Digital forensics: Introduction | OpenLearn

<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>Digital forensics: Introduction | OpenLearn - Open University</title> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><meta name="identifier" content="M812_1" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme/1725444303/favicon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Open Learning" /><meta property="og:title" content="Digital forensics" /><meta property="og:type" content="Article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0?intro=1" /><meta property="og:description" content="Digital evidence features in just about every part of our personal and business lives. Legal and business decisions hinge on having timely data about what people have actually done. This free ..." /><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/906137/tool_ocwmanage/image/0/m812_olhp_786x400.jpg" /><meta property="twitter:card" content="Summary" /><meta property="twitter:title" content="Digital forensics" /><meta property="twitter:description" content="Digital evidence features in just about every part of our personal and business lives. Legal and business decisions hinge on having timely data about what people have actually done. This free ..." /><meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/906137/tool_ocwmanage/image/0/m812_olhp_786x400.jpg" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="keywords" property="schema:keywords" content="moodle, Digital forensics | OpenLearn" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/yui_combo.php?3.18.1/cssreset/cssreset-min.css&3.18.1/cssfonts/cssfonts-min.css&3.18.1/cssgrids/cssgrids-min.css&3.18.1/cssbase/cssbase-min.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/yui_combo.php?rollup/3.18.1/yui-moodlesimple-min.css" /><script id="firstthemesheet" type="text/css">/** Required in order to fix style inclusion problems in IE with YUI **/</script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/styles.php/openlearnng/1725444303_1725492065/all/chunk0" /> <script> //<![CDATA[ var M = {}; M.yui = {}; M.pageloadstarttime = new Date(); M.cfg = {"wwwroot":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn","homeurl":{},"sesskey":"LCRXpj2lBE","sessiontimeout":"7200","sessiontimeoutwarning":"1200","themerev":"1725444303","slasharguments":1,"theme":"openlearnng","iconsystemmodule":"core\/icon_system_fontawesome","jsrev":"1725444303","admin":"admin","svgicons":true,"usertimezone":"Europe\/London","language":"ocw","courseId":1698,"courseContextId":654009,"contextid":654347,"contextInstanceId":31361,"langrev":1725444303,"templaterev":"1725444303"};var yui1ConfigFn = function(me) {if(/-skin|reset|fonts|grids|base/.test(me.name)){me.type='css';me.path=me.path.replace(/\.js/,'.css');me.path=me.path.replace(/\/yui2-skin/,'/assets/skins/sam/yui2-skin')}}; var yui2ConfigFn = function(me) {var parts=me.name.replace(/^moodle-/,'').split('-'),component=parts.shift(),module=parts[0],min='-min';if(/-(skin|core)$/.test(me.name)){parts.pop();me.type='css';min=''} if(module){var filename=parts.join('-');me.path=component+'/'+module+'/'+filename+min+'.'+me.type}else{me.path=component+'/'+component+'.'+me.type}}; YUI_config = {"debug":false,"base":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/lib\/yuilib\/3.18.1\/","comboBase":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/yui_combo.php?","combine":true,"filter":null,"insertBefore":"firstthemesheet","groups":{"yui2":{"base":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/lib\/yuilib\/2in3\/2.9.0\/build\/","comboBase":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/yui_combo.php?","combine":true,"ext":false,"root":"2in3\/2.9.0\/build\/","patterns":{"yui2-":{"group":"yui2","configFn":yui1ConfigFn}}},"moodle":{"name":"moodle","base":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/yui_combo.php?m\/1725444303\/","combine":true,"comboBase":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/yui_combo.php?","ext":false,"root":"m\/1725444303\/","patterns":{"moodle-":{"group":"moodle","configFn":yui2ConfigFn}},"filter":null,"modules":{"moodle-core-lockscroll":{"requires":["plugin","base-build"]},"moodle-core-event":{"requires":["event-custom"]},"moodle-core-blocks":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-handlebars":{"condition":{"trigger":"handlebars","when":"after"}},"moodle-core-notification":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-confirm","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-core-notification-dialogue":{"requires":["base","node","panel","escape","event-key","dd-plugin","moodle-core-widget-focusafterclose","moodle-core-lockscroll"]},"moodle-core-notification-alert":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-confirm":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-exception":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-core-chooserdialogue":{"requires":["base","panel","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-formchangechecker":{"requires":["base","event-focus","moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-core-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","event-key","event-focus","moodle-core-notification"]},"moodle-core-actionmenu":{"requires":["base","event","node-event-simulate"]},"moodle-core-maintenancemodetimer":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-core_availability-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-delegate","panel","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","json"]},"moodle-backup-backupselectall":{"requires":["node","event","node-event-simulate","anim"]},"moodle-course-management":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","moodle-core-notification-exception","json-parse","dd-constrain","dd-proxy","dd-drop","dd-delegate","node-event-delegate"]},"moodle-course-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification","moodle-course-coursebase","moodle-course-util"]},"moodle-course-categoryexpander":{"requires":["node","event-key"]},"moodle-course-util":{"requires":["node"],"use":["moodle-course-util-base"],"submodules":{"moodle-course-util-base":{},"moodle-course-util-section":{"requires":["node","moodle-course-util-base"]},"moodle-course-util-cm":{"requires":["node","moodle-course-util-base"]}}},"moodle-form-dateselector":{"requires":["base","node","overlay","calendar"]},"moodle-form-shortforms":{"requires":["node","base","selector-css3","moodle-core-event"]},"moodle-question-searchform":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-question-chooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue"]},"moodle-question-preview":{"requires":["base","dom","event-delegate","event-key","core_question_engine"]},"moodle-availability_completion-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_coursecompleted-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_dar-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_date-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","io","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_grade-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_group-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_grouping-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_mobileapp-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_otheractivity-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-availability_profile-form":{"requires":["base","node","event","moodle-core_availability-form"]},"moodle-mod_assign-history":{"requires":["node","transition"]},"moodle-mod_audiorecorder-audio":{"requires":["base","moodle-mod_audiorecorder-adpcm"]},"moodle-mod_audiorecorder-adpcm":{"requires":["base"]},"moodle-mod_audiorecorder-html5recorder":{"requires":["base","node","transition","moodle-mod_audiorecorder-audio","moodle-mod_audiorecorder-adpcm","event","event-valuechange","moodle-core-notification","io"]},"moodle-mod_customcert-rearrange":{"requires":["dd-delegate","dd-drag"]},"moodle-mod_forumng-savecheck":{"requires":["base","node","io","moodle-core-notification-alert"]},"moodle-mod_oublog-savecheck":{"requires":["base","node","io","panel","moodle-core-notification-alert"]},"moodle-mod_oublog-tagselector":{"requires":["base","node","autocomplete","autocomplete-filters","autocomplete-highlighters"]},"moodle-mod_oucontent-voicerecorder":{"requires":["base","node","moodle-mod_audiorecorder-audio","moodle-mod_audiorecorder-adpcm","event","event-valuechange","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-confirm","io","button-plugin","graphics"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-toolboxes":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-key","io","moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase","moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-autosave":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-valuechange","node-event-delegate","io-form"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-questionchooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue","moodle-mod_quiz-util","querystring-parse"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-dragdrop":{"requires":["base","node","io","dom","dd","dd-scroll","moodle-core-dragdrop","moodle-core-notification","moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base","moodle-mod_quiz-util-page","moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot","moodle-course-util"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-quizbase":{"requires":["base","node"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-modform":{"requires":["base","node","event"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-util":{"requires":["node","moodle-core-actionmenu"],"use":["moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"],"submodules":{"moodle-mod_quiz-util-base":{},"moodle-mod_quiz-util-slot":{"requires":["node","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"]},"moodle-mod_quiz-util-page":{"requires":["node","moodle-mod_quiz-util-base"]}}},"moodle-mod_repeatactivity-repeatactivity":{"requires":["base","json-parse"]},"moodle-mod_studio-setbrowse":{"requires":["base","node","json","transition"]},"moodle-mod_studio-setreorder":{"requires":["base","node","event"]},"moodle-message_airnotifier-toolboxes":{"requires":["base","node","io"]},"moodle-block_ocw_carousel-ocw_carousel":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-mouseenter","transition","substitute","gallery-carousel","gallery-carousel-anim"]},"moodle-filter_glossary-autolinker":{"requires":["base","node","io-base","json-parse","event-delegate","overlay","moodle-core-event","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-editor_atto-rangy":{"requires":[]},"moodle-editor_atto-editor":{"requires":["node","transition","io","overlay","escape","event","event-simulate","event-custom","node-event-html5","node-event-simulate","yui-throttle","moodle-core-notification-dialogue","moodle-editor_atto-rangy","handlebars","timers","querystring-stringify"]},"moodle-editor_atto-plugin":{"requires":["node","base","escape","event","event-outside","handlebars","event-custom","timers","moodle-editor_atto-menu"]},"moodle-editor_atto-menu":{"requires":["moodle-core-notification-dialogue","node","event","event-custom"]},"moodle-editor_ousupsub-rangy":{"requires":[]},"moodle-editor_ousupsub-editor":{"requires":["base","node","event","event-custom","moodle-editor_ousupsub-rangy"]},"moodle-report_eventlist-eventfilter":{"requires":["base","event","node","node-event-delegate","datatable","autocomplete","autocomplete-filters"]},"moodle-report_loglive-fetchlogs":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","node-event-delegate"]},"moodle-gradereport_history-userselector":{"requires":["escape","event-delegate","event-key","handlebars","io-base","json-parse","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"moodle-qbank_editquestion-chooser":{"requires":["moodle-core-chooserdialogue"]},"moodle-tool_lp-dragdrop-reorder":{"requires":["moodle-core-dragdrop"]},"moodle-assignfeedback_editpdf-editor":{"requires":["base","event","node","io","graphics","json","event-move","event-resize","transition","querystring-stringify-simple","moodle-core-notification-dialog","moodle-core-notification-alert","moodle-core-notification-warning","moodle-core-notification-exception","moodle-core-notification-ajaxexception"]},"moodle-atto_accessibilitychecker-button":{"requires":["color-base","moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_accessibilityhelper-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_accordion-button":{"requires":["moodle-atto_accordion-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_align-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_blockquote-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_bold-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_calloutblue-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_carousel-button":{"requires":["moodle-atto_carousel-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_charmap-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_chemistry-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","event-valuechange","tabview","array-extras"]},"moodle-atto_clear-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_collapse-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_embedquestion-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_emojipicker-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_emoticon-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_equation-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","event-valuechange","tabview","array-extras"]},"moodle-atto_filedragdrop-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_h5p-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_hr-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_html-beautify":{},"moodle-atto_html-codemirror":{"requires":["moodle-atto_html-codemirror-skin"]},"moodle-atto_html-button":{"requires":["promise","moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-atto_html-beautify","moodle-atto_html-codemirror","event-valuechange"]},"moodle-atto_htmltranscript-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_iframe-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","json-parse","get"]},"moodle-atto_image-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_imagedescription-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_indent-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_italic-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_justify-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_link-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_linkadv-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_managefiles-usedfiles":{"requires":["node","escape"]},"moodle-atto_managefiles-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_media-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-form-shortforms"]},"moodle-atto_noautolink-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ocwmenus-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ocwrubberstamps-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ocwstyles-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ocwtitle-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_orderedlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ouaccountancytables-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oucontent-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oucontentfigure-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oucontentlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ouembed-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","json-parse","get"]},"moodle-atto_ouglossaryterm-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_ouinlinecomments-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oulanguage-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oulinktofile-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_oumaths-button":{"requires":["base","moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","io","event-valuechange","event-simulate","tabview","array-extras"]},"moodle-atto_oumusic-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-core-event","tabview"]},"moodle-atto_ouorderedlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_recordrtc-recording":{"requires":["moodle-atto_recordrtc-button"]},"moodle-atto_recordrtc-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-atto_recordrtc-recording"]},"moodle-atto_rtl-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_strike-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_subscript-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_superscript-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_svgeditor-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_tab-button":{"requires":["moodle-atto_tab-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_table-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin","moodle-editor_atto-menu","event","event-valuechange"]},"moodle-atto_title-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_underline-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_undo-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_unorderedlist-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]},"moodle-atto_wordimport-button":{"requires":["moodle-editor_atto-plugin"]}}},"gallery":{"name":"gallery","base":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/lib\/yuilib\/gallery\/","combine":true,"comboBase":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/yui_combo.php?","ext":false,"root":"gallery\/1725444303\/","patterns":{"gallery-":{"group":"gallery"}}}},"modules":{"core_filepicker":{"name":"core_filepicker","fullpath":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/lib\/javascript.php\/1725444303\/repository\/filepicker.js","requires":["base","node","node-event-simulate","json","async-queue","io-base","io-upload-iframe","io-form","yui2-treeview","panel","cookie","datatable","datatable-sort","resize-plugin","dd-plugin","escape","moodle-core_filepicker","moodle-core-notification-dialogue"]},"core_comment":{"name":"core_comment","fullpath":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/lib\/javascript.php\/1725444303\/comment\/comment.js","requires":["base","io-base","node","json","yui2-animation","overlay","escape"]}},"logInclude":[],"logExclude":[],"logLevel":null}; M.yui.loader = {modules: {}}; //]]> </script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="Digital forensics" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=31361&format=rdf" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/openlearnng/js/includes/ou-header.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">if (typeof window.ou_sitestat=='function')ou_sitestat()</script><script> var olcookies = { getCookie : (cookieName) => { var name = cookieName + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i].trim(); if ((c.indexOf(name)) == 0) { console.log("found"); return c.substr(name.length); } } console.log("not found"); return null; } }; </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://sgtm.open.ac.uk/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PPS2SH');</script>   <script> if (olcookies.getCookie('OLPersonalisationCookie') === 'Yes') { !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '431808447194984'); // Insert your pixel ID here. fbq('track', 'PageView'); } </script>   <script>(function(){const acid="30";const asid="36";var eventName='CassieSubmittedConsent',el=document;el.addEventListener(eventName,function(event){if(event){let detail=event.detail;for(let i=0;i<detail.length;i++){let d=detail[i];if(d.channelId==30&&d.statementId==36&&d.isOptIn==true){if(typeof window.dataLayer!=="undefined"){window.dataLayer.push({'event':'analytics-consent-given'});}}}}},true);})();</script> <script src=https://assets.adobedtm.com/83c7b58f0b29/66882c504e10/launch-3cf91248ece2.min.js async></script> <script src=https://cscript-cdn-irl.cassiecloud.com/loader.js></script> <script> var cassieSettings = { widgetProfileId: 3, languageCode: "", licenseKey: "E5C43C03-1803-4AA5-99AD-16D40EAF2622", region: "irl", environment: "production" }; window.CassieWidgetLoader = new CassieWidgetLoaderModule(cassieSettings); </script> </head> <body class="format-studyplan oucontent-hq path-mod path-mod-oucontent ie ie7 dir-ltr lang-ocw yui-skin-sam yui3-skin-sam www-open-edu--openlearn pagelayout-standard course-1698 context-654347 cmid-31361 cm-type-oucontent category-33 theme ocwmanage-type-unit ou-variant-ouice not-logged-in ocwmanage-type-course-unit" prefix="schema: http://schema.org/" typeof="http://schema.org/WebPage" id="page-mod-oucontent-view" data-lang="ocw"> <a id="ou-skip" href="#ou-content">Skip to content</a> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=431808447194984&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript> <div class="top_wrapper"> <div> <a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a> </div><script src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/polyfills/polyfill.js"></script> <script src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/yui_combo.php?rollup/3.18.1/yui-moodlesimple-min.js"></script><script src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/javascript-static.js"></script> <script> //<![CDATA[ document.body.className += ' jsenabled'; //]]> </script>  <noscript><iframe src=https://sgtm.open.ac.uk/ns.html?id=GTM-PPS2SH height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script> //<![CDATA[ document.body.className += ' jsenabled'; var courseoverviewurl = "https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0", facebookappid = "725303974586022", googleappid = "", olngcourseid = "1698"; //]]> </script> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="main_wrapper"> <div class="header-wrapper"> <div class="top_nav_right mobile"> <ul> <li class="first"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk" target="_blank">The Open University</a> </li> <li class="moodule-logined"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> <li class="userinfo moodule-logined"><span>Guest user </span> / <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ocwcontroller/logout.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="ou_silver openlearnng_signin_signout sign_out_button">Sign out</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses" target="_blank">Study with The Open University</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mobile-banner"> <div class="banner-header waiting-js d-none" data-server-time="1732873732" data-from="0" data-until="0"> <div class="banner-header-inner"> <div class="container clearfix"> <a class="btn-close btn-close-banner-header emulate-link-focus" tabindex="0">Close</a> OpenLearn will be offline for scheduled maintenance from 8am to 11am on Wednesday 4 September. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header_content"> <div class="scroll_header"> <div id="top_header" class="ousearch-noindex" data-menutoggle="Menu toggle"> <aside class="container clearfix" aria-label="Header link"> <ul id="sbhsnavigation"> <li class="first"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk" target="_blank">The Open University</a> </li> <li class="moodule-logined"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> <li class="userinfo moodule-logined"><span>Guest user </span> / <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ocwcontroller/logout.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="ou_silver openlearnng_signin_signout sign_out_button">Sign out</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses" target="_blank">Study with The Open University</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> <div class="banner-header waiting-js d-none" data-server-time="1732873732" data-from="0" data-until="0"> <div class="banner-header-inner"> <div class="container clearfix"> <a class="btn-close btn-close-banner-header emulate-link-focus" tabindex="0">Close</a> OpenLearn will be offline for scheduled maintenance from 8am to 11am on Wednesday 4 September. </div> </div> </div> <header id="main_header" class="container ousearch-noindex" aria-label="Site header"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-lg-7 logo-images"> <div class="main-logo"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn" title="OpenLearn" rel="home" class="logo-main"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-5 float-right search_box_wrapper"> <div class="main_search"> <form role="search" aria-label="Free courses, interactives, videos" aria-labelledby="main_search_header_label" method="GET" name="main_search_form" action="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/search-results"> <fieldset> <span id="main_search_header_label" class="sr-only">header search</span> <label for="main_search_text_header" class="main_search_label">Search for</label> <input type="text" id="main_search_text_header" class="main_search_text" name="as_q" placeholder="Free courses, interactives, videos and more" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="1"/> <button type="submit" class="search icon-search" title="Search"> <span>Search</span> </button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="nav-bar" class="clearfix"> <div class="container"> <nav aria-label="Main site" id="mainMenu-left" class="mainMenu"> <ul class="mainMenuList mb-menu"> <li class="menu first"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn">Home</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses/full-catalogue">Free courses</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/subject-information">Subjects</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/study-skills">Study skills</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/work-skills">Work skills</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn">Help</a></li> <li class="menu menu-accessbility last"><a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university">Accessibility hub</a></li> <li class="menu-signin last"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php">Sign in</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mainMenu-right" class="mainMenu"> <div class="mainMenu-list"> <div class="block-content signin"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="openlearnng_signin_signout btn-sidebar btn-olive" title="Create account / Sign in">Create account / Sign in</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky_header"> <div class="top_sticky"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn" class="logo-on-sticky" title="OpenLearn"> <img src="//www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/1/theme_openlearnng/stickylogo/0/opl_sticky_header.svg" alt="ahihi OpenLearn"/> </a> <div class="top_nav_right"> <ul> <li class="first"> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk" target="_blank">The Open University</a> </li> <li class="moodule-logined"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> <li class="userinfo moodule-logined"><span>Guest user </span> / <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ocwcontroller/logout.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="ou_silver openlearnng_signin_signout sign_out_button">Sign out</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses" target="_blank">Study with The Open University</a></li> <li class="moodule-not-login"> <a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university" target="_blank"> Accessibility hub </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="banner-header waiting-js d-none" data-server-time="1732873732" data-from="0" data-until="0"> <div class="banner-header-inner"> <div class="container clearfix"> <a class="btn-close btn-close-banner-header emulate-link-focus" tabindex="0">Close</a> OpenLearn will be offline for scheduled maintenance from 8am to 11am on Wednesday 4 September. </div> </div> </div> <div class="main_sticky"> <div class="pull-left"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn" class="icon_link hslogo_fixed logo-image" title="OpenLearn"> <img src="//www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/1/theme_openlearnng/stickylogo/0/opl_sticky_header.svg" alt="OpenLearn"/> </a> </div> <nav aria-label="Main site sticky" class="menu_toggle"> <ul class="mainMenuList mb-menu"> <li class="menu first"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn">Home</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses/full-catalogue">Free courses</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/subject-information">Subjects</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/study-skills">Study skills</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/work-skills">Work skills</a></li> <li class="menu"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn">Help</a></li> <li class="menu menu-accessbility last"><a href="https://about.open.ac.uk/strategy-and-policies/policies-and-statements/website-accessibility-open-university">Accessibility hub</a></li> <li class="menu-signin last"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php">Sign in</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="search_user"> <div rel="ham_menu" class="link_menu icon_link"><a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Menu" class="hambuger-rounded"><span>Menu</span></a></div> <div rel="account" class="link_account icon_link"><a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Create account / Sign in"><span class="icon-people"></span></a></div> <div rel="search_box" class="link_search icon_link"><a href="javascript:void(0)" title="Search"><span class="icon-search"></span></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="search_box box_form"> <div class="main_search"> <form role="search" aria-label="Free courses, interactives, videos" aria-labelledby="main_search_header_sticky_label" method="GET" name="main_search_form" action="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/search-results"> <fieldset> <span id="main_search_header_sticky_label" class="sr-only">sticky search</span> <label for="main_search_text_header_sticky" class="main_search_label">Search for</label> <input type="text" id="main_search_text_header_sticky" class="main_search_text" name="as_q" placeholder="Search OpenLearn" value=""/> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="1"/> <button type="submit" class="search icon-search" title="Search"> <span>Search</span> </button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div class="account box_form"> <h2>My OpenLearn Profile</h2> <div class="create_account"> <p>Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning</p> <div class="btn-box"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="button btn btn-green">Create account / Sign in<span class="icons icon-arrow-white-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="content_wrapper" class="responsive_page ">  <div id="breadcrumbs-block" class="clearfix" > <div class="container"> <nav id="breadcrumbs" class="clearfix ousearch-noindex" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ul> <li class="first"></li> <li class="first"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn" title="Home"><span class="icon-home_icon"></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/subject-information">Subjects</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology">Science, Maths & Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/free-courses">Free courses</a></li><li>Digital forensics</li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div>  <div class="content-wrapper"> <div id="main_content_wrapper" class="main_content_wrapper show-left clearfix course-detail-page"> <div class="wrapper-has-sidebar"> <div class="region region-left color-magenta"> <nav class="toc-sidebar-block" aria-labelledby="course-nav"><div class="toc-sidebar-title"><h2><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0?active-tab=content-tab"><span class="arrow-left icon-left-arrow"></span><span id="course-nav">Course content</span></a></h2></div><div class="toc-list" id="toc"><ul class='' data-week='1' data-mainweek='1' class="accordionList"><li class="oucontent-tree-current "><span class="accesshide">Current section: </span><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Introduction</span></div></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section---learningoutcomes"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Learning outcomes</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">1 What is digital forensics?</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2 What is forensic science?</span></div></a><ul class='' data-week='1' data-mainweek='1' class="accordionList"><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.1 Science, the scientific method and scientific laws</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.2 Forensic scientists</span></div></a><ul class='' data-week='1' data-mainweek='1' class="accordionList"><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.2.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.2.1 Pioneers of forensic science</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.2.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.2.2 Further reading</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.3 Case study: The Shirley McKie story</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-2.4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.4 Summary of Section 2</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3 The role of the forensic scientist in law</span></div></a><ul class='' data-week='1' data-mainweek='1' class="accordionList"><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-3.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.1 Legal decision-making</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-3.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.2 The role of the court</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-3.3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.3 Contrasting scientific conclusions with court judgments</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-3.4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.4 Summary of Section 3</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4 The role of digital forensics</span></div></a><ul class='' data-week='1' data-mainweek='1' class="accordionList"><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-4.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4.1 The digital forensic process</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-4.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4.2 A brief history of digital forensics</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-4.3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4.3 Different types of digital forensics</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-4.4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4.4 Summary of Section 4</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-5"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">5 Conclusion</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section---references"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">References</span></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section---acknowledgements"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Acknowledgements</span></div></a></li></ul></div></nav> <div class="openlearnng-block openlearnng-block-ole_ng_content block block-ole-ng-content"><div class="openlearnng-blockcontent"><div class="block-your-course about-course block-sidebar expanderIndependent color-magenta"><div class="title-sub-block expanderHeading active"><h3 class="title-block">About this free course</h3></div><div class="expanderContent active"><aside id="about_free_course" class="color-magenta block-sidebar" aria-labelledby="about_free_course_label"> <div> <h3 id="about_free_course_label" class="title-block">About this free course</h3> <div class="border-solid"> <div class="course-info"> <span class="icon icon-clock"></span> <h4>8 hours study</h4> </div> <div class="course-info"> <span class="icon icon-course_icon_level3"></span> <h4>Level 3: Advanced</h4> </div> </div> <a class="description" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0"><span class="arrow-left icon-left-arrow"></span> Full course description </a> </div> </aside></div></div><div class="block-your-course become-ou block-sidebar expanderIndependent color-magenta"><div class="title-sub-block expanderHeading active"><h3 class="title-block">Become an OU student</h3></div><div class="expanderContent active"><aside class="sider-bar-become-ou-student color-magenta" aria-labelledby="comp-bostudent"><div class="sider-bar-header"><h2 id="comp-bostudent">Become an OU student</h2></div><div class="sider-bar-content"><div class="container"><ul><li><div class="item color-magenta"><div class="box-image box-image-like-this box-image-moodle-big"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/1/tool_ocwmanage/oucourse/0/berrill_new_ats.jpg" class="img-responsive" data-copyright-type="none" data-copyright-text="" alt="Digital forensics" /></div><a class="text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/modules/m812"><span>Digital forensics</span></a></div></li><li><div class="item color-magenta"><div class="box-image box-image-like-this box-image-moodle-big"><img src="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/courses/media/courses/openlearn/qd.jpg" class="img-responsive" data-copyright-type="" data-copyright-text="" alt="BA/BSc (Honours) Open degree" /></div><a class="text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/courses/combined-studies/degrees/open-degree-qd"><span>BA/BSc (Honours) Open degree</span></a></div></li><li><div class="item color-magenta"><div class="box-image box-image-like-this box-image-moodle-big"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/_s/openlearnng/tool_ocwmanage/1642447590/berrill" class="img-responsive" data-copyright-type="none" data-copyright-text="" alt="MSc in Computing" /></div><a class="text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/postgraduate/qualifications/F66"><span>MSc in Computing</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="block-your-course download-box block-sidebar expanderIndependent color-magenta"><div class="title-sub-block expanderHeading active"><h3 class="title-block">Download this course</h3></div><div class="expanderContent active"><aside aria-labelledby="block-your-course-download-box"><div class="block-download-course block-download-course-moodle block-sidebar"><h3 class="title-block" id="block-your-course-download-box">Download this course</h3><div class="content-block"><p>Download this course for use offline or for other devices</p><ul class="list-files"><li class="item"><a class="file word" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/altformat-word"><span class="icon-file-type"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme/1725444303/icon_file_word" alt="Word" /></span><span class="text">Word</span></a></li><li class="item"><a class="file printable" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/altformat-printable"><span class="icon-file-type"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme/1725444303/icon_file_printable" alt="Printable" /></span><span class="text">PDF</span></a></li></ul></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="block-your-course block_article_social block-sidebar expanderIndependent color-magenta"><div class="title-sub-block expanderHeading active"><h3 class="title-block">Share this free course</h3></div><div class="expanderContent active"><aside class="block-sidebar article_social color-magenta" aria-labelledby="comp-share-links"><div><h2 class="title-block" id="comp-share-links">Share this free course</h2><div class="social-bar border-dotted"><span><a rel="external" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" class="button btn-icon facebook target-blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0&t=Digital+forensics"><span class="screen-reader">Share on Facebook</span><span class="icon icon-facebook_circle"></span></a><a rel="external" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" class="button btn-icon twitter target-blank" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Digital+forensics&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0"><span class="screen-reader">Share on Twitter</span><span class="icon icon-twitter_circle"></span></a><a rel="external" target="_blank" title="Share on LinkedIn" class="button btn-icon linkedin target-blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0"><span class="screen-reader">Share on LinkedIn</span><span class="icon icon-linkedin_circle"></span></a><a rel="external" target="_blank" title="Share via Email" class="button btn-icon email target-blank" href="mailto:?subject=Digital%20forensics&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0"><span class="screen-reader">Share via Email</span><span class="icon icon-mailbox_circle"></span></a></span></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="block-your-course achive-block block-sidebar expanderIndependent color-magenta"><aside aria-labelledby="block-your-course-achive-block"><div class="title-sub-block expanderHeading active"><h3 id="block-your-course-achive-block" class="title-block">Course rewards</h3></div><div class="expanderContent active"><div class="certification clearfix"><span class="icon icon-certificate_black"></span><p class="content"><strong>Free statement of participation</strong> on completion of these courses.</p></div></div></aside></div></div></div> <aside id="block-ole-free-course-create-free-profile" aria-labelledby="createfreeprofile" class="openlearnng-block openlearnng-block-ole_free_course block block-ole-free-course"><div class="openlearnng-blockcontent"><div class="block-leftside create-free-profile-block"><div class="inner-block"><span class="signup_person"></span><div class="title-block"><span class="icon-signup_person"></span><h2 class="desktop" id="createfreeprofile">Create your free OpenLearn profile</h2></div><div class="content-block"><p class="desktop">Anyone can learn for free on OpenLearn, but signing-up will give you access to your personal learning profile and record of achievements that you earn while you study.</p><div class="btn-box"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="button btn profile-btn desktop openlearnng_signin_signout" title="Sign up now for free">Sign up now for free</a><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="button button btn profile-btn mobile openlearnng_signin_signout" title="Sign up now for free">Sign up now for free</a></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div></aside> <aside aria-labelledby="newsletter"> <div class="block-sidebar" id="sign-up-for-newsletter" aria-labelledby="newsletter"><div class="content-block"><div class="body-contain"><h2 class="des" id="newsletter"><img height="38" width="50" typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme/1725444303/newsletter_icon" alt="" />Newsletter</h2><p class="des">Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn.</p><p><a class="btn-sidebar btn-olive" title="" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/subscribe-the-openlearn-newsletter">Newsletter sign-up</a></p></div></div></div> </aside> </div> <main class="main-wrapper-content color-magenta"> <a id="ou-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="openlearn-block block-system block-system-layout-reversed"> <div class="hide-desk" id="nav-course-content"> <span class="hide-desk open-course-nav"> <a class="icon icon-course-nav" href="#course-content-nav"><span class="path1"></span><span class="path2"></span><span class="path3"></span><span class="path4"></span></a> <a class="course-content-text" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0?active-tab=content-tab">Course content</a> </span> <span class="close-course-nav"> <a class="icon icon-course-nav" href="#course-content-nav"><span class="path1"></span><span class="path2"></span><span class="path3"></span><span class="path4"></span></a> <a class="course-content-text" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0?active-tab=content-tab">Course content</a> </span> </div> <div class="content-ocw color-magenta"> <div class="course_info_block"><div class="course-img"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/4366604/tool_ocwmanage/image/0/thumbnail_m812_olhp_786x400.jpg" alt="Digital forensics" /></div><div class="right-content"><span class="course-title">Digital forensics</span><p class="fixed-text">Start this free course now. Just create an account and sign in. Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available.</p><div class="buttons"><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/local/ousaml/loginsaml.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fmod%2Foucontent%2Fview.php%3Fintro%3D1%26id%3D31361%26section%3D0" class="button ou_olive btn-medium btn-signup-gmore openlearnng_signin_signout" title="Create account / Sign in">Create account / Sign in</a><a class="button ou_blue_third btn-medium btn-see-more" title="More free courses" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses/full-catalogue">More free courses<span class="btn-icon icon-right-arrow"></span></a><div id="ocw_subject_link"></div></div></div></div> <div class="course-detail-redesign selection-shareable"> <div id="content_article" class="clearfix"> <div id="article_main" class="main-article-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="region-main" id = "region-main-ocw"> <div id="region-main-inner"> <div class="openlearnng-main-content"> <div class=""><div id="middle-column"><div class="oucontent-content"><h1 class="oucontent-title-0">Digital forensics</h1><h2 class="oucontent-title-1">Introduction</h2><p>This free course, <i>Digital forensics</i>, is an introduction to computer forensics and investigation, and will give you an overview of forensic science in general, including how it works in practice. It will introduce you to the world of digital forensics, that is, applying forensic science to the digital artefacts that we create every day through our interactions with computers, mobile phones and the unseen objects around us that encompass the so-called ‘internet of things’.</p><p>This OpenLearn course provides a sample of postgraduate study in <span class="oucontent-linkwithtip"><a class="oucontent-hyperlink" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/courses/find/mathematics-and-statistics">Maths</a><span class="oucontent-sidenote oucontent-linktip"><span class="oucontent-sidenote-inner"><span class="accesshide"> [</span>Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (<a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section-0/?tip=linktip">Hide tip</a>)</span><span class="accesshide">] </span></span></span>.</p><div class="oucontent-figure"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/pluginfile.php/654347/mod_oucontent/oucontent/30697/587eb0a3/72ffb088/232309.tif.jpg" alt="" width="512" height="341" style="max-width:512px;" class="oucontent-figure-image oucontent-media-wide"></div></div><div id="ocw_prev_next_container"><div class="oucontent-next ousearch-noindex"><a accesskey="N" class="ocw_prev_next_link" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section---learningoutcomes"><span>Next</span> <strong>Learning outcomes</strong></a><a class="ocw_prev_next_link_arrow" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/digital-forensics/content-section---learningoutcomes"><img src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/theme/image.php/openlearnng/theme/1725444303/arrow_next" alt="Next"/></a></div><div class="ocw_prev_next_end_right"></div></div><span id="ocw_next_previous_end"></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="course-button-block-right d-flex flex-row justify-content-end"> <button title="Print page" onclick="window.print();" class="link-print-page"> <span class="btn-icon icon-printer"></span> <span class="text">Print</span> </button> </div> <aside aria-labelledby="block-take-your-learning-further"> <div class="keep_on_learning_information "><div class="keep_on_learning_wrapper keep_on_learning_default_text"><span id="block-take-your-learning-further" class="d-none">Take your learning further</span><h2><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/types">Take your learning further</a></h2><p>Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why you’ll want a trusted University. We’ve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. Take a look at <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses">all Open University courses</a>.</p><p>If you’re new to university-level study, read our guide on <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/education-development/where-take-your-learning-next">Where to take your learning next</a>, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/do-it/access">Access modules</a>, <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/certificates-he">Certificates</a>, and <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses/short-courses">Short Courses</a>.</p><div class="keep_learning_box"><span class="icon icon-ou_logo"></span><div class="keep_learning_box_content"><p>Want to achieve your ambition? Study with us and you’ll be joining over 2 million students who’ve achieved their career and personal goals with The Open University.</p> <p><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses">Browse all Open University courses</a></p></div></div></div></div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <footer class="footer" aria-label="Site footer" > <div class="container"> <div id="top_footer"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-lg-12 logo-images"> <div class="main-logo"> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn" title="OpenLearn" rel="home" class="logo-main"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main_footer" class="clearfix ousearch-noindex"> <div class="container footer_nav"> <div class="back-to-top"> <a id="scroll-top" href="#main_wrapper" class="back-to-top-link"> <span class="sr-only"> Back to top</span> </a> </div> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-9"> <nav class="region region-footer-link" aria-labelledby="footer-link"> <h2 id="footer-link">footer Menu</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="expanded"> <h2 class="expanderHeading menu_header">About OpenLearn</h2> <ul class="expanderContent menu"> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/get-started/about-us"> About us</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-asked-questions-on-openlearn"> Frequently asked questions</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/courses"> Study with The Open University</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/subscribe-the-openlearn-newsletter"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/get-started/contact-openlearn"> Contact OpenLearn</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate"> OpenLearn Create</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/openlearn-cymru"> OpenLearn Cymru</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="expanded"> <h2 class="expanderHeading menu_header">Explore subjects</h2> <ul class="expanderContent menu"><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management">Money & Business</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/education">Education & Development</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind">Health, Sports & Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts">History & The Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages">Languages</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment">Nature & Environment</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology">Science, Maths & Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/society">Society, Politics & Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/digital">Digital & Computing</a></li></ul> </li> <li class="expanded"> <h2 class="expanderHeading menu_header">Explore resources</h2> <ul class="expanderContent menu"> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/get-started"> Get started</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/latest-from-openlearn"> Latest from OpenLearn</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/explore"> Try something popular</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/free-courses/full-catalogue"> Free courses</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/study-skills"> Study skills</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/work-skills"> Work skills</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/my-openlearn"> My OpenLearn Profile</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/education-development/openlearn-and-schools"> Resources for schools</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-lg-3"> <div class="region region-footer-partner"> <h2 class="expanderHeading">Our partners</h2> <div class="expanderContent"> <p>OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places.</p> <p><a href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/get-started/our-partners"> Find out more</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/open-educational-resources/support-us"> Support us</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="region region-footer-policy"> <h2 class="expanderHeading">Policy</h2> <div class="expanderContent"></div> </div> <ul class="list-inline social-footer"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://twitter.com/oufreelearning" target="_blank" class="twitter"> <i class="icon icon-twitter"></i> <span class="sr-only">Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ouopenlearn" target="_blank" class="facebook"> <i class="icon icon-share-facebook"></i> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/OUlearn" target="_blank" class="youtube"> <i class="icon icon-share-youtube"></i> <span class="sr-only">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div id="bottom_footer"> <p>©1999-2024. All rights reserved. The Open University is incorporated by Royal Charter (RC 000391), an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity registered in Scotland (SC 038302). The Open University is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its secondary activity of credit broking.</p> <ul class="list-inline link_inner"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/get-started/accessibility-statement" target="_blank" >Accessibility statement: OpenLearn</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/management/policies-and-statements/conditions-use-open-university-websites" target="_blank" >Conditions of use</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/management/policies-and-statements/website-privacy-ou" target="_blank" >Privacy and cookies</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="https://about.open.ac.uk/sites/about.open.ac.uk/files/files/modern-slavery-act-statement.pdf" target="_blank" >Modern Slavery Act</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/about/main/management/policies-and-statements/copyright-ou-websites" target="_blank" >Copyright</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a class="mobile-policy-link" href="#" onclick="CassieWidgetLoader.Widget.showModal(); managePreferenceSetInterval();" data-translate="true" >Manage cookie preferences</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div>  <script> //<![CDATA[ var require = { baseUrl : 'https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/requirejs.php/1725444303/', // We only support AMD modules with an explicit define() statement. enforceDefine: true, skipDataMain: true, waitSeconds : 0, paths: { jquery: 'https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/jquery/jquery-3.7.1.min', jqueryui: 'https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/jquery/ui-1.13.2/jquery-ui.min', jqueryprivate: 'https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/requirejs/jquery-private' }, // Custom jquery config map. map: { // '*' means all modules will get 'jqueryprivate' // for their 'jquery' dependency. '*': { jquery: 'jqueryprivate' }, // Stub module for 'process'. This is a workaround for a bug in MathJax (see MDL-60458). '*': { process: 'core/first' }, // 'jquery-private' wants the real jQuery module // though. If this line was not here, there would // be an unresolvable cyclic dependency. jqueryprivate: { jquery: 'jquery' } } }; //]]> </script> <script src="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/lib/javascript.php/1725444303/lib/requirejs/require.min.js"></script> <script> //<![CDATA[ M.util.js_pending("core/first"); require(['core/first'], function() { require(['core/prefetch']) ; M.util.js_pending('filter_oumaths/eqinfo'); require(['filter_oumaths/eqinfo'], function(amd) {amd.init(false); M.util.js_complete('filter_oumaths/eqinfo');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/accordions'); require(['theme_openlearnng/accordions'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/accordions');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/tab-of-content'); require(['theme_openlearnng/tab-of-content'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/tab-of-content');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/common'); require(['theme_openlearnng/common'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/common');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/sticky-header'); require(['theme_openlearnng/sticky-header'], function(amd) {amd.init("#content_wrapper", ["#free-course-list-block",".course-tabs","https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/my-openlearn"]); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/sticky-header');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/selection-sharer'); require(['theme_openlearnng/selection-sharer'], function(amd) {amd.init({"fbsharelink":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dialog\/feed?app_id=725303974586022&display=popup&link=param_url&redirect_uri=param_url","twsharelink":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0","ldsharelink":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0","emsharelink":"mailto:","coureoverviewurl":"https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.edu%2Fopenlearn%2Fscience-maths-technology%2Fdigital-forensics%2Fcontent-section-0"}); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/selection-sharer');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/common'); require(['theme_openlearnng/common'], function(amd) {amd.enableFocusClass(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/common');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/footer'); require(['theme_openlearnng/footer'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/footer');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon'); require(['theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/course-content-nav'); require(['theme_openlearnng/course-content-nav'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/course-content-nav');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/landingpage'); require(['theme_openlearnng/landingpage'], function(amd) {amd.onResize(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/landingpage');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/openlearnng'); require(['theme_openlearnng/openlearnng'], function(amd) {amd.bindEventDownloadBlock(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/openlearnng');});; M.util.js_pending('block_rate_course/base'); require(['block_rate_course/base'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('block_rate_course/base');});; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/openlearnng'); require(['theme_openlearnng/openlearnng'], function(amd) {amd.bindEventDownloadBlock(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/openlearnng');});; require(['jquery'], function($) { $(document).ready(function () { $("[src^='http:'").each(function() { $(this).attr('src', $(this).attr('src').replace('http:', '')); }); }); }); ; M.util.js_pending('theme_boost/loader'); require(['theme_boost/loader'], function() { M.util.js_complete('theme_boost/loader'); }); ; M.util.js_pending('theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon'); require(['theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('theme_openlearnng/image-copyright-icon');});; M.util.js_pending('core/notification'); require(['core/notification'], function(amd) {amd.init(654347, []); M.util.js_complete('core/notification');});; M.util.js_pending('core/log'); require(['core/log'], function(amd) {amd.setConfig({"level":"warn"}); M.util.js_complete('core/log');});; M.util.js_pending('core/page_global'); require(['core/page_global'], function(amd) {amd.init(); M.util.js_complete('core/page_global');});; M.util.js_pending('core/utility'); require(['core/utility'], function(amd) {M.util.js_complete('core/utility');});; M.util.js_pending('core/storage_validation'); require(['core/storage_validation'], function(amd) {amd.init(1363079536); M.util.js_complete('core/storage_validation');}); M.util.js_complete("core/first"); }); //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ M.str = {"moodle":{"lastmodified":"Last modified","name":"Name","error":"Error","info":"Information","yes":"Yes","no":"No","ok":"OK","changesmadereallygoaway":"You have made changes. Are you sure you want to navigate away and lose your changes?","cancel":"Cancel","confirm":"Confirm","areyousure":"Are you sure?","closebuttontitle":"Close","unknownerror":"Unknown error","file":"File","url":"URL","collapseall":"Collapse all","expandall":"Expand all"},"repository":{"type":"Type","size":"Size","invalidjson":"Invalid JSON string","nofilesattached":"No files attached","filepicker":"File picker","logout":"Logout","nofilesavailable":"No files available","norepositoriesavailable":"Sorry, none of your current repositories can return files in the required format.","fileexistsdialogheader":"File exists","fileexistsdialog_editor":"A file with that name has already been attached to the text you are editing.","fileexistsdialog_filemanager":"A file with that name has already been attached","renameto":"Rename to \"{$a}\"","referencesexist":"There are {$a} links to this file","select":"Select"},"admin":{"confirmdeletecomments":"Are you sure you want to delete the selected comment(s)?","confirmation":"Confirmation"},"filter_oumaths":{"info_close":"Close","info_cancel":"Cancel","info_mathml":"MathML","info_plain":"Plain text","info_tex":"TeX","info_tex_inline":"Inline TeX","info_title":"Equation information","info_preview":"Client preview"},"theme_openlearnng":{"shareonfacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareontwitter":"Share on Twitter","shareonlinkedin":"Share on LinkedIn","shareviaemail":"Share via Email","opennewtab":"Open in new tab\/ window","expand":"Expand","collapse":"Collapse","more":"more","less":"less","More":"More","Less":"Less","print":"Print","printpage":"Print page","courselearningoutcomes":"Course learning outcomes","expandallcoursecontent":"Expand all course content","collapseallcoursecontent":"Collapse all course content","searchplaceholdermobile":"Search OpenLearn","searchheaderplaceholder":"Free courses, interactives, videos and more","searchhomeplaceholder":"Search over 1000 free courses, interactives, videos and more ...","theopenuniversitynotresponsibleexternalsitecontent":"The Open University is not responsible for external site content","saveforlater":"Save for later","savedforlater":"Saved for later"},"debug":{"debuginfo":"Debug info","line":"Line","stacktrace":"Stack trace"},"langconfig":{"labelsep":": "}}; //]]> </script> <script> //<![CDATA[ (function() {window.requirejs.config({"paths":{"monster":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/openlearnng\/js\/cookie-monster-0.3.0\/monster.min","underscore":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/openlearnng\/js\/underscore-1.8.3\/underscore.min"},"shim":{"monster":{"exports":"monster"},"underscore":{"exports":"underscore"}}}); Y.use("moodle-filter_glossary-autolinker",function() {M.filter_glossary.init_filter_autolinking({"courseid":0}); }); Y.use("moodle-mod_oucontent-oucontent","base","node","event","transition","swf","dom","dd","dd-scroll","anim","escape",function() {M.mod_oucontent.init({"guestmessagehtmlactivity":"You can use an interactive activity here, but this facility requires a free OU account."}, {"switch_plus":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/image.php\/openlearnng\/core\/1725444303\/t\/switch_plus","rightanswer":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/image.php\/openlearnng\/mod_oucontent\/1725444303\/rightanswer","invalidinput":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/image.php\/openlearnng\/mod_oucontent\/1725444303\/invalidinput","retry":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/image.php\/openlearnng\/mod_oucontent\/1725444303\/retry","wronganswer":"https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/theme\/image.php\/openlearnng\/mod_oucontent\/1725444303\/wronganswer"}, true, false); }); M.util.help_popups.setup(Y); M.util.js_pending('random67498e046f8b73'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.js_complete("init"); M.util.js_complete('random67498e046f8b73'); }); })(); //]]> </script>  </body></html>

CINXE.COM

Digital forensics: Introduction | OpenLearn - Open University