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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Teiwa+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammatical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Grammatical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_constituent_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_constituent_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Basic constituent order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_constituent_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subject_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subject_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Subject pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subject_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Object pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.1</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Noun phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Noun classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proper_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5.1</span> <span>Proper nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5.2</span> <span>Common nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_with_alienable_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_with_alienable_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5.2.1</span> <span>Nouns with alienable possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_with_alienable_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_with_inalienable_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_with_inalienable_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5.2.2</span> <span>Nouns with inalienable possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_with_inalienable_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locational_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locational_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5.2.3</span> <span>Locational nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locational_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Nominalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Verb classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transitive_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitive_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.1</span> <span>Transitive verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitive_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.2</span> <span>Sound verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiencer_predicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiencer_predicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Experiencer predicates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiencer_predicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kinship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kinship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinship_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kinship system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kinship terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Teiwa language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewa_(langue_d%27Indon%C3%A9sie)" title="Tewa (langue d'Indonésie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tewa (langue d'Indonésie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Teiwa" title="Harshen Teiwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Teiwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewa_(transnovogvinejski_jezik)" title="Tewa (transnovogvinejski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tewa (transnovogvinejski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Teiwa" title="Pagsasao a Teiwa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Teiwa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Teiwa" title="Bahasa Teiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Teiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiteiwa" title="Kiteiwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiteiwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tewa" title="Lenga Tewa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tewa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_teiwa" title="Język teiwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język teiwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_teiwa" title="Língua teiwa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua teiwa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language spoken in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Teiwa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantar Island">Pantar Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4,000 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–New Guinea">Trans–New Guinea</a> ? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Teiwa</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Teiwa</li> <li>Sar</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/twe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:twe">twe</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/teiw1236">teiw1236</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2087">Teiwa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_Lesser_Sunda_Islands_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="668" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.929%;left:89.018%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Teiwa"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Teiwa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lesser Sunda Islands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.667%;left:63.128%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Teiwa"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Teiwa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indonesia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/250px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/375px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/500px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="378" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.85%;left:55.29%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Teiwa"><img alt="Approximate location where Teiwa is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Teiwa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southeast Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Teiwa_language&params=8.38_S_124.17_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°23′S</span> <span class="longitude">124°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.38°S 124.17°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.38; 124.17</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Teiwa</b> (also referred to as <b>Tewa</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Papuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan language">Papuan language</a> spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Pantar_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantar island">Pantar island</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The island is the second largest in the <a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor archipelago</a>, lying just west of the largest island <a href="/wiki/Alor_Island" title="Alor Island">Alor</a>. </p><p>Teiwa is a morphosyntactically simple language with little inflection and is as such described as an <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a>, also known as an analytic language. It is pronounced by a complex pronoun system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa is also known as <i>Bahasa Teiwa</i> (the Teiwa language) in Indonesia. Teiwa itself is a <a href="/wiki/Nominal_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal compound">nominal compound</a> and can be translated as <i>tei wa</i>, meaning "tree leaf". The term "Teiwa" derives from the name of the main clan that speaks it. Generally, when Teiwa speakers refer to their own language, especially to differentiate it from the national language Indonesian, they call it "pitarau" (our language). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa is often classified as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea language</a> family, but this is disputed. One reason is little lexical proof as well as the large geographical distance from the main island of New Guinea. An alternative classification is as part of the <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a> language family, which is approximately 3000 years old. Within this language family, Teiwa is further categorized within the sub-family of the Alor-Pantar languages, which are 20 in number. This classification bases on the high number of <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> as well as very similar pronoun systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa is spoken on the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantar" title="Pantar">Pantar</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor Archipelago</a>, located between <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The island is located approximately 1000 km from the main island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. It stretches 50 km from north to south, and between 11 and 29 km from east to west. The island is split into two distinct geographic regions: the dry and less populated lowlands in the west, and the highlands in the east, which are mountainous, volcanic and densely populated. </p><p>There were 4000 documented native speakers of Teiwa in 2010. The speakers live primarily in the <i>desas</i> (administrative villages in Indonesia) Lebang, Boweli, Kalib, Nule, Kadir, and Madar, a village of 460 inhabitants (as of 2007). Lebang is the main village, where Teiwa was still spoken by most people, young and old. Nevertheless, the national language of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> as well as the Chinese-influenced Alor-<a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Alor_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay</a> tend to be spoken by the younger generations and used for teaching in schools. As a result of this dwindling number of native speakers, Teiwa is listed as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>. </p><p>The <i>Grammar of Teiwa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marian_Klamer" title="Marian Klamer">Marian Klamer</a> is the only linguistic documentation besides a short word list from Stokhof (1975). <a href="/wiki/Marian_Klamer" title="Marian Klamer">Klamer</a> gathered most of her data in the village of Madar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a phonological description of Teiwa:<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa has an inventory of 20 consonants, a high amount relative to other Papuan languages. In the table below, the orthographic representation of the sound is given in brackets to the right. The contrast between the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> shows itself as exceptional within the languages of Eastern Indonesia, as is the existence of both liquids /l/ and /r/. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨'⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> of /ɸ/ are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span>. The allophones of /v/ are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa has an inventory of 5 <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_vowels" title="Cardinal vowels">cardinal vowels</a>. The two <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high vowels</a> occur as short (/i/, /u/) and long (/uː/, /iː/). As in the consonant table, the orthographic representations are given in the brackets to the right. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ii⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span><br /><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The allophones of /a/ are the short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> and the long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammar of Teiwa is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_relations">Grammatical relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammatical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammatical relations are the relations between <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">argument</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>. In <b>Teiwa</b>, these are formally expressed through pronouns from the object and subject paradigms, as well as a strict <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituent</a> order. </p><p>The <b>subject relation</b> is the agent argument of a transitive verb, from hereon denoted with <b>A</b>, or the single argument of an intransitive predicate, from hereon denoted with <b>S</b>. Both are encoded similarly. </p><p>The <b>object relation</b> is the non-agent argument of a transitive verb, from hereon denoted with <b>P</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_constituent_order">Basic constituent order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic constituent order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa is syntactically <b>head-final</b>, with Object-Verb constituent order: preverbal subject and object, sentence final verbs, negations, and conjunctions. </p><p>With intransitive verbs, there is <b>SV-order</b>. With transitive verbs, there is <b>APV-order</b>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[...ki uwaad nuk]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eagle big one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yaa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">descend</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">P</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[bif ga'an]</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tu'u</p><p style="margin: 0px;">knock</p></div><p style="display: none;">S V A P V</p><p style="display: none;">{[...ki uwaad nuk]} yaa ø {[bif ga'an]} tu'u</p><p style="display: none;">{eagle big one} descend {} {child 3S} knock</p><p style="clear: left;">'...a big eagle came down [and] picked that child...'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <b>A</b> of the second (transitive) verb <i>tu'uk</i> coreferences with (shares the same reference as) the <b>S</b> of the first (intransitive) verb <i>yaa</i> in the example above. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">...qau ba a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="sequential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SEQ</abbr> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">P</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[a-sepatu qas]</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-shoe(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indicative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IND</abbr>) split</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">usan ga-luxun-luxun ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lift <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-high <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="topic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TOP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">S</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-weight:bold; text-align:center;font-style: italic;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xer-an pati.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yell-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr> <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">A P V S V</p><p style="display: none;">{...qau ba a} {[a-sepatu qas]} {usan ga-luxun-luxun ta} a {xer-an pati.}</p><p style="display: none;">{good SEQ 3S} {3S-shoe(IND) split} {lift 3S-REDUP-high TOP} 3S {yell-REAL PROG}</p><p style="clear: left;">'...so he lifts up one side of a shoe very high while he is yelling...'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this example, the Subject (<b>A</b>) is the pronominal, and the object (<b>P</b>) is the lexical NP (noun phrase). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three pronoun paradigms in Teiwa: <b>subject</b>, <b>object</b>, and <b>possessive</b>. The 'theme vowel' for singular pronouns is <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, and for plural pronouns it is <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>. The second syllable of the long pronoun is a copy of the theme vowel with the addition of an <i><b>-n.</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a contrast of <b>inclusive-exclusive first person plural</b>, one of the most prominent features to diffuse from the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> into the Papuan languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_pronouns">Subject pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subject pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subject pronouns appear before the object and verb. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Long subject pronoun </th> <th>Short subject pronoun </th></tr> <tr> <th>1s </th> <td>na'an </td> <td>na </td></tr> <tr> <th>2s </th> <td>ha'an </td> <td>ha </td></tr> <tr> <th>3s </th> <td>a'an </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.exclusive </th> <td>ni'in </td> <td>ni </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.inclusive </th> <td>pi'in </td> <td>pi </td></tr> <tr> <th>2p </th> <td>yi'in </td> <td>yi </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p </th> <td>iman </td> <td>i, a </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p.elsewhere </th> <td>i'in </td> <td>i, a </td></tr> <tr> <th>distributive </th> <td>ta'an </td> <td>ta </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>long subject pronoun is</b> used to set <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">contrastive focus</a> (me, not you), which can further be marked with <i><b>la</b></i> as the focus NP. They look nearly identical to the <u>free object pronouns</u>, save for the 3s and 3p.elsewhere pronouns. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na'an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>.long</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hamar.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pray</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na'an</b> hamar.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>1S.long</b> pray</p><p style="clear: left;">'<b>I</b> pray [not you].'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na'an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>.long</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hamar.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pray</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na'an</b> la hamar.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>1S.long</b> FOC pray</p><p style="clear: left;">'<b>I</b> am the one who prays.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <b>short subject pronoun</b> is a "reduced pronoun" which can stand alone in place of nominal constituents, and is separable from the verb. Its paradigm is nearly identical to that of the <u>object prefixes</u>, except for the 3s, 3p, and 3p.elsewhere pronouns. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>.short</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hamar.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pray</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na</b> hamar.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>1S.short</b> pray</p><p style="clear: left;">'<b>I</b> pray.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Na</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>.short</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">g-oqai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-regan.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.ask</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Na</b> g-oqai ga-regan.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>1S.short</b> 3S.child 3S.ask</p><p style="clear: left;">'<b>I</b> asked his child.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Both the short and long object pronouns can express <b>S</b> and <b>A.</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_pronouns">Object pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Object pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>(free) Object pronoun </th> <th>Object prefix </th></tr> <tr> <th>1s </th> <td>na'an </td> <td>n(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2s </th> <td>ha'an </td> <td>h(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3s </th> <td><u>ga'an</u> </td> <td><u>g(a)-, gə-</u> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.exclusive </th> <td>ni'in </td> <td>n(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.inclusive </th> <td>pi'in </td> <td>p(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2p </th> <td>yi'in </td> <td>y(i), </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p </th> <td>iman </td> <td><u>g(i)-, ga-</u> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p.elsewhere </th> <td><u>gi'in</u> </td> <td><u>g(i)-</u> </td></tr> <tr> <th>distributive </th> <td>ta'an </td> <td>t(a)- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>The underlined pronouns are a reminder of the differences to the l<b>ong subject pronoun</b> and <b>short subject pronoun</b> paradigms, respectively.</small> </p><p>The <b>object prefix</b> has a <b>consonantal</b> and <b>syllabic</b> (in parentheses) form: the consonantal form appears before a verb beginning with a vowel, and the syllabic form appears before a verb beginning with a consonant. </p><p>The <b>object pronoun</b> is for both animate and inanimate <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referents</a>, whereas the <b>object prefix</b> is exclusively for animate referents. </p><p>With the 3p (third person plural) object prefix, the differentiation of number is lost. In this case, number is specified through use of the additional pronoun <i><b>ga'an</b></i> (singular), <i><b>iman</b></i> (plural), or the plural word <i><b>non</b></i> in the object NP. </p><p>The 3s (third person singular) object pronoun maintains a further purpose as a <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative</a> pronoun to introduce new participants into the discourse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possessive_pronouns"><a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronouns">Possessive pronouns</a></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Long pronoun </th> <th>Short pronoun </th> <th>Prefix </th></tr> <tr> <th>1s </th> <td>na'an </td> <td>na </td> <td>n(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2s </th> <td>ha'an </td> <td>ha </td> <td>h(a)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3s </th> <td>a'an </td> <td>a </td> <td>g(a)-, a- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.exclusive </th> <td>ni'in </td> <td>ni </td> <td>n(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>1p.inclusive </th> <td>pi'in </td> <td>pi </td> <td>p(i)- </td></tr> <tr> <th>2p </th> <td>yi'in </td> <td>yi </td> <td>y(i), </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p </th> <td>iman </td> <td>- </td> <td>g(i)-, a-, ga- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3p.elsewhere </th> <td>gi'in </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>distributive </th> <td>ta'an </td> <td>ta </td> <td>t(a)- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The final two pronouns, <b>elsewhere</b> and <b>distributive,</b> are unique. The 3p.elsewhere pronoun is used in a situation where the speaker cannot see the referent, because the referent is somewhere else. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>I'in</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>they.elsewhere</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">g-oqai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-wei.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.bathe</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>I'in</b> g-oqai ga-wei.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>they.elsewhere</b> 3S.child 3S.bathe</p><p style="clear: left;">'They (elsewhere) bathe/have bathed his child.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Contrast this with the standard, unmarked form (3p): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Iman</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>they</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">g-oqai</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-wei.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.bathe</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Iman</b> g-oqai ga-wei.</p><p style="display: none;"><b>they</b> 3S.child 3S.bathe</p><p style="clear: left;">'They bathe/have bathed his child.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The <b>distributive possessive pronoun</b> (<i><b>ta'an, ta</b></i>, or <i><b>ta</b>-</i>) refers to a (non-collective) plural number of human referents, often in reciprocal contexts. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>Ta'an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="distributive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DISTR</abbr></b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tara'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.in.a.row</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mis!</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit</p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>Ta'an</b> tara' mis!</p><p style="display: none;"><b>DISTR</b> be.in.a.row sit</p><p style="clear: left;">'Let's sit in a row!' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Each (one) sits in a row!')</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>One more special possessive pronoun is <i><b>li'in</b></i>, which marks plurality of the possessor NP, and only as an adnominal modifier.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compare: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Uy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-yaf</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.house</p></div><p style="display: none;">Uy ga-yaf</p><p style="display: none;">person 3S.house</p><p style="clear: left;">'Someone's house, a person's house'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Uy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>li'in</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">their</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-yaf</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.house</p></div><p style="display: none;">Uy <b>li'in</b> ga-yaf</p><p style="display: none;">person their 3S.house</p><p style="clear: left;">'People's house(s)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Teiwa, the noun typically appears as head of the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">NP</a>. The noun, with a few exceptions, cannot be reduplicated, unlike verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. (See <b>Reduplication</b> below.) </p><p>There is no marking for number, gender, or case on nouns. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> is marked via a <b>possessor prefix</b> on the noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_phrases">Noun phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noun phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <b>possessed NP's,</b> the possessor (the noun which possesses) precedes the possessee (the noun which is possessed), as in the examples below. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">king</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-yaf</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-house</p></div><p style="display: none;">Rai ga-yaf</p><p style="display: none;">king 3S-house</p><p style="clear: left;">'The king's house.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1P</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pi-krian</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1P</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>.work</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">make</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gula'</p><p style="margin: 0px;">finish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sin.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">first</p></div><p style="display: none;">Pi pi-krian i er a gula' sin.</p><p style="display: none;">1P.INCL 1P.INCL.work PROX make 3S finish first</p><p style="clear: left;">'We first finish our work here.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In <b>non-possessed NP's,</b> the noun comes first, followed by the modifying element, such as an adjective. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Xaf</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uwaad</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big</p></div><p style="display: none;">Xaf uwaad</p><p style="display: none;">fish big</p><p style="clear: left;">'A big fish.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Uy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="proximal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROX</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Uy a</p><p style="display: none;">person PROX</p><p style="clear: left;">'This person.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_classes">Noun classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noun classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Teiwa nouns can be divided into two main classes: <b>Proper nouns</b> and <b>common nouns</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Proper_nouns">Proper nouns</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proper nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proper nouns are not modifiable. Examples are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><u>Male names</u>: <i><b>Edi, Goli, Lius, Mase, Nabas, Ribu</b></i></dd> <dd><u>Female names</u>: <i><b>Bruang, Leti, Malai, Mani, Sam</b></i></dd> <dd><u>Family names</u>: <i><b>Biri, Blegar, Bui, Lau, Qoli, Ribu, Unu</b></i></dd> <dd><u>Clan names</u>: <i><b>Barawasi, Burilak, Loxoq, Perang Tubi, Qailipi</b></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Common_nouns">Common nouns</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Common nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>common nouns</b> can be further divided into subclasses: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Nouns_with_alienable_possession">Nouns with <a href="/wiki/Alienable_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienable possession">alienable</a> possession</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nouns with alienable possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this subclass the <u>possessor prefix is optional</u>. <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a> can be placed with use of a long pronoun. Examples include: <i>yaf</i> 'house', <i>kon</i> 'shirt', <i>qavif</i> 'goat'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Nouns_with_inalienable_possession">Nouns with <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable</a> possession</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nouns with inalienable possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here the <u>possessor prefix is obligatory</u>, to the point that native speakers will not recognize the word without the prefix. Nouns with inalienable possession include body parts, and kinship terms (except for <i>emaq</i> 'wife' where the prefix is optional as with alienable possession). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Locational_nouns">Locational nouns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Locational nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This last subclass of nouns denote location. Examples include: <i><b>wanan</b></i> 'side', <i><b>fan</b></i> 'front', <i><b>siban</b></i> 'behind', <i><b>ragan</b></i> 'outside', <i><b>tag</b></i> 'up(stairs); above speaker (relatively close)'. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Uy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">people</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ragan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">outside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">me</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.in</p></div><p style="display: none;">Uy ragan me</p><p style="display: none;">people outside be.in</p><p style="clear: left;">'Some people are outside' / 'Someone is outside'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nominalization"><a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">Nominalization</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nominalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no dedicated morphology for nominalization in Teiwa. Instead the third person (3p) possessor prefix <i>-ga</i> has a secondary function of attaching to the root form of adjectives, locational nouns, adverbs, and question words.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teiwa verbs carry no marking for <a href="/wiki/Case_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Case (linguistics)">case</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender (linguistics)">gender</a>. There is only one verbal <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffix (linguistics)">suffix</a>; </p><p><b>-<i>(a)n</i></b> for the marking of <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">realis</a> status. Only verbs take an object <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a>. Inflected prefixes index person and number traits of animate objects on the verb. Subjects and inanimate objects are <u>not</u> indexed on the verb. </p><p>Teiwa has <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a>. The transitive verbs are monotransitive, meaning they have a single grammatical object. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_classes">Verb classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Verb classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Transitive_verbs">Transitive verbs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transitive verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transitive verbs in Teiwa can be divided into numerous sub classes, based on how they encode <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate and inanimate objects</a> differently. In this case, animate or inanimate refers explicitly to a third person referent, since first and second person referents are inherently animate. </p> <dl><dt>Class (i)</dt> <dd>Verbs with an object <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a>, with an animate object ("sb-somebody")</dd></dl> <p>This class expresses the object with an object-marking prefix on the verb. The <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> marks for person and number. The lexical NP is optional and may be used to clarify or disambiguate the referent. </p><p>Examples of verbs are: <i><b>an</b></i> ‘give sb’, <i><b>‘an</b></i> ‘sell to sb’, <i><b>ayas</b></i> ‘throw at sb’, <i><b>bun</b></i> ‘answer sb’, <i><b>fin</b></i> ‘catch sb’, <i><b>liin</b></i> ‘invite sb’, <i><b>regan</b></i> ‘ask sb’, <i><b>sas</b></i> ‘feed sb’, <i><b>walas</b></i> ‘tell sb’, <i><b>wei</b></i> ‘bathe sb’ </p><p>Examples of such verbs in sentence constructions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qavif</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>goat</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ga</b>-uyan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.search</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">si...</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="simultaneous marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SIM</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">A qavif <b>ga</b>-uyan gi si...</p><p style="display: none;">3S <b>goat</b> 3S.search go SIM</p><p style="clear: left;">'He went searching for [a] goat...'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The prefix <b>ga-</b> on the verb <i><b>-uyan</b></i> marks for third person singular object, that is for <i><b>qavif</b></i>, 'goat'. Goat is an <u>animate object</u>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">A</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yivar</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>dog</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ga</b>-walas</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>.tell</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa...</p><p style="margin: 0px;">say</p></div><p style="display: none;">A yivar <b>ga</b>-walas a wa...</p><p style="display: none;">3S <b>dog</b> 3S.tell 3S say</p><p style="clear: left;">'He told [his] dog...'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Here similarly, the prefix <b>ga-</b> on the verb <i><b>-walas</b></i> marks for third person singular object, that is for <i><b>yivar</b></i>, 'dog'. Dog is an <u>animate object</u>. </p> <dl><dt>Class (ii)</dt> <dd>Verbs without an object prefix, with inanimate object ("sth-something")</dd></dl> <p>Here the verb encodes the object as a separate nominal constituent. In this class the encoding with a prefix is disallowed. </p><p>Examples of such verbs are: <i><b>bali</b></i> ‘see sth’, <i><b>ol</b></i> ‘buy sth’, <i><b>paai</b></i> ‘cut sth in many small pieces’, <i><b>put</b></i> ‘cut off (grass)’ An example in a sentence construction: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">...i'in</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they.elsewhere</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>i-xaf</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3P</abbr>.fish</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>uwaad</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>big</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">boqai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cut.up</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dau-an</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cook-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat</p></div><p style="display: none;">...i'in <b>i-xaf</b> <b>uwaad</b> la boqai dau-an na.</p><p style="display: none;">they.elsewhere <b>3P.fish</b> <b>big</b> FOC cut.up cook-REAL eat</p><p style="clear: left;">'...they cut up their big fish, cooked and ate [it]'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The verbs in this sentence have no object prefix, and the object 'fish' is inanimate (because it is no longer living). </p> <dl><dt>Class (iii)</dt> <dd>Transitive verbs that take either animate or inanimate objects</dd></dl> <p>iiia. Transitive verbs with <u>prefixed animate object</u> OR f<u>ree (unfixed) inanimate object</u> </p><p>With free inanimate object (object prefix not bound to verb). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ga'an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mar.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">take</p></div><p style="display: none;">Na <b>ga'an</b> mar.</p><p style="display: none;">1S 3S take</p><p style="clear: left;">'I take/get it.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><big>With prefixed animate object</big> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Na</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ga</b>-mar.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-take</p></div><p style="display: none;">Na <b>ga</b>-mar.</p><p style="display: none;">1S 3S-take</p><p style="clear: left;">'I follow him/her.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Notice the important difference in meaning with the use a prefixed pronoun versus a free pronoun! </p><p>iiib. Verbs with an animate OR inanimate object, <u>both as a prefix</u> </p><p>Third person object prefixes marking animate or inanimate: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>3sg inanimate object </th> <th>3sg animate object </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ga-</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>ga'-</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ge-</b></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>g-</b></i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The contrasts are illustrated in the below translations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><i><b>wulul</b></i> </td> <td>'speak, talk, tell' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ga'-wulul</b></i> </td> <td>'talk with sb, tell sb' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ga-wulul</b></i> </td> <td>'talk about sth, tells sth' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A glottal stop is used for animate objects. The canonical form is used for inanimate objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sound_verbs">Sound verbs</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sound verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interesting class of verbs constituting verbs for sounds made by animals or objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><i><b>aga-aga</b></i> </td> <td>sound to call a dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ago-ago</b></i> </td> <td>sound to call a dog (remote) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>sika</b></i> </td> <td>sound to chase away a dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>sumax</b></i> </td> <td>sound to chase away a goat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>burax</b></i> </td> <td>sound to chase away chickens </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>kuru-kuru</b></i> </td> <td>sound to call chickens </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>xo'</b></i> </td> <td>to bark (dog) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>ox</b></i> </td> <td>to grunt (pig) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>qau</b></i> </td> <td>to scream (pig) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>hong</b></i> </td> <td>dog's sound ('woof') </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>kokoko</b></i> </td> <td>chicken's sound ('tock-tock') </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>quququ</b></i> </td> <td>'cock-a-doodle-doo' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>me'eh</b></i> </td> <td>goat's sound </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>paq</b></i> </td> <td>sound of a rock that is crushing corn </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>qabunggat</b></i> </td> <td>splashing sound of rock in water </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>tadunggat</b></i> </td> <td>dry sound of rock falling on land </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>saxa'</b></i> </td> <td>flapping sound of something light falling (e.g. sandals on street) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experiencer_predicates">Experiencer predicates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Experiencer predicates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are predicates formed with the bodypart noun <i><b>-om</b></i> 'inside'<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">quun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.sure</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om quun</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside be.sure</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am smart/clever.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om qau</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside good</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am happy.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">siis</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dry</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om siis</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside dry</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am thirsty'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">par</p><p style="margin: 0px;">defeated</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om par</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside defeated</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am annoyed (at s.b.)'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qalixil</p><p style="margin: 0px;">itchy</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om qalixil</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside itchy</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am angry'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">store/keep</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om mai</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside store/keep</p><p style="clear: left;">'I am planning/I plan'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bangan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om bangan</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside see</p><p style="clear: left;">'I want/like'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-regan</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-ask</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om ga-regan</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside 3S-ask</p><p style="clear: left;">'I think/say to myself'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">n-om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1S</abbr>-inside</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ga-i'</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3S</abbr>-sick</p></div><p style="display: none;">n-om ga-i'</p><p style="display: none;">1S-inside 3S-sick</p><p style="clear: left;">'I feel pity for him'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> is a morphological process to express greater intensity or the repeated/ongoing nature of an event. In <b>Teiwa</b>, the entire root is copied; there exists no productive process for syllable reduplication.<sup id="cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>of verbs</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tewar-tewar</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-walk</p></div><p style="display: none;">tewar-tewar</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-walk</p><p style="clear: left;">'walk on and on'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tib-tib</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-provide.for</p></div><p style="display: none;">tib-tib</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-provide.for</p><p style="clear: left;">'exactly enough'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haqax-haqax</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-breathe</p></div><p style="display: none;">haqax-haqax</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-breathe</p><p style="clear: left;">'take a few rests'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dt>of verbs with the realis suffix</dt></dl> <p>Reduplication of the entire stem including the realis suffix takes place. Only verbs can be inflected for <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">realis mood</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tii'in-tii'in</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-[sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">tii'in-tii'in</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-[sleep-REAL]</p><p style="clear: left;">'being asleep', 'sleep on and on'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miran-mir-an</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-[ascend-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">miran-mir-an</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-[ascend-REAL]</p><p style="clear: left;">'climb on and on', 'continue to climb'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">moxodan-moxod-an</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-[drop-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">moxodan-moxod-an</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-[drop-REAL]</p><p style="clear: left;">'let fall, drop down'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dt>of adverbials</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wek-wek</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-behind</p></div><p style="display: none;">wek-wek</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-behind</p><p style="clear: left;">'behind'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bas-bas*</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-tomorrow</p></div><p style="display: none;">bas-bas*</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-tomorrow</p><p style="clear: left;">'usually'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bes-bes</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-morning</p></div><p style="display: none;">bes-bes</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-morning</p><p style="clear: left;">'good morning'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dt>of adjectives</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">musaq-musaq</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-shattered</p></div><p style="display: none;">musaq-musaq</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-shattered</p><p style="clear: left;">'very much shattered'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">[qa'an-qa'an]'an*</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-black-]v-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">[qa'an-qa'an]'an*</p><p style="display: none;">[REDUP-black-]v-REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">'be black-REAL' > 'something black'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>*The adjectival base is first turned into a verb through reduplication, in order to allow the realis suffix to be reduplicated (only verbs can be reduplicated with a realis suffix). </p> <dl><dt>of numerals</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Iman</p><p style="margin: 0px;">they</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nuk-nuk</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">raq-raq</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-two</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yerig-yerig</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-three</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aria-n.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arrive-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="realis mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REAL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Iman nuk-nuk / raq-raq / yerig-yerig aria-n.</p><p style="display: none;">they REDUP-one {} REDUP-two {} REDUP-three arrive-REAL</p><p style="clear: left;">'They arrive one by one, two by two, three by three.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <dl><dt>of nouns</dt></dl> <p>Reduplication of nouns is rarer, and does not serve to express plurality of distributivity. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mug-mug</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-mountain.top</p></div><p style="display: none;">mug-mug</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-mountain.top</p><p style="clear: left;">'be hilly' (something attributiv)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">war-war</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reduplication" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REDUP</abbr>-day</p></div><p style="display: none;">war-war</p><p style="display: none;">REDUP-day</p><p style="clear: left;">'day after day' (something adverbial)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinship">Kinship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kinship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Teiwa live in <a href="/wiki/Exogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogamous">exogamous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> clans: the children belong to the clan of the father. The term "Teiwa" refers to a group of (sub) clans with the same ancestors. The <b>Teiwa</b> branch into two <i>moieties</i> (halves), which are separate genealogical supergroups, each of which includes multiple clans. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Teiwa </th></tr> <tr> <td>I. </td> <td>II. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baraqala </td> <td>Lambar </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Builan </td> <td>Kakalau </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salanggalu </td> <td>Lau Wad </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maligi </td> <td>Loxog </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hukung </td> <td>Kaloman Goqar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qailipi </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Children are named with 1) clan name, 2) given name 3) father's family name, for example <i><b>Teiwa Jance Wa'ng.</b></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_system">Kinship system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kinship system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kinship system of the Teiwa is based on <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">cross-cousins</a>. This means that the children of same-sex siblings are considered to be siblings (brother, sister), and therefore not fit for marriage with one another. Children of non-same sex siblings of the parents are seen as cross-cousins and are the perfect candidates for marriage with each other. These children are also in a different clan than the children of the same-sex siblings of the parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_terms">Kinship terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Kinship terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main kinship terms are listed here: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><i><b>emaq</b></i> </td> <td>wife </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>misi</b></i> </td> <td>husband </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>bif</b></i> </td> <td>child, 'younger sibling' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>biar (kriman)</b></i> </td> <td>children </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na-gas qai</b></i> </td> <td>my sister </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>n-ian qai</b></i> </td> <td>my brother </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>n-ian</b></i> </td> <td>(female) cousin of ego, in other clan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na-dias</b></i> </td> <td>(male) cousin of ego, in other clan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na-rat (emaq)</b></i> </td> <td>daughter of ego's brother, in other clan (potential daughter-in-law) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na'ii</b></i> </td> <td>son of ego's brother, in other clan (potential son-in-law) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na-rata'</b></i> </td> <td>my grandfather/mother </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>na-rat qai</b></i> </td> <td>my grandchild </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the point of view of female ego: </p><p>The "classificatory siblings" refer to the actual siblings, as well as the children of the <u>mother's sister</u> and the <u>father's brother</u>. As it is considered rude to call family members by their given name, these siblings are addressed as <i><b>matu'</b></i> when older and <i><b>bif</b></i> when younger, and <i><b>ka'au</b></i> when the same sex as the speaker. </p><p>The "classificatory parents" are the <u>father's brother</u> (<i><b>n-oma</b></i> 'my father'), as well as the <u>mother's sister</u> (<i><b>na-xala</b></i> 'my mother'). Each person therefore has two sets of parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/twe/">Teiwa</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klamer_2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klamer_2010_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlamer2010">Klamer 2010</a>, pp. 166</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlamer2010" class="citation book cs1">Klamer, Marian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/43416"><i>A Grammar of Teiwa</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Teiwa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Klamer&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fproduct%2F43416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeiwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlamer2017" class="citation book cs1">Klamer, Marian (2017) [first published 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/157">"The Alor-Pantar languages: Linguistic context, history and typology"</a>. In Klamer, Marian (ed.). <i>The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology</i>. Studies in Diversity Linguistics (second ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.437098">10.5281/zenodo.437098</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alor-Pantar+languages%3A+Linguistic+context%2C+history+and+typology&rft.btitle=The+Alor-Pantar+languages%3A+History+and+Typology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Diversity+Linguistics&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.437098&rft.aulast=Klamer&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeiwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiwa_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Teiwa language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Teiwa_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Teiwa language"><i><b>Teiwa language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/teiwa.htm">Alphabet and pronunciation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirata%E2%80%93Makasai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirata–Makasai languages">East Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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