CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"90832af6-c0e9-404c-b62f-daec4bc3864f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture","wgTitle":"Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture","wgCurRevisionId":1262693138,"wgRevisionId":1262693138,"wgArticleId":61503585,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from November 2012","Use dmy dates from September 2021","Articles with excerpts","Climate change and agriculture","Greenhouse gas emissions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture", "wgRelevantArticleId":61503585,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q111461869","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/1200px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1123"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/800px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="749"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/640px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="599"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture rootpage-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Global_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Global estimates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_estimates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global estimates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Older_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Older estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions_by_type_of_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emissions by type of activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emissions by type of activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_use_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Land use changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilizer_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fertilizer production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crop_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Crop growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rice_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Rice production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_greenhouse_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions_by_type_of_greenhouse_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emissions by type of greenhouse gas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_greenhouse_gas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emissions by type of greenhouse gas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emissions_by_type_of_greenhouse_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carbon dioxide emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Methane emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrous_oxide_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrous_oxide_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nitrous oxide emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrous_oxide_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reducing emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من الزراعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من الزراعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="কৃষি থেকে গ্রিনহাউস গ্যাস নির্গমন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষি থেকে গ্রিনহাউস গ্যাস নির্গমন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emise_sklen%C3%ADkov%C3%BDch_plyn%C5%AF_ze_zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blstv%C3%AD" title="Emise skleníkových plynů ze zemědělství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emise skleníkových plynů ze zemědělství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emisiones_de_gases_de_efecto_invernadero_procedentes_de_la_agricultura" title="Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la agricultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la agricultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="نشر گازهای گلخانه‌ای در کشاورزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشر گازهای گلخانه‌ای در کشاورزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibyuka_bihumanya_ikirere_biva_mu_buhinzi" title="Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Емисии на стакленички гасови од земјоделството – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емисии на стакленички гасови од земјоделството" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B4%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хөдөө аж ахуйгаас ялгарах хүлэмжийн хий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөдөө аж ахуйгаас ялгарах хүлэмжийн хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AF_%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="د کرنې له امله د ګلخانه‌يي ګازونو خپرېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کرنې له امله د ګلخانه‌يي ګازونو خپرېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_ntshiwa_ga_digase_tse_di_bakang_go_gotela_ga_lefatshe_go_tswa_mo_temothuong" title="Go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe go tswa mo temothuong – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Go ntshiwa ga digase tse di bakang go gotela ga lefatshe go tswa mo temothuong" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دەردانی گازی گەرمخانەیی لە وەرزێری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەردانی گازی گەرمخانەیی لە وەرزێری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%BA%AB%E5%AE%A4%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE" title="農業產生的溫室氣體排放 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="農業產生的溫室氣體排放" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111461869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&oldid=1262693138" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&id=1262693138&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGreenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111461869" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/220px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/330px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png/440px-Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>One quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions result from food and agriculture (data from 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The amount of <b>greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture</b> is significant: The agriculture, forestry and land use sectors contribute between 13% and 21% of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions come from <i>direct</i> greenhouse gas emissions (for example from <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> farming).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And from <i>indirect</i> emissions. With regards to direct emissions, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> makeup over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirect emissions on the other hand come from the conversion of non-agricultural land such as <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> into agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is also <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> consumption for transport and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> production. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">manufacture</a> and use of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">nitrogen fertilizer</a> contributes around 5% of all global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Livestock farming</a> is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">livestock farming is affected by climate change</a>. </p><p>Farm animals' digestive systems can be put into two categories: <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a>. Ruminant cattle for beef and dairy rank high in greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison, monogastric, or pigs and poultry-related foods, are lower. The consumption of the monogastric types may yield less emissions. Monogastric animals have a higher feed-conversion efficiency and also do not produce as much methane.<sup id="cite_ref-strategies_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strategies-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit far fewer greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (this is one of the goals of <a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">climate-smart agriculture</a>). Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in <a href="/wiki/Supply_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply chains">supply chains</a>. On the demand side, limiting <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-based diets">plant-based diets</a> are also effective.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP-2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: XXV">: XXV </span></sup> This could include <a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">milk substitutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">meat alternatives</a>. Several methods are also under investigation to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock farming. These include genetic selection,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduction of <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophic bacteria</a> into the rumen,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vaccines, feeds,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diet modification and grazing management.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_estimates">Global estimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/220px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/330px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg/440px-World_Farm-gate_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_By_Activity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>World farm-gate greenhouse gas emissions by activity</figcaption></figure><p>Total emissions from agrifood systems in 2022 amounted to 16.2 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> equivalent (Gt CO2eq) of GHG released into the atmosphere, an increase of 10%, or 1.5 Gt CO2eq compared with 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, it was estimated that the <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> as a whole contributed 37% of total greenhouse gas emissions and that this figure was on course to increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and dietary change.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2010 and 2019, agriculture, forestry and land use contributed between 13% and 21% to global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> make up over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_estimates">Older estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Older estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a> were estimated to contribute 20–25% of global annual emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 383">: 383 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emissions_by_type_of_activity">Emissions by type of activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emissions by type of activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use_changes">Land use changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land use changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg/330px-2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg/495px-2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg/660px-2019_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_region_-_variwide_bar_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG3_-_Fig_SPM.2c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption> Substantial land-use change contributions to emissions have been made by Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Pacific Islands. The area of rectangles shows the region's total emissions in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCCwg3Fig2c_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCCwg3Fig2c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas increases through land use in four main ways: </p><ul><li>CO<sub>2</sub> releases linked to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a></li> <li>Methane releases from <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice cultivation</a></li> <li>Methane releases from <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a> in cattle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> releases from <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> application</li></ul> <p>Together, these agricultural processes comprise 54% of <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>, roughly 80% of nitrous oxide emissions, and virtually all carbon dioxide emissions tied to land use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Land_cover" title="Land cover">Land cover</a> has changed majorly since 1750, as humans have <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforested</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate region">temperate regions</a>. When forests and woodlands are cleared to make room for fields and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of the affected area increases, which can result in either warming or cooling effects depending on local conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deforestation also affects regional <a href="/wiki/RuBisCO" title="RuBisCO">carbon reuptake</a>, which can result in increased concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, the dominant greenhouse gas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land-clearing methods such as <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> compound these effects, as the burning of <a href="/wiki/Biomatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomatter">biomatter</a> directly releases greenhouse gases and particulate matter such as <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> into the air. Land clearing can destroy the <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon_sponge" title="Soil carbon sponge">soil carbon sponge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock">Livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impacts of animal agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg/220px-Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg/330px-Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg/440px-Livestock_near_Walnut_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3240836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Livestock farms where methane is emitted from the cattle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/220px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/330px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg/440px-World_Emissions_Intensity_Of_Agricultural_Commodities_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Meat from cattle and sheep have the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/310px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/465px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/620px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> for different foods</figcaption></figure> <p>Livestock produces the majority of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and demands around 30% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> needs, while only supplying 18% of the global <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> intake. Animal-derived food plays a larger role in meeting human <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> needs, yet is still a minority of supply at 39%, with crops providing the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 746–747">: 746–747 </span></sup> </p><p>Out of the <a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>, only SSP1 offers any realistic possibility of meeting the 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) target.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with measures like a massive deployment of <a href="/wiki/Green_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Green technology">green technology</a>, this pathway assumes animal-derived food will play a lower role in global diets relative to now.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there have been calls for phasing out <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> currently offered to livestock farmers in many places worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-SEI_JT_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEI_JT-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> transition plans now involve limits on total livestock headcounts, including substantial reductions of existing stocks in some countries with extensive animal agriculture sectors like Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-TG2021Ireland_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG2021Ireland-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, an outright end to human consumption of meat and/or animal products is not currently considered a realistic goal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, any comprehensive plan of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>, particularly the present and future <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">effects of climate change on agriculture</a>, must also consider livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livestock activities also contribute disproportionately to land-use effects, since crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> are cultivated to feed the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a> accounted for 43% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from all agricultural activity in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat from ruminants has a higher carbon equivalent footprint than other meats or vegetarian sources of protein based on a global meta-analysis of lifecycle assessment studies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small ruminants such as sheep and goats contribute approximately 475 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent to GHG emissions, which constitutes around 6.5% of world agriculture sector emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane production by animals, principally ruminants, makes up an estimated 15-20% of global production of methane.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture or 30% of the land surface of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-lls_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lls-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> is responsible for one-third of the global anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">GHG emissions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which meat accounts for nearly 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-snmeat_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snmeat-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cows, sheep and other <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> digest their food by <a href="/wiki/Enteric_fermentation" title="Enteric fermentation">enteric fermentation</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">burps</a> are the main <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> from <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">land use, land-use change, and forestry</a>: together with methane and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report-2022_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report-2022-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> in 2022 stated that: "Diets high in plant protein and low in meat and dairy are associated with lower GHG emissions. [...] Where appropriate, a shift to <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">diets with a higher share of plant protein</a>, moderate intake of animal-source foods and reduced intake of <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a> could lead to substantial decreases in GHG emissions. Benefits would also include reduced land occupation and nutrient losses to the surrounding environment, while at the same time providing health benefits and reducing mortality from diet-related non-communicable diseases."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> </p> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Food Types </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em">Greenhouse Gas Emissions<br />(g CO<small>2</small>-C<small>eq</small> per g protein) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminant Meat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:20em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">62</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating Aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">30</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling Fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">26</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Non-recirculating Aquaculture</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">12</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">9.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Non-trawling Fishery</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">8.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">Eggs</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">6.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_root_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="List of root vegetables">Starchy Roots</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.7</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">1.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">Legumes</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 20em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 20em;"><span class="nowrap">0.25</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><p>According to a 2022 study quickly stopping animal agriculture would provide half the GHG emission reduction needed to meet the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> goal of limiting global warming to 2 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisen-2022_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisen-2022-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are calls to phase out livestock subsidies as part of a <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of global GHG emissions, food production within the global food system accounts for approximately 26%. Breaking it down, livestock and fisheries contribute 31%, whereas crop production, land use, and supply chains add 27%, 24%, and 18% respectively to the emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 study found that a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> diet reduced emissions by 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington-2023_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-2023-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in New Zealand estimated that switching agricultural production towards a healthier diet while reducing greenhouse gas emissions would cost approximately 1% of the agricultural sector's export revenue for New Zealand, which is an order of magnitude less than the estimated health system savings from a healthier diet.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research continues on the use of various seaweed species, in particular <a href="/wiki/Asparagopsis_armata" title="Asparagopsis armata">Asparegopsis armata</a>, as a food additive that helps reduce methane production in ruminants.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer_production">Fertilizer production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fertilizer production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Contribution_to_climate_change" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer § Contribution to climate change</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> produced during the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">manufacture</a> and use of nitrogen fertilizer is estimated as around 5% of <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions">anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions</a>. One third is produced during the production and two thirds during the use of fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide#Soil" title="Nitrous oxide">soil bacteria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrous oxide emissions by humans, most of which are from fertilizer, between 2007 and 2016 have been estimated at 7 million tonnes per year,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is incompatible with limiting global warming to below 2 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_growth">Crop growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crop growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is re-emitted into the atmosphere by plant and soil respiration in the later stages of crop growth, causing more greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rice_production">Rice production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rice production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_Rice_Emissions18_(5687953086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/220px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/330px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/440px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Research work by the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">International Center for Tropical Agriculture</a> to measure the greenhouse gas emissions of rice production.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rice#Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production" title="Rice">Rice § Greenhouse gases from rice production</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=edit#Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from rice cultivation were estimated at 5.7 billion tonnes CO2eq, representing 1.2% of total emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the agriculture sector, rice produces almost half the greenhouse gas emissions from <a href="/wiki/Croplands" class="mw-redirect" title="Croplands">croplands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 30% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>, and 11% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> is released from rice fields subject to long-term flooding, as this inhibits the soil from absorbing atmospheric oxygen, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic fermentation">anaerobic fermentation</a> of organic matter in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_heinz_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_heinz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions can be limited by planting new varieties, not flooding continuously, and removing straw.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> It is possible to cut methane emissions in rice cultivation by improved water management, combining dry seeding and one drawdown, or executing <a href="/wiki/Alternate_wetting_and_drying" title="Alternate wetting and drying">a sequence of wetting and drying</a>. This results in emission reductions of up to 90% compared to full flooding and even increased yields.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emissions_by_type_of_greenhouse_gas">Emissions by type of greenhouse gas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emissions by type of greenhouse gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agricultural activities emit the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide_emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activities such as <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilling</a> of fields, planting of crops, and shipment of products cause carbon dioxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture-related emissions of carbon dioxide account for around 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farm practices such as reducing tillage, decreasing empty land, returning <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> residue of crops to the soil, and increasing the use of cover crops can reduce carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methane_emissions">Methane emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methane emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-emissions-agriculture_(OWID_0666).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/220px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/330px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png/440px-Methane-emissions-agriculture_%28OWID_0666%29.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Methane emissions from agriculture, 2019. Methane (CHa) emissions are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalents<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/220px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/330px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png/440px-The_Global_Methane_Budget_2008%E2%80%932017.png 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Global methane budget.</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> from livestock are the number one contributor to agricultural greenhouse gases globally. Livestock are responsible for 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. One cow alone will emit 220 pounds of methane per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence time</a> of methane is much shorter than that of carbon dioxide, it is 28 times more capable of trapping heat.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only do livestock contribute to harmful emissions, but they also require a lot of land and may <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgraze</a>, which leads to unhealthy soil quality and reduced species diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few ways to reduce methane emissions include switching to plant-rich diets with less meat, feeding the cattle more nutritious food, <a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">manure management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice cultivation</a> is the second biggest agricultural methane source after <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, with a near-term warming impact equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and aviation">carbon dioxide emissions from all aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government involvement in agricultural policy is limited due to the high demand for agricultural products like corn, wheat, and milk.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) global hunger and food security initiative, the Feed the Future project, is addressing food loss and waste. By addressing food loss and waste, greenhouse gas emission mitigation is also addressed. By only focusing on dairy systems of 20 value chains in 12 countries, food loss and waste could be reduced by 4-10%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers are impactful and would mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while still feeding the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrous_oxide_emissions">Nitrous oxide emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nitrous oxide emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png/220px-Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png/330px-Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png/440px-Global_Nitrous_Oxide_Budget_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Global nitrous oxide budget.</figcaption></figure><p>Nitrous oxide emission comes from the increased use of synthetic and organic fertilizers. <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a> increase crop yield production and allow the crops to grow at a faster rate. Agricultural emissions of nitrous oxide make up 6% of the United States' greenhouse gas emissions; they have increased in concentration by 30% since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 6% may appear to be a small contribution, nitrous oxide is 300 times more effective at trapping heat per pound than carbon dioxide and has a residence time of around 120 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different management practices such as conserving water through <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, monitoring soil nutrients to avoid overfertilization, and using <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a> in place of fertilizer application may help in reducing nitrous oxide emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reducing_emissions">Reducing emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reducing emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></div> <p>Agriculture is often not included in government emissions reduction plans.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the agricultural sector is exempt from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emission Trading Scheme">EU emissions trading scheme</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which covers around 40% of the EU greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Agriculture,_forestry_and_land_use" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation § Agriculture, forestry and land use</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_mitigation&action=edit#Agriculture,_forestry_and_land_use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Almost 20% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the agriculture and forestry sector.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To significantly reduce these emissions, annual investments in the agriculture sector need to increase to $260 billion by 2030. The potential benefits from these investments are estimated at about $4.3 trillion by 2030, offering a substantial economic return of 16-to-1.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p><p>Mitigation measures in the food system can be divided into four categories. These are demand-side changes, ecosystem protections, mitigation on farms, and mitigation in <a href="/wiki/Supply_chains" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply chains">supply chains</a>. On the demand side, limiting <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> is an effective way to reduce food emissions. Changes to a diet less reliant on animal products such as <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-based diets">plant-based diets</a> are also effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: XXV">: XXV </span></sup> </p><p>With 21% of global methane emissions, cattle are a major driver of global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_mitigation_Olivier-2020_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_Olivier-2020-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> When rainforests are cut and the land is converted for grazing, the impact is even higher. In Brazil, producing 1 kg of beef can result in the emission of up to 335 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other livestock, manure management and rice cultivation also emit greenhouse gases, in addition to fossil fuel combustion in agriculture. </p><p>Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock include genetic selection,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduction of <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophic bacteria</a> into the rumen,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vaccines, feeds,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diet modification and grazing management.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other options are diet changes towards <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a>-free alternatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_substitute" title="Milk substitute">milk substitutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat analogue">meat analogues</a>. Non-ruminant livestock, such as poultry, emit far fewer GHGs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> It is possible to cut methane emissions in rice cultivation by improved water management, combining dry seeding and one drawdown, or executing a <a href="/wiki/Alternate_wetting_and_drying" title="Alternate wetting and drying">sequence of wetting and drying</a>. This results in emission reductions of up to 90% compared to full flooding and even increased yields.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/30px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/44px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/59px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues with agriculture">Environmental issues with agriculture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions">"Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Food+production+is+responsible+for+one-quarter+of+the+world%27s+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Ffood-ghg-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabuursMrabetAbu_HatabBustamante" class="citation book cs1">Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf">"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change</i>. p. 750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157926.009">10.1017/9781009157926.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Agriculture%2C+Forestry+and+Other+Land+Uses+%28AFOLU%29&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2022%3A+Mitigation+of+Climate+Change&rft.pages=750&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009157926.009&rft.aulast=Nabuurs&rft.aufirst=G-J.&rft.au=Mrabet%2C+R.&rft.au=Abu+Hatab%2C+A.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg3%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGIII_Chapter07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfeldGerberWassenaarCastel2006" class="citation book cs1">Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, de Haan C (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf"><i>Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105571-7"><bdi>978-92-5-105571-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livestock%27s+long+shadow%3A+environmental+issues+and+options&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+UN&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-5-105571-7&rft.aulast=Steinfeld&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Gerber%2C+P&rft.au=Wassenaar%2C+T&rft.au=Castel%2C+V&rft.au=Rosales%2C+M&rft.au=de+Haan%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualcentre.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fkey_pub%2Flongshad%2FA0701E00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2020-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2020_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2020_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2020" class="citation report cs1">FAO (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/cb3808en/cb3808en.pdf">Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2709-0078">2709-0078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Emissions+due+to+agriculture.+Global%2C+regional+and+country+trends+2000%E2%80%932018.&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=FAOSTAT+Analytical+Brief+Series&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2709-0078&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fcb3808en%2Fcb3808en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHLPE2012" class="citation book cs1">HLPE (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141212075812/http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/"><i>Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security</i></a>. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/reports/hlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process/en/">the original</a> on 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+security+and+climate+change.+A+report+by+the+High+Level+Panel+of+Experts+%28HLPE%29+on+Food+Security+and+Nutrition+of+the+Committee+on+World+Food+Security&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2012-06&rft.au=HLPE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fcfs%2Fcfs-hlpe%2Freports%2Fhlpe-food-security-and-climate-change-report-elaboration-process%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkodieNtiamoahLi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkodie, Samuel A.; Ntiamoah, Evans B.; Li, Dongmei (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1477-8947.12183">"Panel heterogeneous distribution analysis of trade and modernized agriculture on CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions: The role of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption"</a>. <i>Natural Resources Forum</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1477-8947.12183">10.1111/1477-8947.12183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-8947">1477-8947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Forum&rft.atitle=Panel+heterogeneous+distribution+analysis+of+trade+and+modernized+agriculture+on+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+emissions%3A+The+role+of+renewable+and+fossil+fuel+energy+consumption&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1477-8947.12183&rft.issn=1477-8947&rft.aulast=Sarkodie&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft.au=Ntiamoah%2C+Evans+B.&rft.au=Li%2C+Dongmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1477-8947.12183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm">"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Carbon+emissions+from+fertilizers+could+be+reduced+by+as+much+as+80%25+by+2050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2023%2F02%2F230209114736.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/factsheet/how-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218">"How livestock farming affects the environment"</a>. <i>www.downtoearth.org.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.downtoearth.org.in&rft.atitle=How+livestock+farming+affects+the+environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth.org.in%2Ffactsheet%2Fhow-livestock-farming-affects-the-environment-64218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strategies-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strategies_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrielDangourGarnettLock2009" class="citation journal cs1">Friel, Sharon; Dangour, Alan D.; Garnett, Tara; et al. (2009). "Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: food and agriculture". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>374</b> (9706): <span class="nowrap">2016–</span>2025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2961753-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61753-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19942280">19942280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6318195">6318195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Public+health+benefits+of+strategies+to+reduce+greenhouse-gas+emissions%3A+food+and+agriculture&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=9706&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2016-%3C%2Fspan%3E2025&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6318195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19942280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2961753-0&rft.aulast=Friel&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Dangour%2C+Alan+D.&rft.au=Garnett%2C+Tara&rft.au=Lock%2C+Karen&rft.au=Chalabi%2C+Zaid&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Ian&rft.au=Butler%2C+Ainslie&rft.au=Butler%2C+Colin+D.&rft.au=Waage%2C+Jeff&rft.au=McMichael%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Haines%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane">"The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=The+carbon+footprint+of+foods%3A+are+differences+explained+by+the+impacts+of+methane%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fcarbon-footprint-food-methane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP-2022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Environment Programme (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022">Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies</a>. Nairobi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics">"Bovine Genomics | Genome Canada"</a>. <i>www.genomecanada.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics">the original</a> on 10 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.genomecanada.ca&rft.atitle=Bovine+Genomics+%26%23124%3B+Genome+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomecanada.ca%2Fen%2Fprograms%2Flarge-scale-science%2Fpast-competitions%2Fstrategic-initiatives%2Fbovine-genomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirhart" class="citation magazine cs1">Airhart, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/">"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy"</a>. <i>Wired</i> – via www.wired.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Canada+Is+Using+Genetics+to+Make+Cows+Less+Gassy&rft.aulast=Airhart&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fcanada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document">"The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+use+of+direct-fed+microbials+for+mitigation+of+ruminant+methane+emissions%3A+a+review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01137190%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmarNirmal_KumarJoshi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach". <i>Frontiers in Life Science</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21553769.2015.1063550">10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89217740">89217740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Life+Science&rft.atitle=Exploring+diet-dependent+shifts+in+methanogen+and+methanotroph+diversity+in+the+rumen+of+Mehsani+buffalo+by+a+metagenomics+approach&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21553769.2015.1063550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89217740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parmar&rft.aufirst=N.R.&rft.au=Nirmal+Kumar%2C+J.I.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha">"Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kowbucha%2C+seaweed%2C+vaccines%3A+the+race+to+reduce+cows%27+methane+emissions&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F30%2Fcow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoadi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Boadi, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fa03-109">"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review"</a>. <i>Can. J. Anim. Sci</i>. <b>84</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fa03-109">10.4141/a03-109</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Mitigation+strategies+to+reduce+enteric+methane+emissions+from+dairy+cows%3A+Update+review&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4141%2Fa03-109&rft.aulast=Boadi&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4141%252Fa03-109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. <i>Animal</i> 4 : pp 351-365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review". <i>Livestock Science</i>. <b>130</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2010.02.010">10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livestock+Science&rft.atitle=Options+for+the+abatement+of+methane+and+nitrous+oxide+from+ruminant+production%3A+A+review&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2010.02.010&rft.aulast=Eckard&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2024" class="citation book cs1">FAO (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd2971en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2024</i></a>. FAO. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcd2971en">10.4060/cd2971en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-139255-3"><bdi>978-92-5-139255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2024&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcd2971en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-139255-3&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.14283%2Fcd2971en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies2020" class="citation book cs1">Science Advice for Policy by European Academies (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418105107/https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/sustainable-food-system-report.pdf"><i>A sustainable food system for the European Union</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin: SAPEA. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26356%2Fsustainablefood">10.26356/sustainablefood</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9820301-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9820301-7-3"><bdi>978-3-9820301-7-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapea.info/wp-content/uploads/sustainable-food-system-report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+sustainable+food+system+for+the+European+Union&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=SAPEA&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26356%2Fsustainablefood&rft.isbn=978-3-9820301-7-3&rft.au=Science+Advice+for+Policy+by+European+Academies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapea.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsustainable-food-system-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanco G., R. Gerlagh, S. Suh, J. Barrett, H.C. de Coninck, C.F. Diaz Morejon, R. Mathur, N. Nakicenovic, A. Ofosu Ahenkora, J. Pan, H. Pathak, J. Rice, R. Richels, S.J. Smith, D.I. Stern, F.L. Toth, and P. Zhou, 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter5.pdf">Chapter 5: Drivers, Trends and Mitigation</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/">Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCCwg3Fig2c-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPCCwg3Fig2c_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fig. SPM.2c from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorking_Group_III2022" class="citation book cs1">Working Group III (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf"><i>Climate Change 2022 / Mitigation of Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9169-160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9169-160-9"><bdi>978-92-9169-160-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722045040/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 July 2023 – via IPCC.ch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2022+%2F+Mitigation+of+Climate+Change+%2F+Summary+for+Policymakers&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.isbn=978-92-9169-160-9&rft.au=Working+Group+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg3%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span> GDP data is for 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission/076.htm">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios</a> retrieved 26 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter2.pdf">"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Far4-wg1-chapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-ts.pdf">IPCC Technical Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806115645/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-ts.pdf">Archived</a> 6 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 25 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter05.pdf">Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Phiddian2022" class="citation web cs1">Ellen Phiddian (5 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/">"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (magazine)">Cosmos</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+IPCC+Scenarios&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.au=Ellen+Phiddian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosmagazine.com%2Fearth%2Fclimate%2Fexplainer-ipcc-scenarios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth2023-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth2023_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothHaderDomercqSobek2023" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Sabrina K.; Hader, John D.; Domercq, Prado; Sobek, Anna; MacLeod, Matthew (22 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.164247">"Scenario-based modelling of changes in chemical intake fraction in Sweden and the Baltic Sea under global change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a></i>. <b>888</b>: <span class="nowrap">2329–</span>2340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.88864247R">2023ScTEn.88864247R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.164247">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164247</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37196966">37196966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258751271">258751271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Scenario-based+modelling+of+changes+in+chemical+intake+fraction+in+Sweden+and+the+Baltic+Sea+under+global+change&rft.volume=888&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2329-%3C%2Fspan%3E2340&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.164247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258751271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37196966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ScTEn.88864247R&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+K.&rft.au=Hader%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Domercq%2C+Prado&rft.au=Sobek%2C+Anna&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2023.164247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEI_JT-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEI_JT_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/just-transition-meat-sector.pdf">"just-transition-meat-sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=just-transition-meat-sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2Fjust-transition-meat-sector.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TG2021Ireland-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TG2021Ireland_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_O'Carroll2021" class="citation web cs1">Lisa O'Carroll (3 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/03/ireland-would-need-to-cull-up-to-13-million-cattle-to-reach-climate-targets">"Ireland would need to cull up to 1.3 million cattle to reach climate targets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ireland+would+need+to+cull+up+to+1.3+million+cattle+to+reach+climate+targets&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.au=Lisa+O%27Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fnov%2F03%2Fireland-would-need-to-cull-up-to-13-million-cattle-to-reach-climate-targets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenHallVansantBraber2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, Laura Vang; Hall, Charlotte; Vansant, Emilie C.; Braber, Bowie den; Olesen, Rasmus Skov (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.08.018">"Rethinking the approach of a global shift toward plant-based diets"</a>. <i>One Earth</i>. <b>4</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1201–</span>1204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021OEart...4.1201R">2021OEart...4.1201R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.08.018">10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239376124">239376124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Earth&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+approach+of+a+global+shift+toward+plant-based+diets&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1201-%3C%2Fspan%3E1204&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239376124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.08.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021OEart...4.1201R&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Laura+Vang&rft.au=Hall%2C+Charlotte&rft.au=Vansant%2C+Emilie+C.&rft.au=Braber%2C+Bowie+den&rft.au=Olesen%2C+Rasmus+Skov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.oneear.2021.08.018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton, Philip K. (27 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935116">"Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>365</b> (1554): <span class="nowrap">2853–</span>2867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0134">10.1098/rstb.2010.0134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935116">2935116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20713389">20713389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Livestock+production%3A+recent+trends%2C+future+prospects&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1554&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2853-%3C%2Fspan%3E2867&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2935116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20713389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2010.0134&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2935116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/11/Intensive-Livestock-Farming.html">"How to Reduce Environmental impact of Intensive livestock Farming"</a>. <i>Agriculture land usa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+land+usa&rft.atitle=How+to+Reduce+Environmental+impact+of+Intensive+livestock+Farming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculturelandusa.com%2F2023%2F11%2FIntensive-Livestock-Farming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0a.htm">"Livestock development strategies"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=Livestock+development+strategies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F4%2Fv8180t%2Fv8180t0a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm">"FAO STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2013 World Food and Agriculture"</a>. See data in Table 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippleSmithHaberlMontzka2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ripple WJ, Smith P, Haberl H, Montzka SA, McAlpine C, Boucher DH (20 December 2013). "Ruminants, climate change and climate policy". <i>Nature Climate Change</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4....2R">2014NatCC...4....2R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2081">10.1038/nclimate2081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Ruminants%2C+climate+change+and+climate+policy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnclimate2081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014NatCC...4....2R&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Pete&rft.au=Haberl%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Montzka%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=McAlpine%2C+Clive&rft.au=Boucher%2C+Douglas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiamouriZisisMitsiopoulouChristodoulou2023" class="citation journal cs1">Giamouri, Elisavet; Zisis, Foivos; Mitsiopoulou, Christina; Christodoulou, Christos; Pappas, Athanasios C.; Simitzis, Panagiotis E.; Kamilaris, Charalampos; Galliou, Fenia; Manios, Thrassyvoulos; Mavrommatis, Alexandros; Tsiplakou, Eleni (24 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15054118">"Sustainable Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Small Ruminants Farming"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 4118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15054118">10.3390/su15054118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Strategies+for+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Reduction+in+Small+Ruminants+Farming&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=4118&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu15054118&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Giamouri&rft.aufirst=Elisavet&rft.au=Zisis%2C+Foivos&rft.au=Mitsiopoulou%2C+Christina&rft.au=Christodoulou%2C+Christos&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Athanasios+C.&rft.au=Simitzis%2C+Panagiotis+E.&rft.au=Kamilaris%2C+Charalampos&rft.au=Galliou%2C+Fenia&rft.au=Manios%2C+Thrassyvoulos&rft.au=Mavrommatis%2C+Alexandros&rft.au=Tsiplakou%2C+Eleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu15054118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiceroneOremland1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cicerone RJ, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Oremland" title="Ronald Oremland">Oremland RS</a> (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3xq3t703">"Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane"</a>. <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i>. <b>2</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988GBioC...2..299C">1988GBioC...2..299C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGB002i004p00299">10.1029/GB002i004p00299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56396847">56396847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Biogeochemical+Cycles&rft.atitle=Biogeochemical+aspects+of+atmospheric+methane.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56396847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FGB002i004p00299&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988GBioC...2..299C&rft.aulast=Cicerone&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Oremland%2C+RS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3xq3t703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavitt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Yavitt JB (1992). "Methane, biogeochemical cycle". <i>Encyclopedia of Earth System Science</i>. <b>3</b>. London, England: Academic Press: <span class="nowrap">197–</span>207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+System+Science&rft.atitle=Methane%2C+biogeochemical+cycle.&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Yavitt&rft.aufirst=JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lls-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lls_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinfeldGerberWassenaarCastel2006" class="citation book cs1">Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar TD, Castel V, de Haan C (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625012113/http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.pdf"><i>Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Food & Agriculture Org. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789251055717" title="Special:BookSources/9789251055717"><bdi>9789251055717</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1B9LQQkm_qMC">the original</a> on 25 June 2008 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livestock%27s+Long+Shadow%3A+Environmental+Issues+and+Options&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9789251055717&rft.aulast=Steinfeld&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Wassenaar%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Castel%2C+Vincent&rft.au=de+Haan%2C+Cees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1B9LQQkm_qMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930033600/https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1379373/icode/">"FAO – News Article: Food systems account for more than one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>www.fao.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1379373/icode/">the original</a> on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAO+%E2%80%93+News+Article%3A+Food+systems+account+for+more+than+one-third+of+global+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fen%2Fitem%2F1379373%2Ficode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrippaSolazzoGuizzardiMonforti-Ferrario2021" class="citation journal cs1">Crippa, M.; Solazzo, E.; Guizzardi, D.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Tubiello, F. N.; Leip, A. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-021-00225-9">"Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions"</a>. <i>Nature Food</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-021-00225-9">10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-1355">2662-1355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37117443">37117443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Food+systems+are+responsible+for+a+third+of+global+anthropogenic+GHG+emissions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2021-03&rft.issn=2662-1355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37117443&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-021-00225-9&rft.aulast=Crippa&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Solazzo%2C+E.&rft.au=Guizzardi%2C+D.&rft.au=Monforti-Ferrario%2C+F.&rft.au=Tubiello%2C+F.+N.&rft.au=Leip%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43016-021-00225-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snmeat-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snmeat_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/food-emissions-data-diet-carbon-greenhouse-gas-climate-agriculture">"How much does eating meat affect nations' greenhouse gas emissions?"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=How+much+does+eating+meat+affect+nations%27+greenhouse+gas+emissions%3F&rft.date=2022-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Farticle%2Ffood-emissions-data-diet-carbon-greenhouse-gas-climate-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuSharmaShuLin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (September 2021). "Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods". <i>Nature Food</i>. <b>2</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">724–</span>732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-021-00358-x">10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F18207">2164/18207</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-1355">2662-1355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37117472">37117472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240562878">240562878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Food&rft.atitle=Global+greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+animal-based+foods+are+twice+those+of+plant-based+foods&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E724-%3C%2Fspan%3E732&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F18207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240562878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43016-021-00358-x&rft.issn=2662-1355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37117472&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Xiaoming&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Prateek&rft.au=Shu%2C+Shijie&rft.au=Lin%2C+Tzu-Shun&rft.au=Ciais%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Tubiello%2C+Francesco+N.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Pete&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Nelson&rft.au=Jain%2C+Atul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span> News article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/13/meat-greenhouses-gases-food-production-study">"Meat accounts for nearly 60% of all greenhouse gases from food production, study finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 13 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Meat+accounts+for+nearly+60%25+of+all+greenhouse+gases+from+food+production%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F13%2Fmeat-greenhouses-gases-food-production-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report-2022-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report-2022_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/">Mitigation of Climate Change: Full report</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>. 2022. 7.3.2.1 page 771.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mitigation+of+Climate+Change%3A+Full+report&rft.pages=7.3.2.1+page+771&rft.pub=IPCC+Sixth+Assessment+Report&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Fsixth-assessment-report-working-group-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-3/">Mitigation of Climate Change: Technical Summary</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>. 2022. TS.5.6.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Mitigation+of+Climate+Change%3A+Technical+Summary&rft.pages=TS.5.6.2&rft.pub=IPCC+Sixth+Assessment+Report&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Fsixth-assessment-report-working-group-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_ClarkTilman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health". <i>Nature</i>. <b>515</b> (7528): <span class="nowrap">518–</span>522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.515..518T">2014Natur.515..518T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13959">10.1038/nature13959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25383533">25383533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4453972">4453972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Global+diets+link+environmental+sustainability+and+human+health&rft.volume=515&rft.issue=7528&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E518-%3C%2Fspan%3E522&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4453972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.515..518T&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature13959&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25383533&rft.au=Michael+Clark&rft.au=Tilman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisen-2022-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eisen-2022_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenBrown2022" class="citation journal cs1">Eisen, Michael B.; Brown, Patrick O. (1 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pclm.0000010">"Rapid global phaseout of animal agriculture has the potential to stabilize greenhouse gas levels for 30 years and offset 68 percent of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions this century"</a>. <i>PLOS Climate</i>. <b>1</b> (2): e0000010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pclm.0000010">10.1371/journal.pclm.0000010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2767-3200">2767-3200</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246499803">246499803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Climate&rft.atitle=Rapid+global+phaseout+of+animal+agriculture+has+the+potential+to+stabilize+greenhouse+gas+levels+for+30+years+and+offset+68+percent+of+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+emissions+this+century&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0000010&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246499803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2767-3200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pclm.0000010&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Patrick+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1371%252Fjournal.pclm.0000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/just-transition-meat-sector.pdf">"just-transition-meat-sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=just-transition-meat-sector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2Fjust-transition-meat-sector.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoser2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Ritchie, Hannah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Roser, Max</a> (18 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/food-ghg-emissions">"Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the world's greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Food+production+is+responsible+for+one-quarter+of+the+world%27s+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Ffood-ghg-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington-2023-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrington-2023_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2023" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (20 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/20/vegan-diet-cuts-environmental-damage-climate-heating-emissions-study">"Vegan diet massively cuts environmental damage, study shows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vegan+diet+massively+cuts+environmental+damage%2C+study+shows&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fjul%2F20%2Fvegan-diet-cuts-environmental-damage-climate-heating-emissions-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellHerzigvan_der_WeerdenCleghorn2024" class="citation journal cs1">McDowell, Richard W.; Herzig, Alexander; van der Weerden, Tony J.; Cleghorn, Christine; Kaye-Blake, William (26 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459733">"Growing for good: producing a healthy, low greenhouse gas and water quality footprint diet in Aotearoa, New Zealand"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JRSNZ..54..325M">2024JRSNZ..54..325M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.2022.2137532">10.1080/03036758.2022.2137532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0303-6758">0303-6758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459733">11459733</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39439877">39439877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Growing+for+good%3A+producing+a+healthy%2C+low+greenhouse+gas+and+water+quality+footprint+diet+in+Aotearoa%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2024-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11459733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024JRSNZ..54..325M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39439877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.2022.2137532&rft.issn=0303-6758&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Herzig%2C+Alexander&rft.au=van+der+Weerden%2C+Tony+J.&rft.au=Cleghorn%2C+Christine&rft.au=Kaye-Blake%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11459733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2022" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Lesley (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/from-designing-clothes-to-refashioning-cow-burps-sam-s-40-million-career-switch-20220719-p5b2pn.html">"From designing clothes to refashioning cow burps: Sam's $40 million career switch"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=From+designing+clothes+to+refashioning+cow+burps%3A+Sam%27s+%2440+million+career+switch&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Ffrom-designing-clothes-to-refashioning-cow-burps-sam-s-40-million-career-switch-20220719-p5b2pn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm">"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. University of Cambridge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Carbon+emissions+from+fertilizers+could+be+reduced+by+as+much+as+80%25+by+2050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2023%2F02%2F230209114736.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/synthetic-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate-makes-climate-change-worse">"How Fertilizer Is Making Climate Change Worse"</a>. <i>BloombergQuint</i>. 10 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BloombergQuint&rft.atitle=How+Fertilizer+Is+Making+Climate+Change+Worse&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fonweb%2Fsynthetic-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate-makes-climate-change-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianXuCanadellThompson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Hanqin; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013034950/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2780-0">"A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>586</b> (7828): <span class="nowrap">248–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.586..248T">2020Natur.586..248T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2780-0">10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Fc74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9">1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33028999">33028999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222217027">222217027</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2780-0">the original</a> on 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+quantification+of+global+nitrous+oxide+sources+and+sinks&rft.volume=586&rft.issue=7828&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2Fc74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222217027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.586..248T&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2780-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33028999&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Hanqin&rft.au=Xu%2C+Rongting&rft.au=Canadell%2C+Josep+G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Rona+L.&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+Wilfried&rft.au=Suntharalingam%2C+Parvadha&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Ciais%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Janssens-Maenhout%2C+Greet&rft.au=Prather%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-2780-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/166534/">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nitrogen-fertiliser-use-could-threaten-global-climate-goals">"Nitrogen fertiliser use could 'threaten global climate goals'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Carbon Brief</i>. 7 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+fertiliser+use+could+%27threaten+global+climate+goals%27&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fnitrogen-fertiliser-use-could-threaten-global-climate-goals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaShahShahzadJain2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sharma, Gagan Deep; Shah, Muhammad Ibrahim; Shahzad, Umer; Jain, Mansi; Chopra, Ritika (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721013785">"Exploring the nexus between agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions in BIMSTEC region: The role of renewable energy and human capital as moderators"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i>. <b>297</b>: 113316. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JEnvM.29713316S">2021JEnvM.29713316S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2021.113316">10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4797">0301-4797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34293673">34293673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+nexus+between+agriculture+and+greenhouse+gas+emissions+in+BIMSTEC+region%3A+The+role+of+renewable+energy+and+human+capital+as+moderators&rft.volume=297&rft.pages=113316&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2021.113316&rft.issn=0301-4797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34293673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JEnvM.29713316S&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Gagan+Deep&rft.au=Shah%2C+Muhammad+Ibrahim&rft.au=Shahzad%2C+Umer&rft.au=Jain%2C+Mansi&rft.au=Chopra%2C+Ritika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0301479721013785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatetrace.org/sectors">"Sectors: Rice cultivation"</a>. <i>climatetrace.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatetrace.org&rft.atitle=Sectors%3A+Rice+cultivation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatetrace.org%2Fsectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianZhuHuangLinquist2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Haoyu; Zhu, Xiangchen; Huang, Shan; Linquist, Bruce; Kuzyakov, Yakov; et al. (October 2023). "Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation in rice agriculture". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Earth_%26_Environment" title="Nature Reviews Earth & Environment">Nature Reviews Earth & Environment</a></i>. <b>4</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">716–</span>732. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NRvEE...4..716Q">2023NRvEE...4..716Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1">10.1038/s43017-023-00482-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327%2F2431">20.500.12327/2431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263197017">263197017</a>. <q>Rice paddies …. account for ≈48% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+and+mitigation+in+rice+agriculture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E716-%3C%2Fspan%3E732&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12327%2F2431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263197017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NRvEE...4..716Q&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Haoyu&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiangchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shan&rft.au=Linquist%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Kuzyakov%2C+Yakov&rft.au=Wassmann%2C+Reiner&rft.au=Minamikawa%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Martinez-Eixarch%2C+Maite&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xiaoyuan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Feng&rft.au=Sander%2C+Bjoern+Ole&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Shang%2C+Ziyin&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jianwen&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Xunhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaKumarBaruahHazarika2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Khushboo; Kumar, Raushan; Baruah, Kushal Kumar; Hazarika, Samarendra; Karmakar, Susmita; Bordoloi, Nirmali (June 2021). "Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: a review from Indian context". <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research International</i>. <b>28</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">30551–</span>30572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESPR...2830551G">2021ESPR...2830551G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-13935-1">10.1007/s11356-021-13935-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905059">33905059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233403787">233403787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emission+from+rice+fields%3A+a+review+from+Indian+context&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30551-%3C%2Fspan%3E30572&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-021-13935-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233403787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33905059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ESPR...2830551G&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Khushboo&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Raushan&rft.au=Baruah%2C+Kushal+Kumar&rft.au=Hazarika%2C+Samarendra&rft.au=Karmakar%2C+Susmita&rft.au=Bordoloi%2C+Nirmali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_heinz-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_heinz_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeue1993" class="citation journal cs1">Neue, Heinz-Ulrich (1993). "Methane Emission from Rice Fields". <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>. <b>43</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">466–</span>474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1311906">10.2307/1311906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1311906">1311906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Methane+Emission+from+Rice+Fields&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E466-%3C%2Fspan%3E474&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1311906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1311906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Neue&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianZhuHuangLinquist2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Haoyu; Zhu, Xiangchen; Huang, Shan; Linquist, Bruce; Kuzyakov, Yakov; et al. (October 2023). "Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation in rice agriculture". <i>Nature Reviews Earth & Environment</i>. <b>4</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">716–</span>732. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NRvEE...4..716Q">2023NRvEE...4..716Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1">10.1038/s43017-023-00482-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327%2F2431">20.500.12327/2431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263197017">263197017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+and+mitigation+in+rice+agriculture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E716-%3C%2Fspan%3E732&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12327%2F2431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263197017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NRvEE...4..716Q&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Haoyu&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiangchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shan&rft.au=Linquist%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Kuzyakov%2C+Yakov&rft.au=Wassmann%2C+Reiner&rft.au=Minamikawa%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Martinez-Eixarch%2C+Maite&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xiaoyuan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Feng&rft.au=Sander%2C+Bjoern+Ole&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Shang%2C+Ziyin&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jianwen&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Xunhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearchingerAdhya2014" class="citation web cs1">Searchinger, Tim; Adhya, Tapan K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/research/wetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production">"Wetting and Drying: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Saving Water from Rice Production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wetting+and+Drying%3A+Reducing+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+and+Saving+Water+from+Rice+Production&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Searchinger&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Adhya%2C+Tapan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Fresearch%2Fwetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKirkJonesWilliams2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Laurence G.; Kirk, Guy J. D.; Jones, Philip J.; Williams, Adrian G. (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6805889">"The greenhouse gas impacts of converting food production in England and Wales to organic methods"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 4641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.4641S">2019NatCo..10.4641S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12622-7">10.1038/s41467-019-12622-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6805889">6805889</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31641128">31641128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+greenhouse+gas+impacts+of+converting+food+production+in+England+and+Wales+to+organic+methods&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4641&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6805889%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.4641S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31641128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12622-7&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Laurence+G.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Guy+J.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Adrian+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6805889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/iowa-chapter/Ag-CAFOs/AgAndGHG.pdf">"Agricultural Practices Producing and Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agricultural+Practices+Producing+and+Reducing+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Fsites%2Fwww.sierraclub.org%2Ffiles%2Fsce%2Fiowa-chapter%2FAg-CAFOs%2FAgAndGHG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2023" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OAR (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions">"Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions"</a>. <i>www.epa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.epa.gov&rft.atitle=Sources+of+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fghgemissions%2Fsources-greenhouse-gas-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood" class="citation web cs1">Food, Ministry of Agriculture and. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agriculture-seafood/agricultural-land-and-environment/climate-action/reducing-agricultural-ghgs">"Reducing agricultural greenhouse gases - Province of British Columbia"</a>. <i>www2.gov.bc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Reducing+agricultural+greenhouse+gases+-+Province+of+British+Columbia&rft.aulast=Food&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Agriculture+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Findustry%2Fagriculture-seafood%2Fagricultural-land-and-environment%2Fclimate-action%2Freducing-agricultural-ghgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoserRosado2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions">"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=CO%E2%82%82+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft.au=Rosado%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fco2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinton2019" class="citation web cs1">Quinton, Amy (27 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/food/news/making-cattle-more-sustainable">"Cows and climate change"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cows+and+climate+change&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=Quinton&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucdavis.edu%2Ffood%2Fnews%2Fmaking-cattle-more-sustainable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/curbing-methane-emissions-how-five-industries-can-counter-a-major-climate-threat-">"Curbing methane emissions: How five industries can counter a major climate threat | McKinsey"</a>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mckinsey.com&rft.atitle=Curbing+methane+emissions%3A+How+five+industries+can+counter+a+major+climate+threat+%7C+McKinsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Fbusiness-functions%2Fsustainability%2Four-insights%2Fcurbing-methane-emissions-how-five-industries-can-counter-a-major-climate-threat-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2020" class="citation news cs1">Reed, John (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/8ff2b454-9390-11ea-899a-f62a20d54625">"Thai rice farmers step up to tackle carbon footprint"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+rice+farmers+step+up+to+tackle+carbon+footprint&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F8ff2b454-9390-11ea-899a-f62a20d54625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahyClarkReisinger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leahy, Sinead; Clark, Harry; Reisinger, Andy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsufs.2020.00069">"Challenges and Prospects for Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Pathways Consistent With the Paris Agreement"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</i>. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsufs.2020.00069">10.3389/fsufs.2020.00069</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2571-581X">2571-581X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Sustainable+Food+Systems&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Prospects+for+Agricultural+Greenhouse+Gas+Mitigation+Pathways+Consistent+With+the+Paris+Agreement&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsufs.2020.00069&rft.issn=2571-581X&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Sinead&rft.au=Clark%2C+Harry&rft.au=Reisinger%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffsufs.2020.00069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalfordPeñaSullivanNash2020" class="citation journal cs1">Galford, Gillian L.; Peña, Olivia; Sullivan, Amanda K.; Nash, Julie; Gurwick, Noel; Pirolli, Gillian; Richards, Meryl; White, Julianna; Wollenberg, Eva (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134318">"Agricultural development addresses food loss and waste while reducing greenhouse gas emissions"</a>. <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>699</b>: 134318. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.69934318G">2020ScTEn.69934318G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134318">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134318</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33736198">33736198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202879416">202879416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Agricultural+development+addresses+food+loss+and+waste+while+reducing+greenhouse+gas+emissions&rft.volume=699&rft.pages=134318&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202879416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33736198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ScTEn.69934318G&rft.aulast=Galford&rft.aufirst=Gillian+L.&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Amanda+K.&rft.au=Nash%2C+Julie&rft.au=Gurwick%2C+Noel&rft.au=Pirolli%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Richards%2C+Meryl&rft.au=White%2C+Julianna&rft.au=Wollenberg%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2019.134318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civileats.com/2019/09/19/the-greenhouse-gas-no-ones-talking-about-nitrous-oxide-on-farms-explained/">"The Greenhouse Gas No One's Talking About: Nitrous Oxide on Farms, Explained"</a>. <i>Civil Eats</i>. 19 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Eats&rft.atitle=The+Greenhouse+Gas+No+One%27s+Talking+About%3A+Nitrous+Oxide+on+Farms%2C+Explained&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivileats.com%2F2019%2F09%2F19%2Fthe-greenhouse-gas-no-ones-talking-about-nitrous-oxide-on-farms-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_California,_Division_of_Agriculture_and_Natural_Resources" class="citation web cs1">University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucanr.edu/sites/Nutrient_Management_Solutions/stateofscience/Nitrous_Oxide__In_focus">"Nitrous Oxide Emissions"</a>. <i>ucanr.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucanr.edu&rft.atitle=Nitrous+Oxide+Emissions&rft.au=University+of+California%2C+Division+of+Agriculture+and+Natural+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucanr.edu%2Fsites%2FNutrient_Management_Solutions%2Fstateofscience%2FNitrous_Oxide__In_focus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2014/12/livestock-climate-changes-forgotten-sector-global-public-opinion-meat-and-dairy-consumption">"Livestock – Climate Change's Forgotten Sector: Global Public Opinion on Meat and Dairy Consumption"</a>. <i>www.chathamhouse.org</i>. 3 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chathamhouse.org&rft.atitle=Livestock+%E2%80%93+Climate+Change%27s+Forgotten+Sector%3A+Global+Public+Opinion+on+Meat+and+Dairy+Consumption&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2014%2F12%2Flivestock-climate-changes-forgotten-sector-global-public-opinion-meat-and-dairy-consumption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbière2020" class="citation news cs1">Barbière, Cécile (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/news/europes-agricultural-sector-struggles-to-reduce-emissions/">"Europe's agricultural sector struggles to reduce emissions"</a>. <i>www.euractiv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+agricultural+sector+struggles+to+reduce+emissions&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Barbi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9cile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fclimate-environment%2Fnews%2Feuropes-agricultural-sector-struggles-to-reduce-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2016" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous (23 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_en">"EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)"</a>. <i>Climate Action - European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Action+-+European+Commission&rft.atitle=EU+Emissions+Trading+System+%28EU+ETS%29&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fclima%2Fpolicies%2Fets_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRoserRosado2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-sector">"CO<sub>2</sub> and Greenhouse Gas Emissions"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft.au=Rosado%2C+Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Femissions-by-sector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttonLotschPrasann2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, William R.; Lotsch, Alexander; Prasann, Ashesh (6 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/c68a6f57-d4fb-4176-9a85-e313dd34c4e2/content">"Recipe for a Livable Planet: Achieving Net Zero Emissions in the Agrifood System"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Recipe+for+a+Livable+Planet%3A+Achieving+Net+Zero+Emissions+in+the+Agrifood+System&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Lotsch%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Prasann%2C+Ashesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fc68a6f57-d4fb-4176-9a85-e313dd34c4e2%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Environment Programme (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022">Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window — Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies</a>. Nairobi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_Olivier-2020-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_mitigation_Olivier-2020_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivier J.G.J. and Peters J.A.H.W. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-trends-in-global-co2-and_total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2020-report_4331.pdf">Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbl.nl/en">PBL Netherlands</a> Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidingerStehfest2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidinger, Kurt; Stehfest, Elke (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609213753/https://foodethics.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/Schmidinger__K._2012._Including_CO2_implications_of_land_occupation_in_LCAs-method_and_example_for_livestock_products._International_Journal_of_Life_Cycle_Assessment.pdf">"Including CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> implications of land occupation in LCAs – method and example for livestock products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Int J Life Cycle Assess</i>. <b>17</b> (8): 967. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJLCA..17..962S">2012IJLCA..17..962S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-012-0434-7">10.1007/s11367-012-0434-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73625760">73625760</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodethics.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ethik_wiss_dialog/Schmidinger__K._2012._Including_CO2_implications_of_land_occupation_in_LCAs-method_and_example_for_livestock_products._International_Journal_of_Life_Cycle_Assessment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Life+Cycle+Assess&rft.atitle=Including+CO%3Csub+style%3D%22font-size%3A+80%25%3Bvertical-align%3A+-0.35em%22%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+implications+of+land+occupation+in+LCAs+%E2%80%93+method+and+example+for+livestock+products&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=967&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73625760%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11367-012-0434-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IJLCA..17..962S&rft.aulast=Schmidinger&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Stehfest%2C+Elke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoodethics.univie.ac.at%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Finst_ethik_wiss_dialog%2FSchmidinger__K._2012._Including_CO2_implications_of_land_occupation_in_LCAs-method_and_example_for_livestock_products._International_Journal_of_Life_Cycle_Assessment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810023632/https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics">"Bovine Genomics | Genome Canada"</a>. <i>www.genomecanada.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genomecanada.ca/en/programs/large-scale-science/past-competitions/strategic-initiatives/bovine-genomics">the original</a> on 10 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.genomecanada.ca&rft.atitle=Bovine+Genomics+%26%23124%3B+Genome+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genomecanada.ca%2Fen%2Fprograms%2Flarge-scale-science%2Fpast-competitions%2Fstrategic-initiatives%2Fbovine-genomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirhart" class="citation magazine cs1">Airhart, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/canada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy/">"Canada Is Using Genetics to Make Cows Less Gassy"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Canada+Is+Using+Genetics+to+Make+Cows+Less+Gassy&rft.aulast=Airhart&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fcanada-is-using-genetics-to-make-cows-less-gassy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01137190/document">"The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+use+of+direct-fed+microbials+for+mitigation+of+ruminant+methane+emissions%3A+a+review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01137190%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmarNirmal_KumarJoshi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Parmar, N.R.; Nirmal Kumar, J.I.; Joshi, C.G. (2015). "Exploring diet-dependent shifts in methanogen and methanotroph diversity in the rumen of Mehsani buffalo by a metagenomics approach". <i>Frontiers in Life Science</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21553769.2015.1063550">10.1080/21553769.2015.1063550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89217740">89217740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Life+Science&rft.atitle=Exploring+diet-dependent+shifts+in+methanogen+and+methanotroph+diversity+in+the+rumen+of+Mehsani+buffalo+by+a+metagenomics+approach&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21553769.2015.1063550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89217740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parmar&rft.aufirst=N.R.&rft.au=Nirmal+Kumar%2C+J.I.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/30/cow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha">"Kowbucha, seaweed, vaccines: the race to reduce cows' methane emissions"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kowbucha%2C+seaweed%2C+vaccines%3A+the+race+to+reduce+cows%27+methane+emissions&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F30%2Fcow-methane-emissions-reduce-seaweed-kowbucha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoadi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Boadi, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fa03-109">"Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review"</a>. <i>Can. J. Anim. Sci</i>. <b>84</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4141%2Fa03-109">10.4141/a03-109</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can.+J.+Anim.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Mitigation+strategies+to+reduce+enteric+methane+emissions+from+dairy+cows%3A+Update+review&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4141%2Fa03-109&rft.aulast=Boadi&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4141%252Fa03-109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. <i>Animal</i> 4 : pp 351-365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eckard, R. J.; et al. (2010). "Options for the abatement of methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review". <i>Livestock Science</i>. <b>130</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2010.02.010">10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livestock+Science&rft.atitle=Options+for+the+abatement+of+methane+and+nitrous+oxide+from+ruminant+production%3A+A+review&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.livsci.2010.02.010&rft.aulast=Eckard&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/carbon-footprint-food-methane">"The carbon footprint of foods: are differences explained by the impacts of methane?"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=The+carbon+footprint+of+foods%3A+are+differences+explained+by+the+impacts+of+methane%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fcarbon-footprint-food-methane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearchingerAdhya2014" class="citation web cs1">Searchinger, Tim; Adhya, Tapan K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/research/wetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production">"Wetting and Drying: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Saving Water from Rice Production"</a>. WRI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wetting+and+Drying%3A+Reducing+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+and+Saving+Water+from+Rice+Production&rft.pub=WRI&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Searchinger&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Adhya%2C+Tapan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Fresearch%2Fwetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreenhouse+gas+emissions+from+agriculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/climatechange/en/">Climate change</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-1">Report on the relationship between climate change, agriculture and food security</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-2012-rice">Climate Change, Rice and Asian Agriculture: 12 Things to Know</a> Asian Development Bank</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change567" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multi-breadbasket failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory567" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" title="Rainfed agriculture">Rainfed agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_cultivation" title="Category:Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&oldid=1262693138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&oldid=1262693138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_and_agriculture" title="Category:Climate change and agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Category:Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2012" title="Category:Use British English from November 2012">Use British English from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 December 2024, at 18:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>12 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-dwvbn","wgBackendResponseTime":116,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.360","walltime":"1.552","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8757,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":302175,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2374,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":354048,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1344.009 1 -total"," 42.66% 573.346 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.00% 309.092 5 Template:Excerpt"," 16.55% 222.500 34 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.42% 180.320 31 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 123.172 1 Template:Climate_change"," 6.51% 87.498 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.12% 82.251 1 Template:Agriculture_footer"," 5.83% 78.352 1 Template:Navbox"," 4.23% 56.819 1 Template:Bar_chart"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.919","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9755462,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-pcvdv","timestamp":"20250219140532","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q111461869","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q111461869","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-08-13T06:59:19Z","dateModified":"2024-12-12T18:18:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Global_greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_food_production.png","headline":"greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture on the Earth"}</script> </body> </html>