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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Secular nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reading instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulation_of_the_Prussian_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation_of_the_Prussian_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Emulation of the Prussian system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation_of_the_Prussian_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Whig_in_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Whig_in_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>A Whig in Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Whig_in_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Abolitionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Antioch_College_and_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Antioch_College_and_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Leadership of Antioch College and last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Antioch_College_and_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_and_university_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_and_university_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>College and university buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_and_university_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horace Mann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هوراس مان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوراس مان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هوراس مان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هوراس مان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Χόρας Μαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χόρας Μαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann_Sr." title="Horace Mann Sr. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horace Mann Sr." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%A8" title="호러스 맨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호러스 맨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հորաս Ման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորաս Ման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هوراس مان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوراس مان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ホーレス・マン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホーレス・マン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاريس مان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هاريس مان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann_(pedagog)" title="Horace Mann (pedagog) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horace Mann (pedagog)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Манн, Хорас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манн, Хорас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хорас Ман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорас Ман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Horace Mann" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="贺拉斯·曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贺拉斯·曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1151173#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Horace_Mann" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American educational reformer and politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the school also called "Horace Mann", see <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a>. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horace Mann (disambiguation)">Horace Mann (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Horace Mann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_(Zeno_Fotografie)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Southworth_and_Hawes_-_Horace_Mann_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="1683" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Horace Mann circa 1851</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts08 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 3, 1848 – March 3, 1853</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Tappan Wentworth</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Massachusetts_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education">Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1837–1848</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barnas_Sears" title="Barnas Sears">Barnas Sears</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1796-05-04</span>)</span>May 4, 1796<br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 2, 1859<span style="display:none">(1859-08-02)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Springs,_Ohio" title="Yellow Springs, Ohio">Yellow Springs, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/North_Burial_Ground" title="North Burial Ground">North Burial Ground</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Charlotte Messer Mann (d. 1832)</li><li>Mary Peabody Mann</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Litchfield Law School</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>Educator</li><li>College president</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horace Mann's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg/128px-Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg/192px-Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg/256px-Appletons%27_Mann_Horace_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Horace Mann</b> (May 4, 1796 – August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer, slavery <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionist">abolitionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> politician known for his commitment to promoting <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, he is thus also known as <i>The Father of American Education</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, after public service as Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts State Board of Education">Massachusetts State Board of Education</a>, Mann was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1848–1853). From September 1852 to his death in 1859, he served as President of <a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a>. </p><p>Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn unruly American children into disciplined, judicious <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, for building public schools. Most <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> adopted a version of the system Mann established in Massachusetts, especially the program for <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal schools</a> to train professional teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educational historians credit Horace Mann, along with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Barnard" title="Henry Barnard">Henry Barnard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a>, as one of the major advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Common_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Common School">Common School</a> Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years,_family_and_education"><span id="Early_years.2C_family_and_education"></span>Early years, family and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years, family and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horace Mann was born in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a farmer without much money. Mann was the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Man" title="Samuel Man">Samuel Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University1921_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From age ten to age twenty, he had no more than six weeks' schooling during any year,<sup id="cite_ref-Appleton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he made use of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Public_Library_(Massachusetts)" title="Franklin Public Library (Massachusetts)">Franklin Public Library</a>, the first public library in America. He enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> when he was twenty years old and graduated in three years<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as valedictorian (1819). The theme of his oration was "The Progressive Character of the Human Race."<sup id="cite_ref-Appleton_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned Greek and Latin from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Barrett_(minister)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Barrett (minister) (page does not exist)">Samuel Barrett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later became a famous <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">Unitarian</a> minister.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mann studied law for a short time in <a href="/wiki/Wrentham,_Massachusetts" title="Wrentham, Massachusetts">Wrentham, Massachusetts</a> and was a tutor of Latin and Greek (1820–1822) and a librarian (1821–1823) at Brown. During 1822, he also studied at <a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Law_School" title="Litchfield Law School">Litchfield Law School</a> and, in 1823, was admitted to the bar in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mann defended <a href="/wiki/James_Allen_(highwayman)" title="James Allen (highwayman)">James Allen</a> in a robbery trial by placing a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">reasonable doubt</a> in the minds of the jury by pointing out that the victim had previously identified someone else as the man who robbed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr200939_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr200939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson1976225_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson1976225-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategy worked, and there was a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr200939_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr200939-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massachusetts_legislature">Massachusetts legislature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Massachusetts legislature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mann was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1827, and in that role was active in the interests of education, public charities, and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States#Origins" title="Prohibition in the United States">laws for the suppression of alcoholic drinks</a> and lotteries. He established an asylum in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, and in 1833 was chairman of its board of trustees. Mann continued to be returned to the legislature as a representative from Dedham until his removal to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1833. While in the legislature, he was a member and part of the time chairman of the committee for the revision of the state statutes, and a large number of salutary provisions were incorporated into the code at his suggestion. After their enactment, he was appointed one of the editors of the work and prepared its marginal notes and its references to judicial decisions. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts State Senate">Massachusetts State Senate</a> from Boston in 1835 and was its president in 1836–1837. As a member of the Senate, he spent time as the majority leader, and aimed his focus at infrastructure, funding the construction of railroads and canals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1830, Mann married Charlotte Messer, the daughter of former Brown University president <a href="/wiki/Asa_Messer" title="Asa Messer">Asa Messer</a>. She died two years later on August 1, 1832; he never fully recovered from the intense grief and shock that accompanied her death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Peabody_Mann" title="Mary Tyler Peabody Mann">Mary Tyler Peabody</a>. Afterward, the couple accompanied <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a> on a dual honeymoon to Europe. They subsequently purchased a home in <a href="/wiki/West_Newton,_Massachusetts" title="West Newton, Massachusetts">West Newton, Massachusetts</a>, at the corner of Chestnut and Highland Streets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horace and Mary had three sons: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_Jr." title="Horace Mann Jr.">Horace Mann Jr.</a>, George Combe Mann, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickman_Mann" title="Benjamin Pickman Mann">Benjamin Pickman Mann</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_reform">Education reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not until he was appointed Secretary in 1837 of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Board_of_Education" title="Massachusetts Board of Education">Massachusetts Board of Education</a> that he began the work which was to make him one of America's most influential educational reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon starting his duties, he withdrew from all other professional or business engagements as well as politics. </p><p>As Secretary of Education, Mann held teachers' conventions, delivered numerous lectures and addresses, carried on an extensive correspondence, and introduced numerous reforms. Mann persuaded his fellow modernizers, especially those in the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, to legislate tax-supported elementary public education in their states and to feminize the teaching force. To justify the new taxes Mann assured businessmen that more education in the work force made for a richer and more profitable economy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most northern states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "<a href="/wiki/Normal_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal schools">normal schools</a>" to train professional teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mann traveled to every School in the state so he could physically examine each school ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Framingham_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Framingham State College">Lexington</a> (which shortly thereafter moved to Framingham), <a href="/wiki/Westfield_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfield State College">Barre</a> (which shortly thereafter moved to Westfield) and <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater State College">Bridgewater</a>, and began preparing a series of annual reports, which had a wide circulation and were considered as being "among the best expositions, if, indeed, they are not the very best ones, of the practical benefits of a common school education both to the individual and to the state".<sup id="cite_ref-Hinsdale_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinsdale-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By his advocacy of the disuse of <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> in school discipline, he was involved in a controversy with some of the Boston teachers that resulted in the adoption of his views.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, he founded and edited <i>The Common School Journal</i>. In this journal, Mann targeted the public school and its problems. His six main principles were: </p> <ol><li>the public should no longer remain ignorant;</li> <li>that such education should be paid for, controlled, and sustained by an interested public;</li> <li>that this education will be best provided in schools that embrace children from a variety of backgrounds;</li> <li>that this education must be <a href="/wiki/Non-sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-sectarian">non-sectarian</a>;</li> <li>that this education must be taught using the tenets of a free society; and</li> <li>that education should be provided by well-trained, professional teachers.</li></ol> <p>Under the auspices of the board, but at his own expense, he went to Europe in 1843 to visit schools, especially in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, and his seventh annual report, published after his return, embodied the results of his tour. Many editions of this report were printed, not only in Massachusetts but in other states, in some cases by private individuals and in others by legislatures; several editions were issued in England. </p><p>Mann hoped that by bringing all children of all classes together, they could have a common learning experience. This would also allow the less fortunate to advance in the social scale and education would "equalize the conditions of men." Moreover, it was viewed also as a road to social advancement by the early labor movement and as a goal of having common schools. Mann also suggested that having schools would help those students who did not have appropriate discipline in the home. Building a person's character was just as important as reading, writing, and arithmetic. Instilling values such as obedience to authority, promptness in attendance, and organizing the time according to bell ringing helped students prepare for future employment. </p><p>Mann faced some resistance from parents who did not want to give up the moral education to teachers and bureaucrats. The normal schools trained mostly women, giving them new career opportunities as teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann believed that women were better suited for teaching, regardless of their status as a mother, and used his position to push for a <a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_the_workplace" title="Feminisation of the workplace">feminization</a> of the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practical result of Mann's work was a revolution in the approach used in the common school system of Massachusetts, which in turn influenced the direction of other states. In carrying out his work, Mann met with bitter opposition by some Boston schoolmasters who strongly disapproved of his innovative pedagogical ideas,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by various religious sectarians, who contended against the exclusion of all sectarian instruction from the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_nature">Secular nature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secular nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <i>Old Deluder Satan Act</i> and other 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_School_Laws" title="Massachusetts School Laws">Massachusetts School Laws</a> attest, early education in Massachusetts had a clear religious intent. However, by the time of Mann's leadership in education, various developments (including a vibrant populist Protestant faith and increased religious diversity) fostered a secular school system with a religiously passive stance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Mann affirmed that "our Public Schools are not Theological Seminaries" and that they were "debarred by law from inculcating the peculiar and distinctive doctrines of any one religious denomination amongst us ... or all that is essential to religion or salvation," he assured those who objected to this secular nature that "our system earnestly inculcates all Christian morals; it founds its morals based on religion; it welcomes the religion of the Bible; and, in receiving the Bible, it allows it to do what it is allowed to do in no other system—to speak for itself. But here it stops, not because it claims to have compassed all truth; but because it disclaims to act as an umpire between hostile religious opinions." </p><p>Mann stated that this position resulted in a near-universal use of the Bible in the schools of Massachusetts and that this served as an argument against the assertion by some that Christianity was excluded from his schools, or that they were anti-Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A devotee of the pseudoscience of <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a>, Mann believed education could eliminate or reduce human failings and compensate for any biological flaws.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mann also once stated that "it may not be easy theoretically, to draw the line between those views of religious truth and of Christian faith which is common to all, and may, therefore, with propriety be inculcated in schools, and those which, being peculiar to individual sects, are therefore by law excluded; still it is believed that no practical difficulty occurs in the conduct of our schools in this regard." </p><p>Rather than sanctioning a particular church as was often the norm in many states, the Legislature proscribed books "calculated to favor the tenets of any particular set of Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_instruction">Reading instruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reading instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many nineteenth century reformers, Horace Mann believed that "children would find it far more interesting and pleasurable to memorize words and read short sentences and stories without having to bother to learn the names of the letters".<sup id="cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Diane_Ravitch" title="Diane Ravitch">Diane Ravitch</a>, he condemned the alphabet method, claiming that it was "repulsive and soul-deadening to children".<sup id="cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described the letters of the alphabet as "skeleton-shaped, bloodless, ghostly apparitions".<sup id="cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To him, teaching the alphabet was entirely illogical: "When we wish to give a child the idea of a new animal, we do not present successively the different parts of it,—an eye, an ear, the nose, the mouth, the body, or a leg: but we present a whole animal, as one object".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mann believed that "children's earliest books should teach whole words, skipping the alphabet and the sounds of the letters",<sup id="cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he may have been confused between "the alphabet method of learning letters through words and a word method, now called the <a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">look-and-say</a> method, or learning to read through saying the word as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-millichap-dyslexia_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millichap-dyslexia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mann's endorsement of "word method" for reading instruction made a lasting impression on other reformers of the period, and "by 1890 the alphabet method had virtually died out".<sup id="cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wayland_Parker" title="Francis Wayland Parker">Francis Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> used the "word method" as one of the features of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">"Progressive" system of education</a>. As Nancy Millichap notes, "Despite the enthusiasm of educators for their new methods of teaching, the illiteracy rate remained high. Among American soldiers enlisted in World War I, 24.9 percent proved unable to read or write, and during World War II approximately the same percentage of British servicemen [who were taught using the same method] were found to be similarly handicapped. In 1940, one-third of high school students were incapable of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">mastering reading and writing</a> well enough to profit from textbook instruction, and one half of the adult population in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functionally illiterate</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-millichap-dyslexia_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millichap-dyslexia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The backlash against "<a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">word method</a>" culminated in a 1955 book <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Johnny_Can%27t_Read" title="Why Johnny Can't Read">Why Johnny Can't Read</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch" title="Rudolf Flesch">Rudolf Flesch</a>, in which he condemned this method for "treating children as if they were dogs" and recommended returning to teaching <a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">phonics</a>. Nevertheless, the "ill-informed, ineffective reading instruction" remains the norm in American <a href="/wiki/School_of_education" title="School of education">colleges of education</a> and, accordingly, in American elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emulation_of_the_Prussian_system">Emulation of the Prussian system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emulation of the Prussian system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_education_system#United_States" title="Prussian education system">Prussian education system § United States</a></div> <p>Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Mann worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_education_system" title="Prussian education system">Prussian model</a> of "common schools." Prussia was attempting to develop a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. Connecticut adopted a similar system in 1849, and Massachusetts passed a compulsory attendance law in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann's crusading style attracted wide middle-class support. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ellwood_Patterson_Cubberley" title="Ellwood Patterson Cubberley">Ellwood P. Cubberley</a> asserts: </p> <blockquote><p>No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal, non-sectarian, free, and that its aims should be social efficiency, civic virtue, and character, rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They were assigned by age to different grades and progressed through them, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. Previously, schools had often had groups of students who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years. With the introduction of age grading, multi-aged classrooms all but disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some students progressed with their grade and completed all courses the secondary school had to offer. These were "graduated," and were awarded a certificate of completion. This was increasingly done at a ceremony imitating college graduation rituals. </p><p>Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republican</a> citizens, Mann won widespread approval for building public schools from modernizers, especially among fellow <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quickly developed into a widespread form of school which later became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Factory_model_school" title="Factory model school">factory model school</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_Whig_in_Congress">A Whig in Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: A Whig in Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1848 he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> to fill the vacancy caused by the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. His first speech in that role was in advocacy of its right and duty to exclude <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> from the territories, and in a letter, in December of that year, he said: "I think the country is to experience serious times. Interference with slavery will excite civil commotion in the South. But it is best to interfere. Now is the time to see whether the Union is a rope of sand or a band of steel."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again he said: "I really think if we insist upon passing the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot proviso</a> for the territories that the south—a part of them—will rebel; but I would pass it, rebellion or not. I consider no evil so great as the extension of slavery."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first session, he volunteered as counsel for <a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident">Drayton and Sayres</a>, who were indicted for stealing 76 slaves in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and at the trial was engaged for 21 successive days in their defense. In 1850, he was engaged in a controversy with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> concerning the extension of slavery and the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a>, calling Webster's support for the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> a "vile catastrophe", and comparing him to "Lucifer descending from Heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann was defeated by a single vote at the ensuing nominating convention by Webster's supporters; but, on appealing to the people as an independent anti-slavery candidate, he was re-elected, serving from April 1848 until March 1853. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abolitionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Mann was a staunch opponent of slavery as a member of Congress; in a written address to an 1852 "Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio" he stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[t]hat slavery is to continue always, it would be the grossest atheism to affirm. A belief in the existence of a just Governor of the Universe, includes a belief in the final and utter abolition of slavery."</p></blockquote><p> In the same address he opposed plans to forcibly deport freedmen from the United States to other nations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The idea of forcibly expelling the American born negro from the place of his birth and residence, and driving him out of the country against his will, is as abhorrent to my notions of justice and equality, as it can be to those of anyone. The next most cruel thing to kidnapping a race of men, forcing them from their home and dooming them to slavery in a foreign land, would be the seizure of the descendants of that race, and driving them from the new home they had acquired. So great a crime as this second expatriation would be, could hardly be conceived unless by a mind that had prepared itself for it by participating in the commission of the first."</p></blockquote><p> Mann considered there to be three legitimate methods by which the Africans in captivity in the US could emancipate themselves, including, as a last resort, that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"such as our revolutionary fathers adopted against Great Britain [...] not only with the justification but with the approval of the civilized world. For this there are two conditions: a sufficient degree of oppression to authorize an appeal to force, and a chance, on the part of the oppressed, of bettering their condition. The measure of the first condition is already full - heaped up - running over. The second condition will be fulfilled, either when the slaves believe they can obtain their freedom by force, or when they are so elevated and enlarged in their moral conceptions as to appreciate that glorious supplication of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>, 'Give me liberty or give me death!'"</p></blockquote><p> Mann's preferred method for the self-emancipation of the slaves was that free blacks should voluntarily form all-black communities of their own - either in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> or in another Caribbean nation - or perhaps in the American West - in which men like <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> "instead of making speeches might be making laws. Instead of commanding the types of a newspaper press [...] might be commanding armies and navies" and could more effectively organize the liberation of their enslaved brethren in the U.S. from these strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_of_Antioch_College_and_last_years">Leadership of Antioch College and last years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leadership of Antioch College and last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HMann.jpg/220px-HMann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HMann.jpg/330px-HMann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/HMann.jpg/440px-HMann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Original daguerreotype of Rep. Mann (Mass.) from <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>'s a studio, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1849</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1852, he was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">governor of Massachusetts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, and the same day was chosen president of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Antioch_College" title="Antioch College">Antioch College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Springs,_Ohio" title="Yellow Springs, Ohio">Yellow Springs, Ohio</a>. Failing in the election for governor, he accepted the presidency of the college, which he continued until his death. There he taught economics, philosophy, and theology; he was popular with students and with lay audiences across the Midwest who attended his lectures promoting public schools. Mann also employed the first female faculty member to be paid on an equal basis with her male colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Pennell" title="Rebecca Pennell">Rebecca Pennell</a>, his niece. His commencement message to the class of 1859 was to "Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antioch College was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Connexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Connexion">Christian Connexion</a>, which later withdrew its financial support causing the college to struggle for many years with meager financial resources due to sectarian infighting. Mann himself was charged with nonadherence to sectarianism because, previously a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> by upbringing, he joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">Unitarian Church</a>. </p><p>Mann was also drawn to Antioch because it was a coeducational institution, among the first in the country to teach men and women in the same classes, Mann and his wife had conflicts with female students, however, who came to Yellow Springs in search of greater equality. The young women chafed at restrictions on their behavior, and wanted to meet with men in literary societies, which Mann and his wife opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He collapsed shortly after the 1859 commencement and died that summer of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>. Antioch historian Robert Straker wrote that Mann had been "crucified by crusading sectarians." <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> lamented "what seems the fatal waste of labor and life at Antioch." Mann's wife, who wrote in anguish that "the blood of martyrdom waters the spot," later disinterred his body from Yellow Springs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/North_Burial_Ground" title="North Burial Ground">North Burial Ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> next to his first wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians treat Mann as one of the most important leaders of education reform in the antebellum period.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/180px-Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/270px-Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg/360px-Horace_Mann2_1940_Issue-1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Mann on a 1940 stamp from the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States"><i>Famous Americans</i> series</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many places around the world are named after Mann. Among them are more than 50 public schools in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston,_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG/180px-Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG/270px-Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG/360px-Horace_Mann_by_Emma_Stebbins_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05471.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Horace_Mann" title="Statue of Horace Mann">Statue of Horace Mann</a> (1863) by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Stebbins" title="Emma Stebbins">Emma Stebbins</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Horace_Mann" title="Statue of Horace Mann">Horace Mann's statue</a> stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> along with that of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. </p><p>At Antioch College, a monument carries his quote, which has been recently adopted as the college motto: "Be Ashamed to Die Until You Have Won Some Victory for Humanity." </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado" title="University of Northern Colorado">University of Northern Colorado</a> named the gates to their campus in his dedication, a gift of the Class of 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>-based Illinois Education Association Mutual Insurance Company, was renamed in honor of Mann in 1950 as the <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_Educators_Corporation" title="Horace Mann Educators Corporation">Horace Mann Educators Corporation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg, Kansas</a>, has a building named Horace Mann School. It currently houses the Student Welcoming Center. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, public charter schools that are authorized by local school districts are known as Horace Mann charters. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg/180px-Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg/270px-Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg/360px-Horace_Mann_School_Main_Entrance_February_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann</a> School, the Bronx, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brown_University_Graduate_School" title="Brown University Graduate School">Brown University Graduate School</a> awards an annual <i>Horace Mann Medal</i> to one of its alumni.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Horace Mann Academy, <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne, New Jersey</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School (closed), <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Duncan,_Oklahoma" title="Duncan, Oklahoma">Duncan, Oklahoma</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Hominy,_Oklahoma" title="Hominy, Oklahoma">Hominy, Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_Indiana" title="Huntington, Indiana">Huntington, Indiana</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Indiana,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana, Pennsylvania">Indiana, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa" title="Iowa City, Iowa">Iowa City, Iowa</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood, Ohio</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/North_Bergen,_New_Jersey" title="North Bergen, New Jersey">North Bergen, New Jersey</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Utah" title="Ogden, Utah">Ogden, Utah</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa" title="Ottumwa, Iowa">Ottumwa, Iowa</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School (closed), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary (now Lincoln K-8) School, <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Sedalia,_Missouri" title="Sedalia, Missouri">Sedalia, Missouri</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls, South Dakota</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield, Ohio</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/St_Joseph,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St Joseph, Missouri">St Joseph, Missouri</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/West_Allis,_Wisconsin" title="West Allis, Wisconsin">West Allis, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Woodward,_Oklahoma" title="Woodward, Oklahoma">Woodward, Oklahoma</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Lab School, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Missouri_State_University" title="Northwest Missouri State University">Northwest Missouri State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryville,_Missouri" title="Maryville, Missouri">Maryville, Missouri</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene, Texas</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Junior School, <a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown, Texas</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Florida" title="Brandon, Florida">Brandon, Florida</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/El_Portal,_Florida" title="El Portal, Florida">El Portal, Florida</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin" title="Neenah, Wisconsin">Neenah, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/North_Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin" title="North Fond du Lac, Wisconsin">North Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Mann_Hall,_Pittsburg_State_University,_Pittsburg,_Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg/160px-Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg/240px-Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg/320px-Horace_Mann_Hall%2C_Pittsburg_State_University%2C_Pittsburg%2C_Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Horace Mann Hall, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan, Wisconsin">Sheboygan, Wisconsin</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Wausau,_Wisconsin" title="Wausau, Wisconsin">Wausau, Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horace Mann High School, <a href="/wiki/North_Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin" title="North Fond du Lac, Wisconsin">North Fond du Lac, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronx,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx, New York">Bronx, New York</a></li> <li>Horace Mann School, <a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann School, <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li>Horace Mann School, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School_for_the_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing" title="Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing">Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Allston, Massachusetts">Allston, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann_Arts_and_Science_Magnet_Middle_School" title="Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School">Mann Arts and Science Magnet Middle School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a></li> <li>Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li>Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> <li>Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a></li> <li>P.S. 90 - Horace Mann, <a href="/wiki/Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens, New York">Queens, New York</a></li> <li>Trevista at Horace Mann Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, CO</a></li> <li>Buena Vista Horace Mann K-8, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Mann_House,_Brown_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg/180px-Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg/270px-Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg/360px-Horace_Mann_House%2C_Brown_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Horace Mann House at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, Mann's alma mater</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_and_university_buildings">College and university buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: College and university buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Horace Mann Auditorium, <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_State_University" title="Bridgewater State University">Bridgewater State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Building, <a href="/wiki/East_Central_University" title="East Central University">East Central University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma">Ada, Oklahoma</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Building, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg, Kansas</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Center, <a href="/wiki/Westfield_State_University" title="Westfield State University">Westfield State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Hall, <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a>, New York City</li> <li>Horace Mann Hall, <a href="/wiki/Framingham_State_University" title="Framingham State University">Framingham State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Horace Mann Hall, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_College" title="Rhode Island College">Rhode Island College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brown_University_buildings" title="List of Brown University buildings">Horace Mann House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afewthoughtsfor02manngoog">A Few Thoughts for a Young Man</a></i> (Boston, 1850)</li> <li><i>Slavery: Letters and Speeches</i> (1851)</li> <li><i>Powers and Duties of Woman</i> (1853)</li> <li><i>Sermons</i> (1861)</li> <li><i>Life and Complete Works of Horace Mann</i> (2 vols., Cambridge, 1869)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtsselected00mann">Thoughts Selected from the Writings of Horace Mann</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i>The Case for Public Schools</i></li> <li>Mann, Horace. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AqdAAAAMAAJ">The Life and Works of Horace Mann</a></i>, with an introduction by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Peabody_Mann" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Peabody Mann">Mary Peabody Mann</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarleton2009" class="citation web cs1">Carleton, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1283/horace-mann#:~:text=via%20Wikimedia%20Commons)-,Known%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9Cfather%20of%20American%20education%2C%E2%80%9D%20Horace%20Mann,curriculum%20that%20excluded%20sectarian%20instruction.">"Horace Mann"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Mann&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Carleton&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtsu.edu%2Ffirst-amendment%2Farticle%2F1283%2Fhorace-mann%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dvia%2520Wikimedia%2520Commons%29-%2CKnown%2520as%2520the%2520%25E2%2580%259Cfather%2520of%2520American%2520education%252C%25E2%2580%259D%2520Horace%2520Mann%2Ccurriculum%2520that%2520excluded%2520sectarian%2520instruction.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Groen_1854,_pp_251–260_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Groen, Mark (Spring–Summer 2008). "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854". <i>American Educational History Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (1/2): 251–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Educational+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Whig+Party+and+the+Rise+of+Common+Schools%2C+1837%E2%80%931854&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=251-260&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Groen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2008" class="citation book cs1">Good, Thomas L. (2008). <i>21st century education: a reference handbook</i>. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+century+education%3A+a+reference+handbook&rft.pages=267&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Mann">"Horace Mann | American educator"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131211713/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Mann">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+%7C+American+educator&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHorace-Mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University1921-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University1921_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale_University1921" class="citation book cs1">Yale University (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A55GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA579"><i>Obiturary Record of Graduates</i></a>. Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company. p. 579. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216192942/https://books.google.com/books?id=A55GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA579">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obiturary+Record+of+Graduates&rft.pages=579&rft.pub=Tuttle%2C+Morehouse+%26+Taylor+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA55GAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appleton_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appleton_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarbell1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tarbell, Isa Arlington (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Mann, Horace"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Mann,_Horace">"Mann, Horace" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mann%2C+Horace&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Tarbell&rft.aufirst=Isa+Arlington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland2004" class="citation book cs1">McFarland, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/72"><i>Hawthorne in Concord</i></a>. New York: Grove Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7"><bdi>0-8021-1776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawthorne+in+Concord&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8021-1776-7&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawthorneinconco00mcfa%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Mann">"Horace Mann | Biography & Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625140803/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Horace-Mann">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHorace-Mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uudb.org/articles/samuelbarrett.html">"Samuel Barrett"</a>. <i>uudb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925125356/https://uudb.org/articles/samuelbarrett.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uudb.org&rft.atitle=Samuel+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuudb.org%2Farticles%2Fsamuelbarrett.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mann,_Horace" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mann, Horace">Mann, Horace</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 587.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mann%2C+Horace&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=587&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Catalogue of the Litchfield Law School</i>. Hartford, Connecticut: Press of Case, Tiffany and Company. 1849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Litchfield+Law+School&rft.place=Hartford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Press+of+Case%2C+Tiffany+and+Company&rft.date=1849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParr200939-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr200939_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParr200939_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParr2009">Parr 2009</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanson1976225-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanson1976225_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanson1976">Hanson 1976</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondale2001" class="citation book cs1">Mondale, Sarah (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/school00sara"><i>School: The Story of American Public Education</i></a></span>. New York: Beacon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School%3A+The+Story+of+American+Public+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mondale&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschool00sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland2004" class="citation book cs1">McFarland, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/73"><i>Hawthorne in Concord</i></a>. New York: Grove Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawthorneinconco00mcfa/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1776-7"><bdi>0-8021-1776-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawthorne+in+Concord&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8021-1776-7&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawthorneinconco00mcfa%2Fpage%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtonma.gov/gov/historic/research/collections/papers/allen.asp">"Allen Family Papers 1846-1915"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032433/http://www.newtonma.gov/gov/historic/research/collections/papers/allen.asp">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allen+Family+Papers+1846-1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtonma.gov%2Fgov%2Fhistoric%2Fresearch%2Fcollections%2Fpapers%2Fallen.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0234">"Horace Mann Papers"</a>. <i>Massachusetts Historical Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608145029/http://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0234">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fcollection-guides%2Fview%2Ffa0234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maris A. Vinovskis, "Horace Mann on the Economic Productivity of Education." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1970) 43#4 pp. 550–571. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/363132">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinsdale-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinsdale_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinsdale (1898).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintzMcNeil2016" class="citation web cs1">Mintz, S.; McNeil, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3535">"The Struggle for Public Schools"</a>. <i>Digital History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134704/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3535">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Public+Schools&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=McNeil%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdisp_textbook.cfm%3FsmtID%3D2%26psid%3D3535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenmann1988" class="citation book cs1">Eisenmann, Linda (1988). <i>Historical dictionary of women's education in the United States</i>. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+women%27s+education+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=259&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Eisenmann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.1978" class="citation book cs1">S., Sugg, Redding (1978). <i>Motherteacher : the feminization of American education</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813907578" title="Special:BookSources/0813907578"><bdi>0813907578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3708082">3708082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motherteacher+%3A+the+feminization+of+American+education&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3708082&rft.isbn=0813907578&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Sugg%2C+Redding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn1984" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, Myra (1984). <i>Campaigns Against Corporal Punishment</i>. SUNY Press. pp. 104–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-813-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-813-6"><bdi>0-87395-813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Campaigns+Against+Corporal+Punishment&rft.pages=104-6&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87395-813-6&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Myra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonsmaSoper2008" class="citation book cs1">Monsma, Stephen V.; Soper, J. Christopher (September 5, 2008). "2. The United States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqtOyWU3D54C"><i>The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 18–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742557406" title="Special:BookSources/9780742557406"><bdi>9780742557406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+United+States&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Pluralism%3A+Church+and+State+in+Five+Democracies&rft.pages=18-22&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.isbn=9780742557406&rft.aulast=Monsma&rft.aufirst=Stephen+V.&rft.au=Soper%2C+J.+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqtOyWU3D54C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1849" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Horace (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eURNAAAAcAAJ&q=inculcates+all+Christian+morals;+it+founds+its+morals+on+the+basis+of+religion&pg=PA117"><i>Twelfth Annual Report for 1848 of the Secretary of the Board of Education of Massachusetts</i></a>. pp. 116, 177, 121, 122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216192906/https://books.google.com/books?id=eURNAAAAcAAJ&q=inculcates+all+Christian+morals;+it+founds+its+morals+on+the+basis+of+religion&pg=PA117">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelfth+Annual+Report+for+1848+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Board+of+Education+of+Massachusetts&rft.pages=116%2C+177%2C+121%2C+122&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeURNAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dinculcates%2Ball%2BChristian%2Bmorals%3B%2Bit%2Bfounds%2Bits%2Bmorals%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bbasis%2Bof%2Breligion%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana.2015" class="citation book cs1">Dana., Goldstein (2015). <i>The teacher wars: a history of America's most embattled profession</i> (First Anchor books ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345803627" title="Special:BookSources/9780345803627"><bdi>9780345803627</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895117195">895117195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+teacher+wars%3A+a+history+of+America%27s+most+embattled+profession&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Anchor+books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895117195&rft.isbn=9780345803627&rft.aulast=Dana.&rft.aufirst=Goldstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassachusetts_Board_of_Education1838" class="citation book cs1">Massachusetts Board of Education (1838) [Covering the year 1837]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9S4XAAAAYAAJ&q=may+not+be+easy+theoretically,+to+draw+the+line+between+those+views+of+religious+truth+and+of+Christian+faith+which+is+common+to+all,+and+may,+therefore,+with+propriety+be+inculcated+in+schools,+and+those+which,+being+peculiar+to+individual+sects,+are+therefore+by+law+excluded;+still+it+is+believed+that+no+practical+difficulty+occurs+in+the+conduct+of+our+schools+in+this+regard&pg=RA1-PA14"><i>Annual Report of the Board of Education</i></a>. pp. 14, 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216192944/https://books.google.com/books?id=9S4XAAAAYAAJ&q=may+not+be+easy+theoretically,+to+draw+the+line+between+those+views+of+religious+truth+and+of+Christian+faith+which+is+common+to+all,+and+may,+therefore,+with+propriety+be+inculcated+in+schools,+and+those+which,+being+peculiar+to+individual+sects,+are+therefore+by+law+excluded;+still+it+is+believed+that+no+practical+difficulty+occurs+in+the+conduct+of+our+schools+in+this+regard&pg=RA1-PA14">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Education&rft.pages=14%2C+15&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Massachusetts+Board+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9S4XAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmay%2Bnot%2Bbe%2Beasy%2Btheoretically%2C%2Bto%2Bdraw%2Bthe%2Bline%2Bbetween%2Bthose%2Bviews%2Bof%2Breligious%2Btruth%2Band%2Bof%2BChristian%2Bfaith%2Bwhich%2Bis%2Bcommon%2Bto%2Ball%2C%2Band%2Bmay%2C%2Btherefore%2C%2Bwith%2Bpropriety%2Bbe%2Binculcated%2Bin%2Bschools%2C%2Band%2Bthose%2Bwhich%2C%2Bbeing%2Bpeculiar%2Bto%2Bindividual%2Bsects%2C%2Bare%2Btherefore%2Bby%2Blaw%2Bexcluded%3B%2Bstill%2Bit%2Bis%2Bbelieved%2Bthat%2Bno%2Bpractical%2Bdifficulty%2Boccurs%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bconduct%2Bof%2Bour%2Bschools%2Bin%2Bthis%2Bregard%26pg%3DRA1-PA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ravitch-left-back-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ravitch-left-back_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavitch2000" class="citation book cs1">Ravitch, Diane (2000). "Chapter 9: The great meltdown". <i>Left back: a century of failed school reforms</i>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 356–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84417-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84417-6"><bdi>0-684-84417-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+The+great+meltdown&rft.btitle=Left+back%3A+a+century+of+failed+school+reforms&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-684-84417-6&rft.aulast=Ravitch&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews1966" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Mitford (1966). "From a lecture delivered by Mann in 1841". <i>Teaching to Read, Historically Considered</i>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 76–81. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000Z58E5S">B000Z58E5S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+a+lecture+delivered+by+Mann+in+1841&rft.btitle=Teaching+to+Read%2C+Historically+Considered&rft.pages=76-81&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000Z58E5S%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Mitford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millichap-dyslexia-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-millichap-dyslexia_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-millichap-dyslexia_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillichap1986" class="citation web cs1">Millichap, Nancy (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4425">"Dyslexia, theories of causation and methods of management: an historical perspective"</a>. Loyola University Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dyslexia%2C+theories+of+causation+and+methods+of+management%3A+an+historical+perspective&rft.pub=Loyola+University+Chicago&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Millichap&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.luc.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Hanford2018" class="citation web cs1">Emily Hanford (September 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apmreports.org/story/2018/09/10/hard-words-why-american-kids-arent-being-taught-to-read">"Hard Words: Why aren't kids being taught to read?"</a>. APM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602093151/https://www.apmreports.org/story/2018/09/10/hard-words-why-american-kids-arent-being-taught-to-read">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hard+Words%3A+Why+aren%27t+kids+being+taught+to+read%3F&rft.pub=APM&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.au=Emily+Hanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apmreports.org%2Fstory%2F2018%2F09%2F10%2Fhard-words-why-american-kids-arent-being-taught-to-read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Paul E. (2010). <i>Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning</i>. pp. 21–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Schools%3A+From+Horace+Mann+to+Virtual+Learning&rft.pages=21-36&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesserli1972" class="citation book cs1">Messerli, Jonathan (1972). <i>Horace Mann: A Biography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Mann%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Messerli&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubberley1919" class="citation book cs1">Cubberley, Ellwood P. (1919). <i>Public Education in the United States</i>. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=167&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Cubberley&rft.aufirst=Ellwood+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Thomas C., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1UGM0CHOGAC&pg=PA33">"Age Grading"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent</i>. Vol. 2. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412956642" title="Special:BookSources/9781412956642"><bdi>9781412956642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Age+Grading&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Educational+Reform+and+Dissent&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781412956642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1UGM0CHOGAC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Groen, Mark (2008). "The Whig Party and the Rise of Common Schools, 1837–1854". <i>American Educational History Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (1/2): 251–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Educational+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Whig+Party+and+the+Rise+of+Common+Schools%2C+1837%E2%80%931854&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=251-260&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Groen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1848" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Horace (1848). <i>Speech of Horace Mann, on the right of Congress to legislate for the territories of the United States, and its duty to exclude slavery therefrom</i>. Boston: William B. Fowle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+of+Horace+Mann%2C+on+the+right+of+Congress+to+legislate+for+the+territories+of+the+United+States%2C+and+its+duty+to+exclude+slavery+therefrom&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=William+B.+Fowle&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Ford Rhodes, <i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Mckinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896</i> (1892) vol 1, Page 132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1850historyofus01rhoduoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%22If+we+insist%22">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Speech_Costs_Senator_His_Seat.htm">"U.S. Senate: Speech Costs Senator His Seat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015521/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Speech_Costs_Senator_His_Seat.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Speech+Costs+Senator+His+Seat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FSpeech_Costs_Senator_His_Seat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy (2004). <i>Profiles in Courage</i>. pp. 69–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+in+Courage&rft.pages=69-70&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1851" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Horace (December 31, 1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://credo.library.umass.edu/cgi-bin/pdf.cgi?id=scua:mums312-b239-i036">"Letter, Horace Mann to 1852 Convention of the Colored Freemen of Ohio"</a>. <i>Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries: W.E.B. Du Bois Papers</i>. David Graham Du Bois Trust. pp. 19–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130171219/https://credo.library.umass.edu/cgi-bin/pdf.cgi?id=scua:mums312-b239-i036">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2022</span>. <q>However disastrous may be the result of the first, or the tenth, or the hundredth struggle on the part of the slave; however many of the colored <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams'</a> of that revolution may be singled out for vengeance and placed beyond the reach of pardon [...] each death will be transfigured into a multitude of more glorious lives, and for every drop of heroic blood which the earth shall drink, it will send back an armed man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Collections+and+University+Archives%2C+University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst+Libraries%3A+W.E.B.+Du+Bois+Papers&rft.atitle=Letter%2C+Horace+Mann+to+1852+Convention+of+the+Colored+Freemen+of+Ohio&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=1851-12-31&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcredo.library.umass.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpdf.cgi%3Fid%3Dscua%3Amums312-b239-i036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.antiochcollege.edu/page/victories-grant">"Antioch College - Winning Victories Grant"</a>. <i>alumni.antiochcollege.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217150052/https://alumni.antiochcollege.edu/page/victories-grant">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alumni.antiochcollege.edu&rft.atitle=Antioch+College+-+Winning+Victories+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.antiochcollege.edu%2Fpage%2Fvictories-grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuryHarper1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rury, John; Harper, Glenn (Winter 1986). "Mann and Women at Antioch". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F369009">10.2307/369009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/369009">369009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144827867">144827867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mann+and+Women+at+Antioch&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144827867%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F369009%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F369009&rft.aulast=Rury&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Harper%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1970" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Burton R. (1970). <i>The Distinctive College</i>. Adline Publishing Co. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Distinctive+College&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Adline+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Burton+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1acAAAAMAAJ&q=horace+mann+north+burial+ground"><i>Horace Mann</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1990" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Barbara (Winter 1990). "Perfecting Childhood: Horace Mann and the Origins of Public Education in the United States". <i>Biography</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 6–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbio.2010.0400">10.1353/bio.2010.0400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144976387">144976387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Perfecting+Childhood%3A+Horace+Mann+and+the+Origins+of+Public+Education+in+the+United+States&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-20&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbio.2010.0400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144976387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Thomas C. 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(1974). <i>Horace Mann: Champion of the Public Schools</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Mann%3A+Champion+of+the+Public+Schools&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&InstName=Horace+Mann&SchoolID=&Address=&City=&State=&Zip=&Miles=&County=&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictName=&DistrictID=&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1">"Search for Public Schools - Search Results"</a>. <i>nces.ed.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200633/https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&InstName=Horace+Mann&SchoolID=&Address=&City=&State=&Zip=&Miles=&County=&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictName=&DistrictID=&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nces.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Search+for+Public+Schools+-+Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fccd%2Fschoolsearch%2Fschool_list.asp%3FSearch%3D1%26InstName%3DHorace%2BMann%26SchoolID%3D%26Address%3D%26City%3D%26State%3D%26Zip%3D%26Miles%3D%26County%3D%26PhoneAreaCode%3D%26Phone%3D%26DistrictName%3D%26DistrictID%3D%26SchoolType%3D1%26SchoolType%3D2%26SchoolType%3D3%26SchoolType%3D4%26SpecificSchlTypes%3Dall%26IncGrade%3D-1%26LoGrade%3D-1%26HiGrade%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041207/http://www.unco.edu/library/archives/arc_photohist_BldgsandGrounds_Central_Campus.htm">"University History: A Photographic History of UNC"</a>. University of Northern Colorado. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brown.edu&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+Medal+%7C+Graduate+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2Facademics%2Fgradschool%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fhorace-mann-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415014044/http://www.hominy.k12.ok.us/vnews/display.v/SEC/Schools%7CElementary%20School">"Horace Mann Elementary"</a>. Hominy Public Schools. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hominy.k12.ok.us/vnews/display.v/SEC/Schools%7CElementary%20School">the original</a> on April 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Mann+Elementary&rft.pub=Hominy+Public+Schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hominy.k12.ok.us%2Fvnews%2Fdisplay.v%2FSEC%2FSchools%257CElementary%2520School&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesa.fm/education/2018-10-24/what-happens-when-a-neighborhood-loses-its-school">"What Happens When A Neighborhood Loses Its School?"</a>. <i>90.5 WESA</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=90.5+WESA&rft.atitle=What+Happens+When+A+Neighborhood+Loses+Its+School%3F&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesa.fm%2Feducation%2F2018-10-24%2Fwhat-happens-when-a-neighborhood-loses-its-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.rcas.org/el/hm/Pages/Default.aspx">"Pages - default"</a>. <i>public.rcas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413162359/https://public.rcas.org/el/hm/Pages/Default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=public.rcas.org&rft.atitle=Pages+-+default&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.rcas.org%2Fel%2Fhm%2FPages%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schools.gccisd.net/page/hmjs.home">"Horace Mann Junior High School Home Page"</a>. <i>Goose Creek Independent School District</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231193606/https://schools.gccisd.net/page/hmjs.home">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goose+Creek+Independent+School+District&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+Junior+High+School+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschools.gccisd.net%2Fpage%2Fhmjs.home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902104841/http://wausauschools.org/schools_facilities/middle_schools">"Middle Schools - Wausau School District"</a>. <i>www.wausauschools.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wausauschools.org/schools_facilities/middle_schools">the original</a> on September 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wausauschools.org&rft.atitle=Middle+Schools+-+Wausau+School+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wausauschools.org%2Fschools_facilities%2Fmiddle_schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oslAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890</i></a>. Dedham Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1635-1890&rft.pub=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oslAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr2009" class="citation book cs1">Parr, James L. (2009). <i>Dedham: Historic and Heroic Tales From Shiretown</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-750-0"><bdi>978-1-59629-750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%3A+Historic+and+Heroic+Tales+From+Shiretown&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-750-0&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cremin, Lawrence A. <i>American Education: The National Experience</i> (1982).</li> <li>Curti, Merle. <i>The Social Ideas of American Educators</i> (1935) pp. 101–38 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialideasofame0000curt">online</a></li> <li>Downs, Robert B. <i>Horace Mann: Champion of the Public Schools</i> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacemannchampi0001down/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Finkelstein, Barbara. "Perfecting Childhood: Horace Mann and the Origins of Public Education in the United States," <i>Biography,</i> Winter 1990, Vol. 13#1 pp. 6–20</li> <li>Hinsdale, Burke A. <i>Horace Mann and the Common School Revival in the United States</i> (New York, 1898), in the <i>Great Educators</i> series <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KE8zI-NGCo4C&pg=PA281">online</a></li> <li>Kalvin, Louis. "The Educational Philosophy of Horace Mann" (PhD dissertation, New York University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1936 7303222).</li> <li>Kendall, Kathleen Edgerton. "Education as 'The Balance Wheel of Social Machinery': Horace Mann's Arguments and Proofs," <i>Quarterly Journal of Speech</i> (1968) 54#1 pp. 13–21.</li> <li>Messerli, Jonathan. <i>Horace Mann; a biography</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacemann00jona/page/n11/mode/2up">online</a>, a standard scholarly biography</li> <li>Messerli, Jonathan. "The Early Education of Horace Mann: Home, Meeting House, and Village" <i>Historian</i> (1967) 29#3.</li> <li>Murphy, Garry Paul. "Professional development of Massachusetts school teachers: An examination of the Horace Mann Teacher Program" (PhD dissertation, Boston College; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1990. 9101677).</li> <li>Peterson, Paul E. <i>Saving schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning</i> (Harvard University Press, 2010)</li> <li>Stornello, Joe Allen. "Horace Mann and twentieth-century educational historians: Problems of ideology and knowledge in historical texts" (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri - Kansas City; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1998. 9900319).</li> <li>Taylor, Bob Pepperman. <i>Horace Mann's Troubling Legacy: The Education of Democratic Citizens</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2010).</li> <li>Vinovskis, Maris A. "Horace Mann on the Economic Productivity of Education," <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1970) 43#4 pp. 550–571. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/363132">online</a></li> <li>Whiting, George C. "Horace Mann: A comparison of a traditional and a revisionist biography" (PhD dissertation, The College of William and Mary; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1989. 8923063).</li> <li>Woodworth, Jed. "Horace Mann and the Revolution in American Childhood" (PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin - Madison; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2016. 10190139).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Horace_Mann" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horace_Mann" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressM000102" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000102">"Horace Mann (id: M000102)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Horace+Mann+%28id%3A+M000102%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Mann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mission & History. (2017). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.antiochcollege.edu/about/mission_and_history.html">http://www.antiochcollege.edu/about/mission_and_history.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606063155/http://www.antiochcollege.edu/about/mission_and_history.html">Archived</a> June 6, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westfield.ma.edu/uploads/facilities/The%20Horace%20Mann%20Center.pdf">The Horace Mann Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821040148/http://www.westfield.ma.edu/uploads/facilities/The%20Horace%20Mann%20Center.pdf">Archived</a> August 21, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westfield_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfield State College">Westfield State College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217191824/http://www.tncrimlaw.com/civil_bible/horace_mann.htm">Horace Mann on Education and National Welfare</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 17, 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206092443/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/horacemann.html">Mann's contribution's to education</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 6, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11241">Works by Horace Mann</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">John G. Palfrey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1852_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1852</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts08 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">Massachusetts's 8th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />April 3, 1848 – March 3, 1853 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Tappan Wentworth</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Powell" title="Jeremiah Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Phillips_Jr." title="Samuel Phillips Jr.">S. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">S. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">S. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(mayor)" title="John Phillips (mayor)">J. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mills_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Mills (Massachusetts politician)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Leland" title="Sherman Leland">S. Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fowler_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Fowler (Massachusetts politician)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thorndike" title="William Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_T._Pickman" title="Benjamin T. Pickman">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bliss_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="George Bliss (Massachusetts politician)">Bliss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Lawrence" title="Myron Lawrence">M. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_Jr." title="Josiah Quincy Jr.">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_W._Leland" title="Phineas W. Leland">P. Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robinson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Frederick Robinson (Massachusetts politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_Jr." title="Josiah Quincy Jr.">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Bell" title="Joseph M. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Pinckney_Wilder_(politician)" title="Marshall Pinckney Wilder (politician)">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Warren" title="Charles Henry Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Edward_Cook_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Edward Cook (politician) (page does not exist)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wetherby_Benchley" title="Henry Wetherby Benchley">Benchley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_C._Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elihu C. Baker (page does not exist)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Phelps" title="Charles A. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_E._Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan E. Field (page does not exist)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Adams_Pond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Adams Pond (page does not exist)">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Brastow" title="George O. Brastow">Brastow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_Pitman" title="Robert Carter Pitman">Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Brastow" title="George O. Brastow">Brastow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Coolidge" title="Horace H. Coolidge">H. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._D._Cogswell" title="John B. D. Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Bishop" title="Robert R. Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Crocker" title="George G. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Bruce" title="George A. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Pillsbury" title="Albert E. Pillsbury">Pillsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsey_J._Boardman" title="Halsey J. Boardman">Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_C._Hartwell" title="Harris C. Hartwell">Hartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Sprague" title="Henry H. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_S._Pinkerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred S. Pinkerton (page does not exist)">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Smith" title="George Edwin Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_A._Soule" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus A. Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Jones" title="George R. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Dana (page does not exist)">W. Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Chapple" title="William D. Chapple">Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_H._Greenwood" title="Levi H. Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">C. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gordon_Wells" title="Henry Gordon Wells">H. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._McKnight" title="Edwin T. McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Wells" title="Wellington Wells">W. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_G._Bacon" title="Gaspar G. Bacon">G. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erland_F._Fish" title="Erland F. Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Moran" title="James G. Moran">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Wragg" title="Samuel H. Wragg">Wragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Cotton" title="Joseph R. Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Hunt_(politician)" title="Jarvis Hunt (politician)">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Coolidge" title="Arthur W. Coolidge">A. Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_S._Richardson" title="Harris S. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Dolan_Jr." title="Chester A. Dolan Jr.">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_S._Richardson" title="Harris S. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I._Furbush" title="Richard I. Furbush">Furbush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newland_H._Holmes" title="Newland H. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Powers" title="John E. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_A._Donahue" title="Maurice A. Donahue">Donahue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_B._Harrington" title="Kevin B. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bulger" title="William Bulger">Bulger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Birmingham" title="Tom Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Travaglini" title="Robert Travaglini">Travaglini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Murray" title="Therese Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Rosenberg" title="Stan Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_L._Chandler" title="Harriette L. Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Spilka" title="Karen Spilka">Spilka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Massachusetts State Flag"><img alt="Massachusetts State Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts01 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Holten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward_Jr." title="Artemas Ward Jr.">Ward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernard_Hall" title="Robert Bernard Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Davis" title="Robert T. Davis">R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_B._Wright" title="Ashley B. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_O._Conte" title="Silvio O. Conte">Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olver" title="John Olver">Olver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts02 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepard" title="William Shepard">Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Crowninshield" title="Jacob Crowninshield">J. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickman_Jr." title="Benjamin Pickman Jr.">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(politician)" title="William Reed (politician)">W. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Barstow" title="Gideon Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">B. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Phillips" title="Stephen C. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Fay" title="Francis B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Crocker" title="Samuel L. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Ames" title="Oakes Ames">O. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Churchill" title="George B. Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Bowles" title="Henry L. Bowles">Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kirk_Kaynor" title="Will Kirk Kaynor">Kaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Granfield" title="William J. Granfield">Granfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Clason" title="Charles R. Clason">Clason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts03 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Coffin_Jr." title="Peleg Coffin Jr.">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lyman" title="Samuel Lyman">S. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Mattoon" title="Ebenezer Mattoon">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St._Loe_Livermore" title="Edward St. Loe Livermore">Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_White_(politician)" title="Leonard White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Varnum" title="John Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayton_P._Osgood" title="Gayton P. Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Abbott" title="Amos Abbott">A. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duncan" title="James H. Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Wiley_Edmands" title="J. Wiley Edmands">Edmands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Damrell" title="William S. Damrell">Damrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thomas_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thomas (politician)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginery_Twichell" title="Ginery Twichell">Twichell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Whiting (Massachusetts politician)">Whiting I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Pierce" title="Henry L. Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dean" title="Benjamin Dean">B. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Ranney" title="Ambrose Ranney">Ranney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Andrew" title="John F. Andrew">J. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Thayer" title="John R. Thayer">J. R. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwood_Hoar" title="Rockwood Hoar">R. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Washburn" title="Charles G. Washburn">C. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Thayer" title="John A. Thayer">J. A. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Paige" title="Calvin Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Foss" title="Frank H. Foss">F. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Casey" title="Joseph E. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Early" title="Joseph D. Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blute" title="Peter Blute">Blute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Trahan" title="Lori Trahan">Trahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts04 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">L. Lincoln Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Richardson" title="William M. Richardson">W. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Stearns" title="Asahel Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">E. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoar" title="Samuel Hoar">Sa. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">Palfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sabine" title="Lorenzo Sabine">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Walley" title="Samuel H. Walley">Walley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_B._Comins" title="Linus B. Comins">Comins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_S._Frost" title="Rufus S. Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">J. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collins_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Collins (mayor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Apsley" title="Lewis D. Apsley">Apsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Weymouth" title="George W. Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Tirrell" title="Charles Q. Tirrell">Tirrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow" title="Samuel Winslow">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stobbs" title="George R. Stobbs">Stobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_G._Holmes" title="Pehr G. Holmes">P. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Auchincloss" title="Jake Auchincloss">Auchincloss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts05 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Partridge" title="George Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Freeman_Jr." title="Nathaniel Freeman Jr.">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dwight_(politician)" title="Thomas Dwight (politician)">T. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ely" title="William Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Sibley" title="Jonas Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">L. Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Charles Hudson (American politician)">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician)">C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sh. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shadrach_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shadrach Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Ames" title="Butler Ames">B. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rogers" title="John Jacob Rogers">J. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Bradford_Morse" title="F. Bradford Morse">B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Cronin" title="Paul W. Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">P. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shannon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Atkins" title="Chester G. Atkins">Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts06 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Sr." title="John Reed Sr.">J. Reed Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Smith" title="Josiah Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taggart" title="Samuel Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Locke (Massachusetts politician)">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Kendall" title="Joseph G. Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Alvord" title="James C. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmyn_Baker" title="Osmyn Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ashmun" title="George Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Davis" title="George T. Davis">G. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Davis_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Timothy Davis (Massachusetts politician)">T. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perkins_Thompson" title="Charles Perkins Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Lovering" title="Henry B. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Peabody_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Peabody Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willfred_W._Lufkin" title="Willfred W. Lufkin">Lufkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Piatt_Andrew" title="A. Piatt Andrew">A.P. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Harrington" title="Michael J. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavroules" title="Nicholas Mavroules">Mavroules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Torkildsen" title="Peter G. Torkildsen">Torkildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Tierney" title="John F. Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Moulton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts07 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bullock" title="Stephen Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Mitchell" title="Nahum Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Barker (Massachusetts politician)">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Jr." title="Charles Turner Jr.">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Shaw (Massachusetts politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">J. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Brooks" title="George M. Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_C._Esty" title="Constantine C. Esty">Esty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">E. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Tarbox" title="John K. Tarbox">Tarbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everett" title="William Everett">W. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Barrett" title="William Emerson Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Maloney" title="Robert S. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Connery_Jr." title="William P. Connery Jr.">W. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Connery" title="Lawrence J. Connery">L. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts08 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grout" title="Jonathan Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gardner" title="Gideon Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabdiel_Sampson" title="Zabdiel Sampson">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_L._Knapp" title="Chauncey L. Knapp">Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Train" title="Charles R. Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denison_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Denison Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._S._Williams" title="John M. S. Williams">J. M. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Warren" title="William W. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">C. H. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Simpson_Deitrick" title="Frederick Simpson Deitrick">Deitrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Irving_Thayer" title="Harry Irving Thayer">H. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Daniel_Healey" title="Arthur Daniel Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts09 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Dean" title="Josiah Dean">J. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Jr." title="Walter Folger Jr.">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(Massachusetts_politician,_born_1783)" title="William Jackson (Massachusetts politician, born 1783)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soden_Hastings" title="William Soden Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Hale" title="Artemas Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orin_Fowler" title="Orin Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Little" title="Edward P. Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Witt" title="Alexander De Witt">De Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Thayer" title="Eli Thayer">E. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_Bailey" title="Goldsmith Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Walker" title="Amasa Walker">A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_III" title="Theodore Lyman III">T. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Ely" title="Frederick D. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett" title="Edward Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Williams" title="George F. Williams">G. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Conry" title="Joseph A. Conry">Conry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Keliher" title="John A. Keliher">Keliher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Underhill" title="Charles L. Underhill">Underhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Russell" title="Richard M. Russell">R. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Eliot" title="Thomas H. Eliot">T. H. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Day_Hicks" title="Louise Day Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Moakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts10 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Read" title="Nathan Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Upham" title="Jabez Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_(congressman)" title="Joseph Allen (congressman)">J. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">F Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bailey_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bailey (Massachusetts politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn" title="Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn">H. A. S. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">W. Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell_(politician)" title="Joseph Grinnell (politician)">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickinson" title="Edward Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_C._Chaffee" title="Calvin C. Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delano" title="Charles Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Stevens" title="Charles A. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Norcross" title="Amasa Norcross">Norcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Russell" title="John E. Russell">J. E. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._McEttrick" title="Michael J. McEttrick">McEttrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Henry_Atwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Henry Atwood">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Barrows" title="Samuel J. Barrows">Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Naphen" title="Henry F. Naphen">Naphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._McNary" title="William S. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._O%27Connell" title="Joseph F. O'Connell">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Heckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Delahunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts11 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Bradbury" title="Theophilus Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Bartlett" title="Bailey Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stedman" title="William Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_Bigelow" title="Abijah Bigelow">A. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adams_(politician)" title="Benjamin Adams (politician)">B. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_(American_politician)" title="Joseph Richardson (American politician)">J. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Trafton" title="Mark Trafton">Trafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Chapin" title="Chester W. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">Whiting II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Wallace_(politician)" title="Rodney Wallace (politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Coolidge" title="Frederick S. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Draper_(politician)" title="William Franklin Draper (politician)">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Sprague" title="Charles F. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Sullivan" title="John Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Patrick Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Flaherty" title="Thomas A. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_J._Donnelly" title="Brian J. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts12 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">H. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Isaac Parker (Massachusetts judge)">I. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Lee" title="Silas Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Larned" title="Simon Larned">Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Bidwell" title="Barnabas Bidwell">Bidwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dewey" title="Daniel Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Strong" title="Solomon Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kendall" title="Jonas Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bigelow" title="Lewis Bigelow">L. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Hodges" title="James L. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Rockwell_(politician)" title="Francis W. Rockwell (politician)">F. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_Crosby" title="John Crawford Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Gallivan" title="James A. Gallivan">Gallivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts13 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Seaver" title="Ebenezer Seaver">Seaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ruggles" title="Nathaniel Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dowse" title="Edward Dowse">Dowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simpkins" title="John Simpkins">Simpkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Carter" title="William Henry Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts14 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cutts" title="Richard Cutts">Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_King" title="Cyrus King">C. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">J. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">E. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Harris" title="Robert O. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gilmore" title="Edward Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney_II" title="Richard Olney II">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Frothingham" title="Louis A. Frothingham">Frothingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts15 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ilsley" title="Daniel Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Widgery" title="William Widgery">Widgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bradbury_(American_politician)" title="George Bradbury (American politician)">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Leach" title="Robert M. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts16 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Cook" title="Orchard Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Tallman" title="Peleg Tallman">Tallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Davis (American politician)">S. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(politician)" title="Benjamin Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Orr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Benjamin Orr (Massachusetts politician)">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Langdon_Hill" title="Mark Langdon Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Thacher" title="Thomas Chandler Thacher">Thacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walsh_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Walsh (Massachusetts politician)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts17 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Bruce" title="Phineas Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chandler" title="John Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Gannett" title="Barzillai Gannett">Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Carr_(District_of_Maine_politician)" title="Francis Carr (District of Maine politician)">F. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Wood" title="Abiel Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Carr (Massachusetts politician)">J. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kinsley" title="Martin Kinsley">Kinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts18 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rice_(1768)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rice (1768)">T. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts19 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Conner" title="Samuel S. Conner">Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Gage" title="Joshua Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cushman" title="Joshua Cushman">Cushman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts20 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Hubbard" title="Levi Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">E. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="MassachusettsAL !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_at-large_congressional_seat" title="Massachusetts's at-large congressional seat">At-large</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151173#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151173#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121263553">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30332900">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/100345/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCyHM3yHfFc4JV7Fw6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11878157X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82137191">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524129">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mann, Horace <1796-1859>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV341004">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4943516">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069455775">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273158405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14825039">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00990693?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000102">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/912432">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11878157X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11878157X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/11697995X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sf2xnw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&oldid=1259371750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Mann&oldid=1259371750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1796_births" title="Category:1796 births">1796 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1859_deaths" title="Category:1859 deaths">1859 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_from_Ohio" title="Category:Activists 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