CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913509dbdcb5d083',cH: 'XUTzDRvB6Dd4fddRF52GC1hj7Fb73N1eLRdYDLaPesU-1739787560-1.2.1.1-CaVSbil32PwUKVPJY48spgIYpHrdsxvp98FTOIHmjj5ZihVetV_sDpZ.vdgS7zmr',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muslim%20women&__cf_chl_tk=14pR48ugBndxCtOVkEjzUgbzKSvGlPoRh511_j6nkOw-1739787560-1.0.1.1-AB3TnYGinDqMaUO2hoiuJUELJIBhrWcvv2_IG4RqtmU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739787560',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muslim%20women&__cf_chl_f_tk=14pR48ugBndxCtOVkEjzUgbzKSvGlPoRh511_j6nkOw-1739787560-1.0.1.1-AB3TnYGinDqMaUO2hoiuJUELJIBhrWcvv2_IG4RqtmU",md: "SvxKPkHb6X20bRUrOl2ajROfDZWixXOfpYKyGwKdv2E-1739787560-1.2.1.1-vqJUAwtSD4kWjmVHu7AdcffxlkMNq3L1FBc4AttmDKvFFQ0ggAaat8wvkPvl8MR7cLZaycb5c0V1_05CQ7.cWSVSg3.XThdOKedsgTUvIDkE9QpM5MRvKCz4FcyzH5ReO4CVp5744S8lU7dk1KhaqdEFdZMPqLC79D450UE5Em.sp_QSZZG.PhAhs0P4A3Vl.7lFl3hAx7WyKDOc.QNPZ4Lz7KRVtxowiE_yXEqyRlsooi6nP5NCj1_WbqUqtlYIgD8QmdhlLiLzOXKx0vztP0Iqzbd76JGdSxOQIr2S63oW.QiJG_xn99pj5MOx7BTQ13tmhOka4Zj2GkNjdLfBzRnEMDC_VAiUK7qWYLlIAETFQr.SR3Lh1FpgzA2O9d69I0XrWBxTxAwLVWo.hwZgA6n1CRVGOHUO3QVKJYkLwrXW3DcfFrNjlwpGHC4DGkDG1R.C3Rwad.IFs8ylIXw2guGCwGjllGgG4Sg9.sC0gsO38RnJwKr3FuFOn6Cy3txGjffuL7iZsmweDNA7kaRwfX8T.SKxhlQ09uqxUQy7WeOnO4wkbMKNDtn6zJI5e.TWTxBtHnw67eO1KkLiMsL45SftfICKZLc1bQNXOtUOO4Axy7LIEQhaHKaJP_Xrd8yThO8WebmKxKfLJTTpKswIUQOawSUuKHTIPnxKhyJlxW4X9oM3T.7D2GNpA8lMAfxmE2V2qdEnX.Pl3NyzExNtBDwG7b5HZ6W6AKtqwRfQwuWAVXgn_7dU5IhC.hYudvDe6uvH4kvF0Ygq5R0hZfkFovu2t7eCa8flt0eBsVAgAzfIo2Z3x4c3WiRTM.491OmqO_Sa_HNH6WwCNmpsE6f0izXcQspoDuw4CcooMwnpZSOdQL0wwkizjafwLN0mgg6ZSarmIl9Ja6UklEn9wdiIFKkgidvCKOIqFByDx3WbZpO62O6T.zkkADpTMFIl2wY_QqGXx6WX5Nqc._FXDvciDF2Fk6l_Au6wCy3uunAPSkfgAi8ZzcdguzhgNBkCihDaybCNlnrsZ51qRI7qM6W3ccelxwHqYAY9kdslgVg6m.1vw02PSLOfh9pjble7DAt2z2diZ4MzXFHiDss7uAQOD1XsltCsbBKIR5X3RpfROHC3hqRK_6f2UE_71OR0ACxrrNdMyTd1oIALdi.GoVZr.Wblhtd.t9vH.HwYzhV.dU8.wh4WfWC6Mldglse9rCDmojKda8fwpv6DRXhC9_udgeLRb0Y5GQzEPYoSJPKxBzAIZNYVWMVmK6FszIkysSv1F95e7QS5T.Ij5r1lEqdp6rZO54e.9uX1.2cg.i7Ihzd_LQwOBw3GmU3TPKEJzbDSA68t6glQ98Gn_tBSyZFVJHy50Hrraob0PWIOkuTveWtaVG6skODLLkw.HzVVkdxpE_tqsMrl3pab8j0620rHC3xyWnarS43fSL7X8erpU_ST0Qpu..Aa8yVoi0Fbu8vdmttybwLpbGBR0.9PglCP5Ckt4UF604GxJMFoyPOy.3rqFBc.lwHzDqnsercTirSx0u9D5Yy1uRqjTtigShOMUHsDiQadKvN4swWRCvD6DfDfWuh3BsNNaZukeFfFII9VCXTSWeTXh0HquHs21WZK9mwrhr6PWPOR0txaRHk8j4uneiqNqun9EmxmN6y9YPHcrznJlpO0xIhof.iz6VUmeMimLuKDYGJPYgRolpKo6UOytZKhX7xOlOnk2EvGM3f17.Qxz6jefXlN2ILthx6vLqzFjHLm.fjMnnikWhdteES.HTyWvMlIL_uBrUvwN12H9XkK4gn7ZPwSE0DsYwei8GasvsO5zo1mFf1Wgx0csvRK20j17XZv_H_K2og1ZyCdrGxkxKpdi3w3NsHbz3lz40UUXLYdHnbllhul6u8Wc4s5pR7lIyu2spV1p1t7Xlug_8zyx8ewCoogBwSzZ.R4aFAUa4wzbDUe9K_SDgV5VnY",mdrd: "sj3JI4FocfUDsQdROx1kfzhAotCDlTIaUkHFUIBDB9c-1739787560-1.2.1.1-PBczXQj1QQjVZe2ATvC3N3xcABNBV5Agvo2JioMnVUGlZjW.I.ME7RRp.IyX9Vfcxc4CUV.riQBRjidK3G6Jph8Aj5O7bFudwrltQdr1H1UFFv2NUDEh44_5yncVc3iLh3VUYmuzl0liuTQ4VvDSf0aAOByPDSWtiAvm0Gu.TXMOVvO1j6mmKg1JLoH6JUIcMy4IsDxiHbj5c_msSfx6u1pOd.2O_M0DYH9e7BDs2M103U.6h3OYN3x_maj8ZAtxCJoHqWCtWBRz8eu70RJwqXEK8Qg7uECJsfUnm7ScBrjC50wjmAcOWYHtnbL66ZYd9veGMY4FWMcfUwbn_OxNHJ1pl2re3F64Zl.Ny38S.9kykSoQxr2pW3SnoV2WDXsal.HUkp8YgEapktzdwUH9uqnn5BsY06lVcGkkIzVsRoT0rDAPo1hIItVu3XvG9EXanxzI4vnIp9gSTOcMx2B1FuVMHjcWNEDJtnTtMcyrPpAZm.cAGEKR11UAn.q0wiwGcAjWO4X4BMs_mgwPEyWFEgGOIoOn7Bp96Y4y5cHecdaFKpswYXVYSuuQx5qhFVNTU5JfghTjxXyQsNtk8ff0lDznhWEXA4rs_aCsPO9let_7q0IWxe3QiTVh2uTr1Qgbiv4X5hNcVYOUIt3ICeWHOCsIypAT2Kv1PVPXp1yp7xqy4aI2Em5GCzpKC9Exj73u1G4GqnYR8aWBe5X5c9AckVkjM1sBHliChTvKZ.bPb2JLNDbMwjug1g.4opS9hRsFlmDWSRLXxrLRQDBAWK.MsJLZlAqT0maAcDqkCwDUa6r4fSu5l3fxNwc8MRRlKTcKdt267u73MrM6L8JM6kkgPr.DF.bxGrQO2UIRQCn.mmo0Uzh1bI7RlJ..YRFW4uZ3ar5i22qy.4CBcjMCoM57ZqflgYBe5jY0AO1lx00c_sk14aJO_hFofHwD5bDnO6JbhhglunroCg3.VPMM2eMKVOHN6l0YZnuJARzp66C7g.3vSxooJothZBjTP6z97PbzxgWjIZGNK4p4Jmi5oVZxBAO_4zwDNfehpn1Ksj_xgrgXedGjwiKl5GeM.ZA720nDtZpl_j.I8n6jU_ATPO.XT4fM80MCbestlA0lTU2uciYjuFZVo9pIIu.PrYSjcrinmlgZDvgNVNsCdSY5d4jpsg_H7D1NK.B1HzqeU8m12uf23ShyDGiDdBLQTObCpbknaMskUvHv.TXabqGYuIleT3T76x8xieLMUyBO59dPefbedusUiv6iKOvO944mCD3ZqongTXfWiK.uLWyoouzcnJNM9MPlvzIIw.AOEyIelvNnAu8c_mD.m8y4K1s1dYD6GzBHvTiRj4YJedE8scyjK8CaIltpaBWViE4zJ56v2Egv_OuLnVxoCcdSSRadKF.BeSsP_hVLRYkYey_Koqg1Wz4t433twU4s4t.L0mdOWGcx.8ByFFO9iu1TJmrvRWSyIFY68BAspsfqC1gvLhCURjBZ4Mif2w0B9Moulxvxaldz.hhYBsiwnSNbFb1L1BMLaUanUABxR2nFzcFUkGpviNuVOaaCajSrS0abfOVOKFpNT4Ugnax_zmKFD3GeVG.V4SbqCICCc_picTqjfxSBiCE6oDvTYaL9gka6aijgdkcTAUckG4b7V8rBm1lwqPyamXw9W416Hjm5RSWdIOyoKizZGoJ5D7lX09HqML0_NumrJv66P1pK42ni3AsNJlIkaAHpsiHWpOsw8xdjYBaRX_S72FZx84tQbOGK.1z3SdkQFxfqJYeOuVYBSS1WC.7WJamdE8sptJCQSM1i6W3vtLaY90Gmzpl.5sKcO9WcxBgqSZausHl8egmSS9zISPFnekk5URLmXCBVr8tg6RlW72KTQl1.UF7lwoN8epSGGuMo5s.H93ZJAWmPMgo2lDX2rcBRHhVTc8tS1Ei3K9qqesX4Bbb4pnLFXLRe7wPaPvB3QZDhH67zsxYonqk0hmDa"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913509dbdcb5d083';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muslim%20women&__cf_chl_rt_tk=14pR48ugBndxCtOVkEjzUgbzKSvGlPoRh511_j6nkOw-1739787560-1.0.1.1-AB3TnYGinDqMaUO2hoiuJUELJIBhrWcvv2_IG4RqtmU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>