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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War I and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I and aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relief_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relief in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Food_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Food_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>U.S. Food Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Food_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_relief_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_relief_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-war relief in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_relief_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1920 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Commerce_(1921–1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Commerce_(1921–1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Commerce_(1921–1928)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Commerce_(1921–1928)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_regulation_and_air_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_regulation_and_air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Radio regulation and air travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_regulation_and_air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoover's_image_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoover's_image_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hoover's image building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoover's_image_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mississippi_flood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mississippi_flood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mississippi flood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mississippi_flood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1928" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1928"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Presidential election of 1928</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1928-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1929–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1929–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidency (1929–1933)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1929–1933)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1929–1933) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1929–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Early policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Later policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Budget policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_and_Mexican_Repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_and_Mexican_Repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Civil rights and Mexican Repatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_and_Mexican_Repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonus_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonus_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Bonus Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonus_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1932_re-election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1932_re-election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>1932 re-election campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1932_re-election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1933–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1933–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency (1933–1964)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1933–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1933–1964) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1933–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roosevelt_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosevelt_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Roosevelt administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosevelt_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Opposition to New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Views of race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Biographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbert Hoover</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ሄርበርት ሁቨር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄርበርት ሁቨር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereberht_Hoover" title="Hereberht Hoover – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hereberht Hoover" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هربرت هوفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هربرت هوفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Huver" title="Herbert Huver – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Herbert Huver" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هربرت هوور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هربرت هوور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হার্বার্ট হুভার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হার্বার্ট হুভার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Гувер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Герберт Гувер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Кларк Гувер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герберт Кларк Гувер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гэрбэрт Кларк Гувэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэрбэрт Кларк Гувэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Хърбърт Хувър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хърбърт Хувър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Гувер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Герберт Гувер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%83" title="ހަރބަޓް ހޫވަރ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަރބަޓް ހޫވަރ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Χέρμπερτ Χούβερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χέρμπερτ Χούβερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" title="Herbert Clark Hoover – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbert Clark Hoover" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هربرت هوور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هربرت هوور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" title="Herbert Clark Hoover – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Herbert Clark Hoover" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%9B%84%EB%B2%84" title="허버트 후버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허버트 후버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հերբերտ Հուվեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերբերտ Հուվեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्बर्ट क्लार्क हूवर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हर्बर्ट क्लार्क हूवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="הרברט הובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרברט הובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰერბერტ ჰუვერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერბერტ ჰუვერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Гувер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герберт Гувер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbertus_Hoover" title="Herbertus Hoover – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Herbertus Hoover" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberts_H%C5%ABvers" title="Herberts Hūvers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Herberts Hūvers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" title="Herbert Clark Hoover – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Herbert Clark Hoover" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" title="Herbert Clark Hoover – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Herbert Clark Hoover" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="ഹെർബർട്ട് ഹൂവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെർബർട്ട് ഹൂവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्बर्ट हूवर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हर्बर्ट हूवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჰერბერტ ჰუვერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰერბერტ ჰუვერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="هيربيرت هوفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيربيرت هوفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هربرت هوور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هربرت هوور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херберт Хувер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Херберт Хувер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟားဘတ် ဟူးဗား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟားဘတ် ဟူးဗား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="हर्बर्ट हुबर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हर्बर्ट हुबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC" title="ハーバート・フーヴァー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバート・フーヴァー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹਰਬਰਟ ਹੂਵਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਰਬਰਟ ਹੂਵਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ہربرٹ ہوور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہربرٹ ہوور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هربرټ کلارک هوور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هربرټ کلارک هوور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" title="Herbert Clark Hoover – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Herbert Clark Hoover" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Гувер, Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гувер, Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="හර්බට් හූවර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හර්බට් හූවර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ھێربێرت ھۆڤەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێربێرت ھۆڤەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херберт Хувер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Херберт Хувер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Гувер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Герберт Гувер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เฮอร์เบิร์ต ฮูเวอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮอร์เบิร์ต ฮูเวอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%98_%E1%8E%B1%E1%8F%A9" title="ᎮᏆᏘ ᎱᏩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎮᏆᏘ ᎱᏩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Герберт Гувер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герберт Гувер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ہربرٹ ہوور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہربرٹ ہوور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%9B" title="赫伯特·胡佛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫伯特·胡佛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="הערבערט קלארק האווער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הערבערט קלארק האווער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%9B" title="夏拔·胡佛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏拔·胡佛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover" title="Herbert C. Hoover – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Herbert C. Hoover" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Herbert Hoover" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%9B" title="赫伯特·胡佛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫伯特·胡佛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Herbert_Hoover" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1929 to 1933</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the president of the United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Herbert Hoover (disambiguation)">Herbert Hoover (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"President Hoover" redirects here. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_President_Hoover" title="SS President Hoover">SS <i>President Hoover</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Herbert Hoover</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 220px; height: 292px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -1px; left: -0px; width: 220px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/220px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/330px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/President_Hoover_portrait.jpg/440px-President_Hoover_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hoover in 1928</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">31st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 5, 1921 – August 21, 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></li> <li>Calvin Coolidge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">William F. Whiting</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 21, 1917 – November 16, 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 22, 1914 – April 14, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Herbert Clark Hoover</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874-08-10</span>)</span>August 10, 1874<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa">West Branch, Iowa</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 20, 1964<span style="display:none">(1964-10-20)</span> (aged 90)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (before 1920)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1920–1964)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 10, 1899">1899</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="January 7, 1944">1944</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herbert Hoover's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg/128px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg/192px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg/256px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_moment.ogg" title="File:Hoover moment.ogg">Hoover's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Hoover_moment.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hoover_moment.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Hoover_moment.ogg/Hoover_moment.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Announcing his <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover#Later_response" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1931 economic stimulus plan</a><br />Recorded October 1931</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Herbert Clark Hoover</b> (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> and was the director of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a>, followed by post-war relief of Europe. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Commerce">U.S. Secretary of Commerce</a> from 1921 to 1928 before being <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">elected president in 1928</a>. His presidency was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and his policies and methods to combat it were seen as lackluster. Amid his unpopularity, he decisively lost reelection to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>. </p><p>Born to a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> family in <a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa">West Branch, Iowa</a>, Hoover grew up in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. He was one of the first graduates of the new <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1895. Hoover took a position with a London-based mining company working in Australia and China. He rapidly became a wealthy mining engineer. In 1914, the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he organized and headed the Commission for Relief in Belgium, an international relief organization that provided food to <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupied Belgium</a>. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> appointed Hoover to lead the Food Administration. He became famous as his country's "food czar". After the war, Hoover led the <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a>, which provided food to the starving millions in Central and Eastern Europe, especially Russia. Hoover's wartime service made him a favorite of many <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressives</a>, and he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1920_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 U.S. presidential election">1920 U.S. presidential election</a>. </p><p>Hoover served as the secretary of commerce under Presidents <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>. Hoover was an unusually active and visible Cabinet member, becoming known as "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments." He was influential in the development of air travel and radio. Hoover led the federal response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>. He won the Republican nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a> and defeated Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in a landslide. In 1929, Hoover assumed the presidency. However, during his first year in office, <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">the stock market crashed</a>, signaling the onset of the Great Depression, which dominated Hoover's presidency until its end. His response to the depression was widely seen as lackluster and he scapegoated <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> for the economic crisis. Approximately one million Mexican Americans were forcibly "repatriated" to Mexico in a <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migration</a> campaign known as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a> even though a majority of them were born in the United States. </p><p>In the midst of the Great Depression, he was decisively defeated by Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 presidential election</a>. Hoover's retirement was over 31 years long, one of the longest presidential retirements. He authored numerous works and became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> in retirement. He strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. In the 1940s and 1950s, public opinion of Hoover improved, largely due to his service in various assignments for Presidents <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, including chairing the influential <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a>. Critical assessments of his presidency by historians and political scientists generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank him</a> as a significantly below-average president, although Hoover has received praise for his actions as a humanitarian and public official.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lemann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg/220px-Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg/330px-Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg/440px-Herbert_Hoover_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hoover's birthplace cottage in <a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa">West Branch, Iowa</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Herbert Clark Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in <a href="/wiki/West_Branch,_Iowa" title="West Branch, Iowa">West Branch, Iowa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Jesse Hoover, was a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> and farm implement store owner of German, Swiss, and English ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner19964_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner19964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was raised in <a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Ontario" title="Norwich, Ontario">Norwich, Ontario</a>, Canada, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> in 1859. Like most other citizens of West Branch, Jesse and Hulda were <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_20175–10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_20175–10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around age two "Bertie", as he was called during that time, contracted a serious bout of <a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">croup</a>, and was momentarily thought to have died until resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young child he was often referred to by his father as "my little stick in the mud" when he repeatedly got trapped in the mud crossing the unpaved street.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert's family figured prominently in the town's public prayer life, due almost entirely to mother Hulda's role in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a child, Hoover consistently attended schools, but he did little reading on his own aside from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201713–14,_31_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201713–14,_31-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's father, noted by the local paper for his "pleasant, sunshiny disposition", died in 1880 at the age of 34 of a sudden heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199610_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199610-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's mother died in 1884 of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, leaving Hoover, his older brother, Theodore, and his younger sister, May, as orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201717–18_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201717–18-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover lived the next 18 months with his uncle Allen Hoover at a nearby farm.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg/130px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg/195px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg/260px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hoover in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1885, Hoover was sent to <a href="/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon" title="Newberg, Oregon">Newberg, Oregon</a>, to live with his uncle John Minthorn, a Quaker physician and businessman whose own son had died the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minthorn household was considered cultured and educational, and imparted a strong work ethic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199612_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199612-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like West Branch, Newberg was a frontier town settled largely by Midwestern Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201720–21_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201720–21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minthorn ensured that Hoover received an education, but Hoover disliked the many chores assigned to him and often resented Minthorn. One observer described Hoover as "an orphan [who] seemed to be neglected in many ways".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201722–24_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201722–24-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover attended Friends Pacific Academy (now <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a>), but dropped out at the age of thirteen to become an office assistant for his uncle's real estate office (Oregon Land Company)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem, Oregon</a>. Though he did not attend high school, Hoover learned bookkeeping, typing, and mathematics at a night school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20094–6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20094–6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover was a member of the inaugural "Pioneer Class" of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, entering in 1891 despite failing all the <a href="/wiki/Educational_entrance_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational entrance examination">entrance exams</a> except mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199616_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199616-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his freshman year, he switched his major from mechanical engineering to geology after working for <a href="/wiki/John_Casper_Branner" title="John Casper Branner">John Casper Branner</a>, the chairman of Stanford's geology department. During his sophomore year, Sam Collins proposed founding, <i>Romero Hall Boarding Club</i>, the first student cooperative boarding house at Romero Hall, for "sociability and economy", which Hoover and <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Houses" title="Hidden Houses">William Foster Hidden</a> co-founded.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover was a mediocre student, and he spent much of his time working in various part-time jobs or participating in campus activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201735–39_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201735–39-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was initially shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternities and sororities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as student manager of both the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball" title="Stanford Cardinal baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football" title="Stanford Cardinal football">football teams</a>, and helped organize the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)">Big Game</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summers before and after his senior year, Hoover interned under economic geologist <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Lindgren" title="Waldemar Lindgren">Waldemar Lindgren</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>; these experiences convinced Hoover to pursue a career as a mining geologist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201739–41_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201739–41-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining_engineer">Mining engineer</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression#Trying_to_return_to_the_Gold_Standard" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes of the Great Depression § Trying to return to the Gold Standard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bewick,_Moreing"><span id="Bewick.2C_Moreing"></span>Bewick, Moreing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg/170px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg/255px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg/340px-Herbert_Hoover_in_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Hoover, aged 23; taken in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Western Australia, in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>When Hoover graduated from Stanford in 1895, the country was in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> and he initially struggled to find a job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked in various low-level mining jobs in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada Mountains</a> until persuading prominent mining engineer Louis Janin to hire him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201746–48_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201746–48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After working as a mine scout for a year, Hoover was hired by Bewick, Moreing & Co. ("Bewick"), a London-based company that operated <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201748–50_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201748–50-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first went to <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie,_Western_Australia" title="Coolgardie, Western Australia">Coolgardie</a>, then the center of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Goldfields" title="Eastern Goldfields">Eastern Goldfields</a>, which was actually in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, receiving a $5,000 salary (equivalent to $183,120 in 2023). Conditions were harsh in the goldfields; Hoover described the <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie_(biogeographic_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolgardie (biogeographic region)">Coolgardie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murchison_(biogeographic_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murchison (biogeographic region)">Murchison</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangelands</a> on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria Desert</a> as a land of "black flies, red dust and white heat".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_biography_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover_biography-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover traveled constantly across the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a> to evaluate and manage the company's mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201754–55_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201754–55-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He convinced Bewick to purchase the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia" title="Sons of Gwalia">Sons of Gwalia</a> gold mine, which proved to be one of the most successful mines in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201756_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201756-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly due to Hoover's efforts, the company eventually controlled approximately 50 percent of gold production in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash1983283_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1983283-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover brought in many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian immigrants</a> to cut costs and counter the <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">labour movement</a> of the Australian miners.<sup id="cite_ref-HG_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time with the mining company, Hoover became opposed to measures such as a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a>, feeling that they were unfair to owners. Hoover's work impressed his employers, and in 1898 he was promoted to junior partner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open feud developed between Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but Bewick's leaders defused the situation by offering Hoover a compelling position in <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199632_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199632-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving in China, Hoover developed gold mines near <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> on behalf of Bewick and the Chinese-owned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Engineering_and_Mining_Company" title="Chinese Engineering and Mining Company">Chinese Engineering and Mining Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201770–71,_76_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201770–71,_76-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became deeply interested in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>, but gave up on learning the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">language</a> to <a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_United_States#Herbert_Hoover" title="List of multilingual presidents of the United States">a fluent level</a>. He publicly warned that Chinese workers were inefficient and racially inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201772–73_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201772–73-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made recommendations to improve the lot of the Chinese worker, seeking to end the practice of imposing long-term servitude contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on merit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199634_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199634-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> broke out shortly after the Hoovers arrived in China, trapping them and numerous other foreign nationals until a <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">multi-national military force</a> defeated Boxer forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tientsin" title="Battle of Tientsin">Battle of Tientsin</a>. Fearing the imminent collapse of the Chinese government, the director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick. After they established effective control over the new Chinese mining company, Hoover became the operating partner in late 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201777–81,_85–89_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201777–81,_85–89-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this role, Hoover continually traveled the world on behalf of Bewick, visiting mines operated by the company on different continents. Beginning in December 1902, the company faced mounting legal and financial issues after one of the partners admitted to having fraudulently sold stock in a mine. More issues arose in 1904 after the British government formed two separate <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">royal commissions</a> to investigate Bewick's labor practices and financial dealings in Western Australia. After the company lost a lawsuit Hoover began looking for a way to get out of the partnership, and he sold his shares in mid-1908.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201788–93,_98,_102–104_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201788–93,_98,_102–104-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sole_proprietor">Sole proprietor</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HHoover_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HHoover_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-HHoover_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HHoover_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-HHoover_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/HHoover_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Hoover in 1917 while a mining engineer</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving Bewick, Moreing, Hoover worked as a London-based independent mining consultant and financier. Though he had risen to prominence as a geologist and mine operator, Hoover focused much of his attention on raising money, restructuring corporate organizations, and financing new ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017112–115_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017112–115-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He specialized in rejuvenating troubled mining operations, taking a share of the profits in exchange for his technical and financial expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200911–13_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200911–13-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover thought of himself and his associates as "engineering doctors to sick concerns", and he earned a reputation as a "doctor of sick mines".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash1983392_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1983392-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made investments on every continent and had offices in San Francisco; London; New York City; Paris; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">British Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1914, Hoover was a very wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million (equivalent to $121.67 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash1983569_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1983569-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc" title="Consolidated Zinc">Zinc Corporation</a> to extract <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> near the Australian city of <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017115_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017115-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zinc Corporation developed the <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a> process to extract zinc from lead-silver ore<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199624–43_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199624–43-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operated the world's first selective ore differential flotation plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Blainey_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blainey-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover worked with the Burma Corporation, a British firm that produced silver, lead, and zinc in large quantities at the <a href="/wiki/Namtu" title="Namtu">Namtu</a> <a href="/wiki/Bawdwin_Mine" title="Bawdwin Mine">Bawdwin Mine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–96, 101–102">: 90–96, 101–102 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash1983381_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash1983381-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped increase <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyshtym" title="Kyshtym">Kyshtym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, through the use of pyritic smelting. He also agreed to manage a separate mine in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> that, according to Hoover, "developed probably the greatest and richest single body of ore known in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 102–108">: 102–108 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his spare time, Hoover wrote. His lectures at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> and Stanford universities were published in 1909 as <i>Principles of Mining</i>, which became a standard textbook. The book reflects his move towards <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> ideals, as Hoover came to endorse <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour workdays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">organized labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200918–20_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200918–20-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover became deeply interested in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>, and he was especially drawn to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a></i>, an influential 16th century work on mining and metallurgy by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>. In 1912, Hoover and his wife published the first English translation of <i>De re metallica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017119–120_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017119–120-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover also joined the board of trustees at Stanford, and led a successful campaign to appoint John Branner as the university's president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017124–125_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017124–125-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lou_Henry_Hoover_House,_623_Mirada_Rd.,_Stanford,_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG/220px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG/330px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG/440px-Lou_Henry_Hoover_House%2C_623_Mirada_Rd.%2C_Stanford%2C_CA_6-3-2012_3-31-07_PM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry Hoover House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, the couple's first and only permanent residence</figcaption></figure> <p>During his senior year at Stanford, Hoover became smitten with a classmate named <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry</a>, though his financial situation precluded marriage at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_20096–9-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The daughter of a banker from <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, Lou Henry decided to study geology at Stanford after attending a lecture delivered by <a href="/wiki/John_Casper_Branner" title="John Casper Branner">John C. Branner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201743–44_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201743–44-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after earning a promotion in 1898, Hoover cabled Lou Henry, asking her to marry him. After she cabled back her acceptance of the proposal, Hoover briefly returned to the United States for their wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would remain married until Lou Henry Hoover's death in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017109_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017109-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover was the first president to be a widower since <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. </p><p>Though his Quaker upbringing strongly influenced his career, Hoover rarely attended Quaker meetings during his adult life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017109,_123,_369–370_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017109,_123,_369–370-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millerlbp_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millerlbp-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover and his wife had two children: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Hoover Jr.</a> (born in 1903) and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Henry_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan Henry Hoover">Allan Henry Hoover</a> (born in 1907).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200910–13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoover family began living in London in 1902, though they frequently traveled as part of Hoover's career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201790,_96,_103_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_201790,_96,_103-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1916, the Hoovers began living in the United States, maintaining homes in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, and Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017182–183,_207–208,_312_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017182–183,_207–208,_312-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's great-grandaughter (through Allan) is <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> political commentator, strategist, media personality and author <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover's elder brother Theodore also studied mining engineering at Stanford, and returned there to become dean of the engineering school. In retirement, Theodore bought a large property on the remote north coast of Santa Cruz County. The <a href="/wiki/Theodore_J._Hoover_Natural_Preserve" title="Theodore J. Hoover Natural Preserve">Theodore J. Hoover Natural Preserve</a> is now part of <a href="/wiki/Big_Basin_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Basin State Park">Big Basin State Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I_and_aftermath">World War I and aftermath</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief_in_Europe">Relief in Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in August 1914, pitting Germany and its allies against France and its allies. The German <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlieffen plan">Schlieffen plan</a> was to achieve a quick victory by marching through neutral Belgium to envelop the French Army east of Paris. The maneuver failed to reach Paris but the Germans did control nearly all of Belgium for the entire war. Hoover and other London-based American businessmen established a committee to organize the return of the roughly 100,000 Americans stranded in Europe. Hoover was appointed as the committee's chairman and, with the assent of Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson administration</a>, took charge of the distribution of relief to Americans in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017132–136_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017132–136-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover later stated, "I did not realize it at the moment, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over forever. I was on the slippery road of public life."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early October 1914, Hoover's organization had distributed relief to at least 40,000 Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017137–138_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017137–138-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a> in August 1914 set off a food crisis in Belgium, which relied heavily on food imports. The Germans refused to take responsibility for feeding Belgian citizens in captured territory, and the British refused to lift their <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">blockade</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German-occupied Belgium</a> unless the U.S. government supervised Belgian food imports as a neutral party in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017140–142_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017140–142-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the cooperation of the Wilson administration and the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_National_de_Secours_et_d%27Alimentation" title="Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation">CNSA</a>, a Belgian relief organization, Hoover established the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> (CRB).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017143–144_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017143–144-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CRB obtained and imported millions of tons of foodstuffs for the CNSA to distribute, and helped ensure that the German army did not appropriate the food. Private donations and government grants supplied the majority of its $11-million-a-month budget, and the CRB became a veritable independent republic of relief, with its own flag, navy, factories, mills, and railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199679_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199679-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hoover worked 14-hour days from London, administering the distribution of over two million tons of food to nine million war victims. In an early form of <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a>, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> forty times to meet with German authorities and persuade them to allow food shipments.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also convinced British <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> to allow individuals to send money to the people of Belgium, thereby lessening workload of the CRB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017158–159_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017158–159-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the request of the French government, the CRB began delivering supplies to the people of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">German-occupied Northern France</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017163_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017163-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Walter Page</a> described Hoover as "probably the only man living who has privately (i.e., without holding office) negotiated understandings with the British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments".<sup id="cite_ref-HendrickWilson1926_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HendrickWilson1926-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilsonLink1982_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonLink1982-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Food_Administration">U.S. Food Administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Wanted_Immediately._2,000,000_Garments_for_destitute_Men,_Women,_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/170px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/255px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/340px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a> poster</figcaption></figure> <p>War upon Germany was declared in April 1917, and American food was essential to Allied victory. With the U.S. mobilizing for war, President Wilson appointed Hoover to head the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a>, which was charged with ensuring the nation's food needs during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner199696–97_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner199696–97-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover had hoped to join the administration in some capacity since at least 1916, and he obtained the position after lobbying several members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017178,_187–191_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017178,_187–191-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earning the appellation of "food czar", Hoover recruited a volunteer force of hundreds of thousands of women and deployed <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">propaganda</a> in movie theaters, schools, and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He carefully selected men to assist in the agency leadership—<a href="/wiki/Alonzo_E._Taylor" title="Alonzo E. Taylor">Alonzo E. Taylor</a> (technical abilities), <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a> (political associations), <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996101_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996101-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> had created a global food crisis that dramatically increased food prices and caused food riots and starvation in the countries at war. Hoover's chief goal as food czar was to provide supplies to the Allied Powers, but he also sought to stabilize domestic prices and to prevent domestic shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017183–185_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017183–185-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the broad powers granted by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Fuel_Control_Act" title="Food and Fuel Control Act">Food and Fuel Control Act</a>, the Food Administration supervised food production throughout the United States, and the administration made use of its authority to buy, import, store, and sell food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017198–199_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017198–199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined to avoid rationing, Hoover established set days for people to avoid eating specified foods and save them for soldiers' rations: <a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">meatless Mondays</a>, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes". These policies were dubbed "Hooverizing" by government publicists, in spite of Hoover's continual orders that publicity should not mention him by name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner1996104–109_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner1996104–109-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Food Administration shipped 23 million metric tons of food to the Allied Powers, preventing their collapse and earning Hoover great acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017212–213_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017212–213-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As head of the Food Administration, Hoover gained a following in the United States, especially among progressives who saw in Hoover an expert administrator and symbol of efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017204–206_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017204–206-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> during his tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_relief_in_Europe">Post-war relief in Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a></div> <p>World War I came to an end in November 1918, but Europe continued to face a critical food situation; Hoover estimated that as many as 400 million people faced the possibility of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017214–215_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017214–215-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Food Administration became the <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> (ARA), and Hoover was charged with providing food to Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to providing relief, the ARA rebuilt infrastructure in an effort to rejuvenate the economy of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017215–217_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017215–217-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Hoover served as a close adviser to President Wilson, and he largely shared Wilson's goals of establishing the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, settling borders on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and refraining from inflicting a harsh punishment on the defeated Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017216–222_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017216–222-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, the famed British economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a> that if Hoover's realism, "knowledge, magnanimity and disinterestedness" had found wider play in the councils of Paris, the world would have had "the Good Peace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1919247_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1919247-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in mid-1919, Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established the European Children's Fund, which provided relief to fifteen million children across fourteen countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017224_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017224-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the opposition of Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> and other Republicans, Hoover provided aid to the defeated German nation after the war, as well as relief to <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">famine</a>-stricken <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover condemned the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> but warned President Wilson against an <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">intervention</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, as he viewed the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> forces as little better than the Bolsheviks and feared the possibility of a protracted U.S. involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200943–45_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200943–45-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9322" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921–22">Russian famine of 1921–22</a> claimed six million people, but the intervention of the ARA likely saved millions of lives.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked if he was not helping Bolshevism by providing relief, Hoover stated, "twenty million people are starving. Whatever their politics, they shall be fed!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200941–43,_57–58-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting the gratitude of many Europeans, in July 1922, Soviet author <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> told Hoover that "your help will enter history as a unique, gigantic achievement, worthy of the greatest glory, which will long remain in the memory of millions of Russians whom you have saved from death".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Hoover established the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archive">Hoover War Collection</a> at Stanford University. He donated all the files of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the U.S. Food Administration, and the American Relief Administration, and pledged $50,000 as an endowment (equivalent to $878,695 in 2023). Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. The collection was renamed the Hoover War Library in 1922 and is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the post-war period, Hoover also served as the president of the Federated American Engineering Societies.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Himmelberg_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Himmelberg-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920_election">1920 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Hoover had been little known among the American public before 1914, but his service in the Wilson administration established him as a contender in the 1920 presidential election. Hoover's wartime push for higher taxes, criticism of Attorney General <a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a>'s actions during the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>, and his advocacy for measures such as the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a>, forty-eight-hour workweek, and <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">elimination of child labor</a> made him appealing to progressives of both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200945–50_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200945–50-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his service in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> administration of Woodrow Wilson, Hoover had never been closely affiliated with either the Democrats or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>. He initially sought to avoid committing to any party in the 1920 election, hoping that either of the two major parties would draft him for president at their national conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017232–234_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017232–234-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1920, he changed strategy and declared himself a Republican; he was motivated in large part by the belief that the Democrats had little chance of winning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017235–236_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017235–236-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his national renown, Hoover's service in the Wilson administration had alienated farmers and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">conservative Old Guard of the GOP</a>, and his presidential candidacy fizzled out after his defeat in the California primary by <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 Republican National Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> emerged as a compromise candidate after the convention became deadlocked between supporters of Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200945–50_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200945–50-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover backed Harding's successful campaign in the general election, and he began laying the groundwork for a future presidential run by building a base of strong supporters in the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017237–238_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017237–238-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Commerce_(1921–1928)"><span id="Secretary_of_Commerce_.281921.E2.80.931928.29"></span>Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Presidency of Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HooverCommerce1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HooverCommerce1926.jpg/250px-HooverCommerce1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/HooverCommerce1926.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Assistants William McCracken (left) and Walter Drake (right) with Secretary Hoover (center)</figcaption></figure> <p>After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>. Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet post, with limited and vaguely defined responsibilities, but Hoover decided to accept the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200951–52_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200951–52-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's progressive stances, continuing support for the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, and recent conversion to the Republican Party aroused opposition to his appointment from many <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017247–248_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017247–248-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To overcome this opposition, Harding paired Hoover's nomination with that of conservative favorite <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>, and the nominations of both Hoover and Mellon were confirmed by the Senate. Hoover would serve as Secretary of Commerce from 1921 to 1928, serving under Harding and, after Harding's death in 1923, President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200951–52_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200951–52-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of the most prominent members of the Harding administration, including Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> and Secretary of Interior <a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Fall" title="Albert B. Fall">Albert B. Fall</a>, were implicated in <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding#Administration_scandals" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">major scandals</a>, Hoover emerged largely unscathed from investigations into the Harding administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017288–292_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017288–292-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover envisioned the Commerce Department as the hub of the nation's growth and stability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–63_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–63-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. Contemporaries described Hoover's approach as a "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, which was becoming increasingly popular in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017254–257_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017254–257-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover sought to foster a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and for this, he has been variously labeled a <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Associationalism" title="Associationalism">associationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985106_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985106-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high priority was economic diplomacy, including promoting the growth of exports, as well as protection against monopolistic practices of foreign governments, especially regarding rubber and coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover demanded, and received, authority to coordinate economic affairs throughout the government. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a>. In some instances, he "seized" control of responsibilities from other Cabinet departments when he deemed that they were not carrying out their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as the "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–63_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–63-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%9321" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression of 1920–21">Depression of 1920–21</a>, he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017260–264_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017260–264-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He endorsed much of Mellon's tax reduction program but favored a more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> system and opposed the treasury secretary's efforts to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017303–304_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017303–304-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_regulation_and_air_travel">Radio regulation and air travel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_radio_broadcast_in_the_United_States" title="Regulation of radio broadcast in the United States">Regulation of radio broadcast in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HerbertClarkHoover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/170px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/255px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/HerbertClarkHoover.jpg/340px-HerbertClarkHoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Hoover listening to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1923 and 1929, the number of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 million,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199832–33_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199832–33-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hoover's tenure as Secretary of Commerce heavily influenced radio use in the United States. In the early and mid-1920s, Hoover's radio conferences played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>. Hoover also helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a>, which allowed the government to intervene and abolish <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a> that were deemed "non-useful" to the public. Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover was also influential in the early development of air travel, and he sought to create a thriving private industry boosted by indirect government subsidies. He encouraged the development of emergency landing fields, required all runways to be equipped with lights and radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for <a href="/wiki/Aerial_application" title="Aerial application">crop dusting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–54_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200953–54-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017271_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017271-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted national conferences on street traffic collectively known as the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety. Hoover's chief objective was to address the growing casualty toll of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic accidents</a>, but the scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor vehicle standards, rules of the road, and urban traffic control. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many of the positions taken by the conferences reflected their interests. The conferences issued a model Uniform Vehicle Code for adoption by the states and a Model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for adoption by cities. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoover's_image_building"><span id="Hoover.27s_image_building"></span>Hoover's image building</h3></div> <p>Phillips Payson O'Brien argues that Hoover had a Britain problem. He had spent so many years living in Britain and Australia, as an employee of British companies, there was a risk that he would be labeled a British tool. There were three solutions, all of which he tried in close collaboration with the media, which greatly admired him.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First came the image of the dispassionate scientist, emotionally uninvolved but always committed to finding and implementing the best possible solution. The second solution was to gain the reputation of a humanitarian, deeply concerned with the world's troubles, such as famine in Belgium, as well as specific American problems which he had solved as food commissioner during the world war. The third solution to was to fall back on that old tactic of twisting the British tail. He employed that solution in 1925–1926 in the worldwide rubber crisis. The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">American auto industry</a> consumed 70% of the world's output, but British investors controlled much of the supply. Their plan was to drastically cut back on output from <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, which had the effect of tripling rubber prices. Hoover energetically gave a series of speeches and interviews denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a> practice and demanding that it be ended. The American State Department wanted no such crisis and compromised the issue in 1926. By then Hoover had solved his image problem, and during his 1928 campaign he successfully squelched attacks that alleged he was too close to British interests.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg/220px-Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg/330px-Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg/440px-Hoover_and_Harding_at_baseball_game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Hoover (left) with President <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Warren Harding</a> at a baseball game, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>With the goal of encouraging wise business investments, Hoover made the Commerce Department a clearinghouse of information. He recruited numerous academics from various fields and tasked them with publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">steel production</a> and films. To eliminate waste, he encouraged <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> of products like <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">automobile tires</a> and baby bottle nipples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017257–200_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017257–200-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other efforts at eliminating waste included reducing labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing industrial losses from accident and injury, and reducing the amount of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> spilled during extraction and shipping. He promoted international trade by opening overseas offices to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Hollywood films overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1998_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1998-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was a collaboration to promote ownership of single-family dwellings, with groups such as the Better Houses in America movement, the Architects' Small House Service Bureau, and the Home Modernizing Bureau. He worked with bankers and the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loan</a> industry to promote the new long-term home mortgage, which dramatically stimulated home construction.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accomplishments included winning the agreement of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> to adopt an eight-hour workday, and the fostering of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Compact" title="Colorado River Compact">Colorado River Compact</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> compact among <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017269–271_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017269–271-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippi_flood">Mississippi flood</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a> broke the banks and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">lower Mississippi River</a> in early 1927, resulting in the flooding of millions of acres and leaving 1.5 million people displaced from their homes. Although disaster response did not fall under the duties of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce Department</a>, the governors of six states along the Mississippi River specifically asked President Coolidge to appoint Hoover to coordinate the response to the flood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200968–71_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200968–71-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing that disaster response was not the domain of the federal government, Coolidge initially refused to become involved, but he eventually acceded to political pressure and appointed Hoover to chair a special committee to help the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017328–329_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017328–329-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover established over one hundred <a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">tent cities</a> and a fleet of more than six hundred vessels and raised $17 million (equivalent to $298.18 million in 2023). In large part due to his leadership during the flood crisis, by 1928, Hoover had begun to overshadow President Coolidge himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200968–71_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200968–71-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hoover received wide acclaim for his role in the crisis, he ordered the suppression of reports of mistreatment of African Americans in <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017333–335_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017333–335-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did so with the cooperation of black American leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a>, who was promised unprecedented influence once Hoover became president.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1928">Presidential election of 1928</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Hoover quietly gathered support for a future presidential bid throughout the 1920s, but he carefully avoided alienating Coolidge, who possibly could have run for another term in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017322–323_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017322–323-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the rest of the nation, he was surprised when Coolidge <a href="/wiki/I_do_not_choose_to_run" title="I do not choose to run">announced in August 1927</a> that he would not seek another term. With the impending retirement of Coolidge, Hoover immediately emerged as the front-runner for the 1928 Republican nomination, and he quickly put together a strong campaign team led by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot" title="Reed Smoot">Reed Smoot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017335–338_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017335–338-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coolidge was unwilling to anoint Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that, "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1957195_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1957195-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his lukewarm feelings towards Hoover, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the popular Commerce Secretary's candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967390–391Wilson1975122–123_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967390–391Wilson1975122–123-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many wary Republican leaders cast about for an alternative candidate, such as Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon or former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rusnak_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rusnak-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hughes and Mellon declined to run, and other potential contenders like <a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> failed to garner widespread support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017338–339_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017338–339-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 Republican National Convention</a>. Convention delegates considered re-nominating Vice President Charles Dawes to be Hoover's <a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">running mate</a>, but Coolidge, who hated Dawes, remarked that this would be "a personal affront" to him. The convention instead selected Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> of Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover accepted the nomination at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Stadium" title="Stanford Stadium">Stanford Stadium</a>, telling a huge crowd that he would continue the policies of the Harding and Coolidge administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200971–72_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200971–72-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats nominated New York governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, who became the first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic</a> major party nominee for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017344–345,_350_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017344–345,_350-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1928.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ElectoralCollege1928.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege1928.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1928 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover submitted his resignation as Commerce Secretary on July 7, but Coolidge kept him on until August 21 to wind up pending business.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2010413–414_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2010413–414-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover centered his campaign around the Republican record of peace and prosperity, as well as his own reputation as a successful engineer and public official. Averse to giving political speeches, Hoover largely stayed out of the fray and left the campaigning to Curtis and other Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017343–346_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017343–346-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith was more charismatic and gregarious than Hoover, but his campaign was damaged by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholicism</a> and his overt opposition to Prohibition. Hoover had never been a strong proponent of Prohibition, but he accepted the Republican Party's plank in favor of it and issued an ambivalent statement calling Prohibition "a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017349–351_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017349–351-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, Hoover and the national party pursued a "<a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">lily-white</a>" strategy, removing black Republicans from leadership positions in an attempt to curry favor with white Southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980462–463_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980462–463-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover maintained polling leads throughout the 1928 campaign, and he decisively defeated Smith on election day, taking 58 percent of the popular vote and 444 of the 531 electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017355,_360_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017355,_360-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and Prohibition, guaranteed his landslide victory.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's appeal to Southern white voters succeeded in cracking the "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>", and he won five Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's victory was positively received by newspapers; one wrote that Hoover would "drive so forcefully at the tasks now before the nation that the end of his eight years as president will find us looking back on an era of prodigious achievement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017369–370_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017369–370-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover's detractors wondered why he did not do anything to <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">reapportion congress</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920 United States census</a> which saw an increase in urban and immigrant populations. The 1920 census was the first and only decennial census where the results were not used to reapportion Congress, which ultimately influenced the 1928 Electoral College and impacted the presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-slayton_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slayton-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-finan_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finan-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1929–1933)"><span id="Presidency_.281929.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Presidency (1929–1933)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency of Herbert Hoover</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg/220px-Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg/330px-Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg/440px-Taft_Hebert_Hoover_Oath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4477" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Hoover's inauguration</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by encouraging public-private cooperation—what he termed "volunteerism". He tended to oppose governmental coercion or intervention, as he thought they infringed on American ideals of individualism and self-reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-9iopl_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9iopl-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major bill that he signed, the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Act_of_1929" title="Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929">Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929</a>, established the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a> in order to stabilize farm prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–66_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–66-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover made extensive use of commissions to study issues and propose solutions, and many of those commissions were sponsored by private donors rather than by the government. One of the commissions started by Hoover, the Research Committee on Social Trends, was tasked with surveying the entirety of American society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200984–85_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200984–85-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed a Cabinet consisting largely of wealthy, business-oriented conservatives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198534_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198534-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200981–82_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200981–82-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lou Henry Hoover was an activist First Lady. She typified the <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">new woman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">post–World War I era</a>: intelligent, robust, and aware of multiple female possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></div> <p>On taking office, Hoover said that "given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having seen the fruits of prosperity brought by technological progress, many shared Hoover's optimism, and the already bullish stock market climbed even higher on Hoover's accession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200980–81_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200980–81-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This optimism concealed several threats to sustained U.S. economic growth, including a persistent <a href="/wiki/Farm_crisis" title="Farm crisis">farm crisis</a>, a saturation of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a> like <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, and growing <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–68_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–68-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most dangerous of all to the economy was excessive speculation that had raised <a href="/wiki/Share_price" title="Share price">stock prices</a> far beyond their value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199935–36_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199935–36-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regulators and bankers had warned Coolidge and Hoover that a failure to curb speculation would lead to "one of the greatest financial catastrophes that this country has ever seen," but both presidents were reluctant to become involved with the workings of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</a>, which regulated banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198568–71_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198568–71-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Stock_Market_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock Market Crash of 1929">stock market crashed</a>, and the worldwide economy began to spiral downward into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198572–74_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198572–74-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">causes of the Great Depression</a> remain a matter of debate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman2012502_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2012502-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Hoover viewed a lack of confidence in the financial system as the fundamental economic problem facing the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouck2000155–156_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouck2000155–156-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought to avoid direct federal intervention, believing that the best way to bolster the economy was through the strengthening of businesses such as banks and railroads. He also feared that allowing individuals on the "<a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">dole</a>" would permanently weaken the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998350–351_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998350–351-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Hoover strongly believed that local governments and private giving should address the needs of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009b_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009b-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_policies">Early policies</h4></div> <p>Though he attempted to put a positive spin on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Black Tuesday</a>, Hoover moved quickly to address the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash" title="Stock market crash">stock market collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198574–75_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198574–75-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days following Black Tuesday, Hoover gathered business and labor leaders, asking them to avoid wage cuts and work stoppages while the country faced what he believed would be a short recession similar to the Depression of 1920–21.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009104105_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009104105-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover also convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending on construction and maintenance, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> announced that it would cut interest rates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1930, Hoover acquired from Congress an additional $100 million to continue the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a> lending and purchasing policies.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> and provide a <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(economics)" title="Stimulus (economics)">fiscal stimulus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Hoover opposed congressional proposals to provide federal relief to the unemployed, as he believed that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments and philanthropic organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985147–149_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985147–149-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover had taken office hoping to raise agricultural tariffs in order to help farmers reeling from the farm crisis of the 1920s, but his attempt to raise agricultural tariffs became connected with a bill that broadly raised tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198593–97_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198593–97-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover refused to become closely involved in the congressional debate over the tariff, and Congress produced a tariff bill that raised rates for many goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017399–402,_414_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017399–402,_414-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the widespread unpopularity of the bill, Hoover felt that he could not reject the main legislative accomplishment of the Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress" title="71st United States Congress">71st Congress</a>. Over the objection of many economists, Hoover signed the <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a> into law in June 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017414–415_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017414–415-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada, France, and other nations retaliated by raising tariffs, resulting in a contraction of <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and a worsening of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressive Republicans such as Senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Borah">William E. Borah</a> of Idaho were outraged when Hoover signed the tariff act, and Hoover's relations with that wing of the party never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200991–92_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200991–92-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_policies">Later policies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg/220px-Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg/330px-Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg/440px-Herbert_Hoover_and_Ted_Joslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Hoover in the Oval Office with <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Joslin" title="Theodore Joslin">Ted Joslin</a>, 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">national unemployment rate</a> had reached 11.9 percent, but it was not yet clear to most Americans that the economic downturn would be worse than the <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_1920%E2%80%931921" title="Depression of 1920–1921">Depression of 1920–21</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199958–59_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199958–59-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Bank_failure" title="Bank failure">bank failures</a> in late 1930 heralded a larger <a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">collapse of the economy</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199965–66_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199965–66-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other countries left the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, Hoover refused to abandon it;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199977–78_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199977–78-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he derided any other <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichengreenTemin2000196–197_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichengreenTemin2000196–197-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover viewed the weak <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">European economy</a> as a major cause of economic troubles in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985143–144_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985143–144-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">German economy</a>, Hoover marshaled congressional support behind a one-year moratorium on European war debts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017441–444,_449_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017441–444,_449-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a> was warmly received in Europe and the United States, but Germany remained on the brink of <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">defaulting</a> on its loans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017450–452_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017450–452-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the worldwide economy worsened, democratic governments fell; in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> assumed power and dismantled the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008485–486_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008485–486-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-1931, the unemployment rate had reached 15 percent, giving rise to growing fears that the country was experiencing a depression far worse than recent economic downturns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985140–141_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985140–141-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998351–352_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998351–352-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's opponents developed defamatory <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a> to discredit him, such as "<a href="/wiki/Hooverville" title="Hooverville">Hooverville</a>" (the shanty towns and homeless encampments), "Hoover leather" (cardboard used to cover holes in the soles of shoes), and "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used to cover oneself from the cold).<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hoover continued to resist direct federal relief efforts, Governor <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> of New York launched the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Temporary Emergency Relief Administration</a> to provide aid to the unemployed. Democrats positioned the program as a kinder alternative to Hoover's alleged apathy towards the unemployed, despite Hoover's belief that such programs were the responsibility of state and local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017457–459_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017457–459-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy continued to worsen, with unemployment rates nearing 23 percent in early 1932,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–166_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–166-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hoover finally heeded calls for more direct federal intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson_1972508–511_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson_1972508–511-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1932, he convinced Congress to authorize the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> (RFC), which would provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985153–154_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985153–154-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RFC saved numerous businesses from failure, but it failed to stimulate commercial lending as much as Hoover had hoped, partly because it was run by conservative bankers unwilling to make riskier loans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–163_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–163-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month the RFC was established, Hoover signed the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Act" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Act">Federal Home Loan Bank Act</a>, establishing 12 district banks overseen by a Federal Home Loan Bank Board in a manner similar to the Federal Reserve System.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2016309_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2016309-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped arrange passage of the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act_of_1932" title="Glass–Steagall Act of 1932">Glass–Steagall Act of 1932</a>, emergency banking legislation designed to expand banking credit by expanding the collateral on which Federal Reserve banks were authorized to lend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017483–484_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017483–484-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these measures failed to stem the economic crisis, Hoover signed the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_and_Construction_Act" title="Emergency Relief and Construction Act">Emergency Relief and Construction Act</a>, a $2 billion public works bill, in July 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–166_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985162–166-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_policy">Budget policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debt1929-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg/220px-Debt1929-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg/330px-Debt1929-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Debt1929-50.jpg/440px-Debt1929-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>National debt as a fraction of GNP up from 20% to 40% under Hoover. From <i>Historical Statistics US</i> (1976).</figcaption></figure> <p>After a decade of <a href="/wiki/Budget_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget surplus">budget surpluses</a>, the federal government experienced a <a href="/wiki/Budget_deficits" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget deficits">budget deficit</a> in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2016303_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2016303-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some economists, like <a href="/wiki/William_Trufant_Foster" title="William Trufant Foster">William Trufant Foster</a>, favored <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a> to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985158–159_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985158–159-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1931, Hoover proposed a tax plan to increase <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenue</a> by 30 percent, resulting in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">Revenue Act of 1932</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017472,_488–489_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017472,_488–489-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act increased taxes across the board, rolling back much of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cut</a> reduction program Mellon had presided over during the 1920s. Top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, the highest rate since the early 1920s. The act also doubled the top <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">estate tax</a> rate, cut <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">personal income tax</a> exemptions, eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Corporate tax in the United States">corporate income tax</a> exemption, and raised corporate tax rates.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the passage of the Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985159–161_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985159–161-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_and_Mexican_Repatriation">Civil rights and Mexican Repatriation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">Lily-white movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg/170px-President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg/255px-President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg/340px-President_%26_Mrs_Hoover_in_Belvidere_IL_cph.3b12319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Herbert and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> aboard a train in Illinois</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover seldom mentioned <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">civil rights</a> while he was president. He believed that African Americans and other races could improve themselves with education and individual initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover appointed more African Americans to federal positions than Harding and Coolidge combined, but many African American leaders condemned various aspects of the Hoover administration, including Hoover's unwillingness to push for a federal <a href="/wiki/Anti-lynching_movement" title="Anti-lynching movement">anti-lynching law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980471–474_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980471–474-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover also continued to pursue the lily-white strategy, removing African Americans from positions of leadership in the Republican Party in an attempt to end the Democratic Party's <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">dominance in the South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980462–464_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980462–464-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Moton</a> and some other black leaders accepted the lily-white strategy as a temporary measure, most African American leaders were outraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980464–465_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980464–465-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover further alienated black leaders by nominating conservative Southern judge <a href="/wiki/John_J._Parker" title="John J. Parker">John J. Parker</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>; Parker's nomination ultimately failed in the Senate due to opposition from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and organized labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980465–467_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980465–467-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1932 election, and African Americans would later become an important part of Franklin Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980476–477_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia_1980476–477-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of his efforts to limit unemployment, Hoover sought to cut <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration to the United States</a>, and in 1930 he promulgated an executive order requiring individuals to have employment before migrating to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERappleye2016247_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERappleye2016247-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoover Administration began a campaign to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigrants in the United States</a>, which most strongly affected <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a>, especially those living in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman_1973206–207_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman_1973206–207-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the deportations were overseen by state and local authorities who acted on the encouragement of the Hoover Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffman_1973208,_217–218_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffman_1973208,_217–218-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, approximately one million Mexican Americans were forcibly "repatriated" to Mexico; approximately sixty percent of those deported were <a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">birthright citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson_20054–5_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson_20054–5-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign meets the modern legal standards of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, as it involved the forced removal of a racial minority by government actors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson_20056_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson_20056-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover reorganized the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> to limit exploitation of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3></div> <p>On taking office, Hoover urged Americans to obey the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a>, which had established <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017372–373_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017372–373-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make public policy recommendations regarding Prohibition, he created the <a href="/wiki/Wickersham_Commission" title="Wickersham Commission">Wickersham Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200985_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200985-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover had hoped that the commission's public report would buttress his stance in favor of Prohibition, but the report criticized the enforcement of the Volstead Act and noted the growing public opposition to Prohibition. After the Wickersham Report was published in 1931, Hoover rejected the advice of some of his closest allies and refused to endorse any revision of the Volstead Act or the Eighteenth Amendment, as he feared doing so would undermine his support among Prohibition advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017433–435_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017433–435-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As public opinion increasingly turned against Prohibition, more and more people flouted the law, and a grassroots movement began working in earnest for Prohibition's repeal.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1933, a constitutional amendment repealing the Eighteenth Amendment was approved by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification. By December 1933, it had been ratified by the requisite number of states to become the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCHuckabee_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCHuckabee-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <p>According to Leuchtenburg, Hoover was "the last American president to take office with no conspicuous need to pay attention to the rest of the world". Nevertheless, during Hoover's term, the world order established in the immediate aftermath of World War I began to crumble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. In 1930, he released the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Memorandum" title="Clark Memorandum">Clark Memorandum</a>, a rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> and a move towards non-interventionism in Latin America. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin American affairs</a>; he thrice threatened intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and he sent warships to <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> to support the government against a left-wing revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009120–121_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009120–121-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">occupation of Nicaragua</a> and nearly bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">occupation of Haiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985183–186_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985183–186-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover placed a priority on <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a>, which he hoped would allow the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198558_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198558-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> focused on extending the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a>, which sought to prevent a naval <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008479–480_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008479–480-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of Hoover's efforts, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930 <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985175–176_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985175–176-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty represented the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap their tonnage of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">auxiliary vessels</a>, as previous agreements had only affected <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117–119_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117–119-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 1932 <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a>, Hoover urged further cutbacks in armaments and the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a>, but his proposals were not adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117–119_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009117–119-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931, Japan <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> and establishing <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, a puppet state. The Hoover administration deplored the invasion, but also sought to avoid antagonizing the Japanese, fearing that taking too strong a stand would weaken the moderate forces in the Japanese government and alienate a potential ally against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which he saw as a much greater threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009122–123_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009122–123-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonus_Army">Bonus Army</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></div> <p>Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the <a href="/wiki/World_War_Adjusted_Compensation_Act" title="World War Adjusted Compensation Act">World War Adjusted Compensation Act</a> in 1924; the terms of the act called for payment of the bonuses in 1945. Although offered money by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> to return home, some members of the "Bonus Army" remained. Washington police attempted to disperse the demonstrators, but they were outnumbered and unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover sent U.S. Army forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> to the protests. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a>, chose to clear out the camp with military force. Though Hoover had not ordered MacArthur's clearing out of the protesters, he endorsed it after the fact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009136–138_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009136–138-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident proved embarrassing for the Hoover administration and hurt his bid for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-dickson1_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dickson1-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1932_re-election_campaign">1932 re-election campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>By mid-1931 few observers thought that Hoover had much hope of winning a second term in the midst of the ongoing economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985193–194_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985193–194-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican expectations were so bleak that Hoover faced no serious opposition for re-nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 Republican National Convention</a>. Coolidge and other prominent Republicans all passed on the opportunity to challenge Hoover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985194–195_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985194–195-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Democratic National Convention</a>, defeating the 1928 Democratic nominee, Al Smith. The Democrats attacked Hoover as the cause of the Great Depression, and for being indifferent to the suffering of millions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998353_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998353-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had called on the New York legislature to provide aid for the needy, establishing Roosevelt's reputation for being more favorable toward government interventionism during the economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009138–140_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009138–140-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic Party, including Al Smith and other national leaders, coalesced behind Roosevelt, while progressive Republicans like George Norris and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert La Follette Jr.</a> deserted Hoover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985211–212_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985211–212-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibition was increasingly unpopular and wets offered the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars. Roosevelt's platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1932.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ElectoralCollege1932.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege1932.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ElectoralCollege1932.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1932.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/ElectoralCollege1932.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege1932.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1932 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy of government</a>, urging voters to hold to the "foundations of experience" and reject the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998359_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998359-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds ever seen by a sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> halted attempts to hurt Hoover, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another already having removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.<sup id="cite_ref-time_2008_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_2008-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's attempts to vindicate his administration fell on deaf ears, as much of the public blamed his administration for the depression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998361–362_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998361–362-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the electoral vote, Hoover lost 59–472, carrying six states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985212–213_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985212–213-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover won 39.6 percent of the popular vote, a plunge of 18.6 percentage points from his result in the 1928 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009142_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009142-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1933–1964)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281933.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Post-presidency (1933–1964)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosevelt_administration">Roosevelt administration</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_New_Deal">Opposition to New Deal</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg/230px-FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg/345px-FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg/460px-FDR_Inauguration_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>Hoover with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, March 4, 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover departed from Washington in March 1933, bitter at his election loss and continuing unpopularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–149_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–149-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Coolidge, Harding, Wilson, and Taft had all died during the 1920s or early 1930s and Roosevelt died in office, Hoover was the sole living former president from 1933 to 1953. He and his wife lived in Palo Alto until her death in 1944, at which point Hoover began to live permanently at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf Astoria hotel</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009155–156_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009155–156-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, Hoover increasingly self-identified as a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017555–557_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017555–557-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He closely followed national events after leaving public office, becoming a constant critic of Franklin Roosevelt. In response to continued attacks on his character and presidency, Hoover wrote more than two dozen books, including <i>The Challenge to Liberty</i> (1934), which harshly criticized Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Hoover described the New Deal's <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Administration</a> as "fascistic", and he called the <a href="/wiki/1933_Banking_Act" title="1933 Banking Act">1933 Banking Act</a> a "move to gigantic socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–151_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–151-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 58 when he left office, Hoover held out hope for another term as president throughout the 1930s. At the <a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 Republican National Convention</a>, Hoover's speech attacking the New Deal was well received, but the nomination went to Kansas governor <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009151–153_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009151–153-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">the general election</a>, Hoover delivered numerous well-publicized speeches on behalf of Landon, but Landon was defeated by Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hoover was eager to oppose Roosevelt at every turn, Senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a> and other Republicans urged the still-unpopular Hoover to remain out of the fray during the debate over Roosevelt's proposed <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 Republican National Convention</a>, he again hoped for the presidential nomination, but it went to the internationalist <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>, who lost to Roosevelt in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–154_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009147–154-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover remained the latest president to run for re-election after leaving office until 2022 when <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, following his <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">win in 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">loss in 2020</a>, announced <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">his bid</a> for <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms</a></div> <p>During a 1938 trip to Europe, Hoover met with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and stayed at <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>'s hunting lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017558–559_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017558–559-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expressed dismay at the persecution of Jews in Germany and believed that Hitler was mad, but did not present a threat to the U.S. Instead, Hoover believed that Roosevelt posed the biggest threat to peace, holding that Roosevelt's policies provoked Japan and discouraged France and the United Kingdom from reaching an "accommodation" with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj10282017_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj10282017-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the September 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by Germany, Hoover opposed U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009152–154_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009152–154-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was active in the isolationist <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected Roosevelt's offers to help coordinate relief in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017565_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017565-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, with the help of old friends from the CRB, helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Polish_Relief" title="Commission for Polish Relief">Commission for Polish Relief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeansonne_2016328–329_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeansonne_2016328–329-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupation of Belgium</a> in 1940, Hoover provided aid for Belgian civilians, though this aid was described as unnecessary by German broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1939, sympathetic Americans led by Hoover formed the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a> to donate money to aid Finnish civilians and refugees after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had started the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> by attacking Finland, which had outraged Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of January, it had already sent more than two million dollars to the Finns.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a radio broadcast on June 29, 1941, one week after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union">Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union</a>, Hoover disparaged any "tacit alliance" between the U.S. and the USSR, stating, "if we join the war and Stalin wins, we have aided him to impose more communism on Europe and the world... War alongside Stalin to impose freedom is more than a travesty. It is a tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much to his frustration, Hoover was not called upon to serve after the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States entered World War II</a> due to his differences with Roosevelt and his continuing unpopularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009155–156_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009155–156-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not pursue the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 Republican National Convention</a>, and, at the request of Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, refrained from campaigning during the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017572_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017572-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Hoover advised President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> to drop the United States' demand for the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditional surrender</a> of Japan because of the high projected casualties of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">planned invasion of Japan</a>, although Hoover was unaware of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear weapons of the United States">atomic bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943, Hoover expressed his support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. He advocated <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfers</a> of Palestinians to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg/220px-Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg/330px-Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg/440px-Hoover_men_Allan_Herbert_Sr_Andrew_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Hoover with his son <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan</a> (left) and his grandson Andrew (above), 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>Following World War II, Hoover befriended President Truman despite their ideological differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009157–158_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009157–158-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Hoover's experience with Germany at the end of World War I, in 1946 Truman selected the former president to tour <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy to ascertain the food needs of the occupied nations. After touring Germany, Hoover produced <a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Economic_Mission_to_Germany_and_Austria" title="The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria">a number of reports</a> critical of U.S. occupation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated in one report that "there is the illusion that the New Germany left after the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany#Potsdam_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Eastern Germany">annexations</a> can be reduced to a '<a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">pastoral state</a>.' It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it."<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Hoover's initiative, a school meals program in the <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">American and British occupation zones of Germany</a> was begun on April 14, 1947; the program served 3,500,000 children.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/pressclub/hoover.html">National Press Club Luncheon Speakers</a>, Herbert Hoover, March 10, 1954, 37:23, Hoover speaks starting at 7:25 about the second reorganization commission, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-loc_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even more important, in 1947 Truman appointed Hoover to lead the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government</a> a new high level study. Truman accepted some of the recommendations of the "Hoover Commission" for eliminating waste, fraud, and inefficiency, consolidating agencies, and strengthening White House control of policy.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hoover had opposed Roosevelt's concentration of power in the 1930s, he believed that a stronger presidency was required with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009158–159_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009158–159-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, Hoover supported Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>'s unsuccessful campaign against Truman, but he remained on good terms with Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017587–588_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017587–588-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover favored the United Nations in principle, but he opposed granting membership to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>. He viewed the Soviet Union to be as morally repugnant as Nazi Germany and supported the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and others to expose Communists in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017592–594_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017592–594-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1949, Dewey, as governor of New York, offered Hoover the Senate seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a>. It was a matter of being senator for only two months and he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg/220px-Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg/330px-Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg/440px-Hoover_Truman_Eisenhower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Hoover with President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover backed conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican National Convention</a>, but the party's presidential nomination instead went to <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, who went on to win the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017595_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017595-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Eisenhower appointed Hoover to another presidential commission, Hoover disliked Eisenhower, faulting the latter's failure to roll back the New Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009158–159_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009158–159-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's public work helped to rehabilitate his reputation, as did his use of self-deprecating humor; he occasionally remarked that "I am the only person of distinction who's ever had a depression named after him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017592_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017592-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, offering a $25,000 yearly pension (equivalent to $264,014 in 2023) to each former president.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2008_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2008-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover took the pension even though he did not need the money, possibly to avoid embarrassing Truman, whose allegedly precarious financial status played a role in the law's enactment.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended the Kennedy administration after the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> and was personally distraught by <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017601_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017601-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_and_former_President_Herbert_Hoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Hoover with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover wrote several books during his retirement, including <i>The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson</i>, in which he strongly defended Wilson's actions at the Paris Peace Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017571,_604–605_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017571,_604–605-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, he began working on <i>Freedom Betrayed</i>, which he often referred to as his "<a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>". In <i>Freedom Betrayed</i>, Hoover strongly critiques <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Roosevelt's foreign policy</a>, especially Roosevelt's decision to recognize the Soviet Union in order to provide aid to that country during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017606_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017606-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was published in 2012 after being edited by historian <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Death"></span> Hoover faced three major illnesses during the last two years of his life, including an August 1962 operation in which a growth on his <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017606–607_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017606–607-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoover90NYT_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover90NYT-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in New York City on October 20, 1964, following massive <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hoover's last spoken words are unknown, his last-known written words were a get-well message to his friend former President Harry S. Truman, six days before his death, after he heard that Truman had sustained injuries from slipping in a bathroom: "Bathtubs are a menace to ex-presidents for as you may recall a bathtub rose up and <a href="/wiki/Fractured_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractured vertebra">fractured my vertebrae</a> when I was in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> on your world famine mission in 1946. My warmest sympathy and best wishes for your recovery."<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months earlier, on August 10, Hoover reached the age of 90, only the second U.S. president (after <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>) to do so. When asked how he felt on reaching the milestone, Hoover replied, "Too old."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover90NYT_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover90NYT-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, Hoover had been out of office for over 31 years (11,553 days all together). This was the longest retirement in presidential history until <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> broke that record in September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg/220px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg/330px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg/440px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The gravesite of Herbert and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hoover was honored with a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> in which he <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> attended, along with former presidents Truman and Eisenhower. Then, on October 25, he was buried in West Branch, Iowa, near his <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a> and birthplace on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Herbert Hoover National Historic Site</a>. Afterwards, Hoover's wife, Lou Henry Hoover, who had been buried in Palo Alto, California, following her death in 1944, was re-interred beside him.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover was the last surviving member of the Harding and Coolidge cabinets. <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> (the speaker of the House during the second half of Hoover's term) was the only person in Hoover's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</a> he did not outlive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> <p>Hoover was extremely unpopular when he left office after the 1932 election, and his historical reputation would not begin to recover until the 1970s. According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited Hoover for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-millerlegacy_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millerlegacy-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Nicholas Lemann</a> writes that Hoover has been remembered "as the man who was too rigidly conservative to react adeptly to the Depression, as the hapless foil to the great Franklin Roosevelt, and as the politician who managed to turn a Republican country into a Democratic one".<sup id="cite_ref-lemann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polls of historians and political scientists have generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Hoover in the bottom third of presidents. A 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Hoover as the 36th best president.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians also ranked Hoover as the 36th best president.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Hoover is generally regarded as having had a failed presidency, he has also received praise for his actions as a humanitarian and public official.<sup id="cite_ref-lemann_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glen_Jeansonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glen Jeansonne (page does not exist)">Glen Jeansonne</a> writes that Hoover was "one of the most extraordinary Americans of modern times," adding that Hoover "led a life that was a prototypical <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a> story, except that Horatio Alger stories stop at the pinnacle of success".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeansonne_20161–2_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeansonne_20161–2-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyte" title="Kenneth Whyte">Kenneth Whyte</a> writes that, "the question of where Hoover belongs in the American political tradition remains a loaded one to this day. While he clearly played important roles in the development of both the progressive and conservative traditions, neither side will embrace him for fear of contamination with the other."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017610_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017610-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, on his actions leading the <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a>, said of him: "Many statesmen occupy a prominent place in history for having sent millions to their death; Herbert Hoover, maligned for his performance as President, and soon forgotten in Russia, has the rare distinction of having saved millions."<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_race">Views of race</h3></div> <p>Although racist remarks and humor were common at the time, Hoover never indulged in them while president, and deliberate discrimination was <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> to him. Like many of his peers, Hoover considered white people to be inherently superior to black people, considering the "mixture of bloods disadvantageous". He did think education and work would improve black people's standing, hence his support for the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-garcia_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> broke the color bar as first lady by inviting <a href="/wiki/Jessie_De_Priest" title="Jessie De Priest">Jessie De Priest</a>, wife of the first black congressman elected in several decades, to a <a href="/wiki/Jessie_De_Priest_tea_at_the_White_House" title="Jessie De Priest tea at the White House">traditional tea for the wives of congressmen</a>, as well as later inviting the Tuskegee Institute choir (then under the direction of <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dawson_(composer)" title="William L. Dawson (composer)">William Dawson</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he thought of himself as a friend to black people and an advocate for their progress,<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of his black contemporaries had a different view. <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> described him as an "undemocratic racist who saw blacks as a species of 'sub-men<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-garcia_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians trace the disaffection of African-Americans with the Republican party to his time in office especially due to his attempt to remove African-Americans from leadership in the Republican party in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-garcia_296-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover's time in China shaped his views of Asian people and Asian-Americans. He erroneously wrote that "no world-startling mechanical invention" had come from China, claiming this was due to Chinese people not possessing the same mechanical instincts as Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-garcia_296-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garcia-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have influenced his decision to reduce immigration through restrictions on visas.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum</a> is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Herbert Hoover National Historic Site</a>. The library is one of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential libraries</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hoover%E2%80%93Minthorn_House" title="Hoover–Minthorn House">Hoover–Minthorn House</a>, where Hoover lived from 1885 to 1891, is located in <a href="/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon" title="Newberg, Oregon">Newberg</a>, Oregon. His <a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Camp" title="Rapidan Camp">Rapidan fishing camp</a> in Virginia, which he donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House</a>, built in 1919 in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>. Also located at Stanford is the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, a think tank and research institution started by Hoover. </p><p>Hoover has been memorialized in the names of several things, including the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and numerous elementary, <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">high schools</a> across the United States. Two minor planets, <a href="/wiki/932_Hooveria" title="932 Hooveria">932 Hooveria</a><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1363_Herberta" class="mw-redirect" title="1363 Herberta">1363 Herberta</a>, are named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish capital of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> has a square named after Hoover,<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the historic townsite of <a href="/wiki/Gwalia,_Western_Australia" title="Gwalia, Western Australia">Gwalia, Western Australia</a> contains the Hoover House Bed and Breakfast, where Hoover resided while managing and visiting the mine during the first decade of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Medicine_ball" title="Medicine ball">medicine ball</a> game known as <a href="/wiki/Hooverball" title="Hooverball">Hooverball</a> is named for Hoover; it was invented by White House physician Admiral <a href="/wiki/Joel_T._Boone" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel T. Boone">Joel T. Boone</a> to help Hoover keep fit while serving as president.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooverball_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooverball-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa"><img alt="Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg/200px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg/300px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg/400px-Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hoover Presidential Library located in West Branch, Iowa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A plaque in Poznań honoring Hoover"><img alt="A plaque in Poznań honoring Hoover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG/160px-Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG/240px-Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG/319px-Hoover_Plaque_Poznan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A plaque in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> honoring Hoover</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dupont_KBS-FRB(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medal depicting Hoover, by Devreese Godefroi"><img alt="Medal depicting Hoover, by Devreese Godefroi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg/199px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg/298px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg/397px-Dupont_KBS-FRB%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medal depicting Hoover, by Devreese Godefroi</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_honors">Other honors</h3></div> <p>Hoover was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Mining Hall of Fame">National Mining Hall of Fame</a> in 1988 (inaugural class).<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife was inducted into the hall in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover was inducted into the Australian Prospectors and Miners' Hall of Fame in the category Directors and Management.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoover was awarded an honorary doctorate by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> in March 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-promotionceremonypic_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-promotionceremonypic-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oululehti_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oululehti-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremonial sword is today on display in the lobby of the Hoover tower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoover later became the first president born west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and remains the only president born in Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurner19964_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurner19964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoover later claimed to be the first student at Stanford, by virtue of having been the first person in the first class to sleep in the dormitory.<sup id="cite_ref-e1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Levinson, Martin H. 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New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirestatesmanr00robe/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86302-3"><bdi>978-0-684-86302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Statesman%3A+The+Rise+and+Redemption+of+Al+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86302-3&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempirestatesmanr00robe%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finan-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finan_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinan2002" class="citation book cs1">Finan, Christomer M. (June 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredesmithhapp00fina"><i>Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior</i></a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3033-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3033-0"><bdi>0-8090-3033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+E.+Smith%3A+The+Happy+Warrior&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2002-06-02&rft.isbn=0-8090-3033-0&rft.aulast=Finan&rft.aufirst=Christomer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredesmithhapp00fina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9iopl-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9iopl_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/hoover/essays/biography/1"><i>Biography</i></a>, Miller center, October 4, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography&rft.pub=Miller+center&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fhoover%2Fessays%2Fbiography%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–66-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–66_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200984–85-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200984–85_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009">Leuchtenburg 2009</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198534-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198534_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200981–82-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200981–82_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009">Leuchtenburg 2009</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally Nancy Beck Young, <i>Lou Henry Hoover: Activist First Lady</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoarkJohnsonCohenStage2012" class="citation book cs1">Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ozj_o6POIssC&pg=PA772"><i>The American Promise, Volume C: A History of the United States: Since 1890</i></a>. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 772. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-56944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-56944-0"><bdi>978-0-312-56944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Promise%2C+Volume+C%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States%3A+Since+1890&rft.pages=772&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-312-56944-0&rft.aulast=Roark&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Patricia+Cline&rft.au=Stage%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Susan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzj_o6POIssC%26pg%3DPA772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200980–81-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200980–81_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009">Leuchtenburg 2009</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–68-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198565–68_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 65–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199935–36-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199935–36_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198568–71-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198568–71_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 68–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198572–74-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198572–74_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman2012502-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman2012502_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufman2012">Kaufman 2012</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouck2000155–156-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouck2000155–156_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouck2000">Houck 2000</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998350–351-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998350–351_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarcasson1998">Carcasson 1998</a>, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009b-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009b_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009b">Leuchtenburg 2009b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198574–75-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198574–75_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009104105-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_2009104105_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009">Leuchtenburg 2009</a>, pp. 104105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199953–55_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris Gaylord Warren, <i>Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985147–149-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985147–149_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 147–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_198593–97-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_198593–97_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 93–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017399–402,_414-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017399–402,_414_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte_2017">Whyte 2017</a>, pp. 399–402, 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017414–415-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017414–415_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte_2017">Whyte 2017</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumiko Koyama, "The Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?" <i>Journal of Policy History</i> (2009) 21#2 pp. 163–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200991–92-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg_200991–92_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009">Leuchtenburg 2009</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199958–59-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199958–59_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199965–66-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199965–66_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199977–78-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199977–78_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichengreenTemin2000196–197-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEichengreenTemin2000196–197_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEichengreenTemin2000">Eichengreen & Temin 2000</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985143–144-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985143–144_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017441–444,_449-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017441–444,_449_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte_2017">Whyte 2017</a>, pp. 441–444, 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017450–452-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte_2017450–452_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte_2017">Whyte 2017</a>, pp. 450–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008485–486-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008485–486_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerring2008">Herring 2008</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985140–141-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausold_1985140–141_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFausold_1985">Fausold 1985</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998351–352-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarcasson1998351–352_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarcasson1998">Carcasson 1998</a>, pp. 351–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2014" class="citation book cs1">Cabanes, Bruno (2014). <i>The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kunniatohtori+Hoover&rft.date=1986-01-26&rft.au=Panu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkirjastolinkit.ouka.fi%2Fpanu%2Foululehti1986%2FOululehti26011986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Burner, David (1996) [1979]. <i>Herbert Hoover: A Public Life</i>. Easton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%3A+A+Public+Life&rft.pub=Easton+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burner, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthooverpub00burn"><i>Herbert Hoover: A Public Life</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46134-2"><bdi>978-0-394-46134-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%3A+A+Public+Life&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46134-2&rft.aulast=Burner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherberthooverpub00burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarcasson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Carcasson, Martin (Spring 1998). "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: The Failure of Apologia". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 349–365. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551864">27551864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover+and+the+Presidential+Campaign+of+1932%3A+The+Failure+of+Apologia&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=349-365&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carcasson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2010" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Kendrick A. (June 2010). <i>Imperfect Visionary, 1918–1928</i>. The Life of Herbert Hoover. Vol. 4. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230107908">10.1057/9780230107908</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10308-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10308-5"><bdi>978-0-230-10308-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperfect+Visionary%2C+1918%E2%80%931928&rft.series=The+Life+of+Herbert+Hoover&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230107908&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10308-5&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Kendrick+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichengreenTemin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Eichengreen, Barry; Temin, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w6060.pdf">"The Gold Standard and the Great Depression"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 183–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777300002010">10.1017/S0960777300002010</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081742">20081742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158383956">158383956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Gold+Standard+and+the+Great+Depression&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-207&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158383956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20081742%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777300002010&rft.aulast=Eichengreen&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Temin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw6060.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausold_1985" class="citation book cs1">Fausold, Martin L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofherb00faus"><i>The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0259-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0259-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Herbert+C.+Hoover&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0259-9&rft.aulast=Fausold&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofherb00faus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1998" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Robert H. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofcalv0000ferr"><i>The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0892-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-0892-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Calvin+Coolidge&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0892-8&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofcalv0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1957" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Robert H. (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandiplomac0000ferr"><i>American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover–Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933</i></a></span>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Diplomacy+in+the+Great+Depression%3A+Hoover%E2%80%93Stimson+Foreign+Policy%2C+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandiplomac0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_1980" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, George F. (January 1, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0003-4827.8734">"Black Disaffection From the Republican Party During the Presidency of Herbert Hoover, 1928–1932"</a>. <i>The Annals of Iowa</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 462–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0003-4827.8734">10.17077/0003-4827.8734</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4827">0003-4827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Black+Disaffection+From+the+Republican+Party+During+the+Presidency+of+Herbert+Hoover%2C+1928%E2%80%931932&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=462-477&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2F0003-4827.8734&rft.issn=0003-4827&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17077%252F0003-4827.8734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1998" class="citation cs2">Hart, David M. (1998), "Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States", <i>Journal of Policy History</i>, <b>10</b> (4): 419–444, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030600007156">10.1017/S0898030600007156</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154120555">154120555</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover%27s+Last+Laugh%3A+the+Enduring+Significance+of+the+%27Associative+State%27+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-444&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030600007156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154120555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman_1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Abraham (May 1973). "Stimulus to Repatriation: The 1931 Federal Deportation Drive and the Los Angeles Mexican Community". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 205–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638467">10.2307/3638467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638467">3638467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Stimulus+to+Repatriation%3A+The+1931+Federal+Deportation+Drive+and+the+Los+Angeles+Mexican+Community&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-219&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouck2000" class="citation cs2">Houck, Davis W. (2000), "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash", <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i>, <b>3</b> (2): 155–181, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2010.0156">10.1353/rap.2010.0156</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8392">1094-8392</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154447214">154447214</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Rhetoric+as+Currency%3A+Herbert+Hoover+and+the+1929+Stock+Market+Crash&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-181&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154447214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1094-8392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2010.0156&rft.aulast=Houck&rft.aufirst=Davis+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_2005" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=plr">"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror"</a>. <i>Pace Law Review</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58948%2F2331-3528.1147">10.58948/2331-3528.1147</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140417518">140417518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pace+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Repatriation+of+Persons+of+Mexican+Ancestry+and+Lessons+for+the+War+on+Terror&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58948%2F2331-3528.1147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140417518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.pace.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1147%26context%3Dplr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeansonne_2016" class="citation book cs1">Jeansonne, Glen (2016). <i>Herbert Hoover: A Life</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-99100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-99100-8"><bdi>978-1-101-99100-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-101-99100-8&rft.aulast=Jeansonne&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman, Bruce E. (2012). "Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression: Were Government and Unions to Blame?". <i>Industrial and Labor Relations Review</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 501–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979391206500302">10.1177/001979391206500302</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F48703">10072/48703</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24368882">24368882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54877676">54877676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+and+Labor+Relations+Review&rft.atitle=Wage+Theory%2C+New+Deal+Labor+Policy%2C+and+the+Great+Depression%3A+Were+Government+and+Unions+to+Blame%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-532&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F48703&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54877676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24368882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001979391206500302&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn"><i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503834-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503834-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503834-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929-1945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503834-7&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomfromfeara00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a> (1919). <i>The Economic Consequences of the Peace</i>. Harcourt Brace and Howe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+the+Peace&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009" class="citation book cs1">Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthoover00leuc"><i>Herbert Hoover</i></a>. Times Books (Henry Holt and Company). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6958-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-6958-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover&rft.pub=Times+Books+%28Henry+Holt+and+Company%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6958-7&rft.aulast=Leuchtenburg&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherberthoover00leuc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg_2009b" class="citation journal cs1">Leuchtenburg, William E. (Summer 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/wrong-man-wrong-time?page=show">"The Wrong Man at the Wrong Time"</a>. <i>American Heritage</i>. <b>59</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Wrong+Man+at+the+Wrong+Time&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Leuchtenburg&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fwrong-man-wrong-time%3Fpage%3Dshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1967" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Donald R. (1967). <i>Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4680-1777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4680-1777-9"><bdi>978-1-4680-1777-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin+Coolidge%3A+The+Quiet+President&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-4680-1777-9&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1983" class="citation book cs1">Nash, George H. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofherberthoo0001nash"><i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874–1914</i></a></span>. W W Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01634-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01634-5"><bdi>978-0-393-01634-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Herbert+Hoover%3A+The+Engineer+1874%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=W+W+Norton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01634-5&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofherberthoo0001nash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span> Book 1 in The Life of Herbert Hoover Series.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Patrick G.; Rosen, Philip T. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0003-4827.8816">"Hoover and the Historians: the Resurrection of a President"</a>. <i>The Annals of Iowa</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0003-4827.8816">10.17077/0003-4827.8816</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=Hoover+and+the+Historians%3A+the+Resurrection+of+a+President&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2F0003-4827.8816&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Patrick+G.&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Philip+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17077%252F0003-4827.8816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson_1972" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, James S. (October 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/42893">"Gifford Pinchot and the Politics of Hunger, 1932–1933"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>96</b> (4): 508–520. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20090681">20090681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Gifford+Pinchot+and+the+Politics+of+Hunger%2C+1932%E2%80%931933&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=508-520&rft.date=1972-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20090681%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F42893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappleye2016" class="citation book cs1">Rappleye, Charles (2016). <i>Herbert Hoover in the White House: The Ordeal of the Presidency</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4869-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4869-0"><bdi>978-1-4516-4869-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover+in+the+White+House%3A+The+Ordeal+of+the+Presidency&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4869-0&rft.aulast=Rappleye&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte_2017" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, Kenneth (2017). <i>Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times</i>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59796-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59796-0"><bdi>978-0-307-59796-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoover%3A+An+Extraordinary+Life+in+Extraordinary+Times&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59796-0&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1975" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Joan Hoff (1975). <i>Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-94416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-94416-8"><bdi>978-0-316-94416-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%2C+Forgotten+Progressive&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-316-94416-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Joan+Hoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Bibliography of Herbert Hoover">Bibliography of Herbert Hoover</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Best, Gary Dean. <i>The Politics of American Individualism: Herbert Hoover in Transition, 1918–1921</i> (1975)</li> <li>Best, Gary Dean. <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: Keeper of the Torch, 1933–1964.</i> Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.</li> <li>Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?" <i>Congress & the Presidency</i> 41#1 (2014) pp 49–83</li> <li>Hatfield, Mark. ed. <i>Herbert Hoover Reassessed</i> (2002)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hawley, Ellis (1989), <i>Herbert Hoover and the Historians</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover+and+the+Historians&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Jeansonne, Glen. <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928–1933.</i> Palgrave Macmillan; 2012.</li> <li>Lloyd, Craig. <i>Aggressive Introvert: A Study of Herbert Hoover and Public Relations Management, 1912–1932</i> (1973).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">Nash, George H.</a> <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer 1874–1914</i> (1983); in-depth scholarly study <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1988), <i>The Humanitarian, 1914–1917</i>, The Life of Herbert Hoover, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humanitarian%2C+1914%E2%80%931917&rft.series=The+Life+of+Herbert+Hoover&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Nash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1996), <i>Master of Emergencies, 1917–1918</i>, The Life of Herbert Hoover, vol. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+Emergencies%2C+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.series=The+Life+of+Herbert+Hoover&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Nash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul></li> <li>Nash, Lee, ed. <i>Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives</i> (1987); essays by scholars</li> <li>Smith, Richard Norton. <i>An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover</i>, (1987), biography concentrating on post 1932.</li> <li>Walch, Timothy. ed. <i>Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover</i> Praeger, 2003.</li> <li>West, Hal Elliott. <i>Hoover, the Fishing President: Portrait of the Man and his Life Outdoors</i> (2005).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arnold, Peri E. "The 'Great Engineer' as Administrator: Herbert Hoover and Modern Bureaucracy." <i>Review of Politics</i> 42.3 (1980): 329–348. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406794">1406794</a>.</li> <li>Barber, William J. <i>From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921–1933</i>. (1985)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claus Bernet (2009). "Hoover, Herbert". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/h/hoover_h_c"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 30. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 644–653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88309-478-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88309-478-6"><bdi>978-3-88309-478-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hoover%2C+Herbert&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Nordhausen&rft.pages=cols.+644-653&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-88309-478-6&rft.au=Claus+Bernet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fh%2Fhoover_h_c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brandes, Joseph. <i>Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy: Department of Commerce Policy, 1921–1928.</i> (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).</li> <li>Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900–1933" <i>Historian</i> 1999 <b>61</b>(3): 518–538. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-2370">0018-2370</a>.</li> <li>Clements, Kendrick A. <i>Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life</i>. University Press of Kansas, 2000</li> <li>Dodge, Mark M., ed. <i>Herbert Hoover and the Historians</i>. (1989)</li> <li>Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. <i>The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal</i> (1974)</li> <li>Goodman, Mark, and Mark Gring. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark_Gring/publication/236816005_The_Radio_Act_of_1927_Progressive_Ideology_Epistemology_and_Praxis/links/5663a34008ae192bbf8ef2c3.pdf">"The Radio Act of 1927: progressive ideology, epistemology, and praxis"</a>. <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i> 3.3 (2000): 397–418.</li> <li>Hawley, Ellis."Herbert Hoover and the Historians—Recent Developments: A Review Essay" <i>Annals of Iowa</i> 78#1 (2018) pp. 75–86 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0003-4827.12547">10.17077/0003-4827.12547</a></li> <li>Hawley, Ellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/Hawley-Hoover.pdf">"Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State', 1921–1928"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110012508/http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/Hawley-Hoover.pdf">Archived</a> January 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i>, (June 1974) 61#1: 116–140.</li> <li>Jansky Jr, C. M. "The contribution of Herbert Hoover to broadcasting." <i>Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</i> 1.3 (1957): 241–249.</li> <li>Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921–1926." <i>Business History Review</i> 58.1 (1984): 78–102.</li> <li>Lichtman, Allan J. <i>Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928</i> (1979)</li> <li>Lisio, Donald J. <i>The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot</i>, 2d ed. (1994)</li> <li>Lisio, Donald J. <i>Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-whites: A Study of Southern Strategies</i> (1985)</li> <li>Parafianowicz, Halina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2019/03/17/herbert-c-hoover-and-poland-1929-1933-between-myth-and-reality">'Herbert C. Hoover and Poland: 1919–1933. Between Myth and Reality'</a></li> <li>Polsky, Andrew J., and Olesya Tkacheva. "Legacies Versus Politics: Herbert Hoover, Partisan Conflict, and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s." <i>International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</i> 16.2 (2002): 207–235. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/43975/10767_2004_Article_452810.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Short, Brant. "The Rhetoric of the Post-Presidency: Herbert Hoover's Campaign against the New Deal, 1934–1936" <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> (1991) 21#2 pp. 333–350 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550722">online</a></li> <li>Sibley, Katherine A.S., ed. <i>A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover</i> (2014); 616pp; essays by scholars stressing historiography</li> <li>Wueschner, Silvano A. <i>Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917–1927</i>. Greenwood, 1999</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Myers, William Starr; Walter H. Newton, eds. (1936). <i>The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative</i>.</li> <li>Hawley, Ellis, ed. (1974–1977). <i>Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President</i>, 4 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hoover, Herbert Clark (1934), <i>The Challenge to Liberty</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+to+Liberty&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1938), <i>Addresses Upon The American Road, 1933–1938</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addresses+Upon+The+American+Road%2C+1933%E2%80%931938&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1941), <i>Addresses Upon The American Road, 1940–41</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addresses+Upon+The+American+Road%2C+1940%E2%80%9341&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">——; and Gibson, Hugh (1942), <i>The Problems of Lasting Peace</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problems+of+Lasting+Peace&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rft.au=and+Gibson%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1949), <i>Addresses Upon The American Road, 1945–48</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addresses+Upon+The+American+Road%2C+1945%E2%80%9348&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1952a), <i>Years of adventure, 1874–1920</i>, Memoirs, vol. 1, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+adventure%2C+1874%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Memoirs&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1952b), <i>The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933</i>, Memoirs, vol. 2, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+and+the+Presidency%2C+1920%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Memoirs&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">—— (1952c), <i>The Great Depression, 1929–1941</i>, Memoirs, vol. 3, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Depression%2C+1929%E2%80%931941&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Memoirs&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Miller, Dwight M.; Walch, Timothy, eds. (1998), <i>Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Documentary History</i>, Contributions in American History, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30608-2"><bdi>978-0-313-30608-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover+and+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.series=Contributions+in+American+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30608-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hoover, Herbert Clark (2011), <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">Nash, George H.</a> (ed.), <i>Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath</i>, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1234-5"><bdi>978-0-8179-1234-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Betrayed%3A+Herbert+Hoover%27s+Secret+History+of+the+Second+World+War+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1234-5&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Hoover, Herbert Clark (2013), <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">Nash, George H.</a> (ed.), <i>The Crusade Years, 1933–1955: Herbert Hoover's Lost Memoir of the New Deal Era and Its Aftermath</i>, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1674-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1674-9"><bdi>978-0-8179-1674-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusade+Years%2C+1933%E2%80%931955%3A+Herbert+Hoover%27s+Lost+Memoir+of+the+New+Deal+Era+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1674-9&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerbert+Hoover" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1662">Works by Herbert Hoover</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3474">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.archives.gov/">Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528160601/https://hoover.archives.gov/">Archived</a> May 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/heho/">Herbert Hoover National Historic Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29489">Herbert Hoover: The Man and His Work</a></i> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Lyman_Kellogg" title="Vernon Lyman Kellogg">Vernon Lyman Kellogg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/herbert-hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0393885/">Herbert Hoover</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35236#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11298">Works by Herbert Hoover</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Herbert_Hoover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template talk:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Herbert_Hoover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">31st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1929–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (1921–1928)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Act_of_1929" title="Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929">Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Funds_Act" title="Cooperative Funds Act">Economy Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">Revenue Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Act" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Act">Federal Home Loan Bank Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Board" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Board">Federal Home Loan Bank Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks" title="Federal Home Loan Banks">Federal Home Loan Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverville" title="Hooverville">Hooverville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration_and_cabinet">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Ball_Cabinet" title="Medicine Ball Cabinet">Medicine Ball Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverball" title="Hooverball">Hooverball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1929 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1930 State of the Union Address">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of executive actions by Herbert Hoover">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_desk" title="Hoover desk">Hoover desk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia#History" title="Sons of Gwalia">Sons of Gwalia mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc" title="Consolidated Zinc">Zinc Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Foundation" title="University Foundation">University Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation" title="Belgian American Educational Foundation">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Polish_Relief" title="Commission for Polish Relief">Commission for Polish Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Family_background_and_early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover%E2%80%93Minthorn_House" title="Hoover–Minthorn House">Hoover–Minthorn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Camp" title="Rapidan Camp">Rapidan Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Bibliography of Herbert Hoover">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Chair" title="Hoover Chair">Hoover Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Field" title="Hoover Field">Hoover Field</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue">The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue</a></i> (1996 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Freedom Betrayed</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">English translation of <i>De re metallica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Electoral history of Herbert Hoover">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Hoover Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan Hoover</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a> (great-granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">← Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Herbert_Hoover" title="Category:Herbert Hoover">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc;">Other offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> </b><br />1914–1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">United States Food Administration</a> </b><br />1917–1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Joshua W. Alexander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> </b><br />1921–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">William F. Whiting</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the United States </b><br />1929–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i></a> </b><br />November 16, 1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Paul Painlevé</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> </b><br />1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Herbert_Hoover" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Herbert_Hoover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Herbert Hoover</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_commerce" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecCommerce" title="Template:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecCommerce" title="Template talk:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecCommerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecCommerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_commerce" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States secretaries of commerce</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretaries of commerce and labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Nagel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Commerce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Commerce.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretaries of commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Redfield" title="William C. Redfield">Redfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_W._Alexander" title="Joshua W. Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_H._Hodges" title="Luther H. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Connor" title="John T. Connor">Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trowbridge" title="Alexander Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Smith" title="C. R. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Stans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Kreps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Klutznick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Baldrige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mosbacher" title="Robert Mosbacher">Mosbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Franklin" title="Barbara Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Kantor" title="Mickey Kantor">Kantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Mineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Gutierrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ross" title="Wilbur Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Raimondo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: Chester J. LaRoche</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: Edgar B. Speer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: William I. Spencer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: Fred M. Kirby II</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: Jon F. Hanson</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>None awarded</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Warren_G._Harding_(1921–1923)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harding_cabinet" title="Template:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harding_cabinet" title="Template talk:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harding_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harding cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Warren_G._Harding_(1921–1923)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (1921–1923)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/100px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/150px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg/200px-Warren_G_Harding_portrait_as_senator_June_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Edwin Denby</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Fall" title="Albert B. Fall">Albert B. Fall</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry Cantwell Wallace</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1921–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Calvin_Coolidge_(1923–1929)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Template:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Template talk:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coolidge_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coolidge cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Calvin_Coolidge_(1923–1929)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/100px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/150px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Calvin_Coolidge.jpg/200px-Calvin_Coolidge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">John W. Weeks</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Dwight F. Davis</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Harry M. Daugherty</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">John G. Sargent</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Edwin Denby</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Curtis D. Wilbur</a> (1924–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a> (1923–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Owen_West" title="Roy Owen West">Roy Owen West</a> (1928–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cantwell_Wallace" title="Henry Cantwell Wallace">Henry Cantwell Wallace</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mason_Gore" title="Howard Mason Gore">Howard Mason Gore</a> (1924–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marion_Jardine" title="William Marion Jardine">William Marion Jardine</a> (1925–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> (1923–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Whiting" title="William F. Whiting">William F. Whiting</a> (1928–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1923–1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hoover_cabinet" title="Template talk:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hoover cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Herbert_Hoover_(1929–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/100px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/150px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg/200px-Herbert_Clark_Hoover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="4536" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Ogden L. Mills</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">James William Good</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Patrick J. Hurley</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">William D. Mitchell</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Brown" title="Walter Folger Brown">Walter Folger Brown</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Charles Francis Adams III</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur" title="Ray Lyman Wilbur">Ray Lyman Wilbur</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Arthur M. Hyde</a> (1929–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Lamont" title="Robert P. Lamont">Robert P. Lamont</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin" title="Roy D. Chapin">Roy D. Chapin</a> (1932–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">James J. Davis</a> (1929–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Doak" title="William N. Doak">William N. Doak</a> (1930–1933)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">← 1916</a>) <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">→ 1924</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Cameron Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Jeter C. Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sutherland" title="Howard Sutherland">Howard Sutherland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I._Edwards" title="Edward I. Edwards">Edward I. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Owen" title="Robert L. Owen">Robert L. Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Max_S._Hayes" title="Max S. Hayes">Max S. Hayes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(Texas)" title="American Party (Texas)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hough_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hough (politician) (page does not exist)">William J. Hough</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4C915F;"><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Single Tax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colvin_Macauley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)">Robert Colvin Macauley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Barnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Barnum (page does not exist)">Richard C. Barnum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1920 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1920 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1928 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1924)_1928_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1932)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">← 1924</a>) <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">→ 1932</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_D._Goff" title="Guy D. Goff">Guy D. Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank O. Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Willis" title="Frank B. Willis">Frank B. Willis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Joseph T. Robinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Atlee Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Benjamin Gitlow</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Varney" title="William F. Varney">William F. Varney</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank T. Johns</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">William Dudley Pelley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1928 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1928 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1928)_1932_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1936)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">← 1928</a>) <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">→ 1936</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Murray" title="William H. Murray">William H. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Albert Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1932_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1932 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a> · <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herbert Hoover</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Blaine" title="John J. Blaine">John J. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I._France" title="Joseph I. France">Joseph I. France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">James W. Wadsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">James W. Ford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_David_Upshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="William David Upshaw">William David Upshaw</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Renshaw_Cox" title="James Renshaw Cox">James Renshaw Cox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_Harvey" title="William Hope Harvey">William Hope Harvey</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1932 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1932 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/21px-Trumpet01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/32px-Trumpet01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Trumpet01.svg/42px-Trumpet01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="170" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1920s" title="Portal:1920s">1920s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/19px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/29px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/38px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iowa" title="Portal:Iowa">Iowa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Herbert Hoover</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hooverize" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hooverize">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" class="extiw" title="c:Herbert Hoover">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" class="extiw" title="q:Herbert Hoover">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Herbert Clark Hoover">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35236" class="extiw" title="d:Q35236">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012099256X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14778660">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31698/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw4qt8xbXyfpvMJHdG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118706985">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021421">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944763g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944763g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00522710">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35243285">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14219580">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01438696?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102303">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/879352">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hoover-herbert-clark-6729">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118706985.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118706985">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027396320">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10678005">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n40kzp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&oldid=1257576320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Hoover&oldid=1257576320</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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