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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indonesian economist and professor (1928–2015)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ali Wardhana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Wardhana,_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/220px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/330px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg/440px-Ali_Wardhana%2C_Menkeu_-_Anggota_Kabinet_Pembangunan_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="912" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1973</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 March 1983 – 21 March 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Nitisastro" title="Widjojo Nitisastro">Widjojo Nitisastro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radius_Prawiro" title="Radius Prawiro">Radius Prawiro</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">21st <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Finance (Indonesia)">Minister of Finance of Indonesia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 June 1968 – 19 March 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Suharto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frans_Seda" title="Frans Seda">Frans Seda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Radius Prawiro</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-05-06</span>)</span>6 May 1928<br /><a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-09-14)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Tanah Kusir Cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Rendasih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Aliman (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sastroamidjojo" title="Ali Sastroamidjojo">Ali Sastroamidjojo</a> (uncle)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ali Wardhana</b> (6 May 1928 – 14 September 2015), more colloquially known as <b>Bung Ali</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, who served as the third <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Economics, Finance, Industry, and Development of Indonesia</a> from 1983 until 1988 and the 21st <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Finance (Indonesia)">minister of finance of Indonesia</a> from 1968 until 1983. He was one of Indonesia's most senior economic policy-makers during the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order regime</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201942_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201942-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being a member of the influential <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a>, a group of American-educated Indonesian economists who shaped the Indonesian economy during the New Order.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the longest-serving Minister of Finance, as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_ministers_in_Indonesia" title="List of longest-serving ministers in Indonesia">fifth longest-serving minister</a> in Indonesian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Farid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was born on 6 May 1928, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>. He studied economics at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Economics">Faculty of Economics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> (UI) in 1958. Subsequently earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> in 1961 and <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">a doctorate</a> in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Indonesia in 1967 and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of UI, replacing <a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Nitisastro" title="Widjojo Nitisastro">Widjojo Nitisastro</a>. Less than one year later, he became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Finance (Indonesia)">Minister of Finance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Development_Cabinet" title="First Development Cabinet">First Development Cabinet</a> of Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. As finance minister, he tackled rising inflation, reducing it to 10% in 1969, from a high 650% in 1966. He also liked to conduct unannounced inspections and managed to apprehend corrupt officials and <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smugglers</a>. Under his leadership, there were two devaluations of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Rupiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Rupiah">Rupiah</a>, which occurred in 1977 and 1978. </p><p>In 1983, he was transferred to the position of <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister</a> for <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">Industry</a>, and Development of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Development_Cabinet" title="Fourth Development Cabinet">Fourth Development Cabinet</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Radius_Prawiro" title="Radius Prawiro">Radius Prawiro</a>, who took over as finance minister. After leaving the government in 1988, Ali continued to advise the government on its economic and financial policies. Ali died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015. Before he died, Ali had been hospitalized for three weeks. His body was interred at the Tanah Kusir Public Cemetery, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Kalibata_Heroes%27_Cemetery" title="Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery">Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201941_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201941-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg/220px-Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg/330px-Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg/440px-Balaikota_Solo_by_Bennylin_05-Hipstamatic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>His hometown of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, more commonly known as Solo</figcaption></figure> <p>Ali Wardhana was born on 6 May 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-Pribadi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pribadi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, more commonly known as Solo. His mother died when he was almost five years old. His father, Aliman, would remarry to a woman named Bulik, Ali's aunt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201936_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201936-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali's childhood was mainly spent in Surakarta. Ali moved around several times. Around this time, he reportedly resided in the house of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sastroamidjojo" title="Ali Sastroamidjojo">Ali Sastroamidjojo</a>, an Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism" title="Indonesian nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statesman" class="extiw" title="wikt:statesman">statesman</a>, who would go on to become <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Prime Minister of Indonesia</a>. His childhood home has now become a shop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growing up, Ali did not receive a formal education. Instead, he was <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">homeschooled</a> by his stepmother, Bulik. However, he eventually entered formal schooling in 1930 and was immediately placed in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_grade" title="Fifth grade">fifth grade</a> of the People's School (now the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201936_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201936-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> (UI) and initially studied medicine for a year. However, he withdrew from the faculty, after being cut off by his parents. He continued to study at UI but changed faculties. Choosing the Faculty of Economics, as it provided scholarships. Despite receiving a scholarship, he worked a couple of odd jobs on the side, working at a travel service provider's office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time at UI, he was taught by foreign lecturers from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> about economics, as the only native economist with an <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">economics doctorate</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo" title="Sumitro Djojohadikusumo">Sumitro Djojohadikusumo</a>. However, as tensions grew between Indonesia and the Dutch Government over the <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a>, Dutch lecturers began to leave the country. Resulting in UI turning to the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> for assistance. The Ford Foundation then began a process where students from UI were chosen to undertake overseas studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After finishing his studies at UI in 1958, and having a short stint as a lecturer at UI, where he was known to be an expert in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a> and monetary policy, and was able to explain the material briefly and clearly, he was then sent abroad to continue his studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201918_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201918-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali continued his master's education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. With the costs of his education being fully funded through the scholarship he received from the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the United States, Ali was particularly interested in fiscal and monetary studies. He managed to complete not only his master's program but also his <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree, while in Berkeley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Ali received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in 1962, with the dissertation title "Monetary Policy in an Underdeveloped Economy with Special Reference to Indonesia" (1962).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201918_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201918-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Berkeley, he was supported by several friends, including <a href="/wiki/J.B._Sumarlin" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Sumarlin">J.B. Sumarlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Salim" title="Emil Salim">Emil Salim</a>, both fellow future ministers in the New Order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201938-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_minister">Finance minister</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finance minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment">Appointment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He returned to Indonesia in 1967 and was appointed as the Dean of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia, replacing <a href="/wiki/Widjojo_Nitisastro" title="Widjojo Nitisastro">Widjojo Nitisastro</a>. Less than one year later, Ali Wardhana became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Finance (Indonesia)">Minister of Finance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Development_Cabinet" title="First Development Cabinet">First Development Cabinet</a> of Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. Becoming the youngest finance minister in Indonesian history. This has resulted in the media even pinning him the title "menteri ingusan" which roughly translates to "don't know anything minister."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an English-language book entitled "A Tribute to Ali Wardhana, Indonesia's Longest Serving Finance Minister: From His Writing and His Colleagues" published by <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">Kompas</a>, which was released to commemorate Ali Wardhana's 87th Anniversary, there is one story when President Suharto summoned Ali and asked him to become finance minister. </p><p>"When Suharto's first cabinet was formed, Pak Harto called me to become Minister of Finance. I immediately came to see him and said that I couldn't become Minister of Finance. Pak Harto looked at me and said "You think I want to be president? I've never been president. You have never been the Minister of Finance. So don't worry, we learn together," said Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenure">Tenure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early on after his appointment, he was tasked with tackling the high inflation rate, which reportedly caused stress and caused him to not sleep well. At the time, inflation had reached a high of 650% in 1966. He was successful at tackling high inflation, with inflation falling from 650% in 1966, to 112% in 1967, to 85% in 1968, to 10% in 1969 under his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As finance minister, he began a crusade against illegal levies and extortion, together with Minister of State Control of State Apparatus (currently <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Apparatus_Utilization_and_Bureaucratic_Reform" title="Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform">Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform</a>) <a href="/wiki/J._B._Sumarlin" title="J. B. Sumarlin">J.B. Sumarli</a>. At the time illegal levies occurred in State Treasurer's Office. J.B. Sumarlin even disguised himself as a staff a work unit named Ahmad Sidik to discover the practice of extortion. After that incident, nobody else dared to collect illegal levies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali died at Medistra Hospital, Jakarta on September 14, 2015, at 15:30 <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">WIB</a>. Before he died, Ali was treated for three weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_with_government">Work with government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work with government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A brief summary of Ali Wardhana's career is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1966: Member of the team of economics experts advising the acting president of Indonesia.</li> <li>1968: Minister of Finance in the <a href="/wiki/First_Development_Cabinet" title="First Development Cabinet">First Development Cabinet</a>.</li> <li>1969: Chair, Monetary Council.</li> <li>1973: Minister of Finance in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Development_Cabinet" title="Second Development Cabinet">Second Development Cabinet</a>.</li> <li>1975: Deputy Chair, Board of Governors of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>.</li> <li>1978: Minister of Finance in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Development_Cabinet" title="Third Development Cabinet">Third Development Cabinet</a>.</li> <li>1983: Coordinating Minister of Economics, Finance, Industry and Development Supervision in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Development_Cabinet" title="Fourth Development Cabinet">Fourth Development Cabinet</a>.</li> <li>1988: retired as a senior government minister and remained active as a senior economist in numerous positions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Honours">National Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/70px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/105px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg/140px-Bintang_Mahaputera_Adipradana_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Star of Mahaputera</a>, 2nd Class (4 April 1973)<sup id="cite_ref-award_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pita_(Ribbon)_Satyalencana_Dwidya_Sistha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Satyalencana_Dwidya_Sistha.png/70px-Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Satyalencana_Dwidya_Sistha.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Pita_%28Ribbon%29_Satyalencana_Dwidya_Sistha.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Indonesia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia">Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha</a><sup id="cite_ref-award_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Honours">Foreign Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/70px-BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/105px-BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/140px-BEL_Order_of_Leopold_II_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a> (15 January 1970)<sup id="cite_ref-award_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/70px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/105px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/140px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Order of Orange-Nassau">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (25 August 1971)<sup id="cite_ref-award_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali Wardhana married a woman named Rendasih (d. 2000), nicknamed Renny, who was a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">school teacher</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>. Together they had four children, Isyana Ika Wardhana, Mahendra Wardhana, Pradjnawita Wardhana, and Pradjanamita Wardhana.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Monetary Budget: A Tool for Stabilization or Inflation</li> <li>Economic and Social Institutions (1966)</li> <li>Economic Development and the Availability of Special Funds</li> <li>Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1969)</li> <li>Concessional Loans and Technical Assistance</li> <li>Statement at the Annual Meeting of the Asian Development Bank (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Pangestu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Pangestu">Mari Pangestu</a> (editor), 2015. <i>A tribute to Ali Wardhana, Indonesia's longest serving finance minister: From his writings and his colleagues</i>, Penerbit Buku Kompas, Jakarta. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-70993-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-70993-5-0">978-979-70993-5-0</a></li> <li>Marzuki Usman, 2017. <i>Prof. Dr. Ali Wardhana: Pembaharu Kebijakan Moneter dan Fiskal di Indonesia [Prof. Dr Ali Wardhana: Reformer of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in Indonesia]</i>, PP ISEI, Jakarta. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-14722-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-14722-2-4">978-602-14722-2-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Wardhana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201937_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedia_Keuangan2019">Media Keuangan 2019</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201942-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedia_Keuangan201942_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedia_Keuangan2019">Media Keuangan 2019</a>, pp. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCawley2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCawley, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00074918.2011.556061">"Widjojo Nitisastro and Indonesian development"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 87–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00074918.2011.556061">10.1080/00074918.2011.556061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-4918">0007-4918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Indonesian+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Widjojo+Nitisastro+and+Indonesian+development&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-103&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00074918.2011.556061&rft.issn=0007-4918&rft.aulast=McCawley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00074918.2011.556061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+Wardhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farid_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarid2015" class="citation web cs1">Farid, 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Finance_Ministers_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_finance_(Indonesia)" title="List of ministers of finance (Indonesia)">Finance Ministers of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Ministry of Finance</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/75px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/113px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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href="/wiki/Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Wibisono" title="Jusuf Wibisono">Jusuf Wibisono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo" title="Sumitro Djojohadikusumo">Sumitro Djojohadikusumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Eng_Die" title="Ong Eng Die">Ong Eng Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitro_Djojohadikusumo" title="Sumitro Djojohadikusumo">Sumitro Djojohadikusumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Wibisono" title="Jusuf Wibisono">Jusuf Wibisono</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutikno_Slamet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutikno Slamet (page does not exist)">Sutikno Slamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djoeanda_Kartawidjaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Djoeanda Kartawidjaja">Djoeanda Kartawidjaja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notohamiprodjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notohamiprodjo (page does not exist)">Notohamiprodjo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumarno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumarno (page does not exist)">Sumarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Seda" title="Frans Seda">Frans Seda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali Wardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_Prawiro" title="Radius Prawiro">Radius Prawiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Sumarlin" title="J. B. Sumarlin">J. B. Sumarlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27ie_Muhammad" title="Mar'ie Muhammad">Mar'ie Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuad_Bawazier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuad Bawazier (page does not exist)">Fuad Bawazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambang_Subianto" title="Bambang Subianto">Bambang Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bambang_Sudibyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bambang Sudibyo (page does not exist)">Bambang Sudibyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prijadi_Praptosuhardjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prijadi Praptosuhardjo (page does not exist)">Prijadi Praptosuhardjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Ramli" title="Rizal Ramli">Rizal Ramli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boediono" title="Boediono">Boediono</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jusuf_Anwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jusuf Anwar (page does not exist)">Jusuf Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Mulyani" title="Sri 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