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searchaux" style="display:none">Covert joint Soviet-German chemical weapons research facility, operational 1926-1933</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A,_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22,_Deutsches_Personal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1997-060-33A%2C_Gas%C3%BCbungsplatz_%22Tomka%22%2C_Deutsches_Personal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>German staff at Tomka chemical weapons facility, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tomka gas test site</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gas-Testgelände Tomka</i>) was a secret <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> testing facility near a place codenamed <b>Volsk-18</b> (<b>Wolsk</b>, in German literature), 20 km off <a href="/wiki/Volsk" title="Volsk">Volsk</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Shikhany" title="Shikhany">Shikhany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> created within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941#Treaty_of_Rapallo_1922_and_secret_military_cooperation" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">German-Soviet military cooperation</a> to circumvent the demilitarization provisions of the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. It was co-directed by <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Moiseevich Fishman</a> (начальник военно-химического управления Красной Армии), and German chemists Alexander von Grundherr and Ludwig von Sicherer.<sup id="cite_ref-sws_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sws-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operated (according to an agreement undersigned by fictitious joint stock companies) during 1926-1933.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1933 the area was used by the Red Army and expanded under the name "Volsk-18" or "<b>Schichany-2</b>" to Russia's most important center for the development of chemical warfare agents and protective measures against NBC weapons. </p><p>Another chemical site was established by the settlement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukhtomsky,_Moscow_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukhtomsky, Moscow Region (page does not exist)">Ukhtomsky, Moscow Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sws_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sws-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomka_gas_test_site&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kama_tank_school" title="Kama tank school">Kama tank school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_fighter-pilot_school" title="Lipetsk fighter-pilot school">Lipetsk fighter-pilot school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomka_gas_test_site&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note:</i> Shikhany still has a chemical testing ground (Шиханский полигон)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sws-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sws_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sws_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally W. Stoecker, Forging Stalin's Army: Marshal Tukhachevsky And The Politics Of Military Innovation , Routledge, 2018, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0429980027" title="Special:BookSources/0429980027">0429980027</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNJMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">pp.137-150</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/2006/26/A-Tomka/seite-2">Es riecht nach Senf!</a>, Henning Sietz, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>, Nr. 26, 2006</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Weapons of Mass Destruction: Nuclear weapons</i>, Volume 2 of Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History, James J. Wirtz, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851094903" title="Special:BookSources/1851094903">1851094903</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzlNgS70OHAC&pg=PA257">p. 257</a>, citing N. S. Antonov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Николай Антонов (N.S. ANTONOV), ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ НА РУБЕЖЕ ДВУХ СТОЛЕТИЙ (CHEMICAL WEAPONS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY), Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studfiles.net/preview/410183/page:3/">Section Становление исследовательских центров</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note:</i> Now Ukhtomsky is part of <a href="/wiki/Kosino-Ukhtomsky_District" title="Kosino-Ukhtomsky District">Kosino-Ukhtomsky District</a> of Moscow, see <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Ухтомская (платформа)">ru:Ухтомская (платформа)</a> for more detail</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomka_gas_test_site&oldid=1255206082">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomka_gas_test_site&oldid=1255206082</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reichswehr" title="Category:Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Germany" title="Category:Military history of Germany">Military history of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_establishments_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1926 establishments in the Soviet Union">1926 establishments in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secret_military_programs" title="Category:Secret military programs">Secret military programs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations">Germany–Soviet Union relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Military education and training in the Soviet Union">Military education and training in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_warfare_facilities" title="Category:Chemical warfare facilities">Chemical warfare facilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_chemical_weapons_program" title="Category:Soviet chemical weapons program">Soviet chemical weapons program</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 18:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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