CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134308f1b01fd93',cH: 'fcjwT6g1kkzhlBD._IhMcRQwa1W9UzSJwA3bNsFgoFg-1739778659-1.2.1.1-61_zygwGBrQ4cnMZY0CjnRdm.B8YfCfI00bGBbFM58ewx7DaVrv4.WAvSpZ.UHDs',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=migration&__cf_chl_tk=uYyKiEA5xvZEdqh6Vg2eHULqdo86sFhu078KDnIEkDA-1739778659-1.0.1.1-1NTtUX4DZgcmghcSELo_iu.xHieSqqMi3VaBkOkDihg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778659',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=migration&__cf_chl_f_tk=uYyKiEA5xvZEdqh6Vg2eHULqdo86sFhu078KDnIEkDA-1739778659-1.0.1.1-1NTtUX4DZgcmghcSELo_iu.xHieSqqMi3VaBkOkDihg",md: "f2IGDz9uOoMhXeeOzdFsA0IgF2XcRFF4cQywksEbVWg-1739778659-1.2.1.1-4YNVoeZTSoPQQU5bOyHvj83hi7GrUpZAFO5PWx95U6FAH2gdn4TrjbXzD1.2fmAedHXij17O3jmPdeEs06TJ.F80xXAupJsORzv7y6J1DwAoF3OspCcxbdC59u3xUDiNF.za23haPKMY5OWOvOPAM3zMtEsUh3rI2Pfxaw9Xr8DA2zG_wWiS7VFeLEsaJXFEZlP.rVPcZkcY7wdWyAPBmBgdcTvbDsUJ7e2BRlV20KXh4SizOGkUcHt8cq6yUkHhhNdxRZcNUsreS8J8lxmAHa7T9LDmimiFUsNh_LWlM9arOIdf84WIQ6o3Kcjij_Z_AufNEvopbOewJ8QPxt27RjsHf7vbhEMQLIxMcEJ89R9w.n5sdW1vrzNSSoYDsQ95c.CtJLQZZ3IOWQ8rg48cpC7U5uD6s05vBrMMcwfzCfZC5ibaAGC7jRmp.g7c.Ybn9KzrkXCLVZ51TaCXmh0YN6zzDYlBWcJpYTN6qU.8FT0e8Y9CeEgGRnx8tfm7708jV3iYFxjhp6k6FjRrH1ZDBshlp3f7L8BEZA1dujQUpFwRwM3w4fIguTjGv.dVX8p8eiG.DM.znztrIh0sbxP0XGBUBi6htddW.uprqveq6_3MlhM8J0y.PyavzA2OKz.TWoz8jb0nfLh7ELd7UKMszzp3hLmH3KunJ2sie4ISuZ1lgwzq78JEY2721PnZQlGCb9DARLxQlIkeqdvXffezx9Cg1W8Vpfw94qv6ZCMv8g.Yv8BZA1HTYdkaPX_Kr3UlgGTKunzHfil8JYILsgLkkChon7jyk8j2bxVSs1bPEr82fJcpaQMufPB6_ZcJvFDWFoyDAgzvk0QhbA0y97CTo9imxTSFZHJWlURzNO8EN3TkSFSN01yCKLcehJNA.X7ZIEGjj8FF3B_hpVTbTeN.GS.quvBMb.SquttG4fZEwukBNUG9p4pXK8ksEDlYLI9b_giE.GA1b82HDA3OVXAu6vDfgTVY07Ks7qHNMSi1dMO_FiQQ4lLQqMJ._uOENDAgyfySCmQHUi1zJrzWrr7gaOzDxiZrO75jlahQlIJw3avT18N6f0qh2BWx5qB1PtaasBWwQLII6FUW14S_uzTVIi5q9g4Kpt.xDU9ptdLRwvwlINuiIox_8b5A9AcBT1xKagN4mH19Z8oo4DlN1o_xG7xRBs2qkQcsHfmzc.0xLG4CeST2G5xTnYdqfNCxgQv7_164vUvuLzi9zpARSdRHrg5cTq9SrYmX_6iyZ4wLj1lgq18icjrnps1OWVYRRZONeUxMHv2YAqduH3cYLg6VqRzias3K8PDFM52pUl24PSZmua6xPNUmIzHWiiswwHZu9T97xNWuhc7sFmXrMHoXHwmRgC35XOgk9jNqiUfjYvlEN1TCKKPgBLHNyBqH23.00vpGzmWuaDbz4K_w.nx7kCRHn18onXIW25amiN44CecwwSbXk_NI0P8CSNfTGKCcruemKSq6mqU8J8Xo5R7e1jrskNZniG4nhFRENa1vL9REJK8z97OpT18hBOHQjMBq6Rj8fKZgnKz62ObhD57jDUxNx_Xg.azQJc2WbLgumQKJ9RqpL_5.xk5PytONLI68nIhxRW2tmiBD6OSUx28X3EDMRtmKe6b6aKOHuRehGO3F6GCt.kPRdDAmJTQwsZdbkfqkfnr1oad9u4gSZDV3FrvpyiT55OO_hzv4FtGLCTlQ4OPF7KRZRE4uH3qeT5A_E2xmSmirKINlLZJFbHEHtoSyVbbQ.PcDLvO1ui1JID93ginW60aX4alobkbegYW1wrNePtw5llot_ocCFJwfUhe7_wJ8jY9X8JUESE_S0XC6m.TIg3jQPLasLhqE6XiehxA5cXCP56PE4fU_0eTmyKoRG3AAugVgjzXf1VfBuUsIYLVZ7QC0tN6QxrL9ixNn5gPhGs8MrJ5Oaq9I6za8oQ",mdrd: "GQzMZUhsFrRg4XQT0OP8EBcFxEW5IM9usefHAj21GGU-1739778659-1.2.1.1-ojG1T0mUhZGy15wkYV2ivUKC9yxd0ifnsofSzkJNx8viVCoOTW3xrap_peAKoR21_vc8s0zvH3Fnrf2eHIW1wLfYXKEl3NXfxWfUt7tEgEWyHMunAks.Bz4ggpWetdDjRB9d7DXfOvUl.o3zhSbgB4DCtGdpwHHWht72_rLCgNgEBeZIbaOZYL2Cq4B6vA79oR4qFPkYcnA7QyT6tke.ZgFLzVzR9R8AWTU3es4Uo_gVte9jz2_qsoo9ZSA_u2uYZwytP1inGmvc2taIFn4dE.I70mQaNPFU_1ZaICV52Hl8A8ehpaxdxmNpIdQctllx_YRZ0dvUkERfTG3XX5b3A7wU15rSckUGxtNdUFih2VXpM8w0nhaP06XMkwflJQAAf6AOTTm.WmuJoziGnbzT5BuYKh_IrXRkE8AN_MF1Ifg745Iw5J_UaBIXT37eqAwvQDwGATpLAHvTRprYTDcinc3DY4xxneZvst6lnDmSDxr2Y7NviYz5ulp5v.r9o.kwROxyqwtrBGTqdxO84B8e7TllPh8ZicN1GFEyDVv2lR2M3SS..eZ_eFYyc6exuTxbEkTMwVszOWUaicQagARMNgcU_SoO4kL08vFNs6h9yaxLzYx4J_5T5a6JO.wyVAy4UcDVDQ4EM9.84Jo.QDo6ABu7h6wEwCHOzcpW01tVBklwuZOQZKVAqaVaCTZpU4woxHl9nt_eGwuYjcIlltW1ti2YYLh.nhqKccLL_X4oy.4byUn1agSYq90upgypYWzmzIaTF7dDnDBLTahQ3Owsi93zfPinN4NFYBNLubAHl.PP79_fls3zBVxG6PM.py40uHCD51oBVkbyx9p_boUlsvkb5cYc0aK.Hh7ALpbf.8ePyGZ8WgqNQUSPM2PHUt6JTFNkCBGMRWD4V_1hCVDeA.WgSMY8sx6gKmcoTRwZ27VbRl4QCte8dckqY8TS2yFAJ4YvStsgnnxk9OFu3BYblDaqdmOoogmltuhDr0ouRftr81BaSDItyC9Qr8mHaG.VPFFuCUGmg9HEafBxveEAiKYX_Je7msBJ3I68MNtih7QRwDkHTicxEtybFjvpeI_XXkxW18sBMEWoajAwiktu2_OghjlXqsbo4GRrZokM4k_GnP25z9qUS.IwW6w4zNw.rqaPE7.v2OisVPlCz1PgpgE1dexKoRBBCm_tiDklBIqPJssjX.G5N3pAYm.1KmUkeDXf7tLRenWr842Ylx9DkXBnoZ3P2HTvdP1.ssER32GQNVW9IcxQK6SwxEHlIGIP5g8h_E1ODc7boCms0HoV_v4SA6NNhjVmytauIUkxyWoj4SMe8JY13LcXsOl.mvoipWUyw.tZkCuMJMPO.DVii91x45mNoRfy3TuwJpdbwed_nytZIcBwJiIMcIMYxbsBw_7FHlNsGUmHnQl6.yP5QblGSRILAYALRFk2Nc0UD051.WRWVwOIHCdaaE_PlMnccs.td_pSzDv8cJcO.AJcDXK8pqqVKtF7y33j5szRRBvKb8BnHMBKPHFH11j.F6JiXoWi3cFNyLWkYGKAhNorSco7sn4qT9uRb.FXdTdHzHMrRvlMgJhx2WuQ28daDSIuypNzRF_v0pyDnewg.0JLF4xiv6Hgp6rPKr60NJ.lXy2.KvVg2H4.lb7tIndDgQjvu3B0GFLI3ChPoo9YeXAV2bHq6unrCRlxkPCg4uBcmtvfmBi.4QEtNjWn_KoiLB5wIfebdrAhtZKGcqffTXsS7rK_LfoYdtxbupea3Zo5fpiNRnFdfnw1MS61kPeZgHRCm1Y620vqBzeoL3htCtDiXmxgzviATmhcWZ51mDu6weuJ7xNYpfhH0UICsc1VjZKCQsWNr0Gv6iVn9vNYtLQA7V8j13VRPmkXmORlnF8u17dWxeA0DL3nCM8it0jq7nEALyw0NiAfz1RraV0jP9KFoT_EZvSvjCDISefKxbf_pIHdXSz7DtY78mq_3inqqjyk.3Jltqy6wAiJjNdy8RMLWQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134308f1b01fd93';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=migration&__cf_chl_rt_tk=uYyKiEA5xvZEdqh6Vg2eHULqdo86sFhu078KDnIEkDA-1739778659-1.0.1.1-1NTtUX4DZgcmghcSELo_iu.xHieSqqMi3VaBkOkDihg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>