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Here's how they function in sexual desire and life stages like pregnancy, signs of imbalance, and when to see a doctor."/><meta name="keywords" content="female sex hormones"/><meta name="k1" content="othersexualhealth"/><meta name="k2" content="sexualhealth"/><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/portrait_woman-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="othersexualhealth,sexualhealth"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-05-21T07:00:00.000Z"/><meta name="article:author" content="Ann Pietrangelo"/><meta property="og:title" content="Female Sex Hormones: Types, Effect on Arousal, and 8 Other Functi"/><meta property="og:description" content="The two main female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Although testosterone is considered a male hormone, females also produce and use a small amount. Your levels will fluctuate over time. 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These resources can…"],"link":"/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education","imageAlt":"The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Letter-From-The-Editor-Sexual-Health-Hub-732x549-Thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":113,"name":{"display":"Tess Catlett","first":"Tess","last":"Catlett"},"userLogin":"tcatlett","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/tess-catlett","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"<p>Tess Catlett is a sex and relationships editor at Healthline, covering all things sticky, scary, and sweet. 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data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-16m9poz"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-blwnmv"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-jy1umg"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Valinda-Riggins-Nwadike-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH</a>, <span>OB/GYN</span>, <span></span></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ann Pietrangelo</a></span></span></span></span> — <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span> Updated on April 5, 2019</span></a></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-7u7i0a"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#types" class="css-1r1p1p8">Types</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#hormonal-changes" class="css-1r1p1p8">Hormonal changes</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#puberty" class="css-1r1p1p8">Puberty</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#menstruation" class="css-1r1p1p8">Menstruation</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#sexual-desire-and-contraception" class="css-1r1p1p8">Sexual desire and contraception</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#pregnancy" class="css-1r1p1p8">Pregnancy</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#after-childbirth-and-breastfeeding" class="css-1r1p1p8">After childbirth and breastfeeding</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#perimenopause-and-menopause" class="css-1r1p1p8">Perimenopause and menopause</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#signs-of-imbalance" class="css-1r1p1p8">Signs of imbalance</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#see-your-doctor" class="css-1r1p1p8">See your doctor</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p class="h2"> What are hormones?</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>Hormones are natural substances produced in the body. They help to relay messages between cells and organs and affect many bodily functions. Everyone has what are considered “male” and “female” sex hormones.</p></div><div><p>Keep reading to learn more about the female sex hormones, how they fluctuate throughout your life, and signs of a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hormonal-imbalance" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hormonal imbalance</a>.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="types"> Types of female sex hormones</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The two main female sex hormones are <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">estrogen</a> and progesterone. Although <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-about-testosterone" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">testosterone</a> is considered a male hormone, females also produce and need a small amount of this, too.</p></div><div><h3>Estrogen</h3></div><div><p>Estrogen is the major female hormone. The lion’s share comes from the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ovary" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">ovaries</a>, but small amounts are produced in the adrenal glands and fat cells. During pregnancy, the placenta also makes estrogen.</p></div><div><p>Estrogen plays a big role in reproductive and sexual development, including:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">puberty</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-your-period-last" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menstruation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pregnancy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menopause</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Estrogen also affects the:</p></div><div><ul><li>brain</li><li>cardiovascular system</li><li>hair</li><li>musculoskeletal system</li><li>skin</li><li>urinary tract</li></ul></div><div><p>Estrogen levels can be determined by a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/estradiol-test" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">blood test</a>. While it can vary from person to person, these are what’s considered the <a href="https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">normal ranges</a> in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL):</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Adult female, premenopausal:</strong> 15-350 pg/mL</li><li><strong>Adult female, postmenopausal:</strong> <10 pg/mL</li><li><strong>Adult male:</strong> 10-40 pg/mL</li></ul></div><div><p>Levels will vary greatly throughout the menstrual cycle.</p></div><div><h3>Progesterone</h3></div><div><p>The ovaries produce the female sex hormone progesterone after <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/how-long-does-ovulation-last" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">ovulation</a>. During pregnancy, the placenta also produces some.</p></div><div><p>The role of progesterone is to:</p></div><div><ul><li>prepare the lining of the uterus for a fertilized egg</li><li>support pregnancy</li><li>suppress estrogen production after ovulation</li></ul></div><div><p>Progesterone levels can be determined by <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/serum-progesterone" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">a blood test</a>. <a href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=progesterone" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Normal ranges</a> are in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL):</p></div><div><div class="scrollTable css-1iwt4bv"><table id="t1526936809804" class="responsive css-1pp4cxb"><tbody><tr><td class="topHeader ">Phase</td><td class="topHeader">Range</td></tr><tr><td>before puberty</td><td>0.1–0.3 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>during first (follicular) stage of menstrual cycle</td><td>0.1–0.7 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>while ovulating (luteal stage of cycle)</td><td>2–25 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>first trimester of pregnancy</td><td>10–44 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>second trimester</td><td>19.5–82.5 ng/mL</td></tr><tr><td>third trimester</td><td>65–290 ng/mL</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="scrollImage"></div><h3>Testosterone</h3><p>Small amounts of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-about-testosterone" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">testosterone</a> come from the adrenal glands and ovaries. This hormone plays a role in several body functions, including:</p><ul><li>sexual desire</li><li>regulation of the menstrual cycle</li><li>bone and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/masturbating-before-workout" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">muscle strength</a></li></ul><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/testosterone-test" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">A blood test</a> can determine your testosterone level. The <a href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=testosterone_total" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">normal range</a> for females is 15 to 70 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).</p></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="hormonal-changes"> The roles your hormones play change over time</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Female sex hormones are integral to many body functions. But your hormonal needs change a great deal as you leave childhood and enter puberty.</p></div><div><p>They also change dramatically if you become pregnant, give birth, or breastfeed. And they continue to change as you near menopause.</p></div><div><p>These changes are natural and expected.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="puberty"> Puberty</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Everyone is different, but most females enter <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">puberty</a> between the ages of 8 and 13. And it all happens because of hormones.</p></div><div><p>The <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/lh-blood-test" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">luteinizing hormone (LH)</a> and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/fsh" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</a> are produced in the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/pituitary-gland" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pituitary gland</a>. Production increases at puberty, which in turn stimulates the sex hormones — especially estrogen.</p></div><div><p>This increase in female sex hormones results in:</p></div><div><ul><li>the development of breasts</li><li>the growth of pubic and armpit hair</li><li>an overall growth spurt</li><li>an increase in body fat, especially in the hips and thighs</li><li>the maturation of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina</li><li>the start of the menstrual cycle</li></ul></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="menstruation"> Menstruation</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The first menstrual period (menarche) happens about two to three years after the breasts begin to develop. Again, it’s <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/period-myths" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">different for everybody</a>, but most females get their first period between the ages of <a href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">10 and 16</a>.</p></div><div><h3>Follicular phase</h3></div><div><p>Every month, the uterus thickens in preparation for a fertilized egg. When there’s no fertilized egg, estrogen and progesterone levels stay low. This prompts your uterus to shed its lining. The day you start to bleed is day 1 of your cycle, or the follicular phase.</p></div><div><p>The pituitary gland starts to produce a little more FSH. This spurs growth of follicles in your ovaries. Within each follicle is an egg. As sex hormone levels drop, only a single, dominant follicle will continue to grow.</p></div><div><p>As this follicle produces more estrogen, the other follicles break down. Higher levels of estrogen stimulate an LH surge. This phase lasts about two weeks.</p></div><div><h3>Ovulatory phase</h3></div><div><p>Next comes the ovulatory phase. LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg. This phase lasts about 16 to 32 hours. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/ovulation-when-am-i-most-fertile" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Fertilization</a> can only occur for about 12 hours after the egg has left the ovary.</p></div><div><h3>Luteal phase</h3></div><div><p>The luteal phase starts after ovulation. The ruptured follicle closes and the production of progesterone increases. This gets the uterus ready to receive a fertilized egg.</p></div><div><p>If that doesn’t happen, estrogen and progesterone decrease again and the cycle starts all over.</p></div><div><p>The entire menstrual cycle lasts around 25 to 36 days. Bleeding lasts between 3 and 7 days. But this, too, varies quite a bit. Your cycle may be <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/why-is-my-period-late" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">quite irregular</a> for the first few years. It can also vary at different times of your life or when you use <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hormonal contraceptives</a>.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="sexual-desire-and-contraception"> Sexual desire and contraception</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone all play a role in female sexual desire — also called libido — and sexual functioning. Due to hormonal fluctuations, females are generally at the peak of sexual desire just before ovulation.</p></div><div><p>There’s generally less fluctuation in libido if you’re using hormonal birth control methods, which affect hormone levels. Your libido may also fluctuate less <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/menopause-facts" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">after menopause</a>.</p></div><div><p>Undergoing surgery to remove your adrenal glands or ovaries cuts down on testosterone production, which can cause a drop in your libido.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline13__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline13__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="pregnancy"> Pregnancy</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>During the luteal phase of your cycle, the rise in progesterone prepares your uterus to receive a fertilized egg. The uterine walls get thick and fill with nutrients and other fluids to sustain an embryo.</p></div><div><p>Progesterone thickens the cervix to protect the uterus from bacteria and sperm. Estrogen levels are also higher, contributing to the thickening of the lining of the uterus. Both hormones help milk ducts in the breasts to dilate.</p></div><div><p>As soon as conception takes place, you start to produce <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hcg-in-urine" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)</a>. This is the hormone that shows up in your urine and is used <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/five-signs-to-take-pregnancy-test" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">to test for pregnancy</a>. It also boosts the production of estrogen and progesterone, preventing menstruation and helping to sustain the pregnancy.</p></div><div><p>Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a hormone made by the placenta. In addition to providing nutrients for the baby, it helps stimulate milk glands for <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/breastfeeding-pros-and-cons" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">breastfeeding</a>.</p></div><div><p>Levels of another hormone called relaxin also rise <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">during pregnancy</a>. Relaxin aids in the implantation and growth of the placenta and helps stop contractions from happening too soon. As labor begins, this hormone helps relax ligaments in the pelvis.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="after-childbirth-and-breastfeeding"> After childbirth and breastfeeding</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Once pregnancy ends, hormone levels start to fall immediately. They eventually reach pre-pregnancy levels.</p></div><div><p>A sudden, significant drop in estrogen and progesterone may be a contributing factor in the development of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">postpartum depression</a>.</p></div><div><p>Breastfeeding lowers estrogen levels and can prevent ovulation. This isn’t always the case, however, so <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/birth-control-while-breastfeeding" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">you’ll still need birth control</a> to prevent another pregnancy.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="perimenopause-and-menopause"> Perimenopause and menopause</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>During <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">perimenopause</a> — the period leading up to menopause — hormone production in your ovaries slows down. Estrogen levels begin to fluctuate while progesterone levels start a steady decline.</p></div><div><p>As your hormone levels drop, your vagina may become less lubricated. Some people experience a decrease in their libido and their menstrual cycle becomes irregular.</p></div><div><p>When you’ve gone 12 months without a period, you’ve reached <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menopause</a>. By this time, both estrogen and progesterone are holding steady at low levels. This typically happens around age 50. But like other phases of life, there’s great variation in this.</p></div><div><p>Decreased hormones after menopause <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">may increase</a> your risk of conditions such as thinning bones (<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">osteoporosis</a>) and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cardiovascular disease</a>.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="signs-of-imbalance"> When hormones become unbalanced</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Your hormones will naturally fluctuate throughout your lifetime. This is usually due to expected changes such as:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">puberty</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pregnancy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/breastfeeding-pros-and-cons" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">breastfeeding</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">perimenopause</a> and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menopause</a></li><li>use of <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hormonal contraception</a> or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/estrogen-hormone-replacement-therapy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hormone therapy</a></li></ul></div><div><p>But a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hormonal-imbalance" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hormonal imbalance</a> can sometimes be a sign of something more serious, such as:</p></div><div><ul><li><strong>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).</strong> This is the most common endocrine disorder among young females. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/polycystic-ovary-disease" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">PCOS</a> can cause <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menstrual-problems" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">irregular menstrual cycles</a> and interfere with fertility.</li><li><strong>Androgen excess. </strong>This an overproduction of male hormones. This can cause menstrual irregularities, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/infertility" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">infertility</a>, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/types-of-acne" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">acne</a>, and <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/male-pattern-baldness" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">male pattern baldness</a>.</li><li><strong>Hirsutism.</strong> <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/excessive-or-unwanted-hair-in-women" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Hirsutism</a> is an increase in hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, and back. It’s caused by excessive male hormones and can sometimes be a symptom of PCOS.</li></ul></div><div><p>Other underlying conditions include:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hypogonadism" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hypogonadism</a>, which is a shortage of female hormones</li><li>a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/miscarriage" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">miscarriage</a> or abnormal pregnancy</li><li>a multiple pregnancy (having twins, triplets, or more)</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">ovarian tumor</a></li></ul></div><div id="hl-incontent-video-ad" data-adbridg-ad-class="hl-incontent" class="css-pp6cpn"></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-out-of-page"></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="see-your-doctor"> When to see your doctor</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>You should always see your primary care doctor or gynecologist once a year for a routine wellness exam. Your doctor can discuss these changes and answer any other questions you may have.</p></div><div><p>Don’t wait until your annual exam if you’re experiencing unusual symptoms. See your doctor as soon as you can if you’re experiencing:</p></div><div><ul><li>morning sickness or other <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/early-symptoms-timeline" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">signs of pregnancy</a></li><li>decreased sexual desire</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/vaginal-dryness" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vaginal dryness</a> or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/endotough/why-sex-painful" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pain during sex</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/why-is-my-period-late" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">skipped periods</a> or increasingly <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menstrual-problems" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">irregular cycles</a></li><li>difficulty conceiving</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-in-pelvis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pelvic pain</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thinning-hair" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hair loss</a> or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/excessive-or-unwanted-hair-in-women" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hair growth</a> on your face or trunk</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">depression after giving birth</a></li><li>prolonged <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">menopause symptoms</a> that interfere with your life</li></ul></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div><div class="css-8q0s1n css-10dx3t"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-vrhe66"><button type="button" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button><button type="button" open="" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path fill="currentColor" d="M3.181 9.732c.43 0 .793-.003 1.157 0 .66.007 1.023.613.696 1.19a221.037 221.037 0 0 1-1.774 3.072c-.329.557-1.038.553-1.366-.007-.6-1.02-1.191-2.043-1.774-3.072-.325-.575.043-1.177.708-1.183h.808c.055-.447.088-.882.165-1.309.557-3.104 2.187-5.489 4.913-7.056 3.679-2.114 8.05-1.75 11.352.913 2.062 1.664 3.29 3.84 3.625 6.473.678 5.323-3.012 10.254-8.308 11.103-3.215.515-6.044-.356-8.476-2.515-.297-.259-.373-.598-.233-.92.14-.323.454-.52.805-.454.187.04.361.13.504.26a8.618 8.618 0 0 0 4.383 2.108c3.72.63 7.513-1.394 9.084-4.846a8.521 8.521 0 0 0-6.047-11.911C8.763.618 4.201 3.71 3.353 8.4c-.078.427-.112.863-.172 1.331Z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.12 7.212V3.711a.778.778 0 0 1 1.535-.171c.017.104.024.21.02.314v6.25a.412.412 0 0 0 .168.368c1.125.89 2.241 1.791 3.362 2.686.26.208.405.466.342.803-.11.583-.76.829-1.244.459-.485-.37-.952-.756-1.427-1.135-.79-.633-1.578-1.27-2.373-1.898a.933.933 0 0 1-.385-.793c.008-1.125.003-2.252.003-3.382Z"></path></svg></span><span>History</span></div></button></div><div class="css-1ndif92"><div class="css-1ubyuqj"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-1c2ok3c" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Estrogen’s effects onthe female body. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00559">https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P00559</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Knudtson J, et al.(n.d.). Menstrual cycle.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/menstrual-cycle">https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/menstrual-cycle</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Knudtson J, et al.(n.d.). Puberty in girls.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls">https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Mayo Clinic Staff.(2017). Menopause.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Mayo Clinic Staff.(2015). Postpartum depression.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>OBOS sexuality andrelationship contributors. (2015). Hormones that affect sexual desire.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/hormones-affecting-sexual-desire/">https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/hormones-affecting-sexual-desire/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Progesterone. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=progesterone">https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=progesterone</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Sexual hormonedisorders: Descriptions. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17464-sexual-hormone-disorders-descriptions">https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17464-sexual-hormone-disorders-descriptions</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Test ID: EEST. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816">https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Total testosterone.(n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=testosterone_total">https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167&ContentID=testosterone_total</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>What is relaxin?(n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/relaxin">https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/relaxin</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div open="" 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class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH</a>, <span>OB/GYN</span>, <span></span></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ann Pietrangelo</a></span></span></span></span> — <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span> Updated on April 5, 2019</span></a></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" class="css-1d8h8gm"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-488q2e"></div></div><div class="css-h9jo37" data-dynamic-ads="true"><object type="text/html" data="about:blank" aria-label="advertisement" 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clicks">Hair Loss and Testosterone</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/hair-loss-and-testosterone;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Hair Loss and Testosterone|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hair-loss-and-testosterone?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Hair loss can be caused by genetics or hormones. 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class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/vaping-during-pregnancy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaping-during-pregnancy?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/close-up-woman-outdoors-smoking-vaping-electronic-cigarette-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/close-up-woman-outdoors-smoking-vaping-electronic-cigarette-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/vaping-during-pregnancy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaping-during-pregnancy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/vaping-during-pregnancy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaping-during-pregnancy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">There’s a lot we still don’t know about the effects of vaping on pregnancy and nursing, but current research suggests it should be avoided as much as…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/vaping-during-pregnancy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/vaping-during-pregnancy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/alabama-732x549-thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/alabama-732x549-thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey signed a bill into law that would protect IVF providers from prosecution after the state's Supreme Court ruled that frozen…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/addiction/sex;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sex Addiction|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/sex?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Sex Addiction" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sex_addiction-732x549-Thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sex_addiction-732x549-Thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/addiction/sex;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sex Addiction|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/sex?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Sex Addiction</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TimothyLegg.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/addiction/sex;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sex Addiction|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/sex?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Sex addiction can be a highly dangerous and destructive condition. Like drug or alcohol dependence, it affects a person’s mental health, personal…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/addiction/sex;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sex Addiction|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/sex?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/biracial_lesbian_lovers_kissing-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/biracial_lesbian_lovers_kissing-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jennifer-Litner-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Jennifer Litner, PhD, LMFT, CST</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Attention cunnilingus givers and receivers, we’ve got an oral sex technique to add to your rotation. Behold: the Kivin method.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Letter-From-The-Editor-Sexual-Health-Hub-732x549-Thumbnail.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Letter-From-The-Editor-Sexual-Health-Hub-732x549-Thumbnail.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Healthline wants to be your biggest ally in your pursuit of health and wellness, including your sexual and reproductive health. These resources can…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/affectionate-couple-relaxing-on-sofa-backyard-ourdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/affectionate-couple-relaxing-on-sofa-backyard-ourdoors-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alexandra-Perez-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Alexandra Perez, PharmD, MBA, BCGP</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Many people report that it does. Let’s look at the current research on nicotine and libido, including what happens when you quit. </a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/does-nicotine-affect-sex-drive?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-1dytfcg"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-ck5ydc"><hl-newsletter-cta buttonText="SIGN UP" source="footer_widget" subscribeEventTracking="Newsletter Acquisition|footer_widget|submit" className="css-13njx2h" category="Newsletter Acquisition" formatType="footer" name="footer_widget" productId="footer_widget" variant="footer_widget"></hl-newsletter-cta></div><div class="css-uktbta"><div class="css-1xceiwh"><div class="css-10ohy14"><ul class="css-lb03wr css-3o9pqj"><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about">About Us</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><button id="privacy-settings-one-trust" title="Privacy Settings" class="css-159kw12">Privacy Settings</button></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/advertising-policy">Advertising Policy</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/directory/topics">Health Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="css-lb03wr css-upe1zs"><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Medical Affairs</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/content-integrity">Content Integrity</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/newsletter-signup">Newsletters</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y css-jwb353"><div class="css-16bllps css-1xdhyk6">© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the probiotics that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"vitamin-d":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"vitamin D supplements evaluated","count":"40+"},{"description":"vitamin D brands evaluated","count":"25+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate vitamin D supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the vitamin D supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"creatine":{"metrics":[{"description":"creatine supplements evaluated by our medical standards team","count":"35"},{"description":"creatine supplements met our criteria","count":"28"},{"description":"creatine supplements personally tested by our team","count":"9"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate creatine supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the creatine supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"mattresses":{"metrics":[{"description":"mattresses evaluated","count":"250+"},{"description":"mattress brands evaluated","count":"80+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate mattresses","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the mattresses that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/healthline-scores-how-we-rate-mattresses\"\u003escored each mattress\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"pillows":{"metrics":[{"description":"pillows evaluated","count":"210"},{"description":"pillow brands evaluated","count":"140+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate pillows","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the pillows that passed our vetting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},"ed-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online ED treatment providers evaluated","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online ED services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the ED treatment services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-scores-how-we-evaluate-mens-telehealth-platforms\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"birth-control-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online birth control providers evaluated","count":"14"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online birth control services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the birth control services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-review-birth-control\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"hemp":{"metrics":[{"description":"hemp brands evaluated","count":"230+"},{"description":"hemp brands met our criteria","count":"57"},{"description":"hemp brands we've personally tested","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate hemp products","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline. The brand we feature in this article has passed our strict vetting process and has been thoroughly tested by our reviewers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eRead more about how we vet brands and products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"p","attributes":{"className":"h2"},"source":" What are hormones?"},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"Hormones are natural substances produced in the body. They help to relay messages between cells and organs and affect many bodily functions. Everyone has what are considered “male” and “female” sex hormones."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Keep reading to learn more about the female sex hormones, how they fluctuate throughout your life, and signs of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hormonal-imbalance\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehormonal imbalance\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"types","title":"Types","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Types of female sex hormones"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The two main female sex hormones are \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/277177.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eestrogen\u003c/a\u003e and progesterone. Although \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-about-testosterone\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003etestosterone\u003c/a\u003e is considered a male hormone, females also produce and need a small amount of this, too."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Estrogen"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Estrogen is the major female hormone. The lion’s share comes from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ovary\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eovaries\u003c/a\u003e, but small amounts are produced in the adrenal glands and fat cells. During pregnancy, the placenta also makes estrogen."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Estrogen plays a big role in reproductive and sexual development, including:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epuberty\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-your-period-last\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenstruation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epregnancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenopause\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Estrogen also affects the:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ebrain\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecardiovascular system\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ehair\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emusculoskeletal system\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eskin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eurinary tract\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Estrogen levels can be determined by a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/estradiol-test\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eblood test\u003c/a\u003e. While it can vary from person to person, these are what’s considered the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003enormal ranges\u003c/a\u003e in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL):"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult female, premenopausal:\u003c/strong\u003e 15-350 pg/mL\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult female, postmenopausal:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c10 pg/mL\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdult male:\u003c/strong\u003e 10-40 pg/mL\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Levels will vary greatly throughout the menstrual cycle."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Progesterone"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The ovaries produce the female sex hormone progesterone after \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/how-long-does-ovulation-last\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eovulation\u003c/a\u003e. During pregnancy, the placenta also produces some."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The role of progesterone is to:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eprepare the lining of the uterus for a fertilized egg\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esupport pregnancy\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003esuppress estrogen production after ovulation\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Progesterone levels can be determined by \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/serum-progesterone\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ea blood test\u003c/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=progesterone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eNormal ranges\u003c/a\u003e are in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL):"},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"className":"scrollTable css-1iwt4bv"},"source":"\u003ctable id=\"t1526936809804\" class=\"responsive css-1pp4cxb\"\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd class=\"topHeader \"\u003ePhase\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd class=\"topHeader\"\u003eRange\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ebefore puberty\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e0.1–0.3 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eduring first (follicular) stage of menstrual cycle\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e0.1–0.7 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewhile ovulating (luteal stage of cycle)\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e2–25 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003efirst trimester of pregnancy\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e10–44 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003esecond trimester\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e19.5–82.5 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ethird trimester\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e65–290 ng/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"scrollImage\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch3\u003eTestosterone\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall amounts of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/facts-about-testosterone\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003etestosterone\u003c/a\u003e come from the adrenal glands and ovaries. This hormone plays a role in several body functions, including:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003esexual desire\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eregulation of the menstrual cycle\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ebone and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/masturbating-before-workout\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emuscle strength\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/testosterone-test\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eA blood test\u003c/a\u003e can determine your testosterone level. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=testosterone_total\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003enormal range\u003c/a\u003e for females is 15 to 70 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL).\u003c/p\u003e"}]},{"id":"hormonal-changes","title":"Hormonal changes","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" The roles your hormones play change over time"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Female sex hormones are integral to many body functions. But your hormonal needs change a great deal as you leave childhood and enter puberty."},{"tagName":"p","source":"They also change dramatically if you become pregnant, give birth, or breastfeed. And they continue to change as you near menopause."},{"tagName":"p","source":"These changes are natural and expected."}]},{"id":"puberty","title":"Puberty","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Puberty"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Everyone is different, but most females enter \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epuberty\u003c/a\u003e between the ages of 8 and 13. And it all happens because of hormones."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/lh-blood-test\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eluteinizing hormone (LH)\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/fsh\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003efollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)\u003c/a\u003e are produced in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/pituitary-gland\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epituitary gland\u003c/a\u003e. Production increases at puberty, which in turn stimulates the sex hormones — especially estrogen."},{"tagName":"p","source":"This increase in female sex hormones results in:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ethe development of breasts\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe growth of pubic and armpit hair\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ean overall growth spurt\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ean increase in body fat, especially in the hips and thighs\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe maturation of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe start of the menstrual cycle\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"menstruation","title":"Menstruation","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Menstruation"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The first menstrual period (menarche) happens about two to three years after the breasts begin to develop. Again, it’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/period-myths\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003edifferent for everybody\u003c/a\u003e, but most females get their first period between the ages of \u003ca href=\"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e10 and 16\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Follicular phase"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Every month, the uterus thickens in preparation for a fertilized egg. When there’s no fertilized egg, estrogen and progesterone levels stay low. This prompts your uterus to shed its lining. The day you start to bleed is day 1 of your cycle, or the follicular phase."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The pituitary gland starts to produce a little more FSH. This spurs growth of follicles in your ovaries. Within each follicle is an egg. As sex hormone levels drop, only a single, dominant follicle will continue to grow."},{"tagName":"p","source":"As this follicle produces more estrogen, the other follicles break down. Higher levels of estrogen stimulate an LH surge. This phase lasts about two weeks."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Ovulatory phase"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Next comes the ovulatory phase. LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg. This phase lasts about 16 to 32 hours. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/ovulation-when-am-i-most-fertile\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eFertilization\u003c/a\u003e can only occur for about 12 hours after the egg has left the ovary."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Luteal phase"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The luteal phase starts after ovulation. The ruptured follicle closes and the production of progesterone increases. This gets the uterus ready to receive a fertilized egg."},{"tagName":"p","source":"If that doesn’t happen, estrogen and progesterone decrease again and the cycle starts all over."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The entire menstrual cycle lasts around 25 to 36 days. Bleeding lasts between 3 and 7 days. But this, too, varies quite a bit. Your cycle may be \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/why-is-my-period-late\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003equite irregular\u003c/a\u003e for the first few years. It can also vary at different times of your life or when you use \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehormonal contraceptives\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"sexual-desire-and-contraception","title":"Sexual desire and contraception","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Sexual desire and contraception"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone all play a role in female sexual desire — also called libido — and sexual functioning. Due to hormonal fluctuations, females are generally at the peak of sexual desire just before ovulation."},{"tagName":"p","source":"There’s generally less fluctuation in libido if you’re using hormonal birth control methods, which affect hormone levels. Your libido may also fluctuate less \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/menopause-facts\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eafter menopause\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Undergoing surgery to remove your adrenal glands or ovaries cuts down on testosterone production, which can cause a drop in your libido."}]},{"id":"pregnancy","title":"Pregnancy","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Pregnancy"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"During the luteal phase of your cycle, the rise in progesterone prepares your uterus to receive a fertilized egg. The uterine walls get thick and fill with nutrients and other fluids to sustain an embryo."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Progesterone thickens the cervix to protect the uterus from bacteria and sperm. Estrogen levels are also higher, contributing to the thickening of the lining of the uterus. Both hormones help milk ducts in the breasts to dilate."},{"tagName":"p","source":"As soon as conception takes place, you start to produce \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hcg-in-urine\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehuman chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)\u003c/a\u003e. This is the hormone that shows up in your urine and is used \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/five-signs-to-take-pregnancy-test\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eto test for pregnancy\u003c/a\u003e. It also boosts the production of estrogen and progesterone, preventing menstruation and helping to sustain the pregnancy."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a hormone made by the placenta. In addition to providing nutrients for the baby, it helps stimulate milk glands for \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/breastfeeding-pros-and-cons\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ebreastfeeding\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Levels of another hormone called relaxin also rise \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/bodily-changes-during\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eduring pregnancy\u003c/a\u003e. Relaxin aids in the implantation and growth of the placenta and helps stop contractions from happening too soon. As labor begins, this hormone helps relax ligaments in the pelvis."}]},{"id":"after-childbirth-and-breastfeeding","title":"After childbirth and breastfeeding","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" After childbirth and breastfeeding"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Once pregnancy ends, hormone levels start to fall immediately. They eventually reach pre-pregnancy levels."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A sudden, significant drop in estrogen and progesterone may be a contributing factor in the development of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epostpartum depression\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Breastfeeding lowers estrogen levels and can prevent ovulation. This isn’t always the case, however, so \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/birth-control-while-breastfeeding\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eyou’ll still need birth control\u003c/a\u003e to prevent another pregnancy."}]},{"id":"perimenopause-and-menopause","title":"Perimenopause and menopause","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Perimenopause and menopause"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"During \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eperimenopause\u003c/a\u003e — the period leading up to menopause — hormone production in your ovaries slows down. Estrogen levels begin to fluctuate while progesterone levels start a steady decline."},{"tagName":"p","source":"As your hormone levels drop, your vagina may become less lubricated. Some people experience a decrease in their libido and their menstrual cycle becomes irregular."},{"tagName":"p","source":"When you’ve gone 12 months without a period, you’ve reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenopause\u003c/a\u003e. By this time, both estrogen and progesterone are holding steady at low levels. This typically happens around age 50. But like other phases of life, there’s great variation in this."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Decreased hormones after menopause \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emay increase\u003c/a\u003e your risk of conditions such as thinning bones (\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eosteoporosis\u003c/a\u003e) and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecardiovascular disease\u003c/a\u003e."}]},{"id":"signs-of-imbalance","title":"Signs of imbalance","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" When hormones become unbalanced"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Your hormones will naturally fluctuate throughout your lifetime. This is usually due to expected changes such as:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/stages-of-puberty\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epuberty\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epregnancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/breastfeeding-pros-and-cons\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ebreastfeeding\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eperimenopause\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenopause\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003euse of \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehormonal contraception\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/estrogen-hormone-replacement-therapy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehormone therapy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"But a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hormonal-imbalance\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehormonal imbalance\u003c/a\u003e can sometimes be a sign of something more serious, such as:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).\u003c/strong\u003e This is the most common endocrine disorder among young females. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/polycystic-ovary-disease\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ePCOS\u003c/a\u003e can cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menstrual-problems\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eirregular menstrual cycles\u003c/a\u003e and interfere with fertility.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAndrogen excess. \u003c/strong\u003eThis an overproduction of male hormones. This can cause menstrual irregularities, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/infertility\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003einfertility\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/types-of-acne\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eacne\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/male-pattern-baldness\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emale pattern baldness\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHirsutism.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/excessive-or-unwanted-hair-in-women\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eHirsutism\u003c/a\u003e is an increase in hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, and back. It’s caused by excessive male hormones and can sometimes be a symptom of PCOS.\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other underlying conditions include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hypogonadism\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehypogonadism\u003c/a\u003e, which is a shortage of female hormones\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ea \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/miscarriage\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emiscarriage\u003c/a\u003e or abnormal pregnancy\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ea multiple pregnancy (having twins, triplets, or more)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/ovarian-cancer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eovarian tumor\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"see-your-doctor","title":"See your doctor","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" When to see your doctor"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"You should always see your primary care doctor or gynecologist once a year for a routine wellness exam. Your doctor can discuss these changes and answer any other questions you may have."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Don’t wait until your annual exam if you’re experiencing unusual symptoms. See your doctor as soon as you can if you’re experiencing:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003emorning sickness or other \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/early-symptoms-timeline\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esigns of pregnancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edecreased sexual desire\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/vaginal-dryness\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evaginal dryness\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/endotough/why-sex-painful\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epain during sex\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/why-is-my-period-late\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eskipped periods\u003c/a\u003e or increasingly \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menstrual-problems\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eirregular cycles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edifficulty conceiving\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-in-pelvis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epelvic pain\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/thinning-hair\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehair loss\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/excessive-or-unwanted-hair-in-women\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehair growth\u003c/a\u003e on your face or trunk\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003edepression after giving birth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eprolonged \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emenopause symptoms\u003c/a\u003e that interfere with your life\u003c/li\u003e"}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85\u0026ContentID=P00559","link":"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85\u0026ContentID=P00559","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Estrogen\u0026rsquo;s effects onthe female body. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/menstrual-cycle","link":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/menstrual-cycle","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Knudtson J, et al.(n.d.). Menstrual cycle."}},{"displayLink":"merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls","link":"https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/biology-of-the-female-reproductive-system/puberty-in-girls","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Knudtson J, et al.(n.d.). Puberty in girls."}},{"displayLink":"mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397","link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Mayo Clinic Staff.(2017). Menopause."}},{"displayLink":"mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617","link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Mayo Clinic Staff.(2015). Postpartum depression."}},{"displayLink":"ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/hormones-affecting-sexual-desire/","link":"https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/hormones-affecting-sexual-desire/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"OBOS sexuality andrelationship contributors. (2015). Hormones that affect sexual desire."}},{"displayLink":"urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=progesterone","link":"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=progesterone","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Progesterone. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17464-sexual-hormone-disorders-descriptions","link":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17464-sexual-hormone-disorders-descriptions","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Sexual hormonedisorders: Descriptions. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816","link":"https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81816","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Test ID: EEST. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=testosterone_total","link":"https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=167\u0026ContentID=testosterone_total","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Total testosterone.(n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/relaxin","link":"https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/relaxin","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"What is relaxin?(n.d.)."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":24,"name":{"display":"Ann Pietrangelo","first":"Ann","last":"Pietrangelo"},"link":"/authors/ann-pietrangelo","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"159189","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eAnn Pietrangelo is freelance writer and health reporter with bylines on a variety of consumer health publications and leading health information websites. Through her books \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0055EGYOW/\"\u003eNo More Secs! Living, Laughing \u0026amp; Loving Despite Multiple Sclerosis\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00H4OBDTC/\"\u003eCatch That Look: Living, Laughing \u0026amp; Loving Despite Triple-Negative Breast Cancer\u003c/a\u003e, she shares her experiences in the hope that others will feel less alone in their health struggles. Learn more at her \u003ca href=\"http://www.annpietrangelo.com\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":1601,"height":1605,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IMG_5019.jpg"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":158,"name":{"display":"Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH","first":"Valinda","last":"Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH"},"userLogin":"valinda10","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/valinda-riggins-nwadike-md-mph","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"155629","specialties":[{"name":"OB/GYN"},{"name":""}],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDr. Valinda Nwadike is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e physician specializing in obstetrics and gynecology. She has over sixteen years of experience performing deliveries and gynecologic surgeries and currently works as a clinical instructor and supervises residents.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUniversity of Illinois College of Medicine, MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eColumbia University, MPH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJohns Hopkins University, BA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAmerican Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u0026#8211; Obstetrics and Gynecology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Valinda-Riggins-Nwadike-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"id":"wp-560989","updateReason":[],"factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2019-04-05":{"updateReason":[],"authors":"Ann Pietrangelo"},"2018-05-21":{"medicallyReviewedBy":"Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1526886000,"display":"May 21, 2018"},"published":{"date":1526886000,"display":"May 21, 2018"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1554508103,"display":"April 5, 2019"},"modified":{"date":1711391129,"display":"March 25, 2024"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"isCorp":false,"isReference":false,"isPremiumVideo":false,"isStandaloneVideo":false,"isStandaloneRecipe":false,"schemaObj":{"@context":"https://schema.org","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Healthline Media","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Healthline-Black-Logo.png"}},"@type":"MedicalWebPage","headline":"How Do Female Sex Hormones Affect Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Other Functions?","description":"The two main female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. Although testosterone is considered a male hormone, females also produce and use a small amount. Your levels will fluctuate over time. Here's how they function in sexual desire and life stages like pregnancy, signs of imbalance, and when to see a doctor.","keywords":"female sex hormones","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ann Pietrangelo"},"lastReviewed":"2018-05-21T07:00:00Z","url":"https://www.healthline.com/health/female-sex-hormones","datePublished":"2018-05-21T07:00:00Z","dateModified":"2019-04-05T23:48:23Z","articleSection":"Sexual Health","correction":{"@type":"CorrectionComment","text":"","datePublished":"2019-04-05"},"reviewedBy":"Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH","thumbnail":["https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/portrait_woman-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"]},"hero":{}}},"ampLibs":{},"scrollArticles":[{"title":["Hair Loss and Testosterone"],"text":["Hair loss can be caused by genetics or hormones. Read more about how testosterone affects your hair and how to prevent hair loss."],"link":"/health/hair-loss-and-testosterone","imageAlt":"Hair Loss and Testosterone","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Male_Family_Hug-732x549-Thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Debra-Rose-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""},"specialties":[]},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":360,"name":{"display":"Christine Case-Lo","first":"Christine","last":"Case-Lo"},"userLogin":"cclo","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"","label":""},"specialties":[],"bio":{},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?"],"text":["There’s a lot we still don’t know about the effects of vaping on pregnancy and nursing, but current research suggests it should be avoided as much as…"],"link":"/health/vaping-during-pregnancy","imageAlt":"What Happens If You Vape During Pregnancy?","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/close-up-woman-outdoors-smoking-vaping-electronic-cigarette-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":212,"name":{"display":"Sian Ferguson","first":"Sian","last":"Ferguson"},"userLogin":"sianfergs","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/sian-ferguson","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"156019","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eSian Ferguson is a freelance health and cannabis writer based in Cape Town, South Africa. She\u0026#8217;s passionate about empowering readers to take care of their mental and physical health through science-based, empathetically delivered information.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/500x500_Sian_Ferguson_Mug.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling"],"text":["Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey signed a bill into law that would protect IVF providers from prosecution after the state's Supreme Court ruled that frozen…"],"link":"/health-news/alabama-frozen-embryo-ruling-ivf","imageAlt":"Alabama Governor Signs Bill Into Law to Protect IVF After Frozen Embryo Ruling","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/alabama-732x549-thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":5480,"name":{"display":"Andrea Rice","first":"Andrea","last":"Rice"},"userLogin":"arice","links":{"website":"https://drea.blog/","facebook":"","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes/","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/andrea-rice","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eAndrea Rice is a health and wellness journalist and an editor on Healthline Media’s Global News team. She previously worked at Psych Central, Verywell, Yoga Journal, mindbodygreen, and The New York Times. She is also a yoga and mindfulness teacher and the co-author of “\u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.newharbinger.com/9781684034376/the-yoga-almanac/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eThe Yoga Almanac\u003c/a\u003e.” Connect with her on \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrea-rice-writes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eLinkedIn\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"mailto:arice@healthline.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eemail\u003c/a\u003e her with story tips and pitches, and find her at her \u003ca class=\"PrimaryLink BaseLink\" href=\"https://drea.blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Andrea-Rice-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Sex Addiction"],"text":["Sex addiction can be a highly dangerous and destructive condition. Like drug or alcohol dependence, it affects a person’s mental health, personal…"],"link":"/health/addiction/sex","imageAlt":"Sex Addiction","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sex_addiction-732x549-Thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Timothy J. Legg, PhD, PsyD","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/TimothyLegg.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""}},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":3492,"name":{"display":"Mara Tyler","first":"mara","last":"tyler"},"userLogin":"mtyler","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"","label":""},"specialties":[],"bio":{},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method"],"text":["Attention cunnilingus givers and receivers, we’ve got an oral sex technique to add to your rotation. Behold: the Kivin method."],"link":"/health/healthy-sex/kivin-method","imageAlt":"If You or Your Partner Have a Vulva, It’s Time to Talk About the Kivin Method","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/biracial_lesbian_lovers_kissing-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Jennifer Litner, PhD, LMFT, CST","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Jennifer-Litner-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""},"specialties":[]},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here"],"text":["Healthline wants to be your biggest ally in your pursuit of health and wellness, including your sexual and reproductive health. These resources can…"],"link":"/health/sexual-health/the-state-of-sex-education","imageAlt":"The Problem with Modern Sex Education — and Where We Go from Here","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Letter-From-The-Editor-Sexual-Health-Hub-732x549-Thumbnail.jpg","isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":113,"name":{"display":"Tess Catlett","first":"Tess","last":"Catlett"},"userLogin":"tcatlett","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"link":"/authors/tess-catlett","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003eTess Catlett is a sex and relationships editor at Healthline, covering all things sticky, scary, and sweet. Find her unpacking her inherited trauma and crying over Harry Styles on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TMCatlett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eTwitter\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/TMC-e1598301495883.jpeg"}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Understanding the Relationship Between Nicotine and Your Sex Drive"],"text":["Many people report that it does. Let’s look at the current research on nicotine and libido, including what happens when you quit. 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