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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolutionary_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>French Revolutionary Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolutionary_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Napoleonic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electors_of_Hanover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electors_of_Hanover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electors of Hanover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electors_of_Hanover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electorate of Hanover</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurvorstedom_Brunswyk-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Keurvorstedom Brunswyk-Lüneburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keurvorstedom Brunswyk-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutor%C3%A1u_de_Brunswick-Luneburgu" title="Eleutoráu de Brunswick-Luneburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eleutoráu de Brunswick-Luneburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="হানোফারের নির্বাচকমণ্ডলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হানোফারের নির্বাচকমণ্ডলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Браўншвайг-Люнебург (курфюрства) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Браўншвайг-Люнебург (курфюрства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Брауншвайг-Люнебург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брауншвайг-Люнебург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoversk%C3%A9_kurfi%C5%99tstv%C3%AD" title="Hannoverské kurfiřtství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hannoverské kurfiřtství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etholaeth_Hannover" title="Etholaeth Hannover – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etholaeth Hannover" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurfyrsted%C3%B8mmet_Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstentum_Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburgi_kuurv%C3%BCrstkond" title="Braunschweig-Lüneburgi kuurvürstkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Braunschweig-Lüneburgi kuurvürstkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εκλεκτοράτο του Ανόβερου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλεκτοράτο του Ανόβερου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorado_de_Brunswick-Luneburgo" title="Electorado de Brunswick-Luneburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electorado de Brunswick-Luneburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburgeko_Hauteslerria" title="Brunswick-Lüneburgeko Hauteslerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brunswick-Lüneburgeko Hauteslerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="انتخابگرنشین هانوفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابگرنشین هانوفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectorat_de_Brunswick-Lunebourg" title="Électorat de Brunswick-Lunebourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électorat de Brunswick-Lunebourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EC%8A%88%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A4%BC%EB%84%A4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%84%A0%EC%A0%9C%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%AD" title="브라운슈바이크뤼네부르크 선제후국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라운슈바이크뤼네부르크 선제후국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektorat_Hannover" title="Elektorat Hannover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektorat Hannover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettorato_di_Hannover" title="Elettorato di Hannover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettorato di Hannover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="נסיכות הבוחר מהנובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נסיכות הבוחר מהנובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoratus_Brunsvici-Luneburgi" title="Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electoratus Brunsvici-Luneburgi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig%E2%80%93L%C3%BCneburgi_V%C3%A1laszt%C3%B3fejedelems%C3%A9g" title="Braunschweig–Lüneburgi Választófejedelemség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Braunschweig–Lüneburgi Választófejedelemség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ब्रुन्सविक-लूनबर्गचे निर्वाचन क्षेत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रुन्सविक-लूनबर्गचे निर्वाचन क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Brunswijk-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Keurvorstendom Brunswijk-Lüneburg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keurvorstendom Brunswijk-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E9%81%B8%E5%B8%9D%E4%BE%AF%E9%A0%98" title="ブラウンシュヴァイク＝リューネブルク選帝侯領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラウンシュヴァイク＝リューネブルク選帝侯領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurfyrsted%C3%B8mmet_Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kurfyrstedømmet Braunschweig-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurfyrsted%C3%B8met_Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Kurfyrstedømet Braunschweig-Lüneburg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kurfyrstedømet Braunschweig-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Brunszwiku_i_L%C3%BCneburga" title="Księstwo Brunszwiku i Lüneburga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Brunszwiku i Lüneburga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleitorado_de_Han%C3%B4ver" title="Eleitorado de Hanôver – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleitorado de Hanôver" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatul_Braunschweig-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principatul Braunschweig-Lüneburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principatul Braunschweig-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3-%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Курфюршество Брауншвейг-Люнебург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курфюршество Брауншвейг-Люнебург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of the Holy Roman Empire (1692–1814)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Electorate of Hanover <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürstentum Hannover</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg</i></span></i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1692–1814</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hanover_(1692).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hanover"><img alt="Flag of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis,_Elector_of_Hanover_(1708-1714).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1708–1714) of Hanover"><img alt="Coat of arms (1708–1714) of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_George_I_Louis%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_%281708-1714%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms<br />(1708–1714)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electorate of Hanover in 1789"><img alt="Electorate of Hanover in 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg/250px-Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg/375px-Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg/500px-Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg_1789.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Electorate of Hanover in 1789</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial State">State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (1692–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1714–1807)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Principality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1692–1698 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Ernest Augustus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1698–1727 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1727–1760 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II Augustus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1760–1806 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III William Frederick</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Elevation to Electorate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1692</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Inherited <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1705</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Electorate formally approved </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1708</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1714</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Acquired <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1715</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merged into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1807</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Re-established as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1814</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia"><b>1807:</b><br />Kingdom of Westphalia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover"><b>1814:</b><br />Kingdom of Hanover</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Electorate of Hanover</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kurfürstentum Hannover</i> or simply <i>Kurhannover</i>) was an <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> located in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a>. Although formally known as the <b>Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg</i>), it made <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> its capital city. For most of its existence, the electorate was ruled in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Succession">Hanoverian Succession</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> had been split in 1269 between different branches of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a>, ruled by a cadet branch of the family, emerged as the largest and most powerful of the Brunswick-Lüneburg states. In 1692, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> elevated the Prince of Calenberg to the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">College of Electors</a>, creating the new Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. The fortunes of the electorate were tied to those of Great Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> and <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>, which settled the succession to the British throne on Queen <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne's</a> nearest Protestant relative, the Electress <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia of Hanover</a>, and her descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-barm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prince-elector of Hanover became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">king of Great Britain</a> in 1714. As a consequence, a reluctant Britain was forced time and again to defend the king's German possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Hanover remained a separately ruled territory with its own governmental bodies, and the country had to sign a treaty with Great Britain whenever Hanoverian troops fought on the British side of a war. Merged into the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> in 1807, it was re-established as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a> in 1814, and the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Great_Britain_and_Hanover" title="Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover">personal union with the British crown</a> lasted until 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1692, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> elevated Duke <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Ernest Augustus</a> of the Brunswick-Lüneburg line of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a>, to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> of the empire as a reward for aid given in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>. There were protests against the addition of a new elector, and the elevation did not become official until the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in 1708. Calenberg's capital, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, became colloquially eponymous for the electorate, but it officially used the name <i>Chur-Braunschweig-Lüneburg</i> of the entire ducal dynasty. </p><p>The electoral coat of arms and flag (see info box upper right of this article) displayed the <b><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Steed" title="Saxon Steed">Saxon Steed</a></b> (German: <i lang="de">Sachsenross, Niedersachsenross, Welfenross, Westfalenpferd</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Twentse Ros / Saksische ros/paard</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Low Saxon</a>: <i>Witte Peerd</i>) is a heraldic motif associated with the German provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, and the Dutch region of <a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a> as the electorate covered large portions of the <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">original stem</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Additional Informations and re-done, more polished version of this map: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hanover1720.png/1024px-Hanover1720.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png/220px-Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png/330px-Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png/440px-Territorial_Expansion_of_the_Electorate.png 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Sketch map of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg including the Hanover electorate (blue) and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (green), c. 1720: Elector George I Louis acquired <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a>, his successor George II Augustus gained <a href="/wiki/Land_Hadeln" title="Land Hadeln">Land Hadeln</a> (1731,not shown on the map) and George III acquired the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a> (1803)</figcaption></figure> <p>The electorate comprised large parts of the modern German state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. Beside the Principality of Calenberg it also included the former princely lands of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Principality of Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Grubenhagen</a> as well as the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hoya" title="County of Hoya">County of Hoya</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kft_B-L_1789.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kft_B-L_1789.png/220px-Kft_B-L_1789.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kft_B-L_1789.png/330px-Kft_B-L_1789.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kft_B-L_1789.png/440px-Kft_B-L_1789.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>the Electorate of Hanover within the Northeastern part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1705, Elector <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a> inherited the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Principality of Lüneburg</a> with the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg upon the death of his uncle Duke <a href="/wiki/George_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">George William of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>. In 1715, he purchased the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV of Denmark</a> (confirmed by the 1719 <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Treaty of Stockholm</a>), whereby his former landlocked electorate gained access to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>In 1700, the territories forming the electorate introduced, like all other Protestant territories of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a>, the Improved Calendar, as the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> was called by <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> to avoid mentioning the name of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>. Sunday, 18 February (Old Style) was thus followed by Monday, 1 March (<a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanover">History of Hanover</a></div> <p>In 1692, the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, elevated George's son, Duke Ernest Augustus to the rank of elector of the empire as a reward for aid given in the War of the Grand Alliance. There were protests against the addition of a new elector, and the elevation did not become official (with the approval of the Imperial Diet) until 1708, in the person of Ernest Augustus's son, George Louis. Though the elector's titles were properly duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he is commonly referred to as the elector of Hanover after his residence. </p><p>Hanover acquired Bremen-Verden in 1719. </p><p>The electorate was legally bound to be indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs; and its succession was to follow male primogeniture. The territory assigned to the electorate included the Brunswick-Lüneburg principalities of Calenberg, Grubenhagen, and Lüneburg (even though at the time Lüneburg was ruled by Ernest Augustus's older brother) and the counties of Diepholz and Hoya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Link_with_Great_Britain">Link with Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Link with Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Great_Britain_and_Hanover" title="Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover">Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_(1727-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg/150px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg/225px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg/300px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281727-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Civil <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a> of Hanover (1727–1801).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1714, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George Louis</a> became king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> and so the electorate and Great Britain and Ireland were ruled in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>. The possessions of the electors in Germany also grew, as they <i>de facto</i> purchased the formerly <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a>-held duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Verden" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Verden">Verden</a> in 1719. </p><p>George Louis died in 1727 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II Augustus</a>. In 1728, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">enfeoffed</a> George II (gave him land in exchange for a pledge of service), with the reverted fief of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, which had <i>de facto</i> been ruled in personal union with Hanover and with one of its preceding <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Principality of Lüneburg</a> since 1689. </p><p>In 1731, Hanover also gained <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Hadeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Hadeln">Hadeln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, Hanover recognised the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1713" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1713">Pragmatic Sanction of 1713</a>, which changed the Habsburgs' inheritance law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took George II Augustus until 1733 to persuade Charles VI to enfeoff him also with the Duchy of Bremen and the Principality of Verden, colloquially called Duchies of Bremen-Verden. At both enfeoffments, George II Augustus swore that he would respect the existing privileges and constitutions of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of the Realm">estates</a> in Bremen-Verden and in Hadeln, thus confirming 400-year-old traditions of estate participation in government. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, the capital of the electorate, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Hanover" title="Privy Council of Hanover">Privy Council of Hanover</a> (electoral government) installed a new ministry in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">Imperial Estates</a> ruled by the electors in personal union. It was called the Department of Bremen-Verden, Hadeln, Lauenburg and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">Bentheim</a>. Nonetheless, the electors spent most of their time in England. Direct contact with the electorate was maintained through the office of the <a href="/wiki/German_Chancery" title="German Chancery">German Chancery</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Great Britain in the Seven Years War</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763) in the North American colonies, Britain feared a French invasion of Hanover. George II <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_alliance_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Prussian alliance (1756)">formed an alliance</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> cousin <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II</a> combining the North American conflict with the Brandenburg-Prusso–Austrian <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Third Silesian, or Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763). </p><p>In the summer of 1757, the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1757)" title="Invasion of Hanover (1757)">French invaded Hanover</a> and defeated George II's son <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a>, leading the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army_of_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoverian Army of Observation">Anglo-Hanoverian army</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Battle of Hastenbeck</a> and drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former <i><a href="/wiki/Zeven" title="Zeven">Zeven</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeven_Convent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeven Convent (page does not exist)"><i>Convent</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloster_Zeven" class="extiw" title="de:Kloster Zeven">de</a>]</span> he capitulated on 18 September (<a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kloster-Zeven" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Kloster-Zeven">Convention of Kloster-Zeven</a>). George II did not recognise the convention, however. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, supported by troops from Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>, again expelled the occupants. Hanover remained unaffected for the rest of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolutionary_Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French Revolutionary Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war ended, peace prevailed until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> started. The <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">War of the First Coalition against France</a> (1792–1797) with Great Britain, Hanover and other war allies forming the coalition, did not affect Hanoverian territory since the first <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> was fighting on several fronts, even on its own territory. Men were drafted to recruit the 16,000 Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> under British command against France. In 1795, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> declared its neutrality, including Hanover, but a peace treaty with France was being negotiated until it failed in 1799. Prussia, however, ended for its part the war with France by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Treaty of Basel</a> (1795), which stipulated that Prussia would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all of the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>, including the British continental dominions of Hanover, Bremen-Verden, and Saxe-Lauenburg. To that end, Hanover also had to provide troops for the so-called demarcation army maintaining the armed neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Riotte2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riotte2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_era">Napoleonic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> against France (1799–1802), <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> urged Prussia to occupy the continental British dominions. In 1801, there was an invasion of 24,000 Prussian soldiers that surprised Hanover, which surrendered without a fight. In April they arrived at Bremen-Verden's capital, <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, and stayed there until October. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> first ignored Prussian hostility, but when the latter joined the pro-French coalition of armed neutral powers, including <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, Britain began to capture Prussian ships. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen (1801)</a>, the coalition fell apart and Prussia withdrew its troops. </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">German Mediatisation</a> of 25 February 1803, the electorate received the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a> in <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a>, which had been ruled by every second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> since 1662. </p><p>After Britain, this time without any allies, had declared war on France (18 May 1803), French troops <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1803)" title="Invasion of Hanover (1803)">invaded Hanover on 26 May</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Convention of Artlenburg</a> (5 July 1803), confirming the military defeat of Hanover, the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army" title="Hanoverian Army">Hanoverian Army</a> was disarmed, and its horses and ammunitions were handed over to the French. The Privy Council of Hanover, with the minister Friedrich Franz Dieterich von Bremer holding up the Hanoverian stake,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> fled to <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, which was ruled by Britain and Hanover in personal union. Soon, the French also occupied Saxe-Lauenburg. </p><p>In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> against France (1805), the French occupying troops left Hanover in a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. British, Swedish and Russian coalition forces <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Expedition" title="Hanover Expedition">captured Hanover</a>. In December, the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>, since 1804 France's new government, ceded Hanover, which it no longer held, to Prussia, which captured it in early 1806. </p><p>On 6 August 1806, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was dissolved, thereby abolishing the function of prince-electors electing its emperors. After Prussia had turned against France in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>, it was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a> (11 November 1806), and France recaptured Hanover. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> in 1807, the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> was founded, ruled by Napoléon's brother <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, then including territories of the former Electorate of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a>, the ducal <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburgian</a> principality of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> and formerly Prussian territories. In early 1810 Hanover proper and Bremen-Verden but not Saxe-Lauenburg were also annexed by Westphalia. In an attempt to assert the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a>, the French Empire annexed in late 1810 all of the continental <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast (as far as Denmark) and the areas along the sections of the rivers navigable for seagoing vessels, including Bremen-Verden and Saxe-Lauenburg and some adjacent territories of Hanover proper. </p><p>The government of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> did not recognise the French annexation, however, and was at war continuously with France for the entire period, and Hanoverian ministers continued to operate out of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The Privy Council of Hanover maintained its own separate diplomatic service, which maintained links with countries such as Austria and Prussia. The Hanoverian Army was dissolved, but many of the officers and soldiers went to England, where they formed the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">King's German Legion</a>. That was the only German army to fight continually throughout the Napoleonic Wars against the French. </p><p>French control lasted until November 1813, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Hanover" title="Liberation of Hanover">when the territory was overrun by Allied troops</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> spelled the definitive end to the Napoleonic client state of Westphalia, as well as the entire <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, and the rule of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> was restored. The former electorate became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, which was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electors_of_Hanover">Electors of Hanover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electors of Hanover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></div> <p>The electorate was legally indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs, as had been the rule before, which led at times to a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburgian</a> principalities. Its succession was to follow male <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. Since that was against <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>, which was then valid for the ducal family, the change needed imperial confirmation, which Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> granted in 1692. </p><p>In 1692, at its upgrading to the rank of electorate, its territory comprised the Brunswick-Lüneburgian principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Grubenhagen</a>, which the line of the former<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had already inherited in 1665. Before the confirmation of the electorate by the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in 1708, however, the Calenberg line further inherited the principality of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg-Celle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüneburg-Celle">Celle</a> in 1705. Further included were the earlier-acquired counties of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Diepholz" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Diepholz">Diepholz</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hoya" title="County of Hoya">Hoya</a>. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was dissolved in 1806, George III's government did not consider the dissolution to be final, and he continued to be styled "Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, <a href="/wiki/Arch-treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arch-treasurer">Arch-treasurer</a> and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire" until 1814. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of electors of Hanover </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Elector </th> <th>Dates of reign </th> <th>Succession </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I Louis</a></b><br /><i>Georg Ludwig</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/100px-King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/150px-King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg/200px-King_George_I_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller%2C_Bt_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span> </td> <td>1708–1727 </td> <td>Son of Ernest Augustus. </td> <td>Became <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1714.<br />Acquired <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> in 1719. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II Augustus</a></b><br /><i>Georg II. August</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/100px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/150px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg/200px-George_II_of_Great_Britain_-_1730-50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td> <td>1727–1760 </td> <td>Son of George I. </td> <td>Acquired the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Hadeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Hadeln">Land of Hadeln</a> in 1731. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III William Frederick</a></b><br /><i>Georg III. Wilhelm Friedrich</i> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/100px-George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/150px-George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/200px-George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="767" /></a></span> </td> <td>1760–1806 </td> <td>Grandson of George II. </td> <td>Became King of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> with Ireland) in 1801.<br />Acquired the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a> in 1803.<br /><i>De facto</i> power was lost and restored by various occupations and annexations during the 1801–1813 <a href="/wiki/Great_French_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great French War">Great French War</a>: lost (early 1801), restored (April 1801), lost (May 1803), restored (Autumn 1805), lost (early 1806), and restored (October 1813).<br />Although the electoral title became defunct with the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806, George did not recognise that dissolution.<br />Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> in early 1814 and was broadly recognised as such during the 1814–1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanover">History of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_prince" title="Hanoverian prince">Hanoverian prince</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the 18th century, whenever war was declared between Great Britain and France, the French army invaded or threatened to invade Hanover, forcing Great Britain to intervene diplomatically and militarily to defend the Electorate. In 1806, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> even declared war on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> after King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III</a>, under heavy pressure from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, had annexed George III's German possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-barm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeide_Barmeyer" class="citation web cs1">Heide Barmeyer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/rezensionen/2007-2-145.pdf">"Hannover und die englische Thronfolge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. H-Soz-Kult<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hannover+und+die+englische+Thronfolge&rft.pub=H-Soz-Kult&rft.au=Heide+Barmeyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de%2Frezensionen%2F2007-2-145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectorate+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Himly" title="Auguste Himly">Auguste Himly</a>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire de la formation territoriale des États de l'Europe centrale</i></span></i>. 1876, vol. 1, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Harding2007" class="citation book cs1">Nick Harding (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qT7z4MZIB0wC&pg=PA288"><i>Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-300-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanover+and+the+British+Empire%2C+1700%E2%80%931837&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-300-0&rft.au=Nick+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqT7z4MZIB0wC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectorate+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2016583_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2016">Wilson 2016</a>, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riotte2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riotte2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsten_Riotte2005" class="citation book cs1">Torsten Riotte (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brgcjRBqXh0C"><i>Hannover in der britischen Politik (1792–1815): dynastische Verbindung als Element aussenpolitischer Entscheidungsprozesse</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-7551-0"><bdi>978-3-8258-7551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannover+in+der+britischen+Politik+%281792%E2%80%931815%29%3A+dynastische+Verbindung+als+Element+aussenpolitischer+Entscheidungsprozesse&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-7551-0&rft.au=Torsten+Riotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrgcjRBqXh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectorate+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electorate_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Wilson" title="Peter H. Wilson">Wilson, Peter H.</a> (2016). <i>Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674058095" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674058095"><bdi>978-0674058095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+Europe%3A+A+History+of+the+Holy+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0674058095&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectorate+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1903" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Guy Stanton (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hanoverandpruss01fordgoog"><i>Hanover and Prussia 1795-1803: A Study in Neutrality</i></a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanover+and+Prussia+1795-1803%3A+A+Study+in+Neutrality&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Guy+Stanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhanoverandpruss01fordgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectorate+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_after_1356" title="Template talk:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_after_1356" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_from_1356_to_1806_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electors</a> of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1.5%;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Spiritual</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/18px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/27px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/36px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/18px-Trier_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/27px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/36px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="659" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Secular</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/18px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/27px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/36px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1014" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Palatinate</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1777)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/18px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/27px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/36px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/18px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/27px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/36px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24.5%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 17th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1623)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/18px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/27px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/36px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1692)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 19th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="470" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/18px-Kursalzburg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/27px-Kursalzburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/36px-Kursalzburg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="473" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Salzburg" title="Electorate of Salzburg">Salzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1805)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="597" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Baden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/18px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/27px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/36px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Template talk:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower Saxon Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Lower_Saxon_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">Lower Saxon Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Bremen</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Ratzeburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Ratzeburg">Ratzeburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_and_prince-bishopric_of_Schwerin" title="Diocese and prince-bishopric of Schwerin">Schwerin</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Lower Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/100px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/150px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Lower_Saxon_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick and Lunenburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Blankenburg" title="County of Blankenburg">Blankenburg</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Calenberg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Celle</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Grubenhagen</a><sup><small>6</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a><sup><small>7</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Holstein-Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Gottorp</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Pinneberg" title="Holstein-Pinneberg">Pinneberg</a><sup><small>9</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Güstrow</a><sup><small>10</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Strelitz</a><sup><small>11</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial County of Rantzau">Rantzau</a><sup><small>12</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Regenstein" title="County of Regenstein">Regenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> until 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup> from 1648.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>4</small></sup> until 1731.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1705.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>6</small></sup> until 1596.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>7</small></sup> from 1708.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>8</small></sup> until 1773.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>9</small></sup> until 1640.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>10</small></sup> until 1695.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>11</small></sup> from 1701.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>12</small></sup> until 1734. <p>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <b>(Lower) Saxon</b> </p> Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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