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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of natural resources management</div> <p><b>Watershed management </b> is the study of the relevant characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_distribution" title="Sustainable distribution">sustainable distribution</a> of its resources and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and enhance <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> functions that affect the <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> communities within the watershed boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features of a watershed that agencies seek to manage to include <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> and the overall planning and utilization of watersheds. <a href="/wiki/Landowners" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowners">Landowners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> agencies, stormwater management experts, environmental specialists, water use surveyors and communities all play an integral part in watershed management. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controlling_pollution">Controlling pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Controlling pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In agricultural systems, common practices include the use of <a href="/wiki/Buffer_strip" title="Buffer strip">buffer strips</a>, grassed waterways, the re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, and forms of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">conservation tillage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter-cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-cropping">inter-cropping</a>. After certain practices are installed, it is important to continuously monitor these systems to ensure that they are working properly in terms of improving environmental quality.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In urban settings, managing areas to prevent soil loss and control stormwater flow are a few of the areas that receive attention. A few practices that are used to manage stormwater before it reaches a channel are <a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">retention ponds</a>, filtering systems and wetlands. It is important that storm-water is given an opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltrate</a> so that the soil and vegetation can act as a "filter" before the water reaches nearby streams or lakes. In the case of soil erosion prevention, a few common practices include the use of silt fences, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_fabric" title="Landscape fabric">landscape fabric</a> with grass seed and <a href="/wiki/Hydroseeding" title="Hydroseeding">hydroseeding</a>. The main objective in all cases is to slow water movement to prevent soil transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2nd <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Forum" title="World Water Forum">World Water Forum</a> held in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in March 2000 raised some controversies that exposed the <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> nature and imbalance the demand and supply management of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>. While donor organizations, private and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> institutions backed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, believe that <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> should be governed as an economic good by appropriate pricing, <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> however, held that freshwater resources should be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Social_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Social good">social good</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">network governance</a> where all stakeholders form partnerships and voluntarily share ideas towards forging a common vision can be used to resolve this clash of opinion in freshwater management. Also, the implementation of any common vision presents a new role for <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> because of their unique capabilities in local community coordination, thus making them a valuable partner in <a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">network governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watersheds</a> replicate this <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> terrain with private industries and local communities interconnected by a common watershed. Although these groups share a common <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> space that could transcend state borders, their interests, knowledge and use of resources within the watershed are mostly disproportionate and divergent, resulting to the activities of a specific group adversely impacting on other groups. Examples being the <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata Bay poisoning</a> that occurred from 1932 to 1968, killing over 1,784 individuals and the <a href="/wiki/Wabigoon_River" title="Wabigoon River">Wabigoon River incidence</a> of 1962. Furthermore, while some knowledgeable groups are shifting from efficient water <a href="/wiki/Resource_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource exploitation">resource exploitation</a> to efficient utilization, net gain for the watershed <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> could be lost when other groups seize the opportunity to exploit more <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">resources</a>. </p><p>Moreover, the need to create partnerships between donor organizations, private and government institutions and community representatives like <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> in watersheds is to enhance an "organizational society" among stakeholders.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> states have adopted this concept in managing the increasingly scarce resources of watersheds. These include the nine <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> states, with a common vision of <a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">pollution control</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">river Nile</a> Basins, whose common vision is to ensure <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a partner in the commonly shared vision, NGOs has adopted a new role in operationalizing the implementation of regional watershed management policies at the local level. For instance, essential local coordination and education are areas where the services of NGOs have been effective.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes NGOs the "nuclei" for successful watershed management.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">artificial Intelligence</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">neural networks</a> have been utilized to address the problem of watershed management.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_law">Environmental law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></div> <p>Environmental laws often dictate the planning and actions that agencies take to manage watersheds. Some laws require that planning be done, others can be used to make a plan legally enforceable and others set out the ground rules for what can and cannot be done in development and planning. Most countries and states have their own laws regarding watershed management. </p><p>Those concerned about <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">aquatic habitat</a> protection have a right to participate in the laws and planning processes that affect aquatic habitats. By having a clear understanding of whom to speak to and how to present the case for keeping our waterways clean a member of the public can become an effective watershed protection advocate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomanipulation" title="Biomanipulation">Biomanipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Integrated landscape management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_water_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated water resources management">Integrated water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_water_protection" title="Source water protection">Source water protection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/wp/Documents/California%20Watershed%20Program.pdf">California Watershed Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swat.tamu.edu/">"SWAT | Soil & Water Assessment Tool"</a>. <i>swat.tamu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swat.tamu.edu&rft.atitle=SWAT+%7C+Soil+%26+Water+Assessment+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswat.tamu.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatershed+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Oweyegha-Afunaduula, F.C., I. Afunaduula and M. Balunywa (2003). NGO-sing the Nile Basin Initiative: a myth or reality? Paper at 3rd World Water Forum, Japan, March 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans J: <i>Environmental governance</i> (2012), Routledge, Chapter 4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415589826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415589826">978-0415589826</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewalt, J. G. 2001. Theories of Governance and New Public Management: Links to Understanding Welfare Policy Implementation. Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Public Administration. Also available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/aspa/unpan000563.pdf">http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/aspa/unpan000563.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">8. Transboundary River Basin Management Regimes: the Rhine basin case study, Newater, pp1-37. Also available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tudelft.nl/live/binaries/9229ebc0-66d0-47ca-9d25-5ab2184c85f4/doc/D131_Rhine_Final.pdf">http://www.tudelft.nl/live/binaries/9229ebc0-66d0-47ca-9d25-5ab2184c85f4/doc/D131_Rhine_Final.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1&lang=en">"Nile Basin Initiative"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Basin+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nilebasin.org%2Fnewsite%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dfrontpage%26Itemid%3D1%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatershed+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">7. Prabhakar K, Lavanya K, and Papa Rao A (2010); NGOs and Farmers Participation in Watershed Development Programme in Prakasam District, Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Science, Volume II (1) Pages173-182. Also available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.socialsciences-ejournal.org/3.9.%20Prabhakar.pdf">http://www.socialsciences-ejournal.org/3.9.%20Prabhakar.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonDuggan,_JimHowley,_Enda2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Karl; Duggan, Jim; Howley, Enda (2018). "A Meta Optimisation Analysis of Particle Swarm Optimisation Velocity Update Equations for Watershed Management Learning". <i>Applied Soft Computing</i>. <b>62</b>: 148–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asoc.2017.10.018">10.1016/j.asoc.2017.10.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Soft+Computing&rft.atitle=A+Meta+Optimisation+Analysis+of+Particle+Swarm+Optimisation+Velocity+Update+Equations+for+Watershed+Management+Learning&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=148-161&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asoc.2017.10.018&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Jim&rft.au=Howley%2C+Enda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatershed+management" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watershed_management&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_David_Erickson" title="Jon David Erickson">Erickson, J.D.</a>, Messner, F. and I. Ring, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUH1UtG_eUYC&q=elsevier+ecological+economics+of+sustainable+watershed+management%27%27Ecological"><i>Economics of Sustainable Watershed Management</i></a>. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</li> <li>Sabatier, P. A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cw5FKKMqikoC&q=sustainable+watershed+management%27%27&pg=PR7"><i>Swimming Upstream: Collaborative Approaches to Watershed Management</i></a>. The MIT Press.</li> <li>Wagner, W., Gawel, J., Furumai, H., De Souza, M. P., Teixeira, D., Rios, L., et al. (2002). Sustainable watershed management: an international multi-watershed case study. <i>Ambio</i>, 2–13.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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