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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_policies_before_federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policies_before_federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Immigration policies before federation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigration_policies_before_federation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Federation_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>From the Federation to World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_the_Federation_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From the Federation to World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_the_Federation_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federation_Convention_and_Australia's_first_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_Convention_and_Australia's_first_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Federation Convention and Australia's first government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_Convention_and_Australia's_first_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Immigration Restriction Act 1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemption_for_Māori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemption_for_Māori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Exemption for Māori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemption_for_Māori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_Peace_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_Peace_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Paris Peace Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Peace_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_the_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_the_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abolition of the policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abolition_of_the_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abolition of the policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_the_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Post-war immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaxation_of_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaxation_of_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relaxation of restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaxation_of_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_White_Australia_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_White_Australia_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>End of the White Australia Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_White_Australia_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Contemporary demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Political and social legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Informational notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="سياسة أستراليا البيضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة أستراليا البيضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F_Avstraliya" title="Ağ Avstraliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağ Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_b%C3%ADl%C3%A9_Austr%C3%A1lie" title="Politika bílé Austrálie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politika bílé Austrálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polisi_Awstralia_Wen" title="Polisi Awstralia Wen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Polisi Awstralia Wen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" title="White Australia Policy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="White Australia Policy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_blanca" title="Australia blanca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Australia blanca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سیاست استرالیای سفید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست استرالیای سفید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_de_l%27Australie_blanche" title="Politique de l'Australie blanche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique de l'Australie blanche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%98%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="백호주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백호주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սպիտակ Ավստրալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակ Ավստրալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebijakan_Australia_Putih" title="Kebijakan Australia Putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebijakan Australia Putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_dell%27Australia_bianca" title="Politica dell'Australia bianca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica dell'Australia bianca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדיניות אוסטרליה הלבנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיניות אוסטרליה הלבנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%B1%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="白豪主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白豪主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityka_Bia%C5%82ej_Australii" title="Polityka Białej Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polityka Białej Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia_Branca" title="Austrália Branca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Austrália Branca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_Australia_alb%C4%83" title="Politica Australia albă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politica Australia albă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белая Австралия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белая Австралия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="White Australia policy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_bijele_Australije" title="Politika bijele Australije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politika bijele Australije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia" title="White Australia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="White Australia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia" title="White Australia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="White Australia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="வெள்ளை ஆஸ்திரேலியா கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளை ஆஸ்திரேலியா கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นโยบายไวต์ออสเตรเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นโยบายไวต์ออสเตรเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical racial policies in Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22White+Australia+policy%22">"White Australia policy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22White+Australia+policy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22White+Australia+policy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22White+Australia+policy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22White+Australia+policy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22White+Australia+policy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_White_Australia_badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1910_White_Australia_badge.png/200px-1910_White_Australia_badge.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1910_White_Australia_badge.png/300px-1910_White_Australia_badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/1910_White_Australia_badge.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Natives%27_Association" title="Australian Natives' Association">Australian Natives' Association</a>, comprising Australian-born <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a>, produced this badge in 1911. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Edmund Barton</a> was a member of the association.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The badge shows the use of the slogan "White Australia" at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial and ethnic segregation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/150px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/225px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/300px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Overview</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a> / <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical examples</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Pass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_separate_schools_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial separate schools (Canada)">Separate schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li>French colonial empire <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greek–Turkish<wbr /> population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos<wbr /> in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal & Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Legal_situation_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span class="nowrap">Contemporary examples</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romanyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy#Environmental_racism" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania#Segregation" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_wall" title="Roma wall">Roma walls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Ethnic_and_religious_discrimination" title="Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_schools_under_one_roof" title="Two schools under one roof">Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Gulf states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia#Abuse_and_scandals" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Human_rights" title="Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_South_Asian_labourers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">South Asian labourers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthapuram_caste_wall" title="Uthapuram caste wall">Uthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">West Bank settlement law</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_barrier" title="West Bank barrier">barriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country#Myanmar" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur#Allegations_of_apartheid" title="War in Darfur">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation" title="Template:Segregation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation" title="Template talk:Segregation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>White Australia policy</b> was a set of racial policies that aimed to forbid people of non-European ethnic origins – especially <a href="/wiki/Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Asians">Asians</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a> – from <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">immigrating to Australia</a> in order to create a "white/British" ideal focused on but not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a> peoples. Pre-Federation, the Australian colonies passed many anti-Chinese immigration laws mainly using Poll Taxes, with Federation in 1901 came discrimination based on the Dictation Test, which effectively gave power to immigration officials to racially discriminate without mentioning race.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy also affected immigrants from Germany, Italy, and other European countries, especially in wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments progressively dismantled such policies between 1949 and 1973, when the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> removed the last racial elements of Australia's immigration laws.<sup id="cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competition in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">gold fields</a> between European and Chinese miners, and <a href="/wiki/Labour_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour union">labour union</a> opposition to the importation of Pacific Islanders (primarily <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a>) into the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar plantations">sugar plantations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, reinforced demands to eliminate or minimize low-wage immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands. From the 1850s colonial governments imposed restrictions on Chinese arrivals, including poll taxes and tonnage restrictions. The colonial authorities levied a special tax on Chinese immigrants which other immigrants did not have to pay. Towards the end of the 19th century, labour unions pushed to stop Chinese immigrants from working in the furniture and <a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">market garden</a> industries. Some laws were passed regarding the labelling of Chinese made furniture in Victoria and Western Australia but not in New South Wales. Chinese people dominated market gardening until their numbers declined as departures were not replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Australia <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">became a federation</a> in January 1901, the federal government of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Edmund Barton</a> passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901" title="Immigration Restriction Act 1901">Immigration Restriction Act of 1901</a></i>; this was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>, who eventually became Australia's second prime minister. The passage of this bill marked the commencement of the White Australia Policy as Australian federal government policy. The key feature of this legislation was the <a href="/wiki/Dictation_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictation test">dictation test</a>, which was used to bar non-white immigrants from entry. Subsequent acts further strengthened the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies effectively gave British migrants preference over all others through the first half of the 20th century. During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> reinforced the policy, saying "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."<sup id="cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive governments dismantled the policy in stages after the conclusion of World War II, with the <a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies</a> governments encouraging non-British Europeans to immigrate to Australia. The <i><a href="/wiki/Migration_Act_1958" title="Migration Act 1958">Migration Act 1958</a></i> abolished the dictation test, while the <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a> removed discrimination against non-white applicants for citizenship in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> passed laws to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">race</a> would be totally disregarded as a component for immigration to Australia in 1973. In 1975, the Whitlam government passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act</a></i>, which made racially-based selection criteria unlawful. In the decades since, Australia has maintained large-scale multi-ethnic immigration. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Australia's migration program allows people from any country to apply to immigrate to Australia, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, culture, religion, or language, provided that they meet the criteria set out in law.<sup id="cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immi.gov.au-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2011, the United Kingdom was the largest source country for immigration to Australia but, since then, China and India have provided the highest number of permanent migrants. These results exclude the many settlers from New Zealand unless they choose to apply through the permant resident program.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> describes the White Australia Policy as openly racist, stating that it "existed because many white Australians feared that non-white immigrants would threaten Australian society".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_policies_before_federation">Immigration policies before federation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Immigration policies before federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration history of Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_rush_era">Gold rush era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gold rush era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg/220px-SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg/330px-SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg/440px-SLNSW_FL3324035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Camp Hill (Lambing Flats) at time of Riot, Young , 1860-61</figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold</a> in Australia in 1851 led to an influx of immigrants from all around the world. The colony of Victoria had a population of only 77,000 in 1851 and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> just 200,000, but the huge influx of settlers spurred by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> transformed the Australian colonies economically, politically and demographically. Over the next 20 years, 40,000 Chinese men but very few women, nearly all from the province of Guangdong (then known as Canton) but divided by language and dialect nevertheless, immigrated to the goldfields seeking prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold brought great wealth but also new social tensions. Multi-ethnic migrants came to Victoria and New South Wales in large numbers for the first time. Competition on the goldfields, particularly resentment among <a href="/wiki/Light_skin" title="Light skin">white</a> miners towards the successes of Chinese miners, led to tensions between groups and eventually a series of significant racist protests and riots, including the <a href="/wiki/Buckland_riot" title="Buckland riot">Buckland riot</a> in 1857 and the <a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> between 1860 and 1861. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hotham" title="Charles Hotham">Governor Hotham</a>, on 16 November 1854, appointed a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> on Victorian goldfields problems and grievances. This led to restrictions being placed on Chinese immigration and residency taxes levied from Chinese residents in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> from 1855. New South Wales following suit with poll taxes and tonnage restrictions only in 1861. These restrictions remained in force only until 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_from_the_Australian_Labour_Movement">Support from the Australian Labour Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Support from the Australian Labour Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg/300px-Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg/450px-Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg/600px-Melbourne_eight_hour_day_march-c1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a> march <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>, outside Parliament House in Spring Street, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Trades_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Trades Hall">Melbourne Trades Hall</a> was opened in 1859 with <a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">trades and labour councils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">trades halls</a> opening in all cities and most regional towns in the following forty years. During the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> developed among <a href="/wiki/Sheep_shearer" title="Sheep shearer">shearers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stevedore" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevedore">stevedores</a> (wharf workers), but soon spread to cover almost all <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a> jobs. Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class, whose unions demanded and got an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> and other benefits unheard of in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Australia gained a reputation as "the working man's paradise". Some employers hired Chinese labourers, who were cheaper and more hard working. This produced a reaction which led eventually to all the colonies restricting Chinese immigration by 1888 and subsequently other Asian immigration. This was the genesis of the White Australia Policy. The "Australian compact", based around centralised industrial arbitration, a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries, and White Australia, was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanakas_early_1870s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanakas_early_1870s.png/300px-Kanakas_early_1870s.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanakas_early_1870s.png/450px-Kanakas_early_1870s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanakas_early_1870s.png/600px-Kanakas_early_1870s.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">Kanakas</a> workers in a sugarcane plantation, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The growth of the sugar industry in Queensland in the 1870s led to searching for labourers prepared to work in a tropical environment. During this time, thousands of "<a href="/wiki/Kanakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanakas">Kanakas</a>" (Pacific Islanders) were brought into Australia as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured workers">indentured workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and related practices of bringing in non-white labour to be cheaply employed was commonly termed "<a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>" and refers to the recruitment of people, often through trickery and kidnappings, to work on plantations, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar plantation">sugar cane plantations</a> of Queensland (Australia) and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willoughby_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willoughby-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s and 1880s, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">trade union</a> movement began a series of protests against foreign labour. Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from white men, worked for "substandard" wages, lowered working conditions, were harder workers and refused unionisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and Queensland, the area would have to be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these objections to restricting immigration, between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled and retained the same rights as their Anglo and southern compatriots, although they faced significant discrimination. </p><p>Agreements were made to further increase these restrictions in 1895 following an inter-colonial premiers' conference where all colonies agreed to extend entry restrictions to all <a href="/wiki/Non-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-white">non-white races</a>. However, in attempting to enact this legislation, the governors of New South Wales, South Australia and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> reserved the bills, due to a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, and they did not become law. Instead, the Natal Act of 1897 was introduced, restricting "undesirable persons" who could not fill in a set form rather than by naming any specific race.<sup id="cite_ref-Markey_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The British government in London was not pleased with legislation that discriminated against certain subjects of its empire, but decided not to disallow the laws that were passed. Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> explained in 1897:</p><blockquote><p>We quite sympathize with the determination...of these colonies...that there should not be an influx of people alien in civilisation, alien in religion, alien in customs, whose influx, moreover, would seriously interfere with the legitimate rights of the existing labouring population.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_the_Federation_to_World_War_II">From the Federation to World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From the Federation to World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In writing about the preoccupations of the Australian population in early Federation Australia before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in <i>ANZAC to Amiens</i>, the official historian of the war, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bean" title="Charles Bean">Charles Bean</a>, considered the White Australia Policy and defined it as follows:</p><blockquote><p>"White Australia Policy" – a vehement effort to maintain a high Western standard of economy, society and culture (necessitating at that stage, however it might be camouflaged, the rigid exclusion of Oriental peoples).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_Convention_and_Australia's_first_government"><span id="Federation_Convention_and_Australia.27s_first_government"></span>Federation Convention and Australia's first government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federation Convention and Australia's first government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> was a prominent topic of discussion in the lead up to the establishment of the Australian Federation. At the third session of the Australasian Federation Convention of 1898, Western Australian premier and future federal cabinet member <a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">John Forrest</a> summarised the feeling of the Anglo-Saxon people in Australia:<sup id="cite_ref-Willoughby_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willoughby-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is of no use to shut our eyes to the fact that there is a great feeling all over Australia against the introduction of coloured persons. It goes without saying that we do not like to talk about it, but it is so.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Barton_government" title="Barton government">Barton government</a> which came to power following the first elections of the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>. The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Workers Union">Australian Workers Union</a> and other labour organisations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded. The Australian historian James Jupp wrote that it was not true that the White Australia policy was exclusively a right-wing cause as the strongest support for the White Australia policy was on the left-side of Australian politics with both the trade unions and the Labour Party being the most militant opponents of Asian immigration well into the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995207-208_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995207-208-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Australians in the early 20th century tended to define being white as being the same as Australian with a majority of Australian states passing laws banning marriage and/or sex between whites and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginals</a> as part of an effort to maintain Australia's white character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> quickly moved to restrict immigration to maintain Australia's "British character", and the Pacific Island Labourers Bill and the Immigration Restriction Bill were passed shortly before parliament rose for its first Christmas recess. The colonial secretary in Britain had, however, made it clear that a race-based immigration policy would run "contrary to the general conceptions of equality which have ever been the guiding principle of British rule throughout the Empire". The Barton government therefore conceived of the "Education test", later called the "Dictation Test", which would allow the government, at the discretion of Customs Officers, to block unwanted migrants by forcing them to sit a test in "any European language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Anglo-Japanese relations were improving, and in 1902 Britain and Japan were to sign a defensive alliance directed implicitly against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Australia policy led to vigorous protests from the Japanese government, and led to complaints from London that Australia was gratuitously straining relations with Japan, which Britain viewed as a prospective ally against Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Labor Party this was a compromise of principles, so the main question for the debate on the Immigration Restriction Act just how openly racist to be, with the Labor Party preferring to openly bar "aboriginal natives of Asia, Africa, or the islands thereof". However in the end the preferred option of the British, the Education Test was passed. There was also opposition from Queensland and its sugar industry to the proposals of the Pacific Islanders Bill to exclude "Kanaka" labourers, however Barton argued that the practice was "veiled slavery" that could lead to a "negro problem" similar to that in the United States, and the bill was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901">Immigration Restriction Act 1901</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immigration Restriction Act 1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901" title="Immigration Restriction Act 1901">Immigration Restriction Act 1901</a></div> <p>The new Federal Parliament, as one of its first pieces of legislation, passed the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_Act_1901" title="Immigration Restriction Act 1901">Immigration Restriction Act 1901</a> (1 Edward VII 17 1901) to "place certain restrictions on immigration and... for the removal... of prohibited immigrants".<sup id="cite_ref-BRL9-1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRL9-1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act drew on similar legislation in the South African colony of Natal. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Edmund Barton</a>, the prime minister, argued in support of the bill with the following statement: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Australia">attorney general</a> tasked with drafting the legislation was <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>. Deakin supported Barton's position over that of the Labor Party in drafting the bill (the ALP wanted more direct methods of exclusion than the dictation test) and redacted the more vicious racism proposed for the text in his <a href="/wiki/Second_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Second reading">second reading</a> of the Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In seeking to justify the policy, Deakin said he believed that the Japanese and Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might be a threat to the newly formed federation and it was this belief that led to legislation to ensure they would be kept out:</p><blockquote><p>It is not the bad qualities, but the good qualities of these alien races that make them so dangerous to us. It is their inexhaustible energy, their power of applying themselves to new tasks, their endurance and low standard of living that make them such competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Early drafts of the act explicitly banned non-Europeans from migrating to Australia but objections from the British government, which feared that such a measure would offend British subjects in India and Britain's allies in Japan, caused the Barton government to remove this wording. Instead, a "dictation test" was introduced as a device for excluding unwanted immigrants. Immigration officials were given the power to exclude any person who failed to pass a 50-word dictation test. At first this was to be in any European language, but was later changed to include <i>any</i> language. The tests were given in such a way as to make them impossible to pass. If a person seemed likely to pass in English then a test in another language could be given. Attlee Hunt, the first administrator of the Immigration Restriction Act expressed it clearly in a 1903 memo to all Customs Officers: "It is not desirable that persons should be allowed to past the test, and before putting it to anyone the Officer should be satisfied that he will fail. If he is considered likely to pass the test if put in English, it should be applied in some other language of which he is ignorant."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislation found strong support in the new <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Australian Parliament</a>, with arguments ranging from economic protection to outright racism. The Labor Party wanted to protect "white" jobs and pushed for more explicit restrictions. A few politicians spoke of the need to avoid hysterical treatment of the question. Member of Parliament Bruce Smith said he had "no desire to see low-class Indians, Chinamen or Japanese...swarming into this country... But there is obligation...not (to) unnecessarily offend the educated classes of those nations"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cameron_(politician)" title="Norman Cameron (politician)">Norman Cameron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a> member from Tasmania, expressed a rare note of dissension: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[N]o race on... this earth has been treated in a more shameful manner than have the Chinese.... They were forced at the point of a bayonet to admit Englishmen... into China. Now if we compel them to admit our people... why in the name of justice should we refuse to admit them here?<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Outside parliament, Australia's first Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Moran" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Francis Moran">Patrick Francis Moran</a> was politically active and denounced anti-Chinese legislation as "un-Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular press mocked the Cardinal's position and the small European population of Australia generally supported the legislation and remained fearful of being overwhelmed by an influx of non-British migrants from the vastly different cultures of the highly populated nations to Australia's north. </p><p>The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 imposed a dictation test, in any European language, for any non-European migrant to Australia. The immigration officer (Customs until 1949) could choose any language, which effectively meant that the officer had the power to restrict the immigration of any individual.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further discriminatory legislation was the Postal and Telegraph Services Act 1901 (1 Edward VII 12 1901), which required any ship carrying mail to and from Australia to only have a white crew.<sup id="cite_ref-BRL10-3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRL10-3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901">Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, there were approximately 9,800 Pacific Islander labourers in Queensland. In 1901, the Australian parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901" title="Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901">Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</a> (1 Edward VII 16 1901).<sup id="cite_ref-BRL9-1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRL9-1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of these statutes was that 7,500 Pacific Islanders (called "<a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanakas</a>") working mostly on plantations in Queensland were deported, and entry into Australia by Pacific Islanders was prohibited after 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-BRL10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRL10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those exempted from repatriation, along with a number of others who escaped deportation, remained in Australia to form the basis of what is today Australia's largest non-indigenous black ethnic group. Today, the descendants of those who remained are officially referred to as <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHRC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHRC-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exemption_for_Māori"><span id="Exemption_for_M.C4.81ori"></span>Exemption for Māori</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exemption for Māori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Māori generally benefited from the same immigration and voting rights as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_European" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand European">European New Zealanders</a> in Australia, making them a notable exception to the White Australia Policy. In 1902, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></i>, Māori residents in Australia were <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_voting_rights_in_Australia" title="Māori voting rights in Australia">granted the right to vote</a>, a right denied to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. During that same period, their right to settle in Australia was facilitated by their shared status as <a href="/wiki/British_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British subjects">British subjects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emigration_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emigration-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian government granted equal rights to Māori only reluctantly. In 1905, the New Zealand government made a formal complaint about the exclusion of two Māori shearers, after which the Australian government changed its customs regulations to allow Māori to freely enter the country. Other Pacific Islanders were still subject to the White Australia Policy.<sup id="cite_ref-hamer_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamer-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_Peace_Conference">Paris Peace Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paris Peace Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keep_Australia_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/220px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/330px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Keep_Australia_White.jpg/440px-Keep_Australia_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>"Keep Australia White" poster used during the <a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1917 Australian conscription referendum">1917 conscription referendum</a>. The "No" campaign claimed that conscripted soldiers sent overseas would be replaced by non-white labour. </figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">1919 Paris Peace Conference</a> following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Japan sought to include a <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">racial equality clause</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a>. Japanese policy reflected their desire to remove or to ease the immigration restrictions against Japanese (especially in the United States and Canada), which Japan regarded as a humiliation and affront to its prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> was already concerned by the prospect of Japanese expansion in the Pacific. Australia, Japan and New Zealand had seized the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany's Pacific territories</a> in the early stages of the war and Hughes was concerned to retain <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> as vital to the defence of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty ultimately granted Australia a League of Nations Mandate over German New Guinea and Japan to the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> immediately to its north – thus bringing Australian and Japanese territory to a shared border – a situation altered only by Japan's Second World War invasion of New Guinea. </p><p> Hughes vehemently opposed Japan's racial equality proposition. Hughes recognised that such a clause would be a threat to White Australia and made it clear to British prime minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> that he would leave the conference if the clause was adopted. Hughes wrote in 1919: "No Govt. could live for a day in Australia if it tempered with a White Australia".<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan319-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hughes wrote a note to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a> of the American delegation: "It may be all right. But sooner than agree to it I would walk into the Seine-or the Folies Bergeres-with my clothes off".<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan319-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hughes did offer the compromise that he would support the Racial Equality Clause provided that it did not affect immigration, an offer the Japanese rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan319-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the proposal failed, Hughes reported in the Australian parliament:</p><blockquote><p>The White Australia is yours. You may do with it what you please, but at any rate, the soldiers have achieved the victory and my colleagues and I have brought that great principle back to you from the conference, as safe as it was on the day when it was first adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-australian_story_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australian_story-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_of_the_policy">Abolition of the policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abolition of the policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian anxiety at the prospect of Japanese expansionism and war in the Pacific continued through the 1930s. Hughes, by then a minister in the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lyons_government" title="Lyons government">Lyons government</a>, made a notable contribution to Australia's attitude towards immigration in a 1935 speech in which he argued that "Australia must<span class="nowrap"> </span>... populate or perish." </p><p>Between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> starting in 1929 and the end of World War II in 1945, global conditions kept immigration to very low levels.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the war, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">ALP</a>) reinforced the message of the White Australia Policy by saying: "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a>, Australians feared invasion by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. Australian cities were bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Force">Japanese airforce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> naval forces menaced Australian shipping, while the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> remained pre-occupied with the battles of the Atlantic and Mediterranean in the face of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> aggression in Europe. A Japanese invasion fleet headed for the Australian <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> was only halted by the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia received thousands of refugees from territories falling to advancing Japanese forces – notably thousands of Chinese men and women as well as many Chinese seamen. There were also Dutch who fled the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now Indonesia).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guineans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timorese</a> served in the frontline of the defence of Australia, bringing Australia's racially discriminatory immigration and political rights policies into focus and wartime service gave many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> confidence in demanding their rights upon return to civilian life.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, talk arose about the possibility of abolishing the policy. Hostility to this idea was one reason Australia never signed a treaty with China as it was feared the Chinese government would request the abolition of the White Australian policy as an ally. A spokesman for the Labor Party demanded that it be continued, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The policy of White Australia is now, perhaps, the most outstanding political characteristic of this country, and it has been accepted not only by those closely associated with it, but also by those who watched and studied "this interesting experiment" from afar. Only those who favor the exploitation of a servile coloured race for greed of gain, and a few professional economists and benighted theologians, are now heard in serious criticism of a White Australia; but<span class="nowrap"> </span>... they are encouraged by the ill-timed and inappropriate pronouncements of what are, after all, irresponsible officials.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_immigration">Post-war immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-war immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">Post-war immigration to Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/220px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/330px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/440px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Dutch migrants arriving in Australia in 1954. Australia embarked upon a massive immigration programme following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and gradually dismantled the preferential treatment afforded to British migrants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the trauma of the Second World War, Australia's vulnerability during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> and its relatively small population compared to other nations led to policies summarised by the slogan, "populate or perish." According to author Lachlan Strahan, this was an ethnocentric slogan that in effect was an admonition to fill Australia with Europeans or else risk having it overrun by Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigration Minister <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a> stated in 1947 to critics of the government's mass immigration programme: "We have 25 years at most to populate this country before the yellow races are down on us." </p><p>During the war, many non-white refugees, Chinese but also including Malays, Indonesians and Filipinos, arrived in Australia, but Calwell controversially sought to have them all deported.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1945 and 1952, an Australian brigade served as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. Until 1952, Australia did not permit Japanese women who had married Australian soldiers to enter Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995209_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995209-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley government</a> introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Aliens_Deportation_Act_1948" title="Aliens Deportation Act 1948">Aliens Deportation Act 1948</a></i>, which had its weaknesses exposed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_v_Calwell" title="O'Keefe v Calwell">O'Keefe v Calwell</a></i>, and then passed the <i><a href="/wiki/War-time_Refugees_Removal_Act_1949" title="War-time Refugees Removal Act 1949">War-time Refugees Removal Act 1949</a></i> which gave the immigration minister sweeping powers of deportation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, Iranian <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Australia" title="Baháʼí Faith in Australia">Bahá'ís</a> seeking to immigrate to Australia were classified as "Asiatic" by the policy and were denied entry.<sup id="cite_ref-pers_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pers-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, Calwell's successor, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a>, allowed the remaining 800 non-white refugees to apply for residency, and also allowed Japanese "<a href="/wiki/War_bride" title="War bride">war brides</a>" to settle in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Holt continued Calwell's policy of encouraging mass immigration from Europe, and Australia admitted large numbers of immigrants from mostly Italy, Poland, Greece and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, as well as its traditional source of immigration, the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. The Australian Government promoted the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of migrants to Australia from continental Europe, who were expected to become mainstream Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Australian immigration law, which had until had been based on encouraging British immigration, was amended to take in more European immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way that Australia took in a large number of European immigrants from countries that were previously considered undesirable weakened the case for Australia as a primarily "British" country and led to demands for the end of the White Australia policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the purpose of the White Australia policy was to preserve Australia as a British country, in an ironic twist, some of the strongest critics of the White Australia policy in the 1950s were liberal British professors serving at Australian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, the Immigration Reform Group was founded at Melbourne University to champion for the abolition of the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relaxation_of_restrictions">Relaxation of restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Relaxation of restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/170px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/255px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/340px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="4971" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies government</a> abolished the dictation test in 1958.</figcaption></figure> <p>Australian policy began to shift towards significantly increasing immigration. Legislative changes over the next few decades continuously opened up immigration in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labor Party <a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley government</a>: </p> <ul><li>1947: The Chifley Labor government relaxed the Immigration Restriction Act allowing non-Europeans the right to settle permanently in Australia for business reasons.</li></ul> <p>Liberal-Country Party <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies government (1949–1966)</a>: </p> <ul><li>1949: Immigration Minister Holt permitted 800 non-European refugees to stay, and Japanese war brides to be admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950: External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Percy Spender</a> instigated the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a>, under which students from Asian countries were admitted to study at Australian universities, though many more came as privately sponsored students.</li> <li>1957: Non-Europeans with 15 years' residence in Australia were allowed to become citizens.</li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Migration_Act_1958" title="Migration Act 1958">Migration Act 1958</a> abolished the dictation test and introduced a simpler system for entry. Immigration Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Alick Downer</a> announced that "distinguished and highly qualified Asians" might immigrate.</li> <li>1959: Australians were permitted to sponsor Asian spouses for citizenship.</li> <li>1964: Conditions of entry for people of non-European origin were relaxed.</li></ul><p> This was despite comments Menzies made in a discussion with radio <a href="/wiki/2UE" title="2UE">2UE</a>'s Stewart Lamb in 1955, where he appeared to be a defender of the White Australia Policy. </p><blockquote><p>Menzies: "I don't want to see reproduced in Australia the kind of problem they have in South Africa or in America or increasingly in Great Britain. I think it's been a very good policy and it's been of great value to us and most of the criticism of it that I've ever heard doesn't come from these oriental countries it comes from wandering Australians." </p><p>Lamb: "For these years of course in the past Sir Robert you have been described as a racist." </p><p>Menzies: "Have I?" </p><p>Lamb: "I have read this, yes." </p><p> Menzies: "Well if I were not described as a racist I'd be the only public man who hasn't been."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1963, a paper, "Immigration: Control or Colour Bar?", was published by a group of students and academics at Melbourne University. It proposed eliminating the White Australia policy and was influential towards this end.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_White_Australia_Policy">End of the White Australia Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: End of the White Australia Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaroldHolt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldHolt.jpg/170px-HaroldHolt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldHolt.jpg/255px-HaroldHolt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HaroldHolt.jpg/340px-HaroldHolt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a> began dismantling the White Australia policy</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1966, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> stated that Australia no longer had a White Australia policy, but instead had a "restricted immigration policy".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in the year he and immigration minister <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Opperman" title="Hubert Opperman">Hubert Opperman</a> had announced a significant liberalisation of immigration laws for non-whites. These included reducing the waiting time for non-whites to obtain citizenship from fifteen years to five years and allowed for <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">family reunification</a>. Non-white immigrants would be admitted on the basis that they were "well-qualified", rather than "highly qualified and distinguished" as had been the case since 1956. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i> the changes would allow around 5,000 non-whites to obtain citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1971, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> stated that his government aimed to establish a multi-racial society in Australia and committed to abolishing racial discrimination. However he stated that there was still a need to restrict non-white immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had earlier stated that the White Australia policy was not morally justifiable, but that "the unlimited influx of colored people would lead to stresses in Australia".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labor Party members <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> set about removing the White Australia Policy from the Labor platform. Attempts in 1959 and 1961 failed, with Labor leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a> stating, "It would ruin the Party if we altered the immigration policy ... it was only cranks, long hairs, academics and do-gooders who wanted the change."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dunstan persisted in his efforts, and in 1965, the White Australia Policy was removed from the Labor platform at their national conference; Dunstan personally took credit for the change.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt Liberal government</a> modified the White Australia policy in an effort to reduce the strong perception of Australia's anti-Asian racism. After a review of immigration policy in March 1966, Immigration Minister <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Opperman" title="Hubert Opperman">Hubert Opperman</a> announced applications for migration would be accepted from well-qualified people "on the basis of their suitability as settlers, their ability to integrate readily and their possession of qualifications positively useful to Australia". At the same time, Holt's government decided to allow foreign non-whites to become permanent residents and citizens after five years (the same as for Europeans), and also removed discriminatory provisions in <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">family reunification</a> policies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the removal of official discrimination, preference was still given to Asian migrants of European or racially mixed appearance. A report on the Filipino community of Sydney in 1966 observed that its members – numbering approximately 100 – were all "white" looking, or in Filipino terms, "mestizos" of presumably Spanish descent. "The Filipino Consul General stated that he was the only 'colored Filipino' in Sydney."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the annual non-European settler arrivals rose from 746 in 1966 to 2,696 in 1971, while annual part-European settler arrivals rose from 1,498 to 6,054.<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leader of the Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a> supported the White Australia policy. This is reflected by Calwell's comments in his 1972 memoirs, <i>Be Just and Fear Not</i>, in which he made it clear that he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia. He wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I am proud of my white skin, just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-coloured. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatise the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Whitlam Labor government brought about the comprehensive legal end of the White Australia policy in 1973 as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam Labor government</a> implemented a series of amendments preventing the enforcement of racial aspects of the immigration law.<sup id="cite_ref-abolition_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abolition-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These amendments: </p> <ul><li>Legislated that all migrants, regardless of origin, be eligible to obtain citizenship after three years of permanent residence.</li> <li>Ratified all international agreements relating to immigration and race.</li> <li>Issued policy to totally disregard race as a factor in selecting migrants.</li></ul> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act 1975</a></i> made the use of racial criteria for any official purpose illegal. </p><p>It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser Liberal government</a>'s review of immigration law in 1978 that all selection of prospective migrants based on country of origin was entirely removed from official policy. </p><p>In 1981, the minister for immigration announced a special humanitarian assistance programme (SHP) for Iranians to seek refuge in Australia and by 1988 some 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'ís</a> and many more others had arrived in Australia through either SHP or refugee programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-pers_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pers-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last selective immigration policy, offering relocation assistance to British nationals, was finally removed in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Jupp_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jupp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia's contemporary immigration programme has two components: a programme for skilled and family migrants and a humanitarian programme for refugees and asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, the post-war immigration programme had received more than 6.5 million migrants. The population tripled in the six decades to around 21 million in 2010, comprising people originating from 200 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_demographics">Contemporary demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration to Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Demography of Australia</a></div> <p>In 2019, Australia has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">eighth-largest</a> immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 34% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 162,417 permanent immigrants were admitted to Australia in 2017–18.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most immigrants are skilled,<sup id="cite_ref-immig_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-immig_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immig-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the five largest immigrant groups were those born in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> (2.6%), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (2.4%), <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (2.3%) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (1.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-abs.gov.au_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2016 Australian census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Australian">English</a> (36.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> (33.5%)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish</a> (11.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Australian">Scottish</a> (9.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese</a> (5.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italian</a> (4.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Australian">German</a> (4.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Australian">Indian</a> (2.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous</a> (2.8%)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Greek</a> (1.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Australian">Dutch</a> (1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Australian">Filipino</a> (1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Australian">Vietnamese</a> (1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Australian">Lebanese</a> (1%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_social_legacy">Political and social legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political and social legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right politics<br />in Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_Guard_emblem.svg/80px-New_Guard_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_Guard_emblem.svg/120px-New_Guard_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/New_Guard_emblem.svg/160px-New_Guard_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Active organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_League_of_Rights" title="Australian League of Rights">Australian League of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia One">Australia One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Protectionist_Party" title="Australian Protectionist Party">Australian Protectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Odin" title="Soldiers of Odin">Soldiers of Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_Against_Further_Immigration" title="Australians Against Further Immigration">Australians Against Further Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Action_Party_of_Australia" title="Confederate Action Party of Australia">Confederate Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning%27s_Conservative_National_Party" title="Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party">Conservative National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Alternative" title="Nationalist Alternative">Nationalist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Society_of_Australia" title="Q Society of Australia">Q Society of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Up_Australia_Party" title="Rise Up Australia Party">Rise Up Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Vest_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Vest Australia">Yellow Vest Australia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning" title="Fraser Anning">Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">E. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">G. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Erikson" title="Neil Erikson">Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">de Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hersant" title="Jacob Hersant">Hersant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Kent_Hughes" title="Wilfrid Kent Hughes">Kent Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Nalliah" title="Danny Nalliah">Nalliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sewell_(neo-Nazi)" title="Thomas Sewell (neo-Nazi)">Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_van_Tongeren" title="Jack van Tongeren">van Tongeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Yemini" title="Avi Yemini">Yemini</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)#Publications" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">The New Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)#Publications" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">The Rallying Point: My Story of the New Guard</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorism_in_Australia" title="Far-right terrorism in Australia">Far-right terrorism in Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Australia">Fascism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_Australia" title="Islamophobia in Australia">Islamophobia in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Template:Far-right politics in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Far-right politics in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Far-right politics in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The story of Australia since the Second World War – and particularly since the final relegation of the White Australia Policy – has been one of ever-increasing ethnic and cultural diversity. Successive governments have sustained a large program of multi-ethnic immigration from all continents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity was legally permitted until 1975. Australia's new official policy on racial diversity is: "to build on our success as a culturally diverse, accepting and open society, united through a shared future".<sup id="cite_ref-united_diversity_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-united_diversity-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White Australia policy continues to be mentioned in modern contexts, although it is generally only mentioned by politicians when denouncing their opposition. As Leader of the Opposition, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> argued for restricting Asian immigration in 1988 as part of his <a href="/wiki/One_Australia_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One Australia policy">One Australia policy</a>; in August 1988, he said: </p><blockquote><p>I do believe that if it is – in the eyes of some in the community – that it's too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it [Asian immigration] were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Howard later retracted and apologised for the remarks, and was returned to the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> (1996–2007) in turn ran a large programme of non-discriminatory immigration and, according to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>, Asian countries became an increasingly important source of immigration over the decade from 1996 to 2006, with the proportion of migrants from Southern and Central Asian countries doubling from 7% to 14%. The proportion of immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa also increased. By 2005–06, China and India were the third and fourth largest sources of all migration (after New Zealand and the United Kingdom). In 2005–06, there were 180,000 permanent additions of migrants to Australia (72% more than the number in 1996–97). This figure included around 17,000 through the humanitarian programme, of whom <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanese</a> accounted for the largest portions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China became Australia's biggest source of migrants for the first time in 2009, surpassing New Zealand and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian historian John Fitzgerald wrote that the White Australia policy, with its definition that to be Australian was to be white, had a powerful impact on forging the identity of the Chinese-Australian community as a marginalised community.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzgerald noted that even in the early 21st century, many Chinese-Australians who had been born and grew up in Australia automatically referred to white Australians as "the Australians" and to themselves as "the Chinese".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blainey" title="Geoffrey Blainey">Geoffrey Blainey</a> achieved mainstream recognition for the anti-multiculturalist cause when he wrote that multiculturalism threatened to transform Australia into a "cluster of tribes". In his 1984 book <i><a href="/wiki/All_for_Australia" title="All for Australia">All for Australia</a></i>, Blainey criticised multiculturalism for tending to "emphasise the rights of ethnic minorities at the expense of the majority of Australians" and also for tending to be "anti-British", even though "people from the United Kingdom and Ireland form the dominant class of pre-war immigrants and the largest single group of post-war immigrants."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Blainey, such a policy, with its "emphasis on what is different and on the rights of the new minority rather than the old majority," was unnecessarily creating division and threatened national cohesion. He argued that "the evidence is clear that many multicultural societies have failed and that the human cost of the failure has been high" and warned that "we should think very carefully about the perils of converting Australia into a giant multicultural laboratory for the assumed benefit of the peoples of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of his numerous criticisms of multiculturalism, Blainey wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>For the millions of Australians who have no other nation to fall back upon, multiculturalism is almost an insult. It is divisive. It threatens social cohesion. It could, in the long-term, also endanger Australia's military security because it sets up enclaves which in a crisis could appeal to their own homelands for help.</p></blockquote> <p>Blainey remained a persistent critic of multiculturalism into the 1990s, denouncing multiculturalism as "morally, intellectually and economically ... a sham". The British historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>, in his 2006 book <i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900</i> praised the White Australia policy as being necessary to "protect Australia as an English-speaking nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2006_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2006-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roberts wrote the White Australia policy was the "right" immigration policy to pursue as he accused Asian immigrants of spreading infectious diseases and stated "Australia had the right (and duty) to protect herself" from Asian immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2006_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2006-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Views such as those expressed by Roberts have been in the minority. In 2009, the Australian historian Erin Ihde described the White Australia policy as "discredited" both within the historians' community and with the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-Ihde_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihde-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ihde wrote that the White Australia policy remains a difficult subject within the Australian popular memory of the past as it was the fear of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>" in the form of Asian immigration and the possibility of Asian nations such as China and Japan posing a military threat to Australia that played a major role in the formation of the Australian federation in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Ihde_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihde-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ihde argued the White Australia policy was not an aberration in Australian history, nor was it marginal, making it problematic to integrate into a positive view of Australian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Ihde_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ihde-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the overall success and generally bipartisan support for Australia's multi-ethnic immigration programme, there remain voices of opposition to immigration within the Australian electorate. At its peak, Pauline Hanson's <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation (Australia)">One Nation Party</a> received 9% of the national vote at the 1998 Federal Election.<sup id="cite_ref-carr_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carr-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Hanson was widely accused of trying to take Australia back to the days of the White Australia policy, particularly through reference to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>, one of the policy's strongest supporters. In her maiden address to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Parliament">Australian Parliament</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 election</a>, Hanson said:</p><blockquote><p>I and most Australians want our immigration policy radically reviewed and that of multiculturalism abolished. I believe we are in danger of being swamped by Asians. Between 1984 and 1995, 40 per cent of all migrants coming into this country were of Asian origin. They have their own culture and religion, form ghettos and do not assimilate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Hanson's remarks generated wide interest in the media both nationally and internationally, but she herself did not retain her seat in Parliament at the 1998 election or subsequent 2001 and 2004 federal elections. Hanson also failed to win election in the 2003 and 2011 New South Wales state elections.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2007, Hanson, with her new <a href="/wiki/Pauline%27s_United_Australia_Party" title="Pauline's United Australia Party">Pauline's United Australia Party</a>, continued her call for a freeze on immigration, arguing that African migrants carried disease into Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanson returned to politics in 2014 and ran in the Queensland election. She won a Queensland senate seat in the 2016 election, and retained it again in 2022. </p><p>Topics related to racism and immigration in Australia are still regularly connected by the media to the White Australia policy. Some examples of issues and events where this connection has been made include: <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia" title="Reconciliation in Australia">reconciliation with Indigenous Australians</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_detention_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory detention in Australia">mandatory detention and the "Pacific Solution"</a>; the <a href="/wiki/2005_Cronulla_riots" title="2005 Cronulla riots">2005 Cronulla riots</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Indians_in_Australia_controversy" title="Violence against Indians in Australia controversy">2009 attacks on Indians in Australia</a>. Former opposition Labor party leader <a href="/wiki/Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Mark Latham</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Latham_Diaries" title="The Latham Diaries">The Latham Diaries</a></i>, described the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> alliance as a legacy of the White Australia policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> proposed an Australian Citizenship Test intended "to get that balance between diversity and integration correct in future, particularly as we now draw people from so many different countries and so many different cultures". The draft proposal contained a pamphlet introducing <a href="/wiki/Australian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian history">Australian history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Democracy</a>. Migrants were to be required to correctly answer at least 12 out of 20 questions on such topics in a citizenship quiz. Migrants would also be required to demonstrate an adequate level of understanding of the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Rudd_government" class="mw-redirect" title="First Rudd government">Rudd government</a> reviewed and then implemented the proposal in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 August 2018, Senator <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning" title="Fraser Anning">Fraser Anning</a> delivered his maiden speech to the Senate. In it, he called for a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> to reintroduce the White Australia Policy, especially with regard to excluding Muslims. He was criticised by politicians from the left and the right, in particular for his choice of words ("<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">final solution</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was again criticised by politicians across the board after blaming Muslim immigration to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Christchurch_mosque_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Christchurch mosque attacks">2019 Christchurch mosque attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys from 2018 and 2023 have found that over 15% polled have shown support for discrimination when it comes to immigration intake. Support for discrimination was higher on basis of religion then race or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States">Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Europeans in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_tax_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head tax (Canada)">Head tax (Canada)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_tax_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head tax (New Zealand)">Head tax (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Informational notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a percentage of 21,769,209 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census. The <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Australia" title="Census in Australia">Australian Census</a> collects information on ancestry, but not on race or ethnicity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDesign" class="citation web cs1">Design, UBC Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary">"Australian Natives Association Centenary – Monument Australia"</a>. <i>monumentaustralia.org.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206071314/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/culture/social/display/31785-australian-natives-association-centenary">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monumentaustralia.org.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Natives+Association+Centenary+%E2%80%93+Monument+Australia&rft.aulast=Design&rft.aufirst=UBC+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonumentaustralia.org.au%2Fthemes%2Fculture%2Fsocial%2Fdisplay%2F31785-australian-natives-association-centenary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museumvictoria.com.au/learning-federation/white-australia/medal---australia-for-australians/">Museum Victoria description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105150237/http://museumvictoria.com.au/learning-federation/white-australia/medal---australia-for-australians/">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us-subsite/files/immigration-history.pdf">"A history of the Department of Immigration:managing migration to Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Australian Department of Home Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008174355/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about-us-subsite/files/immigration-history.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Department+of+Immigration%3Amanaging+migration+to+Australia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fabout-us-subsite%2Ffiles%2Fimmigration-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._D._Borrie1954" class="citation book cs1">W. D. Borrie (1954). <i>Italians and Germans in Australia: a study of assimilation</i>. Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italians+and+Germans+in+Australia%3A+a+study+of+assimilation&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1954&rft.au=W.+D.+Borrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Dewhirst" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Dewhirst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11038446.pdf">"Collaborating on whiteness: representing Italians in early White Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628174917/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11038446.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collaborating+on+whiteness%3A+representing+Italians+in+early+White+Australia&rft.au=Catherine+Dewhirst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F11038446.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2018" class="citation news cs1">Sparrow, Jeff (19 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/20/australias-history-of-anti-italian-racism-is-a-grotesque-echo-of-rhetoric-about-sudanese-people">"Australia's history of anti-Italian racism echoes grotesquely in rhetoric about Sudanese people"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621081435/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/20/australias-history-of-anti-italian-racism-is-a-grotesque-echo-of-rhetoric-about-sudanese-people">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+history+of+anti-Italian+racism+echoes+grotesquely+in+rhetoric+about+Sudanese+people&rft.date=2018-11-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fnov%2F20%2Faustralias-history-of-anti-italian-racism-is-a-grotesque-echo-of-rhetoric-about-sudanese-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-immi.gov.au-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-immi.gov.au_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131355/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. <i>Australian Immigration</i>. Commonwealth of Australia: National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">the original</a> on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Immigration&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fcorporate%2Finformation%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Lewis,_Simon_Balderstone_and_John_Bowan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lewis" title="Wendy Lewis">Wendy Lewis</a>, Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006). <i>Events That Shaped Australia</i>. Wahroonga: New Holland. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9"><bdi>978-1-74110-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Shaped+Australia&rft.place=Wahroonga&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-74110-492-9&rft.au=Wendy+Lewis%2C+Simon+Balderstone+and+John+Bowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Leiden: Brill. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsSimon-Davies2017" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Janet; Simon-Davies, Joanne (18 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209093351/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/MigrationStatistics">"Migration to Australia: a quick guide to the statistics"</a>. <i>Australian Parliament House</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital-classroom.nma.gov.au&rft.atitle=End+of+the+White+Australia+policy+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Defining+Moments+Digital+Classroom+%E2%80%93+National+Museum+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-classroom.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fend-white-australia-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markey-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markey_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkey1996" class="citation web cs1">Markey, Raymond (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019161339/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18167215.html">"Race and organized labor in Australia, 1850–1901"</a>. The Historian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:18167215&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20c%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=">the original</a> on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+organized+labor+in+Australia%2C+1850%E2%80%931901&rft.pub=The+Historian&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Markey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Flibrary%2Fdocfree.asp%3FDOCID%3D1G1%3A18167215%26ctrlInfo%3DRound20%253AMode20c%253ADocG%253AResult%26ao%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1964" class="citation journal cs1">Lockwood, R. (1964). "British Imperial Influences in the Foundation of the White Australia Policy". <i>Labour History</i> (7): 23–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27507761">10.2307/27507761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-6942">0023-6942</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27507761">27507761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=British+Imperial+Influences+in+the+Foundation+of+the+White+Australia+Policy&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=23-33&rft.date=1964&rft.issn=0023-6942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27507761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27507761&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2002" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, Phil (4 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf">"Towards White Australia: The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(RTF)</span>. 11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214224516/http://www.philgriffiths.id.au/writings/articles/Shadow%20of%20mill.rtf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+White+Australia%3A+The+shadow+of+Mill+and+the+spectre+of+slavery+in+the+1880s+debates+on+Chinese+immigration&rft.pub=11th+Biennial+National+Conference+of+the+Australian+Historical+Association&rft.date=2002-07-04&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philgriffiths.id.au%2Fwritings%2Farticles%2FShadow%2520of%2520mill.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willoughby-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willoughby_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby" class="citation web cs1">Willoughby, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625205722/http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/federation/pdfs/multiw.pdf">"Our Federation Journey 1901–2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Museum Victoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/federation/pdfs/multiw.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Federation+Journey+1901%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Museum+Victoria&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.vic.gov.au%2Ffederation%2Fpdfs%2Fmultiw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speech to Colonial Conference of 1897, quoted in J. Holland Rose et al., eds. <i>The Cambridge History of the British Empire: Volume VII: Part I: Australia</i> (1933) p 411; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=chamberlain+%22alien+in+civilisation%22&pg=PA759">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928073052/https://books.google.com/books?id=B9oDAAAAYAAJ&dq=chamberlain+%22alien+in+civilisation%22&pg=PA759">Archived</a> 28 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%2522constitution/conventions/1898-1104%2522">"ParlInfo – 1898 Australasian Federation Conference : Third Session: Debates – February 8"</a>. <i>parlinfo.aph.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525091231/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22constitution%2Fconventions%2F1898-1104%22">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parlinfo.aph.gov.au&rft.atitle=ParlInfo+%E2%80%93+1898+Australasian+Federation+Conference+%3A+Third+Session%3A+Debates+%E2%80%93+February+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay%2Fdisplay.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%3A%252522constitution%2Fconventions%2F1898-1104%252522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995207-208-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995207-208_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJupp1995">Jupp 1995</a>, p. 207-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995208_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJupp1995">Jupp 1995</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Carroll; From Barton to Fraser; Cassell Australia; 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRL9-1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRL9-1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRL9-1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch092.pdf">"Chapter 9 The plantation economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific</i>. ANU Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2"><bdi>978-1-925022-03-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330035755/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch092.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+The+plantation+economy&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist+and+his+%22Beautiful+Islands%22%3A+Charles+Morris+Woodford+in+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=978-1-925022-03-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp298111%2Fpdf%2Fch092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall" class="citation web cs1">Kendall, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/monographs/kendall/chapterone.pdf">"Within China's Orbit: China through the eyes of the Australian Parliament"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Parliamentary Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407171857/http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/monographs/kendall/chapterone.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Within+China%27s+Orbit%3A+China+through+the+eyes+of+the+Australian+Parliament&rft.pub=Australian+Parliamentary+Library&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fmonographs%2Fkendall%2Fchapterone.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris" class="citation book cs1">Norris, R. "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/deakin-alfred-5927"><i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731095136/http://www.faktaomfartyg.nu/stockholm_1948.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span> – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deakin%2C+Alfred+%281856%E2%80%931919%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fdeakin-alfred-5927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy2004" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Laurie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REN8gTardCUC&q=Japanese+Chinese+good+qualities&pg=PA12"><i>Culture and Customs of Australia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32169-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32169-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32169-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812204304/https://books.google.com/books?id=REN8gTardCUC&q=Japanese+Chinese+good+qualities&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Australia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32169-6&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREN8gTardCUC%26q%3DJapanese%2BChinese%2Bgood%2Bqualities%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schaffer, Kay (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014042017/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2001/schaffer.html">"Manne's Generation: White Nation Responses to the Stolen Generation Report"</a>. <i>Australian Humanities Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2001/schaffer.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Humanities+Review&rft.atitle=Manne%27s+Generation%3A+White+Nation+Responses+to+the+Stolen+Generation+Report&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianhumanitiesreview.org%2Farchive%2FIssue-June-2001%2Fschaffer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427153016/http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-June-2001/schaffer2.html">part 2</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Smith (Free Trade Party) Parliamentary Debates cited in D.M. Gibb (1973)<i> The Making of White Australia</i>.p.113. Victorian Historical Association. ISBN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Donald Norman Cameron (Free Trade Party) Parliamentary Debates, cited in D.M. Gibb (1973)p.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, A. E. "Moran, Patrick Francis (1830–1911)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/moran-patrick-francis-7648"><i>Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525224814/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/moran-patrick-francis-7648">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span> – via Australian Dictionary of Biography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moran%2C+Patrick+Francis+%281830%E2%80%931911%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmoran-patrick-francis-7648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/immigration-and-citizenship/immigration-restriction-act-1901">"The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 | naa.gov.au"</a>. <i>www.naa.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422235143/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/immigration-and-citizenship/immigration-restriction-act-1901">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.naa.gov.au&rft.atitle=The+Immigration+Restriction+Act+1901+%7C+naa.gov.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fexplore-collection%2Fimmigration-and-citizenship%2Fimmigration-restriction-act-1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRL10-3-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRL10-3_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch102.pdf">"Chapter 10 The critical question of labour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific</i>. ANU Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2"><bdi>978-1-925022-03-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812061619/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch102.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+The+critical+question+of+labour&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist+and+his+%22Beautiful+Islands%22%3A+Charles+Morris+Woodford+in+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=978-1-925022-03-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp298111%2Fpdf%2Fch102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRL10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRL10_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch102.pdf">"Chapter 10 The critical question of labour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific</i>. ANU Press. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925022-03-2"><bdi>978-1-925022-03-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812061619/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch102.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+The+critical+question+of+labour&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist+and+his+%22Beautiful+Islands%22%3A+Charles+Morris+Woodford+in+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=978-1-925022-03-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp298111%2Fpdf%2Fch102.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHRC-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHRC_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/forum/Erace/south_sea.html">"Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314080249/http://www.hreoc.gov.au/racial_discrimination/forum/Erace/south_sea.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Australian Human Rights Commission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emigration-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emigration_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/2/en">"Māori overseas: Emigration to Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209113512/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/2/en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+overseas%3A+Emigration+to+Australia&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FNewZealanders%2FMaoriNewZealanders%2FMaoriOverseas%2F2%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamer-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamer_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamer2015" class="citation news cs1">Hamer, Paul (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natlib.govt.nz/blog/posts/unsophisticated-and-unsuited">"Unsophisticated and unsuited"</a>. National Library of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128023403/https://natlib.govt.nz/blog/posts/unsophisticated-and-unsuited">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unsophisticated+and+unsuited&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Hamer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatlib.govt.nz%2Fblog%2Fposts%2Funsophisticated-and-unsuited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2018" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Peter (2018). <i>Best We Forget. The War for White Australia,1914–1918</i>. Melbourne: TextPublishing. pp. 201–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+We+Forget.+The+War+for+White+Australia%2C1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=201-210&rft.pub=TextPublishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/D879E4837E327092CA256A99001B7456?OpenDocument">"Remembering the war in New Guinea – Why were the Japanese were in New Guinea"</a>. <i>ajrp.awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110050620/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/AJRP/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/D879E4837E327092CA256A99001B7456?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajrp.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+war+in+New+Guinea+%E2%80%93+Why+were+the+Japanese+were+in+New+Guinea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2FAJRP%2Fremember.nsf%2FWeb-Printer%2FD879E4837E327092CA256A99001B7456%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacMillan319-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacMillan319_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">MacMillan, Margaret</a> (2002). "Japan and Racial Equality". <a href="/wiki/Peacemakers_(book)" title="Peacemakers (book)"><i>Paris 1919: Six Months that changed the World</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50826-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50826-0"><bdi>0-375-50826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan+and+Racial+Equality&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+that+changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-50826-0&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-australian_story-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-australian_story_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101071337/http://www.abc.net.au:80/100years/EP2_3.htm">"100 Years: The Australia Story. Episode 2: Rise and Fall of White Australia"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Commission. 21 March 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au:80/100years/EP2_3.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Years%3A+The+Australia+Story.+Episode+2%3A+Rise+and+Fall+of+White+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Commission&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%3A80%2F100years%2FEP2_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417084627/http://www.immi.gov.au/statistics/publications/federation/timeline1.pdf">"Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Department of Immigration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/statistics/publications/federation/timeline1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+to+Australia+During+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpublications%2Ffederation%2Ftimeline1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abolition-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abolition_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">"Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. Australian Department of Immigration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww2.asp">"Second World War, 1939–45 – Australian War Memorial"</a>. <i>awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606141155/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/ww2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%9345+%E2%80%93+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fww2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/japanese/broome.asp">"Allies in adversity, Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War – Australian War Memorial"</a>. <i>awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215061939/http://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/alliesinadversity/japanese/broome.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Allies+in+adversity%2C+Australia+and+the+Dutch+in+the+Pacific+War+%E2%80%93+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fexhibitions%2Falliesinadversity%2Fjapanese%2Fbroome.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/aborigines/indigenous.asp">"Indigenous Australian servicemen – Australian War Memorial"</a>. <i>awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224190659/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/aborigines/indigenous.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Australian+servicemen+%E2%80%93+Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fencyclopedia%2Faborigines%2Findigenous.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">editorial in <i>Australian Worker</i> [Sydney] 15 March 1944, in F. K. Crowley, <i>Modern Australia in Documents: 1939–1970</i> (1973) 2:97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahan1996" class="citation book cs1">Strahan, Lachlan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6UFAYXYXoIC&q=white%2520yellow%2520%2520%2522populate%2520or%2520perish%2522&pg=PA146"><i>Australia's China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48497-8"><bdi>978-0-521-48497-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155441/https://books.google.com/books?id=P6UFAYXYXoIC&q=white%20yellow%20%20%22populate%20or%20perish%22&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+China%3A+Changing+Perceptions+from+the+1930s+to+the+1990s&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48497-8&rft.aulast=Strahan&rft.aufirst=Lachlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP6UFAYXYXoIC%26q%3Dwhite%252520yellow%252520%252520%252522populate%252520or%252520perish%252522%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinNolan2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(philosopher)" title="James Franklin (philosopher)">Franklin, James</a>; Nolan, Gerry O (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connorcourtpublishing.com.au/Arthur-Calwell-Australian-Biographical-Monographs-20--James-Franklin-Gerry-O-Nolan_p_568.html"><i>Arthur Calwell</i></a>. Connor Court. pp. 44–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922815-81-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922815-81-1"><bdi>978-1-922815-81-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022194642/https://www.connorcourtpublishing.com.au/Arthur-Calwell-Australian-Biographical-Monographs-20--James-Franklin-Gerry-O-Nolan_p_568.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Calwell&rft.pages=44-48&rft.pub=Connor+Court&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-922815-81-1&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Gerry+O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connorcourtpublishing.com.au%2FArthur-Calwell-Australian-Biographical-Monographs-20--James-Franklin-Gerry-O-Nolan_p_568.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995209-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995209_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJupp1995">Jupp 1995</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p109651/pdf/ch015.pdf">Gone with hardly a trace: deportees in immigration policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224547/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p109651/pdf/ch015.pdf">Archived</a> 3 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pers-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pers_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pers_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Hassall1989" class="citation book cs1">Graham Hassall (1989). "Persian Baháʼís in Australia". In Abe Ata (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=hassall_persian_bahais_australia&language=All"><i>Religion and Ethnic Identity, An Australian Study</i></a>. Melbourne: Victoria College & Spectrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217152523/http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=hassall_persian_bahais_australia&language=All">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs+in+Australia&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ethnic+Identity%2C+An+Australian+Study&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Victoria+College+%26+Spectrum&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Graham+Hassall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Ffile.php5%3Ffile%3Dhassall_persian_bahais_australia%26language%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egon F. Kunz (1988). <i>Displaced persons. Calwell's New Australians</i>, Sydney, Australian National University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-034406-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-034406-2">0-08-034406-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJupp1995210_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJupp1995">Jupp 1995</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">"Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection"</a>. <i>www.immi.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.immi.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Government+Department+of+Immigration+and+Border+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonJohansen2017" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Brett; Johansen, Kirsty (21 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/what-menzies-really-thought-of-the-commonwealth">"What Menzies really thought of the Commonwealth"</a>. <i>SBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135921/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/what-menzies-really-thought-of-the-commonwealth">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=What+Menzies+really+thought+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Johansen%2C+Kirsty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwhat-menzies-really-thought-of-the-commonwealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1780750/At-a-glance-The-White-Australia-policy">"At-a-glance: The White Australia Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>. 13 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621072451/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1780750/At-a-glance-The-White-Australia-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At-a-glance%3A+The+White+Australia+Policy&rft.pub=SBS&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F1780750%2FAt-a-glance-The-White-Australia-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Waters2013" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Waters (20 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-20/former-judge-fails-australias-improved-race-relations/4769422">"Academic Howard Nathan says Australia's race relations changed 'immeasurably for the better'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620102201/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-06-20/former-judge-fails-australias-improved-race-relations/4769422">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Academic+Howard+Nathan+says+Australia%27s+race+relations+changed+%27immeasurably+for+the+better%27&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft.au=Jeff+Waters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-06-20%2Fformer-judge-fails-australias-improved-race-relations%2F4769422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/107881136">"Holt, Wilson in weekend meeting"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i>. 11 July 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Holt%2C+Wilson+in+weekend+meeting&rft.date=1966-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F107881136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105891028">"New migration policy will aid Japanese"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i>. 11 March 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=New+migration+policy+will+aid+Japanese&rft.date=1966-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F105891028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110451246">"Why Mr Gorton varied his stance at Singapore"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i>. 26 January 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Mr+Gorton+varied+his+stance+at+Singapore&rft.date=1971-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F110451246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250239978">"Gorton's 'race stand' comes under attack"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 19 October 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=Gorton%27s+%27race+stand%27+comes+under+attack&rft.date=1970-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F250239978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHocking2008" class="citation book cs1">Hocking, Jenny (2008). <i>Gough Whitlam: The Early Years</i>. Australia: The Miegunyah Press. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gough+Whitlam%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=The+Miegunyah+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hocking&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510064507/http://www.abc.net.au/news/features/obits/dunstan/default.htm">"ABC News Obituary – Don Dunstan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 10 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/features/obits/dunstan/default.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=ABC+News+Obituary+%E2%80%93+Don+Dunstan&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fobits%2Fdunstan%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Williams2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Williams (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Michael+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calwell, <i>Be Just and Fear Not</i>, 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821205840/http://www.fabian.org.au/887.asp">"Refugee Policies in an Election Campaign [Australian Fabian Society]"</a>. 21 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabian.org.au/887.asp">the original</a> on 21 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugee+Policies+in+an+Election+Campaign+%5BAustralian+Fabian+Society%5D&rft.date=2006-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabian.org.au%2F887.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jupp-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jupp_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp" class="citation web cs1">Jupp, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625205721/http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/events/citizen/jupp.pdf">"Immigration and Citizenship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Melbourne. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Citizenship&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.unimelb.edu.au%2Fevents%2Fcitizen%2Fjupp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm">"Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection"</a>. <i>www.immi.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001125010/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/60refugee.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=About+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Faib%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs.gov.au-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs.gov.au_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531152959/https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3412.0Main%20Features22017-18?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3412.0&issue=2017-18&num=&view=">"3412.0 – Migration, Australia, 2017–18"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia%3A+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Cultural+Diversity+In+Australia%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2BSubject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2BFeatures~Cultural%2BDiversity%2BArticle~60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420045056/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/036?opendocument">"2016 Census Community Profiles"</a>. 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The Australian Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/multicultural/_inc/pdf_doc/united_diversity/united_diversity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Australia%3A+United+in+Diversity+%28Social+Engineering+and+the+Enforcement+of+Diversity%29&rft.pub=The+Australian+Department+of+Immigration+and+Multicultural+and+Indigenous+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmulticultural%2F_inc%2Fpdf_doc%2Funited_diversity%2Funited_diversity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/asian-influence-spices-up-contest/news-story/97b8077825a4a8c15a9fa2127a6207e4">"Asian influence spices up contest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>. 27 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Commonwealth of Australia: Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510052653/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/928AF7A0CB6F969FCA25732C00207852?opendocument#CHARACTERISTICS+OF+MIGRANTS">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Chapter+%E2%80%93+Migration%3A+permanent+additions+to+Australia%27s+population&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLatestproducts%2F928AF7A0CB6F969FCA25732C00207852%3Fopendocument%23CHARACTERISTICS%2BOF%2BMIGRANTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Peter (8 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/china-top-source-of-immigration-20091207-kfcp.html">"China top source of immigration"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430235503/http://www.theage.com.au/national/china-top-source-of-immigration-20091207-kfcp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=China+top+source+of+immigration&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fchina-top-source-of-immigration-20091207-kfcp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, John <i>Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia</i>, Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press (2007), p.4-5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86840-870-0">0-86840-870-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzgerald, John <i>Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia</i>, Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press (2007), p.5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86840-870-0">0-86840-870-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blainey, G. 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Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-85076-2"><bdi>978-0-297-85076-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813041112/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9lgHAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English-Speaking+Peoples+Since+1900&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-297-85076-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9lgHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ihde-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ihde_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ihde_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ihde_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhde2008" class="citation book cs1">Ihde, Erin (2008). "Australia Federates, Australia Celebrates". In Roberts, David Andrew; Crotty, Martin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC"><i>Turning Points in Australian History</i></a>. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921410-56-7"><bdi>978-1-921410-56-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224508/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi5me1HBT7kC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia+Federates%2C+Australia+Celebrates&rft.btitle=Turning+Points+in+Australian+History&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-921410-56-7&rft.aulast=Ihde&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWi5me1HBT7kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carr-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carr_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr" class="citation web cs1">Carr, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213125503/http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/index1998.shtml">"Federal Election of 3 October 1998"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/index1998.shtml">the original</a> on 13 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Election+of+3+October+1998&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsephos.adam-carr.net%2Fcountries%2Fa%2Faustralia%2Findex1998.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1996" class="citation news cs1">Hanson, Pauline (1 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18204301-601,00.html">"Maiden Speech"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823022323/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18204301-601,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maiden+Speech&rft.date=1996-09-01&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C20867%2C18204301-601%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/nsw/hanson-fails-to-win-seat-in-nsw-20110412-1dbuy.html">"Hanson fails to win seat in NSW"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 12 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705224050/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/hanson-fails-to-win-seat-in-nsw-20110412-1dbuy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Hanson+fails+to+win+seat+in+NSW&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnsw%2Fhanson-fails-to-win-seat-in-nsw-20110412-1dbuy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Hanson-launches-campaign-song/2007/10/05/1191091356094.html">"Hanson launches campaign song"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 5 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614045757/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Hanson-launches-campaign-song/2007/10/05/1191091356094.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Hanson+launches+campaign+song&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FHanson-launches-campaign-song%2F2007%2F10%2F05%2F1191091356094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/citizenship-test-unveiled/2007/08/26/1188066926388.html">"Citizenship test unveiled"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 26 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815081911/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/citizenship-test-unveiled/2007/08/26/1188066926388.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Citizenship+test+unveiled&rft.date=2007-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcitizenship-test-unveiled%2F2007%2F08%2F26%2F1188066926388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovic2009" class="citation news cs1">Berkovic, Nicola (18 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/citizen-quiz-tests-facts-not-figures/story-e6frg6nf-1225776323109">"Citizen quiz tests facts, not figures"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Citizen+quiz+tests+facts%2C+not+figures&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft.aulast=Berkovic&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fcitizen-quiz-tests-facts-not-figures%2Fstory-e6frg6nf-1225776323109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamFarr2018" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Ben; Farr, Malcolm (14 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/while-all-muslims-are-not-terrorists-certainly-all-terrorists-these-days-are-muslims-senator-anning-said/news-story/c0753644cfccdda0394619e6f9dc01b5">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'While all Muslims are not terrorists, certainly all terrorists these days are Muslims,' Senator Anning said"</a>. <i>News.com.au</i>. News International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814202448/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/while-all-muslims-are-not-terrorists-certainly-all-terrorists-these-days-are-muslims-senator-anning-said/news-story/c0753644cfccdda0394619e6f9dc01b5">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=%27While+all+Muslims+are+not+terrorists%2C+certainly+all+terrorists+these+days+are+Muslims%2C%27+Senator+Anning+said&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Farr%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2Fwhile-all-muslims-are-not-terrorists-certainly-all-terrorists-these-days-are-muslims-senator-anning-said%2Fnews-story%2Fc0753644cfccdda0394619e6f9dc01b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Nick (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/outrage-as-fraser-anning-blames-nz-attacks-on-muslim-immigration">"Outrage as Fraser Anning blames NZ attacks on 'Muslim immigration'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>SBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092801/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/outrage-as-fraser-anning-blames-nz-attacks-on-muslim-immigration">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Outrage+as+Fraser+Anning+blames+NZ+attacks+on+%27Muslim+immigration%27&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Foutrage-as-fraser-anning-blames-nz-attacks-on-muslim-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lens.monash.edu/2018/12/05/1366647/calls-for-a-return-to-white-australia-policy-not-backed">"Return to White Australia? Surveys say no"</a>. 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Return+to+White+Australia%3F+Surveys+say+no&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flens.monash.edu%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2F1366647%2Fcalls-for-a-return-to-white-australia-policy-not-backed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scanloninstitute.org.au/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023%20Mapping%20Social%20Cohesion%20Report.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Affeldt, Stefanie (2010) "A Paroxysm of Whiteness. 'White' Labour, 'White' Nation and 'White' Sugar in Australia" in Hund, Wulf D.; Krikler, Jeremy; and Roediger, David (eds.) <i>Wages of Whiteness & Racist Symbolic Capital</i>. Berlin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10949-1">978-3-643-10949-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffeldt,_Stefanie2014" class="citation book cs1">Affeldt, Stefanie (2014). <i>Consuming Whiteness. Australian Racism and the 'White Sugar' Campaign</i>. Berlin. LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90569-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Whiteness.+Australian+Racism+and+the+%27White+Sugar%27+Campaign&rft.pub=Berlin.+LIT&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90569-7&rft.au=Affeldt%2C+Stefanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_John2001" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, John (2001). <i>The White Divers of Broome</i>. Sydney, MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7329-1078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7329-1078-1"><bdi>0-7329-1078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Divers+of+Broome&rft.pub=Sydney%2C+MacMillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7329-1078-1&rft.au=Bailey%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dixon, Chris. "Confronting the 'Bulwark of White Supremacy': The African American Challenge to White Australia, 1941–1945." <i>Journal of African American History</i> 106.1 (2021): 78-102.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoulman,_JaneLee,_David2008" class="citation book cs1">Doulman, Jane; Lee, David (2008). <i>Every Assistance & Protection: a History of the Australian Passport</i>. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade / Federation Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Assistance+%26+Protection%3A+a+History+of+the+Australian+Passport&rft.pub=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade+%2F+Federation+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Doulman%2C+Jane&rft.au=Lee%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffield,_Ian1993" class="citation book cs1">Duffield, Ian (1993). <i>Skilled Workers or Marginalised Poor? The African Population of the United Kingdom, 1812–1852</i>. Immigrants and Minorities Vol. 12, No. 3; Frank Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skilled+Workers+or+Marginalised+Poor%3F+The+African+Population+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+1812%E2%80%931852&rft.pub=Immigrants+and+Minorities+Vol.+12%2C+No.+3%3B+Frank+Cass&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Duffield%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eldershaw, Philip S. "The Exclusion of Asiatic Immigrants in Australia." <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 34 (September 1909): 190–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2688400060/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=555453d6">Online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald,_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, John (2007). <i>Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia</i>. Sydney. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-870-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-870-5"><bdi>978-0-86840-870-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+White+Lie%3A+Chinese+Australians+in+White+Australia&rft.pub=Sydney&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-870-5&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hund, Wulf D. (2006) "White Australia oder der Krieg der Historiker." In: <i>Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik</i>, 3+.</li> <li>Ishii, Yuka. (2021) "Transformation of the 'Mutual' Recognition between Australia and Asia in the Era of the White Australia Policy Geopolitics, Human Exchange, and Images in the Asia-Pacific Region." <i>Journal of Australian Studies</i> 34#1 (2021): 30–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/asaj/34/0/34_30/_pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Matthew (2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Not on Your Life': Cabinet and Liberalisation of the White Australia Policy, 1964–67". <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 169–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1391485">10.1080/03086534.2017.1391485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158117024">158117024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=%27Not+on+Your+Life%27%3A+Cabinet+and+Liberalisation+of+the+White+Australia+Policy%2C+1964%E2%80%9367&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-201&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2017.1391485&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158117024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jupp, James (Spring 1995). "From 'White Australia' to 'Part of Asia': Recent Shifts in Australian Immigration Policy towards the Region". <i>The International Migration Review</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 207–228. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12319613">12319613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=From+%27White+Australia%27+to+%27Part+of+Asia%27%3A+Recent+Shifts+in+Australian+Immigration+Policy+towards+the+Region&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=207-228&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12319613&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Laksiri Jayasuriya; Walker, David; and Gothard, Jan (eds.) (2003) <i>Legacies of White Australia</i>. Crawley, University of Western Australia Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2020" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Tim (29 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/siva-singh-fights-white-australia-policy-for-right-to-vote/12097822">"Immigrant who fought White Australia policy for right to vote leaves lasting legacy"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Immigrant+who+fought+White+Australia+policy+for+right+to+vote+leaves+lasting+legacy&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-03-29%2Fsiva-singh-fights-white-australia-policy-for-right-to-vote%2F12097822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span> – Story of Sikh hawker Siva Singh</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp,_JamesKabala,_Maria1993" class="citation book cs1">Jupp, James; Kabala, Maria (1993). <i>The Politics of Australian Immigration</i>. Australian Government Publishing Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Australian+Immigration&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Jupp%2C+James&rft.au=Kabala%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMiillan2001" class="citation book cs1">MacMiillan, Margaret (2001). <i>Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World</i>. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+that+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=MacMiillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McDonald, Peter. (2019) "Migration to Australia: From Asian exclusion to Asian predominance." <i>Revue européenne des migrations internationales</i> 35.1 et 2 (2019): 87–105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.openedition.org/remi/12695online">[2]</a></li> <li>Stratton, Jon. "The Colour of Jews: Jews, Race and the White Australia Policy." <i>Journal of Australian Studies</i> 20.50-51 (1996): 51-65.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavan,_Gwenda2005" class="citation book cs1">Tavan, Gwenda (2005). <i>The Long, Slow Death of White Australia</i>. Scribe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920769-46-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-920769-46-3"><bdi>1-920769-46-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long%2C+Slow+Death+of+White+Australia&rft.pub=Scribe&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-920769-46-3&rft.au=Tavan%2C+Gwenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Walker, David. (2019) <i>Stranded Nation: White Australia in an Asian Region</i> (UWA Press, 2019)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard,_Myra1923" class="citation book cs1">Willard, Myra (1923). <i>History of the White Australia Policy to 1920</i>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-83830-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-83830-8"><bdi>0-522-83830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+White+Australia+Policy+to+1920&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=0-522-83830-8&rft.au=Willard%2C+Myra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Michael2021" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael (2021). <i>Australia's Dictation Test: The Test it was a Crime to Fail</i>. Brill. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47110-8"><bdi>978-90-04-47110-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Dictation+Test%3A+The+Test+it+was+a+Crime+to+Fail&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47110-8&rft.au=Williams%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Australia_policy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601201917/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16">"Immigration Restriction Act 1901"</a>. <i>National Archives of Australia: Documenting a Democracy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=16">the original</a> on 1 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia%3A+Documenting+a+Democracy&rft.atitle=Immigration+Restriction+Act+1901&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem.asp%3FdID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span> (scan of the Act and information)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Kel; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604231244/http://www.law.mq.edu.au/html/MqLJ/volume5/vol5_robertson.pdf">"Dictating to One of 'Us': the Migration of Mrs Freer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Macquarie Law Journal</i>. <b>5</b>: 241–275. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.mq.edu.au/html/MqLJ/volume5/vol5_robertson.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macquarie+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Dictating+to+One+of+%27Us%27%3A+the+Migration+of+Mrs+Freer&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=241-275&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Kel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.mq.edu.au%2Fhtml%2FMqLJ%2Fvolume5%2Fvol5_robertson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Australia+policy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831104850/http://dl.filmaust.com.au/tag/White+Australia+Policy/">Educational Resources about the White Australia Policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bishop.slq.qld.gov.au/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=304897.xml&dvs=1455237633246~983&locale=en_US&search_terms=&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=4&divType=&usePid1=true&usePid2=true">Newton Barton Diary, 1894–1895</a>– A shipboard diary kept by able seaman Newton Barton on one of his voyages to recruit South Sea Islanders for the Queensland cane fields. Digitised and held by the State Library of Queensland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm">Fact Sheet 8 – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Bahrain" title="Racial segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Rhodesia" title="Racial segregation">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudization" title="Saudization">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emiratisation" title="Emiratisation">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caste" title="Category:Caste">caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_segregation" title="Category:Sex segregation">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racial_segregation" title="Category:Racial segregation">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template talk:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> (Sinophobia)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Invasion" title="The Unparalleled Invasion">The Unparalleled Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Valckenier" title="Adriaan Valckenier">Adriaan Valckenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Bryant" title="Andrew Jackson Bryant">Andrew Jackson Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Kearney" title="Denis Kearney">Denis Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Chinese Indians">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Racism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Taiwan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By institution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_Union" title="Anti-Chinese Union">Anti-Chinese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brotherhood_of_Railway_Employees" title="Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees">Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">Sangley Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">Sangley Massacre (1662)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_Saigon_massacre" title="1782 Saigon massacre">1782 Saigon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Riot">Buckland Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Outrage" title="Trout Creek Outrage">Trout Creek Outrage</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">New Zealand head tax</a> (1881–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (1882–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Chinese_Immigration_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)">Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquah_riot_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaquah riot of 1885">Issaquah riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax in Canada</a> (1885–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Chinese_riots,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886">Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> (1892–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Colliery_Co_of_British_Columbia_v_Bryden" title="Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden">Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Australia policy</a> (1901–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Asian_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Asian riots">Vancouver anti-Asian riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">Torreón massacre</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Kudus_riot" title="1918 Kudus riot">1918 Kudus riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkiao_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Changkiao massacre">Changkiao massacre</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office_213/926" title="Home Office 213/926">Home Office 213/926</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a></i> (1945–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono massacre</a> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">Legislation on Chinese Indonesians</a> (1950s-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Confession_Program" title="Chinese Confession Program">Chinese Confession Program</a> (1956–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_anti-Chinese_riots_in_Burma" title="1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma">1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate#Controversy" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May incident (Malaysia)">13 May incident (Malaysia)</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Banjarmasin_riot" title="1997 Banjarmasin riot">1997 Banjarmasin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus_Federal_Savings_Bank#Prosecution_and_exoneration" title="Abacus Federal Savings Bank">Abacus Bank prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protests" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protests">2014 Vietnam anti-China protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack" title="2015 Aksu colliery attack">2015 Aksu colliery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">Trump tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">2021 Atlanta spa shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Chinese_products" title="Boycotts of Chinese products">Boycotts of Chinese products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By victim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States" title="Fong Yue Ting v. United States">Fong Yue Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Mary Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">Wong Kim Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Vincent Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Martadinata_Haryono" title="Ita Martadinata Haryono">Ita Martadinata Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Demerson" title="Velma Demerson">Velma Demerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Ho_Lee" title="Wen Ho Lee">Wen Ho Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Anming Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Danny_Chen" title="Suicide of Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ee_Lee" title="Murder of Ee Lee">Ee Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gu" title="Eileen Gu">Eileen Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Feng_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Feng Tao">Franklin Feng Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Chen_(engineer)" title="Gang Chen (engineer)">Gang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haoyang_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haoyang Yu (page does not exist)">Haoyang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jiansheng_Chen" title="Murder of Jiansheng Chen">Jiansheng Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayang_Fan" title="Jiayang Fan">Jiayang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immolation_of_Leung_Chi-cheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Immolation of Leung Chi-cheung">Leung Chi-cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mi_Gao_Huang_Chen" title="Murder of Mi Gao Huang Chen">Mi Gao Huang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chen_(hydrologist)" title="Sherry Chen (hydrologist)">Sherry Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock" title="Teoh Beng Hock">Teoh Beng Hock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxing_Xi#False_accusation_of_spying" title="Xiaoxing Xi">Xiaoxing Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yao_Pan_Ma" title="Killing of Yao Pan Ma">Yao Pan Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">Michelle Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese,_Japanese,_dirty_knees" title="Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees">Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust/Wongchung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina/Zhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Asia" title="Sick man of Asia">Sick man of Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Chinese imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Template talk:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_of_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry of Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_of_Australians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Australia#Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Ancestry of Australians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ancestral background of <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian citizens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Australia"><img alt="Flag of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angolan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angolan Australians (page does not exist)">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beninese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beninese Australians (page does not exist)">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burundian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burundian Australians (page does not exist)">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameroonian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cameroonian Australians (page does not exist)">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Australians" title="Congolese Australians">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Australians" title="Eritrean Australians">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Australians" title="Ethiopian Australians">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabonese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabonese Australians (page does not exist)">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambian Australians (page does not exist)">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Australians" title="Ghanaian Australians">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinean Australians (page does not exist)">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivorian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivorian Australians (page does not exist)">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Australians" title="Kenyan Australians">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberian Australians">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawian Australians (page does not exist)">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malian Australians (page does not exist)">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Australians" title="Mauritian Australians">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Australians" title="Nigerian Australians">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rwandan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rwandan Australians (page does not exist)">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senegalese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senegalese Australians (page does not exist)">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean Australians">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian Australians">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togolese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Togolese Australians (page does not exist)">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan Australians">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Australians">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Australians" title="Zimbabwean Australians">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Australians" title="American Australians">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Australians" title="Canadian Australians">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_and_West_Indian_Australians" title="Caribbean and West Indian Australians">Caribbean and West Indian Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Australians" title="Hispanic and Latin American Australians">Hispanic and Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Australians" title="Argentine Australians">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolivian Australians (page does not exist)">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Australians" title="Brazilian Australians">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Australians" title="Chilean Australians">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Australians" title="Colombian Australians">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Australians" title="Cuban Australians">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian Australians">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guatemalan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guatemalan Australians (page does not exist)">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honduran_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honduran Australians (page does not exist)">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Australians" title="Mexican Australians">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panamanian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panamanian Australians (page does not exist)">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraguayan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraguayan Australians (page does not exist)">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Australians" title="Peruvian Australians">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rican_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puerto Rican Australians (page does not exist)">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Australians" title="Salvadoran Australians">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Australians" title="Uruguayan Australians">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Australians" title="Venezuelan Australians">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Australians">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Australians (page does not exist)">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Australians" title="Afghan Australians">Afghan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Australians">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Australians" title="Bangladeshi Australians">Bangladeshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Australians" title="Bhutanese Australians">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Australians" title="Burmese Australians">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chin_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chin Australians (page does not exist)">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Australians">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon Australians (page does not exist)">Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Australians" title="Cambodian Australians">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantonese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantonese Australians (page does not exist)">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Australians" title="Taiwanese Australians">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Australians">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzhounese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzhounese Australians (page does not exist)">Fuzhou/Hokchiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoklo_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoklo Australians (page does not exist)">Hoklo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Australians">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Australians">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Australians" title="East Timorese Australians">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian Australians (page does not exist)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali Australians (page does not exist)">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujarati Australians (page does not exist)">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayali_Australians" title="Malayali Australians">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Australians">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Australians" title="Indonesian Australians">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acehnese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acehnese Australians (page does not exist)">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balinese Australians (page does not exist)">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese Australians (page does not exist)">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madurese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madurese Australians (page does not exist)">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundanese_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundanese Australians (page does not exist)">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Australians" title="Japanese Australians">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Australians">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Australians" title="Korean Australians">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Australians (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Australians" title="Laotian Australians">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Australians" title="Malaysian Australians">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian Australians (page does not exist)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadazan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadazan Australians (page does not exist)">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temoq_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temoq Australians (page does not exist)">Temoq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldivian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldivian Australians (page does not exist)">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Australians">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Australians" title="Nepalese Australians">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Australians" title="Pakistani Australians">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baloch_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baloch Australians (page does not exist)">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Australians" title="Hazara Australians">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun Australians">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathan Australians (page does not exist)">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Australians" title="Singaporean Australians">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani Australians (page does not exist)">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar Australians">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Australians" title="Thai Australians">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkmen Australians (page does not exist)">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Australians">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australians" title="Vietnamese Australians">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Australians">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iu_Mien_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iu Mien Australians (page does not exist)">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Australians" title="Albanian Australians">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">Anglo-Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Australians" title="Cornish Australians">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Australians" title="Welsh Australians">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Australians" title="Austrian Australians">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Australians" title="Belgian Australians">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Australians" title="Belarusian Australians">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Australians" title="Bosnian Australians">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Australians" title="Bulgarian Australians">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Australians" title="Croatian Australians">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Australians" title="Cypriot Australians">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Australians" title="Czech Australians">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Australians" title="Danish Australians">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Australians" title="Estonian Australians">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Australians" title="Finnish Australians">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Australians">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Australians" title="Latvian Australians">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Australians" title="Lithuanian Australians">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Australians" title="Montenegrin Australians">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Australians" title="Norwegian Australians">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Australians" title="Portuguese Australians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani Australians">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Australians" title="Romanian Australians">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Australians" title="Russian Australians">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Australians" title="Serbian Australians">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Australians" title="Slovak Australians">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Australians" title="Slovene Australians">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Australians" title="Spanish Australians">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Australians" title="Swedish Australians">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Australian">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Australians" title="Ukrainian Australians">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East<br />and<br />North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Australians" title="Arab Australians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Australians">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahraini_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahraini Australians (page does not exist)">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Australians" title="Egyptian Australians">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati Australians">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Australians" title="Iraqi Australians">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Australians" title="Jordanian Australians">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Australians">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Australians">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan Australians (page does not exist)">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Australians" title="Palestinian Australians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Australians" title="Saudi Australians">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Australians" title="Somali Australians">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Australians (page does not exist)">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bari_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bari Australians (page does not exist)">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber Australians (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaldean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaldean Australians (page does not exist)">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darfurian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darfurian Australians (page does not exist)">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinka_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinka Australians (page does not exist)">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Australians" title="Iranian Australians">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli</a>/<a href="/wiki/Australian_Jews" title="Australian Jews">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Australians">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Australians" title="Mandaean Australians">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubian_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nubian Australians (page does not exist)">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuer_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuer Australians (page does not exist)">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Australians" title="South Sudanese Australians">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Australians" title="Sudanese Australians">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Australians" title="Turkish Australians">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yezidi_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yezidi Australians (page does not exist)">Yezidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijian_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Fijian Australians">Indo-Fijian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niuean_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niuean Australians (page does not exist)">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatuan_Australians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuatuan Australians (page does not exist)">Ni-Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013">Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people" title="Template:White people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_people" title="Template talk:White people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a><br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Haitians" title="White Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European native population</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_European_descent" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People of European descent">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1174598/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86007503">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529871205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFHamer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHocking2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhde2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Waters2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp,_JamesKabala,_Maria1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockwood1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMiillan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacMillan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonJohansen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Williams2021\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFNorris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsSimon-Davies2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparrow2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrahan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavan,_Gwenda2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._D._Borrie1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Lewis,_Simon_Balderstone_and_John_Bowan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillard,_Myra1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_Michael2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilloughby\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancestry of Australians\"] = 1,\n [\"Anti-Chinese sentiment\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"Cn\"] = 6,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Far-right politics in Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbs\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"Refimprove\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Segregation\"] = 1,\n [\"Segregation by type\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"White people\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","280","21.2"],["?","140","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","9.1"],["dataWrapper 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policy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_Australia_policy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1077496","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1077496","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-29T02:31:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T00:40:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1b\/1910_White_Australia_badge.png","headline":"Australian policy that intentionally favoured immigrants to Australia from some other English-speaking and other European countries"}</script> </body> </html>