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Gap Junctions in the Epidermis: Understanding Their Role in Skin Homeostasis and Disease – Histology
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<main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-79" class="post-79 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-skin-homeostasis tag-chronic-wounds tag-connexins tag-epidermis tag-gap-junctions tag-kid-syndrome tag-psoriasis tag-skin-diseases tag-skin-homeostasis tag-wound-healing" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://histology.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/banner-31-min-scaled-e1731753638526.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Gap Junctions in the Epidermis: Understanding Their Role in Skin Homeostasis and Disease</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-16T16:11:26+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">November 16, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://histology.blog/archive/author/histology/" title="View all posts by histology" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">histology</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <h4><b>Introduction</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Gap junctions are therefore part of cell signaling in the human body and provide coherence and regulation of tissues. These intercellular channels enable cell-to-cell contact between the neighboring cells to maintain efficient exchange of ions, small molecules, and signaling metabolites in every cell. In human skin, specifically, the epidermis, gap junctions consist of proteins called connexins that form channels through which so many essential physiological processes take place, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and response to injuries. However, when these channels fail to work properly, there can be several skin disorders, including chronic skin ulcers and genetic skin diseases. In this paper, the functioning of gap junctions in the epidermis and their specific activities about skin homeostasis will be discussed, as well as the pathological conditions associated with the dysfunction of these structures.</span></p> <h4><b>Understanding Gap Junctions and Connexins</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Connexins are transmembrane proteins that form clusters to produce channels through which ions and small molecules pass through cells known as the gap junctions. Each gap junction channel is formed by two hemichannels, connexons, belonging to two adjacent cells. These channels afford a straightforward way of communication or interaction since they do not involve the extracellular signaling pathways whereby the different cells may well coordinate their operations effectively.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the skin, there are Connexin 26 (Cx26), Connexin 30 (Cx30), and Connexin 43 (Cx43), which are expressed with different functions to support epidermal health. Among those, Cx26 and Cx43 are of special interest because they function in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis, participating in cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. Its components are exact in their manifestation and necessity for the proper function of the skin’s barrier as well as effective healing.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://histology.blog/publication-trends/index/skin homeostasis" target="_blank" title="skin homeostasis - yearwise publication trends">skin homeostasis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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For instance, there is data that Cx43 participation is necessary for the regulation of the orientation of the mitotic spindle during cell division to form new cells in appropriate positions within the epidermal layer.</span></p> <p><b>Maintenance of Epidermal Barrier Function: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">The epidermal barrier is an organ that shields the body from environmental aggressions, including microbes and water. Connexins are involved in the management of tight junctions and other junctions that are essential to this barrier role. Defects in connexin structure and function, including Connexin 26 and Connexin 43, are disruptive to the barrier and result in inflammation, as seen in eczema and other skin conditions.</span></p> <p><b>Wound Healing and Tissue Repair:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Conversely, gap junctions are strategic to restore tissue homeostasis and conduct the communication needed for command of cell migration, enlargement, and differentiation at the wound site. Initially, Cx43 protein levels are known to be downregulated at the wound edge, facilitating keratinocyte migration as well as minimizing inflammation to facilitate rapid wound healing. On the other hand, the constant appearance of Cx43 in chronic ulcers like diabetic foot ulcers has detrimental effects on the healing process due to limitations on cell migration.</span></p> <p><b>Inflammatory Response Modulation:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">This review also found that the skin’s inflammatory response can be regulated through gap junctions, mainly Cx26 and Cx43. These connexins are claimed to participate in the discharge of signaling molecules such as ATP, which can scale up inflammation signals. Connexin expression has been variously associated with increased inflammation in conditions such as psoriasis, thereby boring features of these diseases.</span></p> <h4><b>Dysfunction of Gap Junctions and Skin Diseases</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mutations of connexin can cause numerous skin diseases, showing how fine-tuned skin conditions must be to be healthy. Some of the notable conditions associated with gap junction dysfunction include:</span></p> <p><b>Psoriasis and Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Psoriasis involves increased basal keratinocyte proliferation and an augmented inflammatory reaction. Some authors have reported that Cx26 is overexpressed in psoriatic skin lesions and directly contributes to disease pathogenesis by promoting inflammation in the skin and impairing epidermal homeostasis. This overexpression not only impacts the barrier function but also prolongs the chronic inflammation characteristic of psoriasis.</span></p> <p><b>Genetic Skin Disorders:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Many genetic skin diseases are associated with mutations in connexin genes, among them GJB2, which codes for connexin 26 (Cx26). For instance, Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome, is also due to mutations that cause abnormal functioning of hemichannels and severe skin reactions along with deafness and keratitis. Such mutations, therefore, lead to a gain of function in which the hemichannels remain constitutively open and cause an adverse cell dysfunction in terms of homeostasis, increased cell death, and inflammation.</span></p> <p><b>Wound Healing Impairments:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">This review established that connexin expression must be controlled to facilitate proper wound healing. Recently it was published chronic wounds. such as venous ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers have poor prognosis once they overexpress the Cx43. Various congenic mimetic peptides and antisense molecules against Cx43 have been proven effective in increasing the wound closure rates due to the modulation of gap junction communication and decrease in inflammation response for improved healing.</span></p> <p><b>Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis and Other Connexin-Linked Disorders: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Erythrokeratodermia variabilis (EKV) is one of the conditions that is linked to mutations in connexins, for instance Cx31. These mutations can lead to skin hyperplasia, scaling, and, at worst, keratoderma. These disorders, in most instances, are related to improper trafficking and function of connexin, which negatively affects cellular signaling and increases the risk of infection and inflammation of the skin.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://histology.blog/recent-publications/index/skin homeostasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="skin homeostasis - yearwise publication list">skin homeostasis</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .author-main { border: solid 1px #ccc; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-bottom: 25px; background:#fff; } .publication-block { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .publication-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #000!important; } .publication-block a { font-size: 16px !important; line-height: 1em; font-weight: 600; text-transform: none; color: #000; padding: 0px; } .publication-block a:hover{ color: #227cdc; text-decoration:underline; } .article-scroll { max-height: 445px; overflow-y: auto; overflow-x: hidden; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; background-color: #efefef; border-radius:30px; } ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background-color: #ababab; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://histology.blog/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Tonic type 2 immunity is a critical tissue checkpoint controlling autoimmunity in the skin.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38900635", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Mechanochemical Principles of Epidermal Tissue Dynamics.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38858071", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Cordycepin Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesion by Regulating p53\/MDM2 Feedback Loop.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38914920", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Human Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Channel: Structure, Function, and Physiology.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38963489", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Interleukin-38 overexpression in keratinocytes limits desquamation but does not affect the global severity of imiquimod-induced skin inflammation in mice.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39119344", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "An overview of S100 proteins and their functions in skin homeostasis, interface dermatitis conditions and other skin pathologies.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39115029", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "In vitro, ex\u00a0vivo, instrumental and clinical evaluation of a\u00a0topical cream on the signs of periorbital ageing.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39119663", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Clinical efficacy of a multilamellar cream on skin physiology and microbiome in an epidermal stress model: A controlled double-blinded study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39113314", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Boosting of retinol activity using novel lecithin: Retinol acyltransferase inhibitors.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39113315", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Coordinating energy metabolism and signaling pathways in epithelial self-renewal and differentiation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39113077", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The Core-Shell Microneedle with Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles for Infected Wound Healing and Microbial Homeostasis Restoration.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39109958", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Rare multi-fungal sepsis: a case of triple-impact immunoparalysis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38647991", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Immune cell trafficking: a novel perspective on the gut-skin axis.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38654394", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Bridging barriers: advances and challenges in modeling biological barriers and measuring barrier integrity in organ-on-chip systems.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38689569", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Emerging Perspectives of YAP\/TAZ in Human Skin Epidermal and Dermal Aging.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38816974", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Chloride Homeostasis Regulates cGAS-STING Signaling.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38645072", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Low-concentration imiquimod treatment promotes enhanced skin barrier functions through epidermal melanization reaction regulation.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38760990", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Glycolic Acid-Induced Disruption of Epidermal Homeostasis in a Skin Equivalent Model: Insights into Temporal Dynamics and Mechanisms.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38710400", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "The development of hair follicles and nail.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38759942", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Positive and negative feedback regulation of the TGF-\u03b21 explains two equilibrium states in skin aging.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38706856", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["Gap Junctions","Connexins","Epidermis","Skin Homeostasis","Skin Diseases","Wound Healing","Psoriasis","KID Syndrome","Chronic Wounds"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Connexins</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Due to the important functions that connexins play in skin physiology and pathophysiology, efforts are underway to design small molecules that selectively target connexin signaling pathways in an attempt to arouse a therapeutic response. Some promising approaches include:</span></p> <p><b>Connexin Mimetic Peptides: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">These peptides are synthetic molecules that are designed to imitate some parts of connexin proteins and can afford specific blockage of gap junction signaling. For instance, a peptide called Gap27 refutes the Cx43 channels that lead to quicker rates of healing and lesser inflammation in skin models.</span></p> <p><b>Antisense Oligonucleotides: </b><span style="font-weight: 400;">Connexin modulation employing antisense therapy can successfully inhibit gross Connexin expression, for, instance, Connexin 43 in chronic wounds. It has been evidenced that this approach produces effectiveness in acute models, promoting gain in wound healing and a decrease in pathological inflammation.</span></p> <p><b>Gene Therapy and Small Molecule Inhibitors:</b> <span style="font-weight: 400;">New approaches are to rescue the mutated connexins by gene or RNA interference or to selectively target the connexin with a specific pharmacotherapeutic agent. These interventions appear promising for the treatment of various skin diseases associated with connexin mutations.</span></p> <h4><b>Conclusion</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Due to these general characteristics of gap junctions, they are considered to be vital to skin homeostasis, carrying out such basic functions as cell generation, generation of specialized cell descendants, and reaction to harm. It is a key factor that precisely regulation of connexin interactions is critical for maintaining the epidermis integrity and contributing to the proper wound healing process. Nonetheless, when the balance is broken, there occur severe skin pathologies that include but are not limited to genetic skin disorders, chronic wounds, and inflammatory skin conditions. Disruptions of gap junctions in the epidermis are implicated in various skin diseases, and the knowledge of these structures’ functions contributes significantly to the discovery of a disease’s origins as well as potential treatments through the rearrangement of connexin functioning to improve the state of the skin organ.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li>Adil, M.S., Narayanan, S.P. and Somanath, P.R., 2021. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21688370.2020.1848212">Cell-cell junctions: structure and regulation in physiology and pathology.</a> <i>Tissue Barriers</i>, <i>9</i>(1), p.1848212.</li> <li>Asgari, T., Naji, M., Mansouri, P., Mahmoudi, H., Zabihi, M., Youssefian, L., Mahdavi, M., Naraghi, Z.S., Zeinali, S., Vahidnezhad, H. and Uitto, J., 2020. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dth.14493">Keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness syndrome: phenotypic heterogeneity and treatment perspective of patients with p. Asp50Asn GJB2 mutation.</a> <i>Dermatologic Therapy</i>, <i>33</i>(6), p.e14493.</li> <li>Beach, R., Abitbol, J.M., Allman, B.L., Esseltine, J.L., Shao, Q. and Laird, D.W., 2020. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2020.00215/full">GJB2 mutations linked to hearing loss exhibit differential trafficking and functional defects as revealed in cochlear-relevant cells.</a> <i>Frontiers in cell and developmental biology</i>, <i>8</i>, p.215.</li> <li>Cocozzelli, A.G. and White, T.W., 2019. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/24/6186">Connexin 43 mutations lead to increased hemichannel functionality in skin disease. </a><i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>, <i>20</i>(24), p.6186.</li> <li>Wong, P., Tan, T., Chan, C., Laxton, V., Chan, Y.W.F., Liu, T., Wong, W.T. and Tse, G., 2016. <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2016.00596/full">The role of connexins in wound healing and repair: novel therapeutic approaches.</a> <i>Frontiers in physiology</i>, <i>7</i>, p.596.</li> <li>Chanson, M., Watanabe, M., O’Shaughnessy, E.M., Zoso, A. and Martin, P.E., 2018. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1354">Connexin communication compartments and wound repair in epithelial tissue. </a><i>International journal of molecular sciences</i>, <i>19</i>(5), p.1354.</li> <li>Valdez Capuccino, J.M., Chatterjee, P., García, I.E., Botello-Smith, W.M., Zhang, H., Harris, A.L., Luo, Y. and Contreras, J.E., 2019. <a href="https://rupress.org/jgp/article/151/3/328/124253/The-connexin26-human-mutation-N14K-disrupts">The connexin26 human mutation N14K disrupts cytosolic intersubunit interactions and promotes channel opening.</a> <i>Journal of General Physiology</i>, <i>151</i>(3), pp.328-341.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">skin homeostasis</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://histology.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://histology.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://histology.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "nzvdKowBWBy50K-rdHZI": { "aid": "nzvdKowBWBy50K-rdHZI", "name": "S. 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