CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913414dfd95cdf69',cH: '1TMUeNlwMCA_gyOUhM9sJ_3m7RkfFtqgv0AyyEc8f9A-1739777525-1.2.1.1-wjxKd3nEBWRf6WZMpVYvVX3oKxXfJkvvQHJULjstMflzoui9yQh2aqgEpVNRRTVL',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Saddam%20Hussain&__cf_chl_tk=DqBPSeGpPbNggRQZQ0Ji4jrkmdx1Ozn1uUlIOzWWAEo-1739777525-1.0.1.1-Cco9OSoY1tn7T3eqqdExEfFBAUUfxNVjHBTOwIL9xv8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777525',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Saddam%20Hussain&__cf_chl_f_tk=DqBPSeGpPbNggRQZQ0Ji4jrkmdx1Ozn1uUlIOzWWAEo-1739777525-1.0.1.1-Cco9OSoY1tn7T3eqqdExEfFBAUUfxNVjHBTOwIL9xv8",md: "4PCJFLiyIze.SoyUk.VrfXrhJR9j7gyjY_j7m85PAGM-1739777525-1.2.1.1-zXhT.tYTqjcGQmoetBBWskAVNUcOpja0HKuHlVfTHgnFdDlEdHduo4GfD2dcgD_dmYrp4v2C9D_YHnPJaLjY53N9eM1TxfiUFhUCBVvWuWcmEdnKkQ_87MDX99l2ytvArF.qiqPhd2bQzdFrppodjetDvx33ygZivDIn7.bZ0K_eTdZi_tjREaC_7e6NnO062u_.mOHrI7KKaZ4Ej5wOcztSIrUUdEtIYIBYJQROTiLQPJhjTC5BzxRvfhbCSoaIVvPlCFg8VAySTx3Nmt4WfAvyhifa6iaJHJX8r5mD5ued7JwfrkmA8Md4n3y3EWhUCNm22WFeBII9pCd0MLMdpLjyvBJWJajUk_kerbJSTQBGhaJstfTtfUNE.HzUgB8X_0IWoSvgNxEYRvmbRKSk7bU9FEYEpAmSxbD361op4_wl.LA9j9qWySfX3xJwFZ9XhckLK3rxAk2WsMkW5.uswtUOuae3XjWsUTCb0.nFRM36gVhExWQG65mChDf0iGWVDr29nZnFtMqn9biNbxi7if.cNjfyNVJ.FtRJ_Dmq3MLVY6jj8umRU4uW4ueqz8OhwS3O7Wdgb4GJIPwMhOxiKG6OA3doTaDIGiwDoQfKrcDBAdogxHDZesv2nva8IBhgqrLVsk5vBYfqkNE4jOf8XDyFtC2OX7Ds2eQPmkkO5x97tT65u8qWC9E2IE6g.Qd.8VgXtcQ9JaVmeD3eQr1zcI9TWl7OQdIrouREV3eeorfm.rMatpsswmcQ53Nf9lvQwwY.dCQ.vFnjVcjcBGnE12m4DV9ojDLNJz8cMbZGeH5brX2oq9qeGXb3O11VnOhrMJP_KIeg1XYGWojFqqvmcsRHX4pPfDK7x8fkwyTckJxmynumizfkTbfBtU4Kz7OA07fqmHdmYzJDZSeBM5J2ZSmyqHLIvjqmlArzEXOzBnErqymxx_TFvTWJlo.On__ijoB6GzaGfoOzrxyD67YMVkMfkk0DIiNvCE6MLlrt.ynhxavdJX0vz7nK7alX39oj7QpFBnMERUWDmmjj0izRGPcze9FpCj1tq0FBme50wwFYnx.0VfA8poutC00YuNZltC.Z_Cr5JU.8pH26GID1OKp56CziLK7B0BET5ffx6a3hq3oPzvBhcAtdrVAZh7OhkRWH16QshCoq_cG9xG8rV15vCawB3v4gjBverhsch3wV4nY2V6.0Z_pph8XA28l.l5lYg9YcQHkqAxwXmaq2XRdpwQvvm74OlREgfWK7PC7HCrJ8CGKEpTLvdmSIMD0MV9_X6liRiMSt8_NhSyndhLNWsNsCas9BcnhLog3PXExUoGBxg3UsCrP8OxtjFdUWuP.9g5pBJJHTryrUd79t_0mMng9N5_yGRuWZWDQvZmGiG3uWckl1fsZDZBIa8P6lRmZ5TARW.dOJ3rf24cIIeIP9lvB9InIuFsB5LDMW49Wfd29nJTHQomcEXeJ44R2XBRbQFRDE8AOPvAagkcDTO82tIS9DIIAbM.eZBX2W1A8s4milKD_d22fPoFzaa_bC_d64UAeQoo7p6xPi3avUyiq.8DHgYcdrrLFOAvxIptU.AbBtxYUP8Vpmbz4EvFE.tz.Z7r1avrJjQqSJoeAewImcLl_A09DlDgoeyb4yVRvU8MKreKddFEbTZnTIZfx9KKjD2h0O6y.NSO3xlijaj4Y1WU6AfjqYclU14A10yhZNZ1CaVVH8_mnzIHfx7SkOiseuR2QRl5bUXH49s3kp_xAAc_6dkjVew6dhvgFLcxfzmkh17w3AxPXyLB9FnEYpRF6SgZekc60g2F7PSfZkBpAyINPdfJMpHGLNszPuKm_M02FnMEyREeqZHXp.yv9v7WCR14K.eDbGNMb7.77l5a2Tbc1_iuK_9XX46NMWpx0M2hy8CjaTbRM221KFooRpbd1W_0z5cS3awtEqSJA9V9Jw2PGSZggqjjzucsiWmww",mdrd: "WEI3y8qGBuwpWAVDGHnzJmFPxJk4E5ZRfhc5qPxw4xs-1739777525-1.2.1.1-6.VdUvtxXo3mh3PML8caHbjgX8z2iR6o0OHMlUILro0Dud7.uok0bMz445dNi69q9tBviHTjt3wQCsY6w2zsBG2p50faJvwOvJWaeRvGOl1vKnhTDdLrrFtKxO05AhQKKYerrYMx_aKYGpso.tBR69PZlgRndY00PI6OJBlNwqpxT162F_lR5Ha8nqlgktGUpItWvsldfuqFJ25lE93WDLWhxzNvD_AfI4k8mGc9wAaaG6IIMzIsGToTBO05zcBgud6sW2Ou5O5SKxdwnnkqcPtrw4UdK951l.f2B87vcsf83l3Xvw3tR.Y9GjcypY1IZUYCNDdVgEjLN_9b_N34Q5gTbzaBU2FTK29Xz6DpMLjUaaEFCwX4XVPTWpo8QKi9919lRZxy2tUV_8sNcAiLxeqwKlYZcTjmXS38tnfD5AbIi07XvTjT.xP1iQen8nbBYHTBh3Sz0Hn7Y5ryXQFqaFyO_QzkLK_kcBgEtCeP5b7Pn4KgLogb62vIjnLzA5lNqTy4aevRv0qcb4gajRyCkqvAnzJK.vQK1r.EoVUtLTcNyZ9H3nPnmgbNUtGVJGTtGBPeEM0svPGvuL366sib.S1MwdIwp0W.KuFaNSCvd7t6hXgWRkoSbgECn.RfwJLYNQ8X6eG16jw68P5Y66pllg_o4.YElHFv0aa5r2pgHIxXOaqRpicycKfbNVnZHG7VSxzfr2qe2Ime_OJ1R0j8i6a7C4tmbHggZd.XS_QstR81ckPSj.aOn31dp2zEwub5wMikguW.ypUXJwR426527GIGK1MQCBTjAmjr6QuPha8rIgVeGcMrJ6b1hHXF.0Xl5akrum.VPLG3P3W53RL3Q2lb7bK73DcL6ZKt22UjZTNmJDC0Zv7Rt7gxnNFwHV1U7dep8f4QiJCRIP8DUIo_7GrHHQIK1qWkM_RQkNcIdgcM3ricKLPif4rHLeYwqe4Mz9py5DTKgUxjSQhPk0GTFmYR6BmUwHyQitRqVWGBU5x9bkEeFD7L8cq3r7EXV3ZvDB_U2W.LwTKtFq0KPIPw_uMb_dpmpV4blL3FF0GJOm86h7xDuC66kVvPLJcuOzhnLH5It3SfwI6gx8WFErbr8RT6kiSiPoKkx_y0AehtemGhupL4pD9pmKVSG3UNtEGOfsj2c4VsdWKFu414wa.1VYYY.IX4xs7txgXpU30U7igKRTGlbFdrcmqUIWgUe2m3BMsm5_YOckv5zf6Vp9vnFhJHpH_aRlgMkP76w_S2ERSIU0EVzOsOlWpCJc6UzdVBFYxMbO19MBzvTrj5eGUsd83OnsRx8rAdYuVciBxnWqKadI6.9eQOkBd9bdtSVutmcx4NQ9rJgIE6AQcC2pJDB4UHRjIHGIOmClksDclfkmA7NlPUS0Wxp9q5b4cUBG8GjTlvP.FcCAtp5D9hM4CY5H4zMKMwITTMhKSrr8HYuRgdC_qniaP9w9nqfHMfEWCTrdeS3BKnG4VoA_tWkjVCNE0rjnQ9yzHq85zQcdsZfm7TT5Gu4lxvNrPzIYy4dBBM3GN2Ut15TXA71mai65H9qdeHDOK.0W7a5o.o6czh4mqT_H1lp4p51JcmIY.KQ7F7Mbg55vY_vgY0HJpRqQPshaxNX5w8tJYjJCjFO1KTG4ffts3HBQZrqiHFfT6wDenOcQUHcr0wqPLoU31jXzPTcH2nBKKl68l_S_hR2um4fg8ZLsVY7jms71b915nxIS9JHJrdXasWBIVTW0hocLCgiADLg6DW4_DRIg4BnFLy.mbZvWBk8FSvmd1la9EHuuqdl4uQPjMADVGq3jz98ZA7.jaNsDcSetLw9UCzxVUkElS8pGlhN08ygzy9Md40fYwF6aVHNgu0QhsKGd8TXfEnd6.O4KEQxsOwQbqDPdKeyXx_uEf._Yv5LMQztYXzqXygdITLjldNlrBJDRFvv733WFNaSDuXi3U7JsKXRHCY4daoHQ7bpsInhfYJzjOZl0gp"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913414dfd95cdf69';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Saddam%20Hussain&__cf_chl_rt_tk=DqBPSeGpPbNggRQZQ0Ji4jrkmdx1Ozn1uUlIOzWWAEo-1739777525-1.0.1.1-Cco9OSoY1tn7T3eqqdExEfFBAUUfxNVjHBTOwIL9xv8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>