CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "bioguide.congress.gov",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '8e87da551e165cdc',cH: 'Y18Lwqt4UHPlrYTYa7_M9M4Uwtz5aM2LcR0giQ2plfg-1732602868-1.2.1.1-w8m6FMDiTxZzYRq8PhGJbvthUNZ5gSS0jVPu.e9S3ltgShdRv1l64GXzb5AJYpf_',cUPMDTk: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=T000475&__cf_chl_tk=n3m0SIJV9jP2RPewBOPz.YaOL9JS7FESAj5AZ0utlyU-1732602868-1.0.1.1-L4_Au.THDlOQhtAVtdjK_arBKpVyBZuFRD9Ipjuyr4E",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732602868',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=T000475&__cf_chl_f_tk=n3m0SIJV9jP2RPewBOPz.YaOL9JS7FESAj5AZ0utlyU-1732602868-1.0.1.1-L4_Au.THDlOQhtAVtdjK_arBKpVyBZuFRD9Ipjuyr4E",md: "mOf.PLSb9VGmD.qfHpsH0EsT0Ml9hoYaB.SVl728wi8-1732602868-1.2.1.1-Q4dZkgUADYnvEJoPkvBzDrF8UHDSzwGJxNH7CYVzvRfNdEpfw9i40SD2LE24LDDJ9Yf3PRrIKXbQBh_yTSey5wKB6L8Cnepti2hH_FPhrgbfHCbLYvmRW8lb0IsJD7ivGcZHxhDVBbaq2Yr1mI5HA3owOF2WAXY5uqZP1sBZ4o.QxlRX5JNRstPGfsm7BNjy6iet.7x.DDBij2ts8GzncZJWwTR6Qi8tOZ.FJLGqkbEOreCstceMwsEvpy91Z0uwkrP0xxUylVNFzcpfgJx3z2EItDm1VZz2shSzXKYhrIRNmhwJkf70nJINL22gBGuU9TSePhiDMREph.axlUoWTYUj_7ViJFDt2AMmMtqXHhCCrUkXSlepEbkBGGVkWaQbDgkhyYYyXiHutdU9tvuY7_kWgyOaguqptKJAYVtAww_HeaSI3O9ZBrIw25gmi8izL2FL9QeA9mfHCKhduqQ3RXO5Eo3kYH4b8Zxz.Cf.SMhDdmK6k9smXE4RpiRRp3f4d7US353cQBi1cxX8wt4j0VNIBt1u5H3nBug1GQkTtAkwugbeRCOhn41oEL_.J_dKCZzK2WzmNPvlzAxl.eOU2ijA_AUzmGbHXIpyKNHp5AVmejgIy8il21xa_5mzYGDZ7e4VEctN7JN.qTL.V_OP2_SaWykFsZxuHB._xTpLGyAfWTBDbkGsjUrDXd8zgEiNeyykSlpbLTnla447WLARGqJw_LLvPz5jiYO4DLqKEkKBjTwBnPPhIghmihfXs10tKOmw4vuIFv.MWBVqOZFRATTfBtLWvB6vvmwbSEOrNqt9bKuqrBJohcdoAAQwVk_7aSgMiERHtV1QlyOgXbFQ_.jnV_mt2cITZrTlGzH0a4_XBMwFGlfOfeMnDt1R502yqjeCdMU2DxCr51cJTQ8n3GhXwDXd6yNnK_q7WOsDcLQkpbL8sZ5ynFT8.Aqzf3V1hx2C9lIwFmvfscwNlTa.7jOExjwmElcge3LaQkXAXR54f4j5hrg8.bXvz00EmH2g0IxnruvWMDCUcNYmhwSnnURF_1Bk7d3Sj9V5Dt1KlhWRZpGa06LVKa4Fv_j6di6GHvKg1X7nJwe5OEdwIhym4DrEFMZblYPCye0aJWJ9oUVIGPlYifixuPE3qCgWcul1EndjqixZx_emBwCWM0g9JcwS82C9FcBQbonBakvZczGlnjU9vwwKLzVAMeN9Aaon2XI8hXDXkXc6rZhf66tzkA6kDkO6ltK6uXi8rp.iSPCEjhD905AhtZyBWYiFrjqbbey0ITei.AY.Z_9bb4q32NL.UsKCy5U1Kab6DvKxBpIvw7PIeeKL8JWtYE1gD1lYsT_iqy2.qMCG8G8I8mWSJBKNNbecjxgn_Y0Hsg4Yai4n9RqS.rtSvvyXxkjwRlnSH2cIpshNjVbcQda2NisLvQstvP3E1NVWkBoUivSzi7e.f2n8olQKejPQASrqAllGAhZMIpr6H7.X411ZZ_1difeHsBhjuyPSt.rE_A4nFrSzyqGm1pZAzhNfjOYuTFHH80v6T_qb6ZjboNuyI0WhD3Ma8zq2_EPkr5Y_sgBkq8ZKGKReqwm3CwXloKRsrkVBMoY8cRQJMmbCMuvpmi_JDLBkWidPtMnHmYtsBC0zzR9uIqoSz6GmNinBbf6fzcZnJneZhtaeREZoNSq_qZ1LjErBr8RObYXc41JUm0F.or8xehw8pUNevy1cKCzQGHurT75GYXGcTS6Xd5bZdbXC3tdjE4ihYQhvw1eB9moSCboWrlPaZfstIFzP62UINk.xpySsseU9UhB7738_GA6kANcAgSv.G9Bw4qHHoHFX0HRxRfdUF58muDn6ShX_BHn1KeOtTrXsCmh68C72sw73X2KiIcwVsmwuKd5oj.Oo4RX0Z0Oa2kGe07_GFV4.cLz.m9QqLquQ.nmg9RBqf3sYMNr05ckVfB669VRKoyKkd5zd1Q1B_6T_osLidnGecv5be4RWDjOc3niaAuLvIqI00YFkPEAAHG_5dQKMXH0zQcc",mdrd: "tHUOngOwKoLIEPxjpHFpwkQ0XiDbIT6smJ1nZoC5QzU-1732602868-1.2.1.1-MrL2wBQ.vxuUur7cGJDK_EBLwMXpe7i6TAEY8TUJHUwv73wfKRdpVC2.Ba8ZmkdEZYjWx4XDMLfKONnvo_F_3j2orICNJ33iqyo54UkUuHum65qJ0SjYB7PDAF_OOMK9ihL9YSBCCDvrZkTo1wspjnj8c4a9qJ4afnaMkEFlxuRd3dITxEjaW52SWUNmyypmVMjCOjUN2c_A1qLgy6t9lMBndEdmpfsJLMX7n_Cl4Ed9GPT.lf.vkOAjE3l5gEusZmSMKSN8rce806t0Jc5rei2TQ.K6m1ZY_dqOsCXrmeaLrwV_.LzOh579ToL9d77sAmZyjpQQWv.9PBPKSIMTmK.321PIBz8gQsWs8wDDsZJISIjXV5lO5Ka6amYidlEWgrnYUbEja0IM6lq8NTOQtpxqxKAO9OdxNO2H0pIXu072Mj41WizfrP.LfkRPCySCbjH6w.aoS_TcK4It7yR7MAh8KzBpAdhFjdVL15v8fsonFAmc0LCShTV39241IElXB1BgVAqGwXs1ESYUmgsCJjVgUy1XlQ.FFZit_VJngkDM9FzvefyyC1ck6oU3hIUHLwka3wdtbMX3Ue0Hixv_AW4lFdyB1fBNC1SXijyzQCNTEcn4YlJ8m2FXrqRawDTpkKOCTm9ePph7cXXQUUXaHZz78Ltba2sJHq1ExBnyNpcaTFU70KBO2Ezc9l8xxwVTi2qqtSWLi2i38S1v2rdFP6WYIY.Jkz9AlPkd6lyYU5HdHaR3M_RAZJBgnI7CJ.m47Y5ea8xYhC9vWePot4kDUlVc3puqPwvF1KTLIkquft4KCcSH92pXbMswZiRfhCXYIsTqd6Ei1K9fCqDd6J5crsiIsjxMZh6sEBeKrlRC.aA.yUmgH_WCUg61ZTZqvaXt9JTIQIko3roDCCcQ4vcFyRnYBDLmwCvgX8RI53C4E0aFWmczxxHvmSxGLLIgqLyJwx1l9lf1FehuJy03N2l5Mth3YrhhM3reWW9uLoq.aPwQoywjatwDC403Qf_fRsA3wEqKc0mrarv_twbUFZ.ob1Zni4aFfdqWMxVQoKYr.UC2L..9VXaNwUsUoCEfDJwathrhCKO4rgiV_elY2fV0rMvb7xgkvPCfXjhzSy0ITMH00nrrO1CaFeiCaHUHnAxnr2ZgkljRDGzPpRs2Pf1unqt8eFPx0htTpHnHR1cxdqNoVEwvx6zJ8OTfmb0H68sqobz6CX07eZHkv.58qqpaGa.pVcakFfeghVoccXtCZk4EpSZ4NVMirnGuXjI9bHpmxkV9IeEBIyzQn28qROgnplCIdfS60RF6hyuSpXEoH8MOHuW5.yNJnc6nNRdgjt1NgIkmGDy6KuJRDBWWCTfnlCvrtl2wwxq397a0yw2xvDyHVrTP4OfmQrXcbS2YZQLAfMDg4B1wun7GaqYPtGB3cU6YwJFwDAbEUXlXv6Ckbi4IS.Mhfs3uxjVzM1pyMyW7dmjEs3mJJt3IJRAqJdgWy.s6iGnRGqMBHJJ0CG0fv2HLoFCkjIWnKHUy1NXUa84NtGOinmhBYq50.9Q3MmxhT6gCaxLzPIO484gEJzMXSZRj_cNsfqOVFL5rd4huyhqc9wjcLcHO2odzFXKb.9EO_Y5U1gsdOby477V93YMb_XxV58Mk6avPaPb4PamMGyfnQDvJ.BU6oet2zhyoD4UaEF4VmQ4tPmjqNZTDlqq5OEs2Ez.7TKK68AWL2josvfbgX5RnI7I2zD_bIHxebpxeYf8Kxtezz3XeDmIh6Xe0gWK0nE0HJH5i.NMIr2GXt1rzh03fWqnTlQ_fBEtm.vVJ6pj01N86IVkbxiM6ttuoazUWJLES1CkL3EKjZiLqpjsVkgnlc_T0hMpX.tDkKIgT5cMIqAFShsWlm9BHm24ShgWBvHG.o55pkrhHEMpTQWWHid7CmdS5ck8vzyKSdKOJRlkh3nrPNzJkOn5t665DA.C9WwRRlW0Bz6XGpOxbWvcfnJNft_UU_FbCsrl69bWQHQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e87da551e165cdc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=T000475&__cf_chl_rt_tk=n3m0SIJV9jP2RPewBOPz.YaOL9JS7FESAj5AZ0utlyU-1732602868-1.0.1.1-L4_Au.THDlOQhtAVtdjK_arBKpVyBZuFRD9Ipjuyr4E" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>