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href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Academies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Academies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>National Academies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Academies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turing_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turing_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Turing Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turing_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fellow_of_the_Computer_History_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fellow_of_the_Computer_History_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fellow of the Computer History Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fellow_of_the_Computer_History_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Medal_of_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Medal_of_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>National Medal of Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Medal_of_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsutomu_Kanai_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsutomu_Kanai_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tsutomu Kanai Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsutomu_Kanai_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Japan Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ken Thompson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="كين تومسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كين تومسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Tompson" title="Ken Tompson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ken Tompson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="کن تامسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کن تامسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="কেন টম্পসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেন টম্পসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кен Томпсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кен Томпсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Кен Томпсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кен Томпсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Thompson" title="Kenneth Thompson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kenneth Thompson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Κεν Τόμσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεν Τόμσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="کن تامسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کن تامسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%84_%ED%86%B0%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A8" title="켄 톰프슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켄 톰프슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Քեն Թոմփսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քեն Թոմփսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="केन थॉम्पसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केन थॉम्पसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קן תומפסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קן תומפסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კენ ტომფსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენ ტომფსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кен Томпсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кен Томпсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Thompson" title="Kenneth Thompson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kenneth Thompson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lane_Thompson" title="Kenneth Lane Thompson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kenneth Lane Thompson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="കെൻ തോംപ്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കെൻ തോംപ്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="केन थॉम्प्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केन थॉम्प्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ケン・トンプソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケン・トンプソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Томпсон, Кен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томпсон, Кен" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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Thompson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Thompson" title="Kenneth Thompson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kenneth Thompson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кен Томпсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кен Томпсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ken Thompson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist, co-creator of the Unix operating system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Ken Thompson, see <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ken Thompson (disambiguation)">Ken Thompson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ken Thompson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ken_Thompson%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Ken_Thompson%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ken_Thompson%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Thompson, 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kenneth Lane Thompson</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-02-04</span>) </span>February 4, 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (B.S., 1965; M.S., 1966)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C (programming language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle (chess machine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno (operating system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Endgame tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Emanuel_R._Piore_Award" title="IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award">IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award</a> <small>(1982)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> <small>(1983)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> <small>(1985)</small><sup id="cite_ref-nasmember_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmember-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Pioneer_Award" title="Computer Pioneer Award">Computer Pioneer Award</a> <small>(1994)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> <small>(1998)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Kanai_Award" title="Tsutomu Kanai Award">Tsutomu Kanai Award</a> <small>(1999)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pender_Award" title="Harold Pender Award">Harold Pender Award</a> <small>(2003)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> <small>(2011)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li>Entrisphere, Inc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kenneth Lane Thompson</b> (born February 4, 1943) is an American pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. Thompson worked at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> for most of his career where he designed and implemented the original <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system. He also invented the <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B programming language</a>, the direct predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C language</a>, and was one of the creators and early developers of the <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a> operating system. Since 2006, Thompson has worked at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, where he co-developed the <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go language</a>. </p><p>Other notable contributions included his work on <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and early computer text editors <a href="/wiki/QED_(text_editor)" title="QED (text editor)">QED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a>, the definition of the <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding, and his work on computer chess that included the creation of <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">endgame tablebases</a> and the chess machine <a href="/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle</a>. He won the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> in 1983 with his long-term colleague <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thompson was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. When asked how he learned to program, Thompson stated, "I was always fascinated with logic and even in grade school I'd work on arithmetic problems in binary, stuff like that. Just because I was fascinated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeibel2009450_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeibel2009450-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg/220px-Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg/330px-Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg/440px-Pdp7-oslo-2005.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a>, as used for initial work on <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> in 1965 and a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in 1966, both in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science_and_engineering" title="Computer science and engineering">electrical engineering and computer sciences</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where his master's thesis advisor was <a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Berlekamp" title="Elwyn Berlekamp">Elwyn Berlekamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thompson was hired by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s at Bell Labs, Thompson and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> worked on the <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> operating system. While writing Multics, Thompson created the Bon programming language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also created a video game called <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></i>. Later, Bell Labs withdrew from the MULTICS project.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to go on playing the game, Thompson found an old <a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a> machine and rewrote <i>Space Travel</i> on it.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the tools developed by Thompson became the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>: Working on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a>, a team of Bell Labs researchers led by Thompson and Ritchie, and including <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Canaday" title="Rudd Canaday">Rudd Canaday</a>, developed a <a href="/wiki/File_system#Aspects_of_file_systems" title="File system">hierarchical file system</a>, the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">computer processes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">device files</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command-line_interpreter" title="Command-line interface">command-line interpreter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">pipes</a> for easy inter-process communication, and some small utility programs. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> suggested the name "Unix", in a pun on the name "Multics".<sup id="cite_ref-Evolution_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evolution-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial work on Unix, Thompson decided that Unix needed a system programming language and created <a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a>, a precursor to Ritchie's <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, Thompson also began work on <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>. Thompson had developed the <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">CTSS</a> version of the editor <a href="/wiki/QED_(text_editor)" title="QED (text editor)">QED</a>, which included regular expressions for searching text. QED and Thompson's later editor <a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a> (the standard text editor on Unix) contributed greatly to the eventual popularity of regular expressions, and regular expressions became pervasive in Unix text processing programs. Almost all programs that work with regular expressions today use some variant of Thompson's notation. He also invented <a href="/wiki/Thompson%27s_construction" title="Thompson's construction">Thompson's construction algorithm</a> used for converting regular expressions into <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_finite_automaton" title="Nondeterministic finite automaton">nondeterministic finite automata</a> in order to make expression matching faster.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png/220px-Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png/330px-Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png/440px-Version_6_Unix_SIMH_PDP11_Emulation_KEN.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Version_6_Unix" title="Version 6 Unix">Version 6 Unix</a> running on the <a href="/wiki/SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> simulator, with "/usr/ken" still present</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1970s, Thompson and Ritchie collaborated on the Unix operating system; they were so prolific on <a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a> that <a href="/wiki/Doug_McIlroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug McIlroy">Doug McIlroy</a> later wrote, "The names of Ritchie and Thompson may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed."<sup id="cite_ref-reader_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reader-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2011 interview, Thompson stated that the first versions of Unix were written by him, and that Ritchie began to advocate for the system and helped to develop it:<sup id="cite_ref-dr_dobbs_2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr_dobbs_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I did the first of two or three versions of UNIX all alone. And Dennis became an evangelist. Then there was a rewrite in a higher-level language that would come to be called C. He worked mostly on the language and on the I/O system, and I worked on all the rest of the operating system. That was for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, which was serendipitous, because that was the computer that took over the academic community.</p></blockquote> <p>Feedback from Thompson's Unix development was also instrumental in the development of the C programming language. Thompson would later say that the C language "grew up with one of the rewritings of the system and, as such, it became perfect for <a href="/wiki/Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">writing systems</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-dr_dobbs_2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr_dobbs_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Thompson took a <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> from Bell Labs and went to his alma mater, UC Berkeley. There, he helped to install <a href="/wiki/Version_6_Unix" title="Version 6 Unix">Version 6 Unix</a> on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-11/70" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-11/70">PDP-11/70</a>. Unix at Berkeley would later become maintained as its own system, known as the <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a> (BSD).<sup id="cite_ref-penguin7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penguin7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1976, Thompson wrote the initial version of Berkeley Pascal at the Computer Science Division, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, UC Berkeley (with extensive modifications and additions following later that year by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">William Joy</a>, Charles B. Haley<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and faculty advisor <a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Graham" title="Susan L. Graham">Susan Graham</a>). </p><p>Thompson wrote a chess-playing program called "chess" for the first version of Unix (1971).<sup id="cite_ref-ritchie01_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchie01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, along with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Condon" title="Joseph Henry Condon">Joseph Condon</a>, Thompson created the hardware-assisted program <a href="/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle</a>, a world champion <a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">chess computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote programs for generating the complete enumeration of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> endings, known as <a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">endgame tablebases</a>, for all 4, 5, and 6-piece endings, allowing chess-playing computer programs to make "perfect" moves once a position stored in them is reached. Later, with the help of chess endgame expert <a href="/wiki/John_Roycroft" title="John Roycroft">John Roycroft</a>, Thompson distributed his first results on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>. In 2001, the <i><a href="/wiki/ICGA_Journal" title="ICGA Journal">ICGA Journal</a></i> devoted almost an entire issue to Thompson's various contributions to computer chess.<sup id="cite_ref-ritchie01_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchie01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_(with_acme).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/220px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/330px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png/440px-Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs_%28with_acme%29.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a>, running the <a href="/wiki/Acme_(text_editor)" title="Acme (text editor)">acme</a> text editor, and the <a href="/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)" title="Rc (Unix shell)">rc</a> shell</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, Thompson and Ritchie jointly received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> "for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system". His acceptance speech, "Reflections on Trusting Trust", presented the persistent compiler <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)#Reflections_on_Trusting_Trust" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoor</a> attack now known as the <i>Thompson hack</i> or trusting trust attack, and is widely considered a seminal <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> work in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the backdoor's annotated source code was published online.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the acceptance speech consisted of criticism of journalists' positive coverage of <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hackers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_414s" title="The 414s">the 414s</a>. </p><p>Throughout the 1980s, Thompson and Ritchie continued revising Research Unix, which adopted a BSD codebase for the 8th, 9th, and 10th editions. In the mid-1980s, work began at Bell Labs on a new operating system as a replacement for Unix. Thompson was instrumental in the design and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a>, a new operating system utilizing principles of Unix, but applying them more broadly to all major system facilities. Some programs that were part of later versions of Research Unix, such as <a href="/wiki/Mk_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mk (software)">mk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)" title="Rc (Unix shell)">rc</a>, were also incorporated into Plan 9. </p><p>Thompson tested early versions of the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> programming language for <a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> by writing programs in it, but later refused to work in C++ due to frequent incompatibilities between versions. In a 2009 interview, Thompson expressed a negative view of C++, stating, "It does a lot of things half well and it's just a garbage heap of ideas that are mutually exclusive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeibel2009475_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeibel2009475-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, Thompson developed the <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> encoding scheme together with <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UTF-8 has since become the dominant <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> encoding form for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, accounting for more than 90% of all web pages in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, work began on the <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(operating_system)" title="Inferno (operating system)">Inferno</a> operating system, another research operating system that was based around a portable <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>. Thompson and Ritchie continued their collaboration with Inferno, along with other researchers at Bell Labs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, Thompson collaborated on music compression with Sean Dorward, based on original research work done by Jim Johnston, under the guidance of Joe Hall and Jont Allen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 2000, Thompson retired from Bell Labs. </p><p>In 2004, he assisted in the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Turochamp" title="Turochamp">Turochamp</a>, a chess program <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> devised in 1948, before any computers existed that could execute it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He worked at Entrisphere, Inc. as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> until 2006. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> he works at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, first as a Distinguished Engineer and later as a Google Advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work has included the co-design of the <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> programming language. Referring to himself along with the other original authors of Go, he states:<sup id="cite_ref-dr_dobbs_2011_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr_dobbs_2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the three of us [Thompson, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Griesemer" title="Robert Griesemer">Robert Griesemer</a>] got started, it was pure research. The three of us got together and decided that we hated C++. [laughter] ... [Returning to Go,] we started off with the idea that all three of us had to be talked into every feature in the language, so there was no extraneous garbage put into the language for any reason.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Academies">National Academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Academies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980, Thompson was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> for "designing UNIX, an operating system whose efficiency, breadth, power, and style have guided a generation's exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasmember_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmember-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turing_Award">Turing Award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Turing Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, Thompson and Ritchie jointly received the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> "for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system". In his acceptance speech, "Reflections on Trusting Trust", Thompson outlined an attack in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Compiler_backdoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler backdoor">compiler backdoor</a> that has been referred to as the <b>Thompson hack</b> or the <b>trusting trust</b> attack, and is widely considered a seminal <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> work in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, both Thompson and Dennis Ritchie received the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" title="IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal">IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), "for the origination of the UNIX operating system and the C programming language".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fellow_of_the_Computer_History_Museum">Fellow of the Computer History Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fellow of the Computer History Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, both Thompson and Ritchie were inducted as <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> for "the co-creation of the UNIX operating system, and for development of the C programming language".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Medal_of_Technology">National Medal of Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National Medal of Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 27, 1999, Thompson and Ritchie jointly received the 1998 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology</a> from President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> for co-inventing the UNIX operating system and the C programming language which together have "led to enormous advances in computer hardware, software, and networking systems and stimulated growth of an entire industry, thereby enhancing American leadership in the Information Age".<sup id="cite_ref-NationalMedalAnnouncement_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalMedalAnnouncement-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsutomu_Kanai_Award">Tsutomu Kanai Award</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tsutomu Kanai Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> chose Thompson to receive the first <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Kanai_Award" title="Tsutomu Kanai Award">Tsutomu Kanai Award</a> "for his role in creating the UNIX operating system, which for decades has been a key platform for distributed systems work".<sup id="cite_ref-Kanai_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanai-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_Prize">Japan Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japan Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Thompson, along with Dennis Ritchie, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize for Information and Communications</a> for the pioneering work in the development of the Unix operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ken Thompson is married and has a son.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritchie01_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritchie01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a user of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a> products but later switched to <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS" title="Raspberry Pi OS">Raspberry Pi OS</a> due to issues he faced with Apple products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf">"IEEE Emanuel R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Information+Project&rft.atitle=Ken+Thompson%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linfo.org%2Fthompson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKen+Thompson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSeibel2009">Seibel, Peter (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Coders_at_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Coders at work">Coders at Work – Reflections on the Craft of Programming</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-000-162">online</a>). New York: <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1948-4">978-1-4302-1948-4</a> (pbk.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1949-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-1949-1">978-1-4302-1949-1</a> (electronic)</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Thompson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ken_Thompson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">4</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="259" data-mwtitle="Ken_Thompson_(computer_programmer).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ken_Thompson_%28computer_programmer%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Ken_Thompson_%28computer_programmer%29.ogg/Ken_Thompson_%28computer_programmer%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Ken_Thompson_(computer_programmer).ogg" title="File:Ken Thompson (computer programmer).ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 17 June 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-06-17</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=358198.358210">Reflections on Trusting Trust</a> 1983 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> Lecture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/ken_thompson.pdf">Unix and Beyond: An Interview with Ken Thompson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/">IEEE Computer Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/thompson.html">Ken Thompson: A Brief Introduction</a> The Linux Information Project (LINFO)</li> <li>Computer Chess Comes of Age: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622103738/http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/viewAll.php?sec=thm-42eeabf470432&sel=thm-42f15c52333a3&table=item_still_image">Photos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org">Computer History Museum</a></li> <li>Computer Chess Comes of Age: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622103716/http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/viewAll.php?sec=thm-42eeabf470432&sel=thm-42f15c52333a3&table=item_oral_history">Video of Interview with Ken Thompson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org">Computer History Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/reading_chess/">Reading Chess paper by HS Baird and Ken Thompson</a> on <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_(chess_machine)" title="Belle (chess machine)">Belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_(text_editor)" title="Sam (text editor)">sam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_shell" title="Thompson shell">Thompson shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Richard_W._Hamming_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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Hamming Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_S._Reed" title="Irving S. Reed">Irving S. Reed</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ken Thompson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Berlekamp" title="Elwyn Berlekamp">Elwyn Berlekamp</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jorma_Rissanen" title="Jorma Rissanen">Jorma Rissanen</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Ungerboeck" title="Gottfried Ungerboeck">Gottfried Ungerboeck</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Ziv" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Ziv">Jacob Ziv</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Semenovich_Pinsker" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Semenovich Pinsker">Mark Semenovich Pinsker</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Cover" title="Thomas M. Cover">Thomas M. Cover</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David D. Clark</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Huffman" title="David A. Huffman">David A. Huffman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_G._Fraser" title="Alexander G. Fraser">Alexander G. Fraser</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Elias" title="Peter Elias">Peter Elias</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Berrou" title="Claude Berrou">Claude Berrou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Glavieux" title="Alain Glavieux">Alain Glavieux</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wolf" title="Jack Wolf">Jack K. Wolf</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sloane" title="Neil Sloane">Neil Sloane</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Levenshtein" title="Vladimir Levenshtein">Vladimir Levenshtein</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lempel" title="Abraham Lempel">Abraham Lempel</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Verd%C3%BA" title="Sergio Verdú">Sergio Verdú</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Franaszek" title="Peter Franaszek">Peter Franaszek</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Merkle" title="Ralph Merkle">Ralph Merkle</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Berger" title="Toby Berger">Toby Berger</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Luby" title="Michael Luby">Michael Luby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amin_Shokrollahi" title="Amin Shokrollahi">Amin Shokrollahi</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Calderbank" title="Robert Calderbank">Robert Calderbank</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Thomas Richardson / <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Urbanke" title="Rüdiger Urbanke">Rüdiger Urbanke</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imre_Csisz%C3%A1r" title="Imre Csiszár">Imre Csiszár</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Gamal" title="Abbas El Gamal">Abbas El Gamal</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Shamai" title="Shlomo Shamai">Shlomo Shamai</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erdal_Ar%C4%B1kan" title="Erdal Arıkan">Erdal Arıkan</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Tse" title="David Tse">David Tse</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">A. M. Turing Award</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles Bachman</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana Scott</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ken Thompson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard Karp</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Richard E. Stearns</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Manuel Blum</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Amir Pnueli</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Jim Gray</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Andrew Yao</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard Adleman</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Allen" title="Frances Allen">Frances Allen</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Edmund M. Clarke</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">E. Allen Emerson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Valiant" title="Leslie Valiant">Leslie G. Valiant</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Ed Catmull</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> (2020) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Avi Wigderson</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_Prize" title="Template talk:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Katchalski-Katzir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir">Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)" title="David Turnbull (materials scientist)">David Turnbull</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_J._Kolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem J. Kolff">Willem J. Kolff</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beachell" title="Henry Beachell">Henry Beachell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush">Gurdev Khush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vendryes" title="Georges Vendryes">Georges Vendryes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isao_Arita" title="Isao Arita">Isao Arita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Le_Pichon" title="Xavier Le Pichon">Xavier Le Pichon</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_J._Wild" title="John J. Wild">John J. Wild</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Christopher_Polge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest John Christopher Polge">Ernest John Christopher Polge</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kary_B._Mullis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kary B. Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Hayward Pickering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> Jr. / <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masao_Ito" title="Masao Ito">Masao Ito</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Sugimura" title="Takashi Sugimura">Takashi Sugimura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Engelberger" title="Joseph Engelberger">Joseph Engelberger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshikawa" title="Hiroyuki Yoshikawa">Hiroyuki Yoshikawa</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Schell" title="Jozef Schell">Jozef Schell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marc_Van_Montagu" title="Marc Van Montagu">Marc Van Montagu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wesley_Peterson" title="W. Wesley Peterson">W. Wesley Peterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Strominger" title="Jack L. Strominger">Jack L. Strominger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Don_Craig_Wiley" title="Don Craig Wiley">Don Craig Wiley</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kimishige_Ishizaka" title="Kimishige Ishizaka">Kimishige Ishizaka</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._Parsons" title="Timothy R. Parsons">Timothy R. Parsons</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski" title="Andrzej Tarkowski">Andrzej Tarkowski</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Yorke" title="James A. Yorke">James A. Yorke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ogawa" title="Seiji Ogawa">Seiji Ogawa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Honda" title="Kenichi Honda">Kenichi Honda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujishima" title="Akira Fujishima">Akira Fujishima</a> / Keith J. Sainsbury / <a href="/wiki/John_Lawton_(biologist)" title="John Lawton (biologist)">John H. Lawton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Nagao" title="Makoto Nagao">Makoto Nagao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Takeichi" title="Masatoshi Takeichi">Masatoshi Takeichi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Ruoslahti" title="Erkki Ruoslahti">Erkki Ruoslahti</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Houghton_(physicist)" title="John Houghton (physicist)">John Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Endo_(biochemist)" title="Akira Endo (biochemist)">Akira Endo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Ashton" title="Peter Shaw Ashton">Peter Shaw Ashton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert E. Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_E._Kuhl" title="David E. Kuhl">David E. Kuhl</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shun-ichi_Iwasaki" title="Shun-ichi Iwasaki">Shun-ichi Iwasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitousek" title="Peter Vitousek">Peter Vitousek</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ken Thompson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Hirano" title="Toshio Hirano">Toshio Hirano</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lydon" title="Nicholas Lydon">Nicholas Lydon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masato_Sagawa" title="Masato Sagawa">Masato Sagawa</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Grant_Willson" title="C. Grant Willson">C. Grant Willson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Frederick_Grassle" title="J. Frederick Grassle">John Frederick Grassle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuharu_Suematsu" title="Yasuharu Suematsu">Yasuharu Suematsu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">C. David Allis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Takahasi" title="Yutaka Takahasi">Yutaka Takahasi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Friedmann" title="Theodore Friedmann">Theodore Friedmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Fischer" title="Alain Fischer">Alain Fischer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Hosono" title="Hideo Hosono">Hideo Hosono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_D._Tanksley" title="Steven D. Tanksley">Steven D. Tanksley</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Dale_Cooper" title="Max Dale Cooper">Max Dale Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Okamoto" title="Yoshio Okamoto">Yoshio Okamoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Rattan Lal</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Green_(professor)" title="Martin Green (professor)">Martin A. Green</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert A. Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Christopher Field</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Nakazawa" title="Masataka Nakazawa">Masataka Nakazawa</a> / Kazuo Hagimoto / <a href="/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck" title="Gero Miesenböck">Gero Miesenböck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hoskins" title="Brian Hoskins">Brian Hoskins</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace" title="John Michael Wallace">John Michael Wallace</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multics" title="Template:Multics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multics" title="Template talk:Multics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">Groupe Bull</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multics-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Multics-logo.svg/100px-Multics-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Multics-logo.svg/150px-Multics-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Multics-logo.svg/200px-Multics-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Clark" title="David D. Clark">David D. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Davidoff" title="Monte Davidoff">Monte Davidoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Denning" title="Peter J. Denning">Peter J. Denning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dennis" title="Jack Dennis">Jack Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Feldman" title="Stuart Feldman">Stuart Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Greenberg" title="Bernard Greenberg">Bernard Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(cryptographer)" title="Robert Morris (cryptographer)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Neumann" title="Peter G. Neumann">Peter G. Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Padlipsky" title="Michael A. Padlipsky">Michael A. Padlipsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Saltzer" title="Jerry Saltzer">Jerry Saltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Schroeder" title="Glenda Schroeder">Glenda Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schroeder" title="Michael Schroeder">Michael Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Soley" title="Richard Soley">Richard Soley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Van_Vleck" title="Tom Van Vleck">Tom Van Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Vyssotsky" title="Victor A. Vyssotsky">Victor A. Vyssotsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclisp" title="Maclisp">Maclisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics_Emacs" title="Multics Emacs">Multics Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics_Relational_Data_Store" title="Multics Relational Data Store">Multics Relational Data Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multics-like<br />systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">General Comprehensive Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEORGE_(operating_system)" title="GEORGE (operating system)">GEORGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICL_VME" title="ICL VME">ICL VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Console_Time_Sharing_System" title="Multiple Console Time Sharing System">Multiple Console Time Sharing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIMOS" title="PRIMOS">PRIMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratus_VOS" title="Stratus VOS">Stratus VOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_MAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MAC">Project MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System</a> (predecessor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Multics" title="Category:Multics">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_history_of_video_games_(1947-1971)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Template talk:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_history_of_video_games" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early history of video games"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_history_of_video_games_(1947-1971)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a> (1947-1971)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog and lightbulb games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube_amusement_device" title="Cathode-ray tube amusement device">Cathode-ray tube amusement device</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bertie_the_Brain" title="Bertie the Brain">Bertie the Brain</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)" title="Nimrod (computer)">Nimrod</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmonette" title="Carmonette">Carmonette</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hutspiel" title="Hutspiel">Hutspiel</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennis_for_Two" title="Tennis for Two">Tennis for Two</a></i> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess#History_2" title="Computer chess">Early Chess programs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turochamp" title="Turochamp">Turochamp</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_chess" title="Los Alamos chess">Los Alamos Chess</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotok-McCarthy" title="Kotok-McCarthy">Kotok-McCarthy</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mac_Hack" title="Mac Hack">Mac Hack</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaissa" title="Kaissa">Kaissa</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cray_Blitz" title="Cray Blitz">Blitz</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chess_(Northwestern_University)" title="Chess (Northwestern University)">Chess</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OXO_(video_game)" title="OXO (video game)">OXO</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marienbad_(video_game)" title="Marienbad (video game)">Marienbad</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sumerian_Game" title="The Sumerian Game">The Sumerian Game</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamurabi_(video_game)" title="Hamurabi (video game)">Hamurabi</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Travel_(video_game)" title="Space Travel (video game)">Space Travel</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(1971_video_game)" title="Star Trek (1971 video game)">Star Trek</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First arcade games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Game" title="Galaxy Game">Galaxy Game</a></i> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Addis" title="Mabel Addis">Mabel Addis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Ahl" title="David H. Ahl">David Ahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Baer" title="Ralph H. Baer">Ralph Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Makepeace_Bennett" title="John Makepeace Bennett">John Makepeace Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Champernowne" class="mw-redirect" title="David Champernowne">David Champernowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Dabney" title="Ted Dabney">Ted Dabney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Douglas" title="Sandy Douglas">Sandy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Goldsmith_Jr." title="Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.">Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higinbotham" title="William Higinbotham">William Higinbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kates" title="Josef Kates">Josef Kates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107006#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000072769119">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103083869">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1280596163">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009189713">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140976515">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100436668">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8342522700">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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