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class="wrapper-4x3 border-radius-large p-relative"> <img width="1734" height="888" src="https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7.png" class="attachment- size- wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7.png 1734w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7-300x154.png 300w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7-1024x524.png 1024w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7-768x393.png 768w, https://ainowinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/chap7-1536x787.png 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1734px) 100vw, 1734px" /> </div> <a class="post-sticker box-shadow d-flex align-items-center p-absolute border-2 border-radius-small has-off-white-background-color has-black-color align-self-end" href="/series/ai-nationalisms"><h4 class="has-black-color">PART OF<br>AI NATIONALISM(S)</h4></a> </div> <div class="grid-col-12 grid-md-col-6 d-flex flex-column align-self-center ml-lg-4"> <div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap taxonomy-label"><h4 class="mr-1 mr-lg-2"><a href="https://ainowinstitute.org/series/ai-nationalisms">AI NATIONALISM(S)</a></h4></div> <h1 class="line-height-100 mb-2 mt-1 medium mr-lg-2">7. Beyond Techwashing: The UAE’s AI Industrial Policy as a Security Regime</h1> <div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap mt-2 justify-content-between w-lg-90"> <div class="post-author max-w-lg-350px"> <p class="mono mb-0">Islam Al Khatib</p></span> </div> <p class="mono mb-0 mt-1 mt-md-0">Mar 12, 2024</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-grid grid mt-2 mt-lg-4"> <div class="post-container d-grid grid grid-col-12 mx-0 mx-xl-3"> <div class="post-body grid-col-12 d-grid grid mt-3 mt-lg-5"> <div class="post-content grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-8 mx-0 ml-lg-2 mr-lg-3"> <h4 class="arrow-link mb-3"><a href="/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/AI-Nationalisms-Chapter-7.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DOWNLOAD FULL PDF</a></h4> <p>“The UAE will build an AI economy, not wait for one,” writes the world’s first AI minister, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, in his foreword to UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031. <a data-contents=" United Arab Emirates, Artificial Intelligence Office, UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031, July 2021, https://ai.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/UAE-National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence-2031.pdf." class="footnote" id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-list-1">1</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> United Arab Emirates, Artificial Intelligence Office, <em>UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031</em>, July 2021, https://ai.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/UAE-National-Strategy-for-Artificial-Intelligence-2031.pdf.</span> Rather than narrate AI as a tool or factor influencing the economy, the idea of an “AI economy” captures a self-fulfilling vision of AI shaping an economy in which it occupies a central, all-encompassing role. As Mckenzie Wark writes in Capital is Dead, <a data-contents=" McKenzie Wark, Capital is Dead (London: Verso Books, 2019), 46." class="footnote" id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-list-2">2</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> McKenzie Wark, Capital is Dead (London: Verso Books, 2019), 46.</span> there is a difference “between ‘information’ as a force of production and information as a dominant force of production.” Similarly, AI is no longer simply a market to monopolize, but rather a monopoly that will marketize other sectors. </p> <p>The overarching preoccupation of the United Arab Emirates has been with the larger project of achieving dominance and strengthening its geopolitical positioning, and as AI is widely heralded as the digital infrastructure of the future, the country is making swift moves to establish its relevance in this new era. According to the UAE’s AI Office, they hope to “transform the UAE into a world leader in A.I. by investing in people and industries” that are critical to their success, which also aligns with the UAE’s Centennial Strategy 2071 <a data-contents=" United Arab Emirates, “UAE Centennial Plan 2071,” accessed February 13, 2024, https://uaecabinet.ae/en/uae-centennial-plan-2071. " class="footnote" id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-list-3">3</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> United Arab Emirates, “UAE Centennial Plan 2071,” accessed February 13, 2024, https://uaecabinet.ae/en/uae-centennial-plan-2071. </span> goal of making the UAE the “best country in the world” by 2071 through innovative approaches to technology and infrastructure. This exaggerated emphasis on technology and becoming “the best” is also linked to eradicating any potential threat that might impede this “progress” and growth. With COP28 <a data-contents=" Human Rights Watch, “UAE: Mass Surveillance Threatens Rights, COP28 Outcome,” November 30, 2023, , https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/30/uae-mass-surveillance-threatens-rights-cop28-outcome." class="footnote" id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-list-4">4</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Human Rights Watch, “UAE: Mass Surveillance Threatens Rights, COP28 Outcome,” November 30, 2023, , https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/30/uae-mass-surveillance-threatens-rights-cop28-outcome.</span> taking place in the UAE at the end of 2023, the UAE’s AI industrial policy is not only meant to secure prosperity, but also to guarantee a “post-oil future.” In other words, just as the UAE is in charge of the oil present, it is positioning itself to be ahead in the post-oil, likely AI-fueled future.</p> <p>As outlined in its policies, the UAE seeks to transform itself into a “into a world leader in AI by investing in people and industries that are key” to the country’s success. <a data-contents=" United Arab Emirates, Artificial Intelligence Office, UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031. See also “Policies | The Official Portal of the UAE Government” (web page), accessed December 20, 2023, https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies. " class="footnote" id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-list-5">5</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> United Arab Emirates, Artificial Intelligence Office, <em>UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031</em>. See also “Policies | The Official Portal of the UAE Government” (web page), accessed December 20, 2023,<a href="https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies"> https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/policies</a>. </span> The UAE’s AI interventions cover different aspects of everyday life – it is expected <a data-contents=" Mohanad Halaweh, “Viewpoint: Artificial Intelligence Government (Gov. 3.0): The UAE Leading Model,” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 62 (June 2018): 269–272, https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11210/26421. " class="footnote" id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-list-6">6</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Mohanad Halaweh, “Viewpoint: Artificial Intelligence Government (Gov. 3.0): The UAE Leading Model,” <em>Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research </em>62 (June 2018): 269–272,<a href="https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11210/26421"> https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/11210/26421</a>. </span> that the government will adopt new and developing generations of digital governance (currently labeled “Gov 3.0”); in the health industry, where AI is being used to predict chronic and dangerous diseases; in transportation, where the Dubai Autonomous Transportation Strategy is seeking to transform 25 percent of mass transit into self-driving transport by 2030; and in energy, where the hope is to optimize energy production, distribution, and consumption. <a data-contents=" T“2024–2030” (web page), Official Portal of the UAE Government, updated August 15, 2023, accessed December 22, 2024, https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2021-2030. " class="footnote" id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-list-7">7</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> T“2024–2030” (web page), Official Portal of the UAE Government, updated August 15, 2023, accessed December 22, 2024, <a href="https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2021-2030">https://u.ae/en/more/uae-future/2021-2030</a>. </span> The broad emphasis seems to be on making labor more efficient by maximally automating governance functions—in other words, to build a whole new AI-embedded infrastructure for governance. </p> <p>The approach to industrial strategies in AI follows the centralized and highly controlled structure replicated by the government in other parts of the economy, often referred to as its tendency to “produce and perpetuate vertical policies.” <a data-contents=" Mustapha K. Nabli, Jennifer Keller, Claudia Nassif, and Carlos Silva-Jáuregui, “The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in the Middle East and North Africa,” in Economic Development in the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Ahmed Galal (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2008), 109–136, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7jxf.10. " class="footnote" id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-list-8">8</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Mustapha K. Nabli, Jennifer Keller, Claudia Nassif, and Carlos Silva-Jáuregui, “The Political Economy of Industrial Policy in the Middle East and North Africa,” in <em>Economic Development in the Middle East and North Africa</em>, ed. Ahmed Galal (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2008), 109–136, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7jxf.10">https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15m7jxf.10</a>. </span> However, this goes hand in hand with labor practices. Trade unions are restricted in the UAE; <a data-contents=" Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC), A Wall of Silence: The Construction Sector’s Response to Migrant Rights in Qatar and the UAE, 2016, https://respect.international/a-wall-of-silence-the-construction-sectors-response-to-migrant-rights-in-qatar-and-the-uae. " class="footnote" id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-list-9">9</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC), <em>A Wall of Silence: The Construction Sector’s Response to Migrant Rights in Qatar and the UAE</em>, 2016,<a href="https://respect.international/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/A-Wall-of-Silence-The-Construction-Sectors-Response-to-Migrant-Rights-in-Qatar-and-the-UAE-BHRRC-2016.pdf"> </a><a href="https://respect.international/a-wall-of-silence-the-construction-sectors-response-to-migrant-rights-in-qatar-and-the-uae">https://respect.international/a-wall-of-silence-the-construction-sectors-response-to-migrant-rights-in-qatar-and-the-uae</a>. </span> therefore, workers cannot contest their precarity as they grapple with restricted leverage stemming from indebtedness and unstable residency statuses. Workers on the Expo 2020 project reported violations such as passport confiscation, racial discrimination, and nonpayment of wages, revealing a structural reality that spans industry borders. <a data-contents=" Pete Pattison, “Allegations of Worker Exploitation at ‘World’s Greatest Show’ in Dubai, Guardian, February 2, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/02/allegations-of-worker-exploitation-at-worlds-greatest-show-expo-2020-dubai. " class="footnote" id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-list-10">10</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Pete Pattison, “Allegations of Worker Exploitation at ‘World’s Greatest Show’ in Dubai, <em>Guardian</em>, February 2, 2022,<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/02/allegations-of-worker-exploitation-at-worlds-greatest-show-expo-2020-dubai"> https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/02/allegations-of-worker-exploitation-at-worlds-greatest-show-expo-2020-dubai</a>. </span> This complex reality of exploitation and structural racism has resulted in the forced silencing and repression of trade unions that can contest such policies. </p> <p>The AI and tech sectors are not immune to labor exploitation that exists in other sectors, and the reality of workers in the UAE raises the questions of working conditions not only in the industry, but also in areas where AI is being deployed, particularly with the massive inflow of tech workers since 2021, which has fueled the UAE’s AI ambitions. As of September 2023, there were 120,000 people working in AI or related areas, up from 30,000 two years before. <a data-contents=" beer Abu Omar, “Minister Backs Altman’s Idea to Turn UAE into AI Testing Ground,” Bloomberg, February 15, 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground. " class="footnote" id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-list-11">11</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> beer Abu Omar, “Minister Backs Altman’s Idea to Turn UAE into AI Testing Ground,” Bloomberg, February 15, 2024,<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground"> https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground</a>. </span> With the present stifling structures in the UAE, determining how workers and individuals engage through labor relations and other interactions with emerging AI and digital transformation is difficult. This is worsened by the Code of Crimes and Punishments which maintains severe limitations on free speech and assembly and includes a provision prohibiting unauthorized distribution of government information. Article 178 specifically prohibits sending government “information” to any organization without a license. <a data-contents=" Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World’s Human Rights, March 27, 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en. " class="footnote" id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-list-12">12</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Amnesty International, <em>Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World’s Human Rights</em>, March 27, 2023, <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/">https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en</a>. </span> For example, in June 2022, Al Roeya, a daily newspaper owned by Deputy Prime Minister Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan’s firm, sacked the majority of its employees for reporting on popular displeasure with rising energy prices, highlighting the limited climate for freedom of expression and a free press.<a data-contents=" “Dubai Newspaper That Ran Story on High Fuel Prices Dissolved,”’ Al Jazeera, September 13, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/13/dubai-newspaper-that-ran-story-on-high-fuel-prices-dissolved. " class="footnote" id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-list-13">13</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> “Dubai Newspaper That Ran Story on High Fuel Prices Dissolved,”’ Al Jazeera, September 13, 2022,<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/13/dubai-newspaper-that-ran-story-on-high-fuel-prices-dissolved"> https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/13/dubai-newspaper-that-ran-story-on-high-fuel-prices-dissolved</a>. </span></p> <p>A key feature of the UAE’s AI positioning has been the encouragement of both private and state-owned corporations that engage on behalf of the state in geopolitical arenas; Group 42, or G42, is the most prominent of these. Established in 2018 in Abu Dhabi, G42 operates as an arm of the state in multiple ways: chaired by the UAE’s national security adviser, Sheikh Tahnoon bin Zayed al-Nahyan, it routinely markets the UAE as a new AI power. G42 has been facilitating “public-private” partnerships, as in the case of Hassantuk, <a data-contents=" Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates (website), accessed February 13, 2024, https://home.moi.gov.ae/en/index.html." class="footnote" id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-list-14">14</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates (website), accessed February 13, 2024,<a href="https://home.moi.gov.ae/en/index.html"> https://home.moi.gov.ae/en/index.html</a>.</span> where the UAE Ministry of Interior and Injazat Data Systems, a G42 company, collaborate on civil defense by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. G42 was also recently under fire for its ties to the TikTok messaging app, which was used for spying and mass surveillance, as I will explore later in this essay. <a data-contents="Jon Gambrell, “Co-Creator Defends Suspected UAE Spying App Called ToTok,” Associated Press, January 2, 2020, https://apnews.com/general-news-67165c626c35ab0cca1ef9cbf6cea274." class="footnote" id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-list-15">15</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Jon Gambrell, “Co-Creator Defends Suspected UAE Spying App Called ToTok,” Associated Press, January 2, 2020,<a href="https://apnews.com/general-news-67165c626c35ab0cca1ef9cbf6cea274"> https://apnews.com/general-news-67165c626c35ab0cca1ef9cbf6cea274</a>.</span> Several G42 “subsidiaries,” such as Bayanat,<a data-contents="G42 “G42 Announces the Acquisition of Bayanat,” press release, January 14, 2020,. https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/g42-announces-the-acquisition-of-bayanat." class="footnote" id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-list-16">16</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">G42 “G42 Announces the Acquisition of Bayanat,” press release, January 14, 2020,.<a href="https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/g42-announces-the-acquisition-of-bayanat"> https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/g42-announces-the-acquisition-of-bayanat</a>.</span> Core42,<a data-contents="“G42 Launches Core42 to Deliver National-Scale Enterprise Cloud and AI Capabilities,” press release, October 16, 2023, https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/events-and-conferences/g42-launches-core42-to-deliver-national-scale-enterprise-cloud-and-ai-capabilities-fwk9cdrl." class="footnote" id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-list-17">17</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“G42 Launches Core42 to Deliver National-Scale Enterprise Cloud and AI Capabilities,” press release, October 16, 2023, <a href="https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/events-and-conferences/g42-launches-core42-to-deliver-national-scale-enterprise-cloud-and-ai-capabilities-fwk9cdrl">https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/events-and-conferences/g42-launches-core42-to-deliver-national-scale-enterprise-cloud-and-ai-capabilities-fwk9cdrl</a>.</span> HayatBiotech,<a data-contents="“We Are Hayat Biotech; Reshaping the Future of Life” (web page), Hayat Biotech, accessed February 21, 2024, https://hayatbiotech.com/about." class="footnote" id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-list-18">18</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“We Are Hayat Biotech; Reshaping the Future of Life” (web page), Hayat Biotech, accessed February 21, 2024,<a href="https://hayatbiotech.com/about/"> https://hayatbiotech.com/about</a>.</span> and M42,<a data-contents="“G42 and Mubadala Announce the Launch of M42,” press release, Mubadala, April 17, 2023, https://www.mubadala.com/en/news/g42-and-mubadala-announce-the-launch-of-m42." class="footnote" id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-list-19">19</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“G42 and Mubadala Announce the Launch of M42,” press release, Mubadala, April 17, 2023, <a href="https://www.mubadala.com/en/news/g42-and-mubadala-announce-the-launch-of-m42">https://www.mubadala.com/en/news/g42-and-mubadala-announce-the-launch-of-m42</a>.</span> among others, have been adopted by the government, to the point where G42 consistently and centrally figures in almost all AI applications across different sectors in the UAE. </p> <p>The alignment of the national security apparatus with the broader push for industrial policy on AI is not incidental; rather, it is central to how AI industrial strategies are being designed and deployed. This is due not only to the current and potential applications of AI in predictive security and surveillance systems, but also to the association of AI with fantasies of “absolute sovereignty,”<a data-contents="Roberto Reale, “Towards Sovereignty in AI: A 7-Tier Strategy for Europe’s Technological Independence in Generative Artificial Intelligence,” European AI Alliance, May 26, 2023, https://futurium.ec.europa.eu/en/european-ai-alliance/blog/towards-sovereignty-ai-7-tier-strategy-europes-technological-independence-generative-artificial." class="footnote" id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-list-20">20</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Roberto Reale, “Towards Sovereignty in AI: A 7-Tier Strategy for Europe’s Technological Independence in Generative Artificial Intelligence,” European AI Alliance, May 26, 2023, <a href="https://futurium.ec.europa.eu/en/european-ai-alliance/blog/towards-sovereignty-ai-7-tier-strategy-europes-technological-independence-generative-artificial">https://futurium.ec.europa.eu/en/european-ai-alliance/blog/towards-sovereignty-ai-7-tier-strategy-europes-technological-independence-generative-artificial</a>.</span> “progress,” and the persistent belief that “future wars” will be centered around data and information rather than land and resources, a sentiment proven false by the ongoing attacks on Palestine, Sudan, Congo, and Tigray, in which the UAE’s foreign policy has been explicitly and implicitly complicit. <a data-contents="Neil Quilliam and Sanam Vakil, “The Medicis of the Middle East?” Foreign Affairs, December 29, 2023, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-arab-emirates/medicis-middle-east." class="footnote" id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-list-21">21</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Neil Quilliam and Sanam Vakil, “The Medicis of the Middle East?” <em>Foreign Affairs</em>, December 29, 2023, <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-arab-emirates/medicis-middle-east?utm_medium=social">https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-arab-emirates/medicis-middle-east</a>.</span></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uae-s-ai-geopolitics-pushing-for-multipolarity-within-the-us-china-ai-race">UAE’s AI Geopolitics: Pushing for Multipolarity within the US-China AI Race</h2> <p>While the geopolitics of AI is frequently reduced to a conversation about “bad” AI models (exemplified by China from a Western perspective) and “good” or “democratic” AI models, this flattens the complicities and complexities of AI industrial policies, which are better understood as a multipolar terrain, where state economic interests might create alternate pathways that shift this terrain. The UAE’s AI strategy, for example, is about strengthening its geopolitical positioning and playing “both sides” vis-à-vis the so-called US-China AI Arms Race. G42 has had to make a pivotal decision, epitomizing the dilemma faced by many in the region: a choice between partnering with the US or with China. G42’s CEO, Peng Xiao, announced a shift away from Chinese hardware to secure access to US-made chips, citing the need for caution amid signals from the US government and partners.<a data-contents="Michael Peel and Simeon Kerr, “UAE’s Top AI Group Vows to Phase out Chinese Hardware to Appease US,” Financial Times, December 7, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/6710c259-0746-4e09-804f-8a48ecf50ba3." class="footnote" id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-list-22">22</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Michael Peel and Simeon Kerr, “UAE’s Top AI Group Vows to Phase out Chinese Hardware to Appease US,” <em>Financial Times</em>, December 7, 2023, <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/6710c259-0746-4e09-804f-8a48ecf50ba3">https://www.ft.com/content/6710c259-0746-4e09-804f-8a48ecf50ba3</a>.</span></p> <p>The UAE, keen to navigate these turbulent waters to establish itself as a leading AI force, is seen as doubling down on its relationship with the US, emphasizing cooperation with American partners. But G42’s past dealings with Chinese firms, including tech giant Huawei, have raised concerns in the US.<a data-contents="Edward Wong, Mark Mazzetti, and Paul Mozur, “Lawmakers Push U.S. to Consider Trade Limits with A.I. Giant Tied to China,” New York Times, January 9, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/09/us/politics/ai-china-uae-g42.html." class="footnote" id="footnote-23" href="#footnote-list-23">23</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Edward Wong, Mark Mazzetti, and Paul Mozur, “Lawmakers Push U.S. to Consider Trade Limits with A.I. Giant Tied to China,” <em>New York Times</em>, January 9, 2024, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/09/us/politics/ai-china-uae-g42.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/09/us/politics/ai-china-uae-g42.html</a>.</span> In November 2023, the New York Times reported that American spy agencies had issued warnings about G42’s work with large Chinese companies.<a data-contents="Mark Mazzetti and Edward Wong, “Inside U.S. Efforts to Untangle an A.I. Giant’s Ties to China,” New York Times, November 27, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/27/us/politics/ai-us-uae-china-security-g42.html." class="footnote" id="footnote-24" href="#footnote-list-24">24</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Mark Mazzetti and Edward Wong, “Inside U.S. Efforts to Untangle an A.I. Giant’s Ties to China,” <em>New York Times,</em> November 27, 2023, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/27/us/politics/ai-us-uae-china-security-g42.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/27/us/politics/ai-us-uae-china-security-g42.html</a>.</span> G42 strongly denied accusations highlighted in the New York Times article and the letter from US lawmaker Mike Gallagher, chairman of the House China Select Committee,<a data-contents="Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party, “Gallagher Calls on USG to Investigate AI Firm, G42, Ties to PRC Military, Intelligence-Linked Companies,” press release, January 9, 2024, https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/media/press-releases/gallagher-calls-usg-investigate-ai-firm-g42-ties-prc-military-intelligence." class="footnote" id="footnote-25" href="#footnote-list-25">25</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party, “Gallagher Calls on USG to Investigate AI Firm, G42, Ties to PRC Military, Intelligence-Linked Companies,” press release, January 9, 2024,<a href="https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/media/press-releases/gallagher-calls-usg-investigate-ai-firm-g42-ties-prc-military-intelligence"> https://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/media/press-releases/gallagher-calls-usg-investigate-ai-firm-g42-ties-prc-military-intelligence</a>.</span> and insisted that it has “aligned commercially with U.S. partners since 2022,” avoiding engagement with Chinese companies.<a data-contents="G42, “Statement on the New York Times Article and the Letter from the United States Congress House Select Committee on the CCP,” January 11, 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20240112102208/https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/Statement-on-the-New-York-Times-article-and-the-letter-from-the-United-States-Congress-House-Select-Committee-on-the-CCP." class="footnote" id="footnote-26" href="#footnote-list-26">26</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">G42, “Statement on the New York Times Article and the Letter from the United States Congress House Select Committee on the CCP,” January 11, 2024,<a href="https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/Statement-on-the-New-York-Times-article-and-the-letter-from-the-United-States-Congress-House-Select-Committee-on-the-CCP"> </a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112102208/https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/Statement-on-the-New-York-Times-article-and-the-letter-from-the-United-States-Congress-House-Select-Committee-on-the-CCP">https://web.archive.org/web/20240112102208/https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/Statement-on-the-New-York-Times-article-and-the-letter-from-the-United-States-Congress-House-Select-Committee-on-the-CCP</a>.</span> Gallagher’s letter expressed concerns about G42’s connections to blacklisted Chinese firms like BGI Group (formerly Beijing Genomics Institute) and potential risks to US university research. He indicated that his committee found evidence of G42’s links to a network of Emirati and Chinese entities involved in human rights abuses and supportive of Beijing’s military. Yet, the specific documents Gallagher referred to were not disclosed in his letter. </p> <p>This controversy brings to light selective stirring of human rights and ethical values, often surfacing as a tactical response to the looming presence of economic rivals (e.g., the Chinese threat in “acquiring’ a key US partner in the Middle East). It also underscores that UAE companies are going to be expected to follow broader political allegiances even in supposedly apolitical deals in the corporate sphere. Here, G42’s public pledge gained prominence as a form of realignment against “Chinese interests,” against the backdrop of the UAE hosting five thousand US military personnel, many of whom are stationed at Abu Dhabi’s Al Dhafra Air Base, where American drones are stationed.<a data-contents="“US to Send destroyer, Fighter Jets to UAE amid Houthi Attacks,” Al Jazeera, February 2, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/2/us-to-send-destroyer-fighter-jets-to-uae-amid-houthi-attacks." class="footnote" id="footnote-27" href="#footnote-list-27">27</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“US to Send destroyer, Fighter Jets to UAE amid Houthi Attacks,” Al Jazeera, February 2, 2022,<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/2/us-to-send-destroyer-fighter-jets-to-uae-amid-houthi-attacks"> https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/2/us-to-send-destroyer-fighter-jets-to-uae-amid-houthi-attacks</a>.</span> In this context, an AI industrial policy operates within a shifting geopolitical terrain.</p> <p>But the UAE is far from pledging a singular alliance with the US, instead playing the field opportunistically so it can push toward a multipolar world order in which it operates as a key power center. One way it does this is by swaying between the US and China, thus retaining some degree of autonomy over decision-making. In March 2023, G42 acquired a stake over $100 million in ByteDance, the owner of TikTok, at a valuation of $220 billion. This move, part of G42’s strategy through its 42X Fund, came amid TikTok’s consideration of separation from ByteDance to mitigate US national security concerns related to user data and Chinese government access.<a data-contents="“Abu Dhabi’s G42 Buys ByteDance Stake at $220 Bln Valuation, Report Says,” CNBC, March 15, 2023, https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/abu-dhabis-g42-buys-bytedance-stake-at-220-bln-valuation-report-says.html." class="footnote" id="footnote-28" href="#footnote-list-28">28</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“Abu Dhabi’s G42 Buys ByteDance Stake at $220 Bln Valuation, Report Says,” CNBC, March 15, 2023,<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/abu-dhabis-g42-buys-bytedance-stake-at-220-bln-valuation-report-says.html"> https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/15/abu-dhabis-g42-buys-bytedance-stake-at-220-bln-valuation-report-says.html</a>.</span> This balance gets significantly trickier when it comes to the domain of advanced chips for AI development—G42 and Microsoft have expanded their partnership with a plan to make sovereign cloud offerings available to the UAE, collaborate on advanced AI capabilities, and expand data center infrastructure.<a data-contents="“G42 and Microsoft Unlock New Opportunities for Digital Transformation with Joint Sovereign Cloud and AI Offering,” Microsoft News Center, September 5, 2023, https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2023/09/05/g42-and-microsoft-unlock-new-opportunities-for-digital-transformation-with-joint-sovereign-cloud-and-ai-offering." class="footnote" id="footnote-29" href="#footnote-list-29">29</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“G42 and Microsoft Unlock New Opportunities for Digital Transformation with Joint Sovereign Cloud and AI Offering,” Microsoft News Center, September 5, 2023,<a href="https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2023/09/05/g42-and-microsoft-unlock-new-opportunities-for-digital-transformation-with-joint-sovereign-cloud-and-ai-offering/"> https://news.microsoft.com/en-xm/2023/09/05/g42-and-microsoft-unlock-new-opportunities-for-digital-transformation-with-joint-sovereign-cloud-and-ai-offering</a>.</span> The UAE has entered the semiconductor industry through partnerships with figures such as Sam Altman and leading chip manufacturers TSMC and Intel<a data-contents="Steve McDowell, “Is Sam Altman Entering the Chip Business?” Forbes, January 22, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/01/22/is-sam-altman-entering-the-chip-business." class="footnote" id="footnote-30" href="#footnote-list-30">30</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Steve McDowell, “Is Sam Altman Entering the Chip Business?” <em>Forbes</em>, January 22, 2024,<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/01/22/is-sam-altman-entering-the-chip-business/"> https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/01/22/is-sam-altman-entering-the-chip-business</a>.</span> in order to strike a balance between maintaining geopolitical relationships with the US and growing the AI industry as a business through trade deals with China.<a data-contents=" “Saudi Arabia and UAE Race to Buy Computer Chips,” Financial Times, August 18, 2023, https://www.ft.com/content/b33c7e2a-6d16-407f-956f-01f248ff8dfe." class="footnote" id="footnote-31" href="#footnote-list-31">31</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color"> “Saudi Arabia and UAE Race to Buy Computer Chips,” <em>Financial Times</em>, August 18, 2023,<a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b33c7e2a-6d16-407f-956f-01f248ff8dfe"> https://www.ft.com/content/b33c7e2a-6d16-407f-956f-01f248ff8dfe</a>.</span> Altman’s attempt to lessen OpenAI’s dependency on Nvidia by launching a new semiconductor business is consistent with the UAE’s aims to negotiate the difficult terrain of global chip production amid “chip monopoly” worries. This initiative, which sought early financing from Middle Eastern institutions such as Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF) and Mubadala Investment Company, demonstrates the UAE’s dynamic role not only as a talent magnet but also as a sought-after location for unregulated business transactions. The capital dependency of AI firms on the UAE highlights a fundamental facet of the global tech landscape:<a data-contents="Keach Hagey and Asa Fitch, “Sam Altman Seeks Trillions of Dollars to Reshape Business of Chips and AI: OpenAI Chief Pursues Investors Including the U.A.E. for a Project Possibly Requiring Up to $7 Trillion,” Wall Street Journal, February 8, 2024, https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/sam-altman-seeks-trillions-of-dollars-to-reshape-business-of-chips-and-ai-89ab3db0." class="footnote" id="footnote-32" href="#footnote-list-32">32</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Keach Hagey and Asa Fitch, “Sam Altman Seeks Trillions of Dollars to Reshape Business of Chips and AI: OpenAI Chief Pursues Investors Including the U.A.E. for a Project Possibly Requiring Up to $7 Trillion,” <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, February 8, 2024, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/sam-altman-seeks-trillions-of-dollars-to-reshape-business-of-chips-and-ai-89ab3db0">https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/sam-altman-seeks-trillions-of-dollars-to-reshape-business-of-chips-and-ai-89ab3db0</a>.</span> beyond Big Tech, the UAE has emerged as a critical, yet neutral (as in neither Chinese nor American) destination for the resources required to develop computing capabilities. </p> <p>Aside from the “US-China AI race,” the UAE finds itself entangled within another geopolitical maze where it also sides with an oppressor: the Abraham Accords (Israel-UAE peace deal) and its close partnership with the Israeli occupation, which have also made a mark on its tech investments.The geopolitical landscape in which the UAE operates, and particularly the violence with which it has built and presented itself as “the best country for tech and progress,” has ultimately created a policy that seeks to reproduce this violence in every single detail, within the nodes of its economic and political structure. Both the UAE and the Israeli occupation present themselves as tech hubs, as new nodes of progress in the “Middle East,” and their partnerships, within the AI market, blossomed and became more and more cemented: what the UAE lacks (cybersecurity and militarized AI), Israel has supplied; what Israel lacks (tech for “smart cities” and, in Israel’s case, smart tech to efficiently build settlements), the UAE has provided. </p> <p>When it comes to the UAE’s AI industrial policy and geopolitics, it would be quite misleading not to mention the Abraham Accords. In a #NoTechForApartheid panel in November 2023, Antony Loewenstein said that “the Abraham accords were an arms deal,”<a data-contents="Timnit Gebru, “#NoTechForApartheid,” DAIR Institute, 2023, accessed February 13, 2024, https://www.dair-institute.org/blog/NoTechForApartheid." class="footnote" id="footnote-33" href="#footnote-list-33">33</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Timnit Gebru, “#NoTechForApartheid,” DAIR Institute, 2023, accessed February 13, 2024, <a href="https://www.dair-institute.org/blog/NoTechForApartheid/">https://www.dair-institute.org/blog/NoTechForApartheid</a>.</span> where the Israeli occupation and the UAE signed arms deals worth billions of dollars and the UAE purchased the infamous Israeli NSO spyware. In examining the trajectory of UAE-Israel relations, particularly through the prism of the Pegasus spyware saga,<a data-contents="Dan Sabbagh, David Pegg, Paul Lewis, and Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “UAE Linked o Listing of Hundreds of UK Phones in Pegasus Project Leak,” Guardian, July 21, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/uae-linked-to-listing-of-hundreds-of-uk-phones-in-pegasus-project-leak." class="footnote" id="footnote-34" href="#footnote-list-34">34</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Dan Sabbagh, David Pegg, Paul Lewis, and Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “UAE Linked o Listing of Hundreds of UK Phones in Pegasus Project Leak,” <em>Guardian</em>, July 21, 2021, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/uae-linked-to-listing-of-hundreds-of-uk-phones-in-pegasus-project-leak">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/21/uae-linked-to-listing-of-hundreds-of-uk-phones-in-pegasus-project-leak</a>.</span> there is a clear shift in terms of cooperation, where the integration of Pegasus into UAE’s security arsenal symbolized a mending of erstwhile fissures, leading to a consolidated alliance as evidenced by the Abraham Accord in 2020.<a data-contents="Andrew England and Simeon Kerr, “The Abu Dhabi Royal at the Nexus of UAE Business and National Security,” Financial Times, January 25, 2021, https://www.ft.com/content/ce09911b-041d-4651-9bbb-d2a16d39ede7." class="footnote" id="footnote-35" href="#footnote-list-35">35</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Andrew England and Simeon Kerr, “The Abu Dhabi Royal at the Nexus of UAE Business and National Security,” <em>Financial Times</em>, January 25, 2021, <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/ce09911b-041d-4651-9bbb-d2a16d39ede7">https://www.ft.com/content/ce09911b-041d-4651-9bbb-d2a16d39ede7</a>.</span> This progression from a tenuous to a strategic partnership encapsulates the dynamic interplay of geopolitical shifts and mutual security interests that have come to define the UAE-Israel nexus.</p> <p>EDGE Group officials and representatives have met with prominent foreign defense companies to build partnerships that could give them access to new and tested AI military technologies.<a data-contents="“UAE: EDGE Prioritizing Cooperation on AI Technologies,” Tactical Report, October 25, 2023, https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62277-uae-edge-prioritizing-cooperation-on-ai-technologies." class="footnote" id="footnote-36" href="#footnote-list-36">36</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“UAE: EDGE Prioritizing Cooperation on AI Technologies,” Tactical Report, October 25, 2023, <a href="https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62277-uae-edge-prioritizing-cooperation-on-ai-technologies">https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62277-uae-edge-prioritizing-cooperation-on-ai-technologies</a>.</span> For example, the Emirati Ministry of Defence is negotiating AI-based defense initiatives with the French Ministry of Defense and French defense companies.<a data-contents="“UAE-France Defense Relations: Talks on Projects for AI-Based Systems,” Tactical Report, September 26, 2023, https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62208-uae-france-defense-relations-talks-on-projects-for-ai-based-systems." class="footnote" id="footnote-37" href="#footnote-list-37">37</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“UAE-France Defense Relations: Talks on Projects for AI-Based Systems,” Tactical Report, September 26, 2023,<a href="https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62208-uae-france-defense-relations-talks-on-projects-for-ai-based-systems"> https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62208-uae-france-defense-relations-talks-on-projects-for-ai-based-systems</a>.</span></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-falcon-jais-and-the-illusion-of-openness">Falcon, Jais, and the Illusion of Openness</h2> <p>The UAE’s strategy extends beyond championing efficiency and innovation narratives to highlighting transparency and openness as key parts of its AI platform. In step with the highly mainstreamed AI policy discourse globally, where “open-source” AI has renewed currency as a potentially pro-competitive and innovative domain, G42 has unveiled Jais (“the world’s most advanced Arabic LLM”<a data-contents="G42, “Meet Jais, the World’s Most Advanced Arabic LLM Open Sourced by G42’s Inception,” August 30, 2023, https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/meet-jais-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-llm-open-sourced-g42s-inception." class="footnote" id="footnote-38" href="#footnote-list-38">38</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">G42, “Meet Jais, the World’s Most Advanced Arabic LLM Open Sourced by G42’s Inception,” August 30, 2023, <a href="https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/meet-jais-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-llm-open-sourced-g42s-inception">https://www.g42.ai/resources/news/meet-jais-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-llm-open-sourced-g42s-inception</a>.</span>) and Falcon.<a data-contents="Lisa Barrington, “Abu Dhabi Makes Its Falcon 40B AI Model Open Source,” Reuters, May 25, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/abu-dhabi-makes-its-falcon-40b-ai-model-open-source-2023-05-25. See also https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230607005466/en/Falcon-40B-World%E2%80%99s-Top-AI-Model-Rewards-Most-Creative-Use-Cases-in-Call-for-Proposals-with-Training-Compute-Power." class="footnote" id="footnote-39" href="#footnote-list-39">39</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Lisa Barrington, “Abu Dhabi Makes Its Falcon 40B AI Model Open Source,” Reuters, May 25, 2023,<a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/abu-dhabi-makes-its-falcon-40b-ai-model-open-source-2023-05-25/"> https://www.reuters.com/technology/abu-dhabi-makes-its-falcon-40b-ai-model-open-source-2023-05-25</a>. See also https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230607005466/en/Falcon-40B-World%E2%80%99s-Top-AI-Model-Rewards-Most-Creative-Use-Cases-in-Call-for-Proposals-with-Training-Compute-Power.</span> </p> <p>Jais is not just a public relations exercise directed at the Global North; it also offers a unique value proposition by providing 400 million Arabic speakers access to generative AI technologies. Jais and Falcon are part of a series of steps taken by the UAE to promote itself as a leader, including the recently established Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Technology Council (AIATC) set up to oversee policies and strategies for AI and advanced technology research, infrastructure, and investments in Abu Dhabi.<a data-contents="Deema AlSaffar Patterson, “UAE Establishes Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Technology Council,” Al Arabiya English, January 22, 2024, https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2024/01/22/UAE-establishes-Artificial-Intelligence-and-Advanced-Technology-Council." class="footnote" id="footnote-40" href="#footnote-list-40">40</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Deema AlSaffar Patterson, “UAE Establishes Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Technology Council,” Al Arabiya English, January 22, 2024, <a href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2024/01/22/UAE-establishes-Artificial-Intelligence-and-Advanced-Technology-Council">https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2024/01/22/UAE-establishes-Artificial-Intelligence-and-Advanced-Technology-Council</a>.</span> In developing Jais, the UAE partnered with a range of well-recognized global universities including Carnegie Mellon University, Ecole Polytechnique, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord–LIPN, New York University Abu Dhabi’s CAMeL Lab, and the University of Edinburgh, among others.<a data-contents="“Meet ’Jais’, the World’s Most Advanced Arabic Large Language Model Open Sourced by G42’s Inception,” Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, August 30, 2023, https://mbzuai.ac.ae/news/meet-jais-the-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-large-language-model-open-sourced-by-g42s-inception" class="footnote" id="footnote-41" href="#footnote-list-41">41</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“Meet ’Jais’, the World’s Most Advanced Arabic Large Language Model Open Sourced by G42’s Inception,” Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, August 30, 2023,<a href="https://mbzuai.ac.ae/news/meet-jais-the-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-large-language-model-open-sourced-by-g42s-inception"> https://mbzuai.ac.ae/news/meet-jais-the-worlds-most-advanced-arabic-large-language-model-open-sourced-by-g42s-inception</a></span></p> <p>The UAE’s AI projects are being framed within open-source networks, especially after the Technology Innovation Institute (TII) has waived royalties on Falcon’s commercial and research use.<a data-contents="“UAE’s Falcon 40B Is Now Royalty Free,” Technology Innovation Institute, May 31, 2023, https://www.tii.ae/news/uaes-falcon-40b-now-royalty-free." class="footnote" id="footnote-42" href="#footnote-list-42">42</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“UAE’s Falcon 40B Is Now Royalty Free,” Technology Innovation Institute, May 31, 2023,<a href="https://www.tii.ae/news/uaes-falcon-40b-now-royalty-free"> https://www.tii.ae/news/uaes-falcon-40b-now-royalty-free</a>.</span> Yet, “openness” and “transparency” are often used as marketing terms rather than as functional technical descriptors. G42 is leveraging open-source AI to bolster its position in the face of growing interest in AI regulation, as evidenced by Falcon 180B’s approach to “open access,” which some view as confusing and overly complex.<a data-contents="Alek Tarkowski, “Falcon 180B, Open Source AI and Control Over Compute,” Open Future (blog), October 25, 2023, https://openfuture.eu/blog/falcon-180b-open-source-ai-and-control-over-compute." class="footnote" id="footnote-43" href="#footnote-list-43">43</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Alek Tarkowski, “Falcon 180B, Open Source AI and Control Over Compute,” Open Future (blog), October 25, 2023, <a href="https://openfuture.eu/blog/falcon-180b-open-source-ai-and-control-over-compute">https://openfuture.eu/blog/falcon-180b-open-source-ai-and-control-over-compute</a>.</span> The model is licensed under a bespoke version of the Apache 2.0 license, incorporating restrictions that aim to control the use of Falcon 180B by cloud hosting providers like Amazon Web Services. However, the licence itself prohibits hosting.<a data-contents="“Apache License 2.0,” Apache Software Foundation https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0." class="footnote" id="footnote-44" href="#footnote-list-44">44</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“Apache License 2.0,” Apache Software Foundation <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</a>.</span> Due to the Apache Licence 2.0’s no-hosting provision, access to shared Falcon 180B instances and their fine-tunings cannot be monetized via an API, whether for inference or other reasons.<a data-contents="Falcon Live Learning Management, “FAQs”, https://falconllm.tii.ae/faq.html" class="footnote" id="footnote-45" href="#footnote-list-45">45</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Falcon Live Learning Management, “FAQs”, <a href="https://falconllm.tii.ae/faq.html">https://falconllm.tii.ae/faq.html</a></span> This limitation goes against the ethos of open-source AI frameworks, which aim to allow users to freely utilize services/softwares for a variety of in-house purposes. Currently, this would require explicit licensing rules. </p> <p>The UAE has succeeded in promoting itself as a bulwark against “monopolization” by collaborating with figures like Altman, who hailed Abu Dhabi’s foresight; the UAE is being recognized not only as the present of AI, but also as its future.<a data-contents="“Sheikh Maktoum Meets OpenAI CEO Sam Altman during His UAE Visit,” June 7, 2023, https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/technology/sheikh-maktoum-meets-openai-ceo-sam-altman-during-his-uae-visit." class="footnote" id="footnote-46" href="#footnote-list-46">46</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“Sheikh Maktoum Meets OpenAI CEO Sam Altman during His UAE Visit,” June 7, 2023,<a href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/technology/sheikh-maktoum-meets-openai-ceo-sam-altman-during-his-uae-visit"> https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/technology/sheikh-maktoum-meets-openai-ceo-sam-altman-during-his-uae-visit</a>.</span> By leveraging geopolitical tensions and regulation debates among prominent corporations, the UAE is marketing itself as “open” and “welcome” when it comes to the AI industry, which is ultimately being led by the same corporate structures (G42, for example) that it claims to diverge from. </p> <p>All in all, the UAE’s promise of being the “best” is being associated with the language of openness and inclusivity that is rooted in the work of tech organizers and digital rights activists,—people who have spent the past two decades weaving together ways to dismantle tech monopolies, to dream of worlds where tech is a public tool, and where AI isn’t tied to some tech fantasy but to actual processes of democratization and inclusion. This supposed “openness” not only masks a corporate monopoly of the AI sector, but also the fact that it is an openness built on erasure. Jais, “the Arabic LLM,” uses “multiple sources including web pages, Wikipedia articles, news articles, Arabic books, and social network content.”<a data-contents="“Jais: a New Pinnacle in Open Arabic NLP,” Inception, accessed February 13, 2024, https://www.inceptioniai.org/jais/docs/Whitepaper.pdf." class="footnote" id="footnote-47" href="#footnote-list-47">47</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">“Jais: a New Pinnacle in Open Arabic NLP,” Inception, accessed February 13, 2024, <a href="https://www.inceptioniai.org/jais/docs/Whitepaper.pdf">https://www.inceptioniai.org/jais/docs/Whitepaper.pdf</a>.</span> As in English-language systems, the fear around what is available also applies to Arabic content, particularly because the UAE is known for the content it has manipulated by creating automated social media accounts that spew rhetoric surrounding the coup in Sudan and the war on Yemen.<a data-contents="Marc Owen Jones, “The New, Unsustainable Order of Arab Digital Autocracy,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 3, 2023, https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/03/new-unsustainable-order-of-arab-digital-autocracy-pub-89525." class="footnote" id="footnote-48" href="#footnote-list-48">48</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Marc Owen Jones, “The New, Unsustainable Order of Arab Digital Autocracy,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 3, 2023,<a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/03/new-unsustainable-order-of-arab-digital-autocracy-pub-89525"> https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/03/new-unsustainable-order-of-arab-digital-autocracy-pub-89525</a>.</span> Behind this apparent openness lurks the question of a new industrialization, a new monopoly fueled and funded by US corporate interests—a new regional turned global power.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2> <p>Given the importance of high-performance compute resources in achieving AI domination, the UAE is now stockpiling thousands of state-of-the-art machines that are being built above any regulated capacity, as well as planning to manufacture its own. This was underlined by the UAE’s Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Omar Al Olama, who sees the UAE as a “regulatory sandbox, ” or a testing ground for AI advancements and the construction of experimental regulatory frameworks.<a data-contents="Abeer Abu Omar, “Minister Backs Altman’s Idea to Turn UAE into AI Testing Ground,” Bloomberg, February 15, 2024, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground." class="footnote" id="footnote-49" href="#footnote-list-49">49</a><span class="p-absolute d-none footnote-full has-white-background-color">Abeer Abu Omar, “Minister Backs Altman’s Idea to Turn UAE into AI Testing Ground,” Bloomberg, February 15, 2024,<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground"> https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-15/minister-backs-altman-s-idea-to-turn-uae-into-ai-testing-ground</a>.</span></p> <p>The UAE is actively recalibrating its power through its AI industrial policy, moving to solidify its position as a global AI leader by balancing its geopolitical partnerships. This policy is part of the UAE’s larger aim to promote growth and progress through comprehensive collaborations that go beyond economic impact and touch on complex political relationships and regional dynamics. The UAE’s recalibration reflects the country’s political approach to the AI sector, which goes beyond regulating tech advancement and innovation to consider the broader implications of the ongoing “US-China race;” and the UAE’s position within it in the backdrop of regional geopolitical shifts such as the impact of Israel’s genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. This industrial turn and focus on AI underscores the UAE’s plan to use AI not only as a tool for economic progress, but also to influence international and regional political landscapes.</p> <p></p> <div class="w-50" id="footnote-popup"></div> </div> <div class="post-sidebar grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-4 w-100 w-xl-90"> <div class="sidebar d-flex flex-row flex-wrap mb-5"><div class="sidebar-group d-flex flex-row flex-wrap"><p class="mono mr-1 mb-0">Part of: </p><h4 class="mr-1 mb-1"><a href="https://ainowinstitute.org/series/ai-nationalisms">AI NATIONALISM(S)</a></h4></div><hr class="sidebar"><div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap post-author"><p class="mono mb-0">By: </p><p class="mono mb-0">Islam Al Khatib</p></span></div><hr class="sidebar"><div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap"><p class="mono mr-1 mb-0">Posted:</p><p class="mono mb-0">Mar 12, 2024</p></div></div> <div id="anchor-links" class="anchor-links transition-all grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-4 mb-4"> <div class="anchor-group-title"> <h4 class="mb-2">In This Chapter</h4> </div> <div class="anchor-link-menu-link w-100 d-flex flex-row align-items-center mb-2"><svg width="32" height="16" viewBox="0 0 32 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M3.45766 5.29262H19.4859C19.7112 5.29262 19.8955 5.10892 19.8955 4.88439V1.63894C19.8955 1.32052 20.2437 1.12456 20.5181 1.29194L30.8034 7.51749C31.0655 7.6767 31.0655 8.05636 30.8034 8.21557L20.5181 14.4411C20.2437 14.6044 19.8955 14.4085 19.8955 14.0941V10.7956C19.8955 10.5711 19.7112 10.3874 19.4859 10.3874H1.40961C1.18432 10.3874 1 10.2037 1 9.97914V5.70494C1 5.48041 1.18432 5.29671 1.40961 5.29671L3.45766 5.29262Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg> <p class=" mono mb-0 ml-2 w-100"><a href="#h-uae-s-ai-geopolitics-pushing-for-multipolarity-within-the-us-china-ai-race">UAE’s AI Geopolitics: Pushing for Multipolarity within the US-China AI Race</p></a></div><div class="anchor-link-menu-link w-100 d-flex flex-row align-items-center mb-2"><svg width="32" height="16" viewBox="0 0 32 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M3.45766 5.29262H19.4859C19.7112 5.29262 19.8955 5.10892 19.8955 4.88439V1.63894C19.8955 1.32052 20.2437 1.12456 20.5181 1.29194L30.8034 7.51749C31.0655 7.6767 31.0655 8.05636 30.8034 8.21557L20.5181 14.4411C20.2437 14.6044 19.8955 14.4085 19.8955 14.0941V10.7956C19.8955 10.5711 19.7112 10.3874 19.4859 10.3874H1.40961C1.18432 10.3874 1 10.2037 1 9.97914V5.70494C1 5.48041 1.18432 5.29671 1.40961 5.29671L3.45766 5.29262Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg> <p class=" mono mb-0 ml-2 w-100"><a href="#h-falcon-jais-and-the-illusion-of-openness">Falcon, Jais, and the Illusion of Openness</p></a></div><div class="anchor-link-menu-link w-100 d-flex flex-row align-items-center mb-2"><svg width="32" height="16" viewBox="0 0 32 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M3.45766 5.29262H19.4859C19.7112 5.29262 19.8955 5.10892 19.8955 4.88439V1.63894C19.8955 1.32052 20.2437 1.12456 20.5181 1.29194L30.8034 7.51749C31.0655 7.6767 31.0655 8.05636 30.8034 8.21557L20.5181 14.4411C20.2437 14.6044 19.8955 14.4085 19.8955 14.0941V10.7956C19.8955 10.5711 19.7112 10.3874 19.4859 10.3874H1.40961C1.18432 10.3874 1 10.2037 1 9.97914V5.70494C1 5.48041 1.18432 5.29671 1.40961 5.29671L3.45766 5.29262Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.5"/> </svg> <p class=" mono mb-0 ml-2 w-100"><a href="#h-conclusion">Conclusion</p></a></div> </div> <div class="next-prev-arrows d-flex flex-row"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="star-divider-footer grid-col-12 grid-lg-col-8 d-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center my-2 my-lg-4 mr-lg-5"> <svg width="73" height="20" viewBox="0 0 73 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.8038 3.98989C16.7565 3.90585 16.6493 3.87714 16.5662 3.92624L10.4853 7.52145C10.3705 7.58931 10.2255 7.50658 10.2255 7.37325V0.172169C10.2255 0.0770828 10.1484 0 10.0533 0H8.19356C8.09848 0 8.02139 0.0770828 8.02139 0.172169V7.44301C8.02139 7.57634 7.87637 7.65907 7.7616 7.59122L1.66974 3.98956C1.5867 3.94046 1.47952 3.96917 1.43214 4.05321L0.498784 5.70868C0.452762 5.79031 0.480473 5.89375 0.561137 5.94144L6.67801 9.55789C6.79074 9.62453 6.79074 9.78765 6.67801 9.8543L0.733956 13.3686C0.653292 13.4163 0.625581 13.5197 0.671603 13.6013L1.60639 15.2593C1.65377 15.3434 1.76094 15.3721 1.84398 15.323L7.76264 11.8237C7.87741 11.7559 8.02243 11.8386 8.02243 11.9719L8.02243 18.9377C8.02243 19.0328 8.09952 19.1099 8.1946 19.1099H10.0533C10.1484 19.1099 10.2255 19.0328 10.2255 18.9377V11.957C10.2255 11.8237 10.3705 11.741 10.4853 11.8088L16.4263 15.3213C16.5093 15.3704 16.6165 15.3417 16.6639 15.2577L17.5973 13.6022C17.6433 13.5206 17.6156 13.4171 17.5349 13.3694L11.6627 9.89765C11.55 9.831 11.55 9.66789 11.6627 9.60124L17.7461 6.00458C17.8268 5.95689 17.8545 5.85344 17.8085 5.77182L16.8038 3.98989Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M44.1515 3.98989C44.1041 3.90585 43.9969 3.87714 43.9139 3.92624L37.8329 7.52145C37.7182 7.58931 37.5731 7.50658 37.5731 7.37325V0.172169C37.5731 0.0770828 37.4961 0 37.401 0H35.5412C35.4461 0 35.3691 0.0770828 35.3691 0.172169V7.44301C35.3691 7.57634 35.224 7.65907 35.1093 7.59122L29.0174 3.98956C28.9344 3.94046 28.8272 3.96917 28.7798 4.05321L27.8464 5.70868C27.8004 5.79031 27.8281 5.89375 27.9088 5.94144L34.0257 9.55789C34.1384 9.62453 34.1384 9.78765 34.0257 9.8543L28.0816 13.3686C28.0009 13.4163 27.9732 13.5197 28.0193 13.6013L28.954 15.2593C29.0014 15.3434 29.1086 15.3721 29.1916 15.323L35.1103 11.8237C35.2251 11.7559 35.3701 11.8386 35.3701 11.9719L35.3701 18.9377C35.3701 19.0328 35.4472 19.1099 35.5423 19.1099H37.401C37.4961 19.1099 37.5731 19.0328 37.5731 18.9377V11.957C37.5731 11.8237 37.7182 11.741 37.8329 11.8088L43.774 15.3213C43.857 15.3704 43.9642 15.3417 44.0115 15.2577L44.9449 13.6022C44.9909 13.5206 44.9632 13.4171 44.8826 13.3694L39.0104 9.89765C38.8976 9.831 38.8976 9.66789 39.0104 9.60124L45.0938 6.00458C45.1745 5.95689 45.2022 5.85344 45.1561 5.77182L44.1515 3.98989Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M71.4991 3.98989C71.4518 3.90585 71.3446 3.87714 71.2615 3.92624L65.1806 7.52145C65.0658 7.58931 64.9208 7.50658 64.9208 7.37325V0.172169C64.9208 0.0770828 64.8437 0 64.7486 0H62.8889C62.7938 0 62.7167 0.0770828 62.7167 0.172169V7.44301C62.7167 7.57634 62.5717 7.65907 62.4569 7.59122L56.3651 3.98956C56.282 3.94046 56.1748 3.96917 56.1275 4.05321L55.1941 5.70868C55.1481 5.79031 55.1758 5.89375 55.2564 5.94144L61.3733 9.55789C61.4861 9.62453 61.4861 9.78765 61.3733 9.8543L55.4293 13.3686C55.3486 13.4163 55.3209 13.5197 55.3669 13.6013L56.3017 15.2593C56.3491 15.3434 56.4563 15.3721 56.5393 15.323L62.458 11.8237C62.5727 11.7559 62.7177 11.8386 62.7177 11.9719L62.7177 18.9377C62.7177 19.0328 62.7948 19.1099 62.8899 19.1099H64.7486C64.8437 19.1099 64.9208 19.0328 64.9208 18.9377V11.957C64.9208 11.8237 65.0658 11.741 65.1806 11.8088L71.1216 15.3213C71.2047 15.3704 71.3118 15.3417 71.3592 15.2577L72.2926 13.6022C72.3386 13.5206 72.3109 13.4171 72.2302 13.3694L66.358 9.89765C66.2453 9.831 66.2453 9.66789 66.358 9.60124L72.4414 6.00458C72.5221 5.95689 72.5498 5.85344 72.5038 5.77182L71.4991 3.98989Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <section id="related-posts-carousel" class="swiper alignwide post-carousel-card p-relative"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swiper@8/swiper-bundle.min.css"/> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swiper@8/swiper-bundle.min.js"></script> <script> window.addEventListener('load', () => { const swiper = new Swiper('.swiper', { pagination: { el: '.swiper-pagination', type: 'fraction', }, navigation: { nextEl: '.swiper-button-next', prevEl: '.swiper-button-prev', }, autoHeight: true, slidesPerView: 1, spaceBetween: 30, breakpoints: { 992: 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