Judaea" title="Stone vessels in ancient Judaea">stone vessels</a>, and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage" title="Hasmonean coinage">Hasmonean coins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Synagogue" title="Gamla Synagogue">synagogues</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, believed to date back to the late 1st century BCE, was discovered near the town wall in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YUP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its historical significance during the revolt, Gamla is a symbol for the modern state of Israel and an important archaeological site.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located within the <a href="/wiki/Gamla_nature_reserve" title="Gamla nature reserve">Gamla Nature Reserve</a> and serves as a prominent tourist attraction. The site features ruins available for visitation and is home to various wildlife, including <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">rock hyraxes</a>, wild boars, and numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">raptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_on_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gamla_on_map.jpg/170px-Gamla_on_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gamla_on_map.jpg/255px-Gamla_on_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gamla_on_map.jpg/340px-Gamla_on_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Gamla under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg/220px-Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg/330px-Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg/440px-Sea_of_Galilee_seen_from_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Prospect of the Sea of Galilee as seen from the mountain top ruin of Gamla</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Situated at the southern part of the Golan, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, Gamla was built on a steep hill shaped like a camel's hump, from which it derives its name.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Gamla</i> meaning 'the camel' in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>Archaeological excavations have shown that in the place of Gamla there was already a settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. The settlement was probably agricultural, as archaeologists have found evidence of long-term use of flint sickles. Some of the findings even go back to the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The hill of Gamla remained largely uninhabited from the end of the Early Bronze Age II until the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, Gamla is listed among the "walled towns from the time of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>." This inclusion could have been influenced by the remains of the Early Bronze Age wall, which were still visible during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_and_Hasmonean_periods">Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods</h3></div> <p>The site became host to a <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> fort during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (3rd century BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-AndreaBerlin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndreaBerlin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before later developing into a civilian settlement from the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE. In 81 BCE, it became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> captured it from the Seleucid ruler <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius Eucaerus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly consensus places Jewish settlement in the Golan region, including Gamla, as a consequence of Jannaeus' conquests. The town's name, "Gamla" (Hebrew: גמלא), with a final alef, may suggest <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking Jewish inhabitants, possibly post-exilic returnees from <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>. However, an alternative spelling used in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, גמלה, with a final he, may contradict this.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syon suggests textual and archaeological evidence indicate a Jewish presence in Gamla antedating Jannaeus. This Jewish-majority civilian population likely emerged during the last quarter of the second century BCE, under <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, gradually settling at Gamla alongside a possibly remaining garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3></div> <p>The city became famous for producing high-quality <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. It was actively developed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, and later was a disputed area between <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> King <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV Philopatris</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Jewish_revolt">Great Jewish revolt</h3></div> <p>Gamla gained historical significance during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Jewish Revolt</a> against Rome as a major rebel stronghold. Initially loyal to the Romans, Gamla turned rebellious under the influence of refugees from other locations,<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Philip, son of Yakim, one of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a>'s generals, left the town. A man named Joseph, son of the midwife, persuaded the town's elders to revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town grew as it became a haven for refugees fleeing the Roman advance in Galilee. Archaeological evidence, such as hearths and storage jars, confirms the presence of a large population. During the revolt, the town minted its own coins, likely more as propaganda than currency.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins, bearing the inscription "For the redemption of Jerusalem the H(oly)" in a mixture of paleo-Hebrew (biblical) and Aramaic, have been found in only six instances.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, who served as the commander of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> during the early phases of the revolt, he fortified Gamla by building a city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus gives a very detailed topographical description of the city, which he also referred to as <i>Gamala</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the steep ravines which precluded the need to build a wall around it. Only along the northern saddle, at the town's eastern extremity, was a 350 meter-long wall built. It was constructed by blocking gaps between existing houses and destroying houses that lay in its way.<sup id="cite_ref-aviam_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aviam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rocca1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of only five cities in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and Golan that stood against <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s legions, reflecting the cooperation between the local population and the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-rocca2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city sustained the first seven-month siege, which was organized in 66 CE by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a>. On October 12, 67 CE a total of about 60 thousand soldiers under the command of Vespasian began a second siege.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants of the city, including armed rebels, were, according to Josephus, only 9,000 people. Kenneth Atkinson calls this number clearly exaggerated. Nevertheless, Danny Syon writes that before the siege Gamla became a refuge city to which both insurgents from all over the Galilee and residents of the surrounding villages flocked. There were not enough places in the city, and even the <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Synagogue" title="Gamla Synagogue">city synagogue</a> was adapted to accommodate refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seizure of the city was of fundamental importance to Vespasian. According to the existing strategy, it was necessary to seize and suppress all the centers of resistance along the route, however small. In addition, the Jews expected, albeit unreasonably, the possible assistance of <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Babylonia">Jews from Babylonia</a> and the military intervention of <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Josephus, who led the consolidation of the defense of Gamla, describes it as a fortress, archaeological findings show that in fact the walls were constructed in fragments, filling in the gaps between buildings to create a continuous line of fortifications. </p><p>Josephus also provides a detailed description of the Roman siege and conquest of Gamla in 67 CE by components of legions <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">X <i>Fretensis</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">XV <i>Apollinaris</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">V <i>Macedonica</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans first attempted to take the city by means of a siege ramp, but were repulsed by the defenders. Only on the second attempt did the Romans succeed in breaching the walls at three different locations and invading the city. They then engaged the Jewish defenders in hand-to-hand combat up the steep hill. Fighting in the cramped streets from an inferior position, the Roman soldiers attempted to defend themselves from the roofs. These collapsed under the heavy weight, killing many soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-aviam_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aviam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forcing a Roman retreat. The legionnaires re-entered the town a few days later, overcoming Jewish resistance and completing the capture of Gamla.<sup id="cite_ref-rocca3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gamla is often compared with the more famous story of the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, where the defenders, not wanting to surrender to the Romans, committed suicide. Sometimes Gamla is even called the "Northern Masada" or "Masada Golan." However, Dani Zion emphasizes that Masada was a fortress, originally built as a fortification facility, where several hundred families of rebels were hiding and where there was no battle as such. Gamla, in contrast, was a city where fortification was carried out in connection with military operations and where heavy fighting took place before its capture and destruction. According to Josephus, some 4,000 inhabitants were slaughtered, while 5,000, trying to escape down the steep northern slope, either were trampled to death, fell or perhaps threw themselves down a ravine.<sup id="cite_ref-josephus_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers appear to be exaggerated and the number of inhabitants on the eve of the revolt has been estimated at 3,000–4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG/220px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG/330px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG/440px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ballista_model_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the Roman Ballista</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> has, of late,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> taken the position that the ancient site of Gamla is to be identified with the site known as <i>Tell es Salām</i> (shown on map) which, itself, is a corruption of the Arabic word, <i>es-Sanām</i> (the hump).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In previous years, the site had been identified with <i>Tell ed-Drāʿ</i>, a place ca. 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Lake Tiberias in the <a href="/wiki/Ruqqad" title="Ruqqad">Ruqqad</a> river-bed, based on Konrad Furrer's identification of the site in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only properly identified in 1968 by surveyor Itzhaki Gal, after the Israeli conquest of the Golan Heights during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kinneret_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinneret-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site <i>Tell es Salām</i> was excavated by <a href="/wiki/Shmarya_Guttman" title="Shmarya Guttman">Shmarya Guttman</a> and Danny Syon on behalf of the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Antiquities_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Antiquities Authority">Department of Antiquities</a> between 1977 and 2000. The excavations have uncovered 7.5 dunnams, about 5% of the site, revealing a typical Jewish city featuring <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual baths</a>, Herodian lamps, limestone cups and thousands of Hasmonean coins.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional excavations were carried out on the site in 2008 and 2010, by Haim Ben David and David Adan-Bayewitz on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Ilan University">Bar Ilan University</a>'s Land of Israel Studies Department, and by Danny Syon on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the destruction of the town by the Roman army, Gamla was abandoned, never to be rebuilt. Archaeological excavations there have revealed widespread evidence for the battle that took place at the site. About 100 <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> bolts have been uncovered, as well as 1,600 arrowheads and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> stones, the latter all made from local <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. This is a quantity unsurpassed anywhere in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were collected along and in close proximity to the wall, placing the heavy fighting in the vicinity and the Roman siegecraft to the north east of the town. Next to a heavy concentration of the stones, the excavators have identified a man-made breach in the wall, probably made by a battering ram.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aviam_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aviam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_finds">Archaeological finds</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG/220px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG/330px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG/440px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Breach_in_the_Wall_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Break in the fortress wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological finds in Gamla provided historians with a unique opportunity to study Jewish life at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. In particular, studies prove that, although the active development of the Golan began under Alexander Jannaeus, the Jews began to settle here much earlier - at least in the second century BCE. This is shown by the large number of coins of the period of the reign of <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>. In addition to coins, a large number of weapons were found in Gamla, a <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Synagogue" title="Gamla Synagogue">synagogue</a> of the Second Temple period, various ritual objects, many different household items and jewelry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>About 200 artifacts excavated at Gamla have been identified as the remains of Roman army equipment. These include parts of Roman <a href="/wiki/Lorica_segmentata" title="Lorica segmentata">lorica segmentata</a>, an officer's helmet visor and cheek-guard, bronze scales of another type of armor, as well as Roman identification tags.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aviam_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aviam-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Roman siege-hook, used both for stabbing and hooking onto the wall, was found in the breach.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one human jawbone was identified during the exploration of Gamla, raising questions regarding the absence of human remains despite the widespread evidence of a battle. A tentative answer is discussed by archaeologist Danny Syon, who suggests that the dead would have been buried at nearby mass graves that are yet to be found. One such mass grave has been found at <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Yodfat</a>, which had suffered the same fate as Gamla at the hands of Vespasian's legions.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artifacts from Gamla are on the display at the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Archaeological_Museum" title="Golan Archaeological Museum">Golan Archaeological Museum</a>, including arrowheads, ballista stones, clay oil lamps and coins minted in the town during the siege. A scale model and film are used to describe the conquest and destruction of the Jewish town and all of its inhabitants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg/220px-Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg/330px-Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg/440px-Ballistra_round_shots_found_at_Gamla_ruin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Round shots from <i>ballistra</i> collected at Gamla</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the important successes of archaeologists was the discovery of a huge number of ancient weapons. The number of stone nuclei found in Gamla and arrowheads is a record for finds throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In particular, about 2000 nuclei from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, 1600 metal arrowheads, parts of Roman helmets, armor, shields and many other weapons and military supplies were collected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coins">Coins</h3></div> <p>6,314 ancient coins were also found in Gamla, including unique coins of its own coinage. Most of them (6,164) were found during 14 seasons of excavation under the guidance of Gutman (1976–1989), 24 during conservation and restoration work in 1990–1991, and the remaining 126 during the four seasons of excavations conducted by Dani Zion and Zvi Yabur in the years 1997–2000. Another 153 coins from Gamla were subsequently found in the collection by the kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Sasa,_Israel" title="Sasa, Israel">Sasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the found coins: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-weight: bold;">Period </th> <th style="font-weight: bold;">Amount </th> <th style="font-weight: bold;">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hasmonean </td> <td>3,964 </td> <td>62.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phoenician cities </td> <td>928 </td> <td>14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seleucid </td> <td>610 </td> <td>9.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unidentified </td> <td>419 </td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Herodian </td> <td>304 </td> <td>4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>89 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG/220px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG/330px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG/440px-Gamla_%E2%80%93_Ancient_Coin_model.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Gamla coin</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, 9 Gamla coins from the times of the uprising were found. Of these, 7 were found directly at Gamla, one in <a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a>, and one from collectors (presumably stolen from Gamla).<sup id="cite_ref-YA_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gamla coin, found in <a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a>, testifies to contacts with the rebels in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. Historians, in particular Dani Zion, <a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Meshorer" title="Ya'akov Meshorer">Ya'akov Meshorer</a> and David Eidlin, actively discussed the minting of insurgent coins outside of Jerusalem. As Eugene Wallenberg writes, this fact "opens the widest horizons for the historian in studying the social and economic history of the uprising, the study of the Zealots party as an independent and as a self-sufficient political formation." Researchers note the inscriptions on coins were made by craftsmen with low qualification, synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> letters: on one side is the inscription "Deliverance," on the other side, "Holy Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-coin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shmaryahu Gutman wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I did not understand what moved the defenders of the fortress, until we found a coin minted in the besieged city, on which it was written: "Deliverance to Holy Jerusalem." The defenders of the city believed that by stopping the enemy on the Golan, they would save the Eternal City ... Having conquered Gamla, the Romans went to Jerusalem, and after three years of siege the Eternal City fell.<sup id="cite_ref-coin_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogue">Synagogue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Synagogue" title="Gamla Synagogue">Gamla Synagogue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Synagogue_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG/220px-Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG/330px-Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG/440px-Gamla_Synagogue_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Gamla synagogue.</figcaption></figure><p>One of the world's earliest known synagogues was discovered in Gamla, and is believed to date back to the late 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-YUP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weiss_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possibly the oldest synagogue found in <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated within the city's walls, this synagogue, constructed from dressed stone,<sup id="cite_ref-YUP_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features a main hall measuring 22 by 17 meters. It is characterized by pillared aisles<sup id="cite_ref-YUP_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a surrounding <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> colonnade, with heart-shaped corner columns. Entry to the synagogue was through twin doors located on the southwest side.<sup id="cite_ref-rocca1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocca1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">ritual bath</a> was unearthed next to it.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the eve of Gamla's destruction, the synagogue appears to have been converted to a dwelling for refugees, as testified by a number of meager fireplaces and large quantities of cookpots and storage jars found along its northern wall. Situated next to the city wall, 157 ballista stones were collected from the synagogue's hall alone and 120 arrowheads from its vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-evidence_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chronology of the synagogue was challenged by Ma'oz in 2012. His interpretation is that it was built about 50 CE and a <i>miqveh</i> was added in 67 CE. The earlier "miqveh" was, in Ma'oz' understanding, a water cistern.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_Gamla">Present-day Gamla</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/220px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/330px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/440px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> visiting Gamla</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the territory of the ancient city was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Gamla_nature_reserve" title="Gamla nature reserve">Gamla nature reserve</a>, and is open to tourists. In addition to the ancient city, it includes the highest waterfall in Israeli-occupied territory, the ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> settlement and many <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Religious visitors sometimes hold <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvahs</a> in the ancient Gamla synagogue. In May 2010, the remains of the old town were damaged during a major forest fire caused by a fire from a projectile released during military exercises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, there is a catch phrase "Gamla will not fall again," the meaning of which is that control of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> is of strategic importance for ensuring the security of Israel. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party, said this in 2009, arguing the position that the Golan cannot return to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 772px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruined city of Gamla"><img alt="Ruined city of Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg/112px-Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg/168px-Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg/224px-Israel_-_Gamla_path_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruined city of Gamla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_281213_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The breach in the wall of Gamla"><img alt="The breach in the wall of Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gamla_281213_03.jpg/150px-Gamla_281213_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gamla_281213_03.jpg/225px-Gamla_281213_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gamla_281213_03.jpg/300px-Gamla_281213_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The breach in the wall of Gamla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagles-gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gamla vulture look-out"><img alt="The Gamla vulture look-out" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eagles-gamla.jpg/150px-Eagles-gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eagles-gamla.jpg/225px-Eagles-gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eagles-gamla.jpg/300px-Eagles-gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Gamla vulture look-out</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Gamla synagogue"><img alt="Ancient Gamla synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg/150px-GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg/225px-GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg/300px-GAMLA_ANCIENT_SYNAGOGUE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Gamla synagogue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla in springtime"><img alt="Gamla in springtime" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg/100px-View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg/150px-View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg/200px-View_of_Gamla_along_Hiking_Trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla in springtime</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="House made of basalt stones in Gamla"><img alt="House made of basalt stones in Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg/150px-Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg/225px-Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg/300px-Black-basalt_stones_used_in_house_construction_-_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House made of basalt stones in Gamla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_of_Gamla_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gamla ruin (Defensive wall)"><img alt="Gamla ruin (Defensive wall)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg/150px-Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg/225px-Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg/300px-Wall_of_Gamla_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gamla ruin (Defensive wall)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_(Byzantine_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olive-oil press from Byzantine era at Gamla"><img alt="Olive-oil press from Byzantine era at Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg/150px-Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg/225px-Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg/300px-Basalt_stone_olive_press_at_Gamla_%28Byzantine_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olive-oil press from Byzantine era at Gamla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruin of Gamla in the Golan Heights"><img alt="Ruin of Gamla in the Golan Heights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg/150px-Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg/225px-Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg/300px-Stone_staircase_at_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruin of Gamla in the Golan Heights</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_the_Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region">Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region</a> - covers entire <a href="/wiki/Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine region">Palestine region</a>/<a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_synagogues_in_Israel" title="Ancient synagogues in Israel">Ancient synagogues in Israel</a> - covers the modern <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314023756/http://www.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~386746842~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=168460115">"Israel Nature and Parks Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~386746842~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=168460115">the original</a> on 2012-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Nature+and+Parks+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.org.il%2FBuildaGate5%2Fgeneral2%2Fdata_card.php%3FCat%3D~25~~386746842~Card12~%26ru%3D%26SiteName%3Dparks%26Clt%3D%26Bur%3D168460115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndreaBerlin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AndreaBerlin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AndreaBerlin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Revolt">Berlin and Overman (2002)</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyceSegalChiat1982" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, Marilyn; Segal; Chiat (1982). <i>Handbook of Synagogue Architecture</i>. Brown Judaic Studies. Vol. 28. Brown University. pp. 282–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-524-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-524-6"><bdi>0-89130-524-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Synagogue+Architecture&rft.series=Brown+Judaic+Studies&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-89130-524-6&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Segal&rft.au=Chiat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 252, 258–259, 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5"><bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+the+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=252%2C+258-259%2C+537&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24813-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy+MacLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviam2007" class="citation cs2">Aviam, Mordechai (2007-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047409069/Bej.9789004150089.i-471_020.xml">"The archaeological illumination of Josephus' narrative of the battles at Yodefat and Gamla"</a>, <i>Making History</i>, Brill, p. 373, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004150089.i-471.126">10.1163/ej.9789004150089.i-471.126</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0906-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0906-9"><bdi>978-90-474-0906-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Making+History&rft.atitle=The+archaeological+illumination+of+Josephus%27+narrative+of+the+battles+at+Yodefat+and+Gamla&rft.pages=373&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004150089.i-471.126&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0906-9&rft.aulast=Aviam&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789047409069%2FBej.9789004150089.i-471_020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evidence-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evidence_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyon" class="citation web cs1">Syon, Danny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?module_id=&sec_id=17&subj_id=296&id=508">"Gamla - The Archaeological Evidence of the Revolt at Gamla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845532260" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845532260"><bdi>978-1845532260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Devotion%3A+The+Historical+Impact+and+Archaeological+Expression+of+Intense+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1845532260&rft.aulast=Arbel&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JTCBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2004" class="citation cs2">Richardson, Peter (2004-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789047406501/B9789047406501_s012.xml">"Pre-70 Synagogues as Collegia in Rome, the Diaspora, and Judea"</a>, <i>Building Jewish in the Roman East</i>, Brill, p. 126, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047406501_012">10.1163/9789047406501_012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0650-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0650-1"><bdi>978-90-474-0650-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+Jewish+in+the+Roman+East&rft.atitle=Pre-70+Synagogues+as+Collegia+in+Rome%2C+the+Diaspora%2C+and+Judea&rft.pages=126&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047406501_012&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0650-1&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789047406501%2FB9789047406501_s012.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YUP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YUP_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YUP_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YUP_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YUP_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2005" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ke5pM7EryagC&pg=PA54"><i>The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300106282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300106282"><bdi>978-0300106282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Synagogue%3A+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0300106282&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dke5pM7EryagC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JosephusA">Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a> 13, 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopovic2001" class="citation book cs1">Popovic, Mladen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmCWlYQDrOoC&pg=PA368"><i>The Jewish Revolt Against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives</i></a>. Brill. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004216686" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004216686"><bdi>978-9004216686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9004216686&rft.aulast=Popovic&rft.aufirst=Mladen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmCWlYQDrOoC%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyon2004" class="citation book cs1">Syon, Danny (2004). <i>Tyre and Gamla: A Study in the Monetary Inlfluence of Southern Phoenicia on Galilee and the Golan in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods</i>. Hebrew University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyre+and+Gamla%3A+A+Study+in+the+Monetary+Inlfluence+of+Southern+Phoenicia+on+Galilee+and+the+Golan+in+the+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Periods&rft.pub=Hebrew+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Syon&rft.aufirst=Danny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#JosephusB">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i></a> 2, 574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gamla III (1)</i>. p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BibleWalks.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblewalks.com/sites/Gamla.html">Gamla</a>, accessed 12 December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aviam-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aviam_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aviam_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aviam_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aviam_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviam2007" class="citation book cs1">Aviam, Mordechai (2007). "The Archaeological Illumination of Josephus' Narrative of the Battles at Yodefat and Gamla". In Zuleika Rodgers (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkOIQ9JgR-cC"><i>Making history: Josephus and historical method</i></a>. Brill. pp. 372–384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15008-9"><bdi>978-90-04-15008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Josephus%27+Narrative+of+the+Battles+at+Yodefat+and+Gamla&rft.btitle=Making+history%3A+Josephus+and+historical+method&rft.pages=372-384&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15008-9&rft.aulast=Aviam&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkOIQ9JgR-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocca1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rocca1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rocca1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rocca2008">Rocca (2008)</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocca2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rocca2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rocca2008">Rocca (2008)</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune" class="citation web cs1">Aune, David E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503142554/http://www3.nd.edu/~daune/near_east_arch/gamla/gamla.htm">"Gamla"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nd.edu/~daune/near_east_arch/gamla/gamla.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gamla&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~daune%2Fnear_east_arch%2Fgamla%2Fgamla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyon" class="citation web cs1">Syon, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/360711">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'City of Refuge': The Archeological Evidence of the Revolt at Gamla"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27City+of+Refuge%27%3A+The+Archeological+Evidence+of+the+Revolt+at+Gamla&rft.aulast=Syon&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F360711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JosephusB">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i></a> 4, 1-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rocca3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rocca3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rocca2008">Rocca (2008)</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weiss_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weiss, Zeev, "Jewish Galilee in the First Century C.E.: An Archaeological View", in Schwartz, Daniel R. (ed.), <i>Flavius Josephus, </i>Vita<i>: Introduction, Hebrew Translation, and Commentary</i> (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, pp. 15–60</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Galilee+in+the+First+Century+C.E.%3A+An+Archaeological+View&rft.btitle=Flavius+Josephus%2C+Vita%3A+Introduction%2C+Hebrew+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=15-60&rft.pub=Yad+Ben-Zvi+Press&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Zeev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Danny Syon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=17&subj_id=296&id=509">Identification of Gamla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The identification of Gamla with <i>Tell ed-Drāʿ</i> was mainly based on the similarity of the old name with that of the nearby village called <i>Gamle</i> (<i>al-Jamlah</i>, Syria), and on the shape of the spur which resembles a camel. For a discussion on this dispute, see Bezalel Bar-Kochva, <i>Gamla in Gaulanitis</i>, pub. in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Bd. 92, H. 1 (1976), pp. 54-71 (English), who presents arguments in favor of the priority of the earlier identification; (see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Kochva1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (1976). "Gamla in Gaulanitis". <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 54–71. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27931028">27931028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Gamla+in+Gaulanitis&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-71&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27931028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bar-Kochva&rft.aufirst=Bezalel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinneret-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kinneret_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenazi2008" class="citation web cs1">Ashkenazi, Eli (June 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/993351.html">"What are the mysterious stones emerging from Kinneret waters?"</a>. Haaretz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+the+mysterious+stones+emerging+from+Kinneret+waters%3F&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F993351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2008">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008</a>, Survey Permit # G-79; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010">Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010</a>, Survey Permit # G-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coin_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coin_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavor" class="citation web cs1">Yavor, Zvi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_heb.aspx?sec_id=17&subj_id=296&id=504">"לגאלת ירושלים הקדושה"</a>. Israel Antiquities Authority.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.aulast=Yavor&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2FArticle_heb.aspx%3Fsec_id%3D17%26subj_id%3D296%26id%3D504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvi_Uri_Ma'oz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zvi Uri Ma'oz (2012). "Four notes on the excavations at Gamala". <i>Tel Aviv</i>. <b>39</b>: 230–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Four+notes+on+the+excavations+at+Gamala&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=230-237&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Zvi+Uri+Ma%27oz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/elections/elections-2009-netanyahu-i-ll-keep-the-golan-israeli-jerusalem-undivided-1.269665">"Netanyahu: I'll Keep the Golan Israeli, Jerusalem Undivided"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%3A+I%27ll+Keep+the+Golan+Israeli%2C+Jerusalem+Undivided&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Felections%2Felections-2009-netanyahu-i-ll-keep-the-golan-israeli-jerusalem-undivided-1.269665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinOverman2002" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Andrea M.; Overman, J. Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XQ4SnbPEaAC"><i>The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History and Ideology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25706-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25706-9"><bdi>0-415-25706-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Jewish+Revolt%3A+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Ideology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-25706-9&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Andrea+M.&rft.au=Overman%2C+J.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XQ4SnbPEaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><cite id="JosephusA"> Josephus, Flavius. William Whiston, A.M., translator (1895). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146">The Works of Flavius Josephus – Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. Auburn and Buffalo, New York: John E. Beardsley. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite></li> <li><cite id="JosephusB"> Josephus, Flavius. William Whiston, A.M., translator (1895). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148">The Works of Flavius Josephus – The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. Auburn and Buffalo, New York: John E. Beardsley. Retrieved 16 October 2010.</cite></li> <li><cite id="Rocca2008"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Revolt" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gup5vH_B-aoC"><i>The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forts+of+Judaea+168+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+73&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-171-7&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGup5vH_B-aoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="Syon2014"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GAMLAIII" class="citation book cs1">Syon, Danny (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/49545640/Syon_2014_A_History_of_Gamla.pdf"><i>Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations, 1976–1989. Finds and Studies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority Reports, No. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-406-503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-406-503-0"><bdi>978-965-406-503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamla+III%3A+The+Shmarya+Gutmann+Excavations%2C+1976%E2%80%931989.+Finds+and+Studies&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Antiquities+Authority+Reports%2C+No.+56&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-965-406-503-0&rft.aulast=Syon&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F49545640%2FSyon_2014_A_History_of_Gamla.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gamla" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gamla">Gamla</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?module_id=&sec_id=17&subj_id=296&id=508">"Gamla"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft.atitle=Gamla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fmodule_id%3D%26sec_id%3D17%26subj_id%3D296%26id%3D508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111811/http://old.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~386746842~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=896496452">"Gamla"</a>. <i>Israel Nature and Parks Authority</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.parks.org.il/BuildaGate5/general2/data_card.php?Cat=~25~~386746842~Card12~&ru=&SiteName=parks&Clt=&Bur=896496452">the original</a> on 2015-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Nature+and+Parks+Authority&rft.atitle=Gamla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.parks.org.il%2FBuildaGate5%2Fgeneral2%2Fdata_card.php%3FCat%3D~25~~386746842~Card12~%26ru%3D%26SiteName%3Dparks%26Clt%3D%26Bur%3D896496452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wysinfo.com/vultures-of-gamla/">"Vultures of Gamla"</a>. <i>wysinfo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wysinfo.com&rft.atitle=Vultures+of+Gamla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwysinfo.com%2Fvultures-of-gamla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://segulamag.com/en/articles/romans-roofs-gamla/">"Romans on the Roofs of Gamla"</a>. <i>Segula Jewish History magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Segula+Jewish+History+magazine&rft.atitle=Romans+on+the+Roofs+of+Gamla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsegulamag.com%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fromans-roofs-gamla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGamla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian riots (38)">Alexandrian riots (38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez"><img alt="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/150px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/225px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/300px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallus' campaign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judea coast and highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_siege" title="Zealot Temple siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last strongholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Lucilius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Flavius Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Provisional government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Joseph ben Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_the_Perean" title="Niger the Perean">Niger the Perean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peasantry faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism#Emergence_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commemoration" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch at Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace, Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Destruction" title="Legend of Destruction">Legend of Destruction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(poem)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (poem)">Siege of Jerusalem (poem)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers_(novel)" title="The Dovekeepers (novel)">The Dovekeepers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers" title="The Dovekeepers">TV adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masada_(miniseries)" title="Masada (miniseries)">Masada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_problem" title="Josephus problem">Josephus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipatris#History" title="Antipatris">Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Bayt Lettif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir_ed-Duwali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir ed-Duwali (page does not exist)">Bir ed-Duwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caphethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Caphethra">Caphethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi_(archaeological_site)" title="Ein Gedi (archaeological site)">Ein Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa_(Judaea)" title="Gerasa (Judaea)">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beth-nimrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-nimrah">Beth-nimrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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