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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tournadre_&_Suzuki_(2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournadre_&_Suzuki_(2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tournadre & Suzuki (2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournadre_&_Suzuki_(2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournadre_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournadre_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tournadre (2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournadre_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournadre_(2005,_2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournadre_(2005,_2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tournadre (2005, 2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournadre_(2005,_2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bradley_(1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bradley_(1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bradley (1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bradley_(1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_similarity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_similarity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lexical similarity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_similarity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconstruction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Tibetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Tibetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Proto-Tibetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Tibetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Tibetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Tibetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pre-Tibetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Tibetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparison of numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibetic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tibetanes" title="Llingües tibetanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tibetanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تبت دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تبت دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="তিব্বতি ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিব্বতি ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тыбецкія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Тыбэцкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་གྲུ་སོ་སོའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་ཡུལ་གྲུ་སོ་སོའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_tibetek_rik" title="Yezhoù tibetek rik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù tibetek rik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanische_Sprachen" title="Tibetanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tib%C3%A9ticas" title="Lenguas tibéticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tibéticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaj_lingvoj" title="Tibetaj lingvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibetaj lingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های تبتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های تبتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tib%C3%A9tiques" title="Langues tibétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tibétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tib%C3%A9ticas" title="Linguas tibéticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tibéticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="티베트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티베트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="तिब्बताई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बताई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetski_jezici" title="Tibetski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tibetski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Tibet" title="Rumpun bahasa Tibet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Tíbesk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ტიბეტური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_t%C3%AEbet%C3%AE" title="Zimanên tîbetî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên tîbetî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tibetiečių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tibetan" title="Linguas tibetan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas tibetan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeti_nyelvek" title="Tibeti nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibeti nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тибетски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibetika" title="Fiteny tibetika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="तिब्बती भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tibetiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="تبتی زباناں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبتی زباناں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tybeta%C5%84skie" title="Języki tybetańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tybetańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тибетские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="กลุ่มภาษาทิเบต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dilleri" title="Tibet dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibet dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тибетські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="تبتی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبتی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_T%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Tạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Tạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="藏語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="藏語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="藏语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="藏语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: salmon;">Tibetic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Tibetan<br />Central Bodish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">China (<a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>); India (<a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>); Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>); <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> and other Tibetic-speaking peoples</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 million (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tibetic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>–Lhokä</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi–Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong%E2%80%93Kagate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyirong–Kagate language">Kyirong–Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li> <li>(various unclassified languages)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldm1245">oldm1245</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibet_provinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tibet_provinces.png/300px-Tibet_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tibet_provinces.png/450px-Tibet_provinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tibet_provinces.png/600px-Tibet_provinces.png 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="986" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Division of Tibetic Cultural Areas</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tibetic languages</b> form a well-defined group of languages descending from <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> (7th to 9th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to the 11th/12th centuries). According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Tibetic languages are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the greater <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and in India at <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> is the major literary language, particularly for its use in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> scriptures and literature. </p><p>Tibetan languages are spoken by some 6 million people, not all of whom are <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the worldwide spread of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the Tibetan language has also spread into the western world and can be found in many <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist publications</a> and prayer materials, while western students also learn the language for the translation of Tibetan texts. Outside of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> itself, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Lhasa Tibetan</a> is spoken by approximately 200,000 exiled Tibetans who have moved from Tibet to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and other countries. Tibetan is also spoken by groups of ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> who have lived in close proximity to Tibetans for centuries, but nevertheless retain their own languages and cultures. </p><p>Although some of the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> are classified by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as ethnic Tibetans (see <a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic languages</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gyalrong_people" title="Gyalrong people">Gyalrong people</a> are identified as 'Tibetan' in China), the <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic languages</a> are not Tibetan, but rather form their own branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman language family</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> was not a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal language</a>, but many varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a> Tibetan have developed tone registers. <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi-Balti</a> are without tone. Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> can generally be described as <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the term "Tibetic" had been applied in various ways within the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> research tradition, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a> defined it as a phylum derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Nishi (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishi1987849_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishi1987849-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Beyer (1992),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer19927_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer19927-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he identified several lexical innovations that can be used as a diagnosis to distinguish Tibetic from the other languages of the family, such as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བདུན</span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">bdun</i></span> "seven".<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023654_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023654-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Tibetic languages" in this sense are a substitute for the term "Tibetan languages/dialects" used in the previous literature; the distinction between "language" and "dialect" is not straightforward, and labeling varieties of Tibetic as "Tibetan dialects" could be misleading not only because those "dialects" are often <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually-unintelligible</a>, but also the speakers of Tibetic do not necessarily consider themselves as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a>, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakhis" title="Ladakhis">Ladakhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Baltis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaula" title="Lahaula">Lahaulas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_people" title="Sikkimese people">Sikkimese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Bhutanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202366_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202366-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marius Zemp (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hypothesizes that Tibetan originated as a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> with the <a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a> language <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhung language">Zhangzhung</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Superstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstratum">superstratum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rgyalrongic languages">Rgyalrongic</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> (both languages are part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> family). However, there are many grammatical differences between the Rgyalrongic and Tibetic languages; Rgyalrongic tend to use prefixes such as *kə-, *tə-, etc., while Tibetic languages use suffixes such as -pa/-ba, -ma, -po/-bo, -mo, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023660_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023660-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a> also has a West Himalayish superstratum, but its substratum is derived from a different <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branch. </p><p>Only a few language clusters in the world are derived from a common language which is identical to or closely related to an old literary language. This small group includes the Tibetic languages, as descendants from <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> (7th–9th centuries), but also the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic languages</a> (or "dialects") with <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> with <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, the modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic languages</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22TIBETO-BURMAN%22_GROUPS_1967_map_with_group_key,_%22COMMUNIST_CHINA_ETHNOLINGUISTIC_GROUPS%22_by_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency,_Directorate_of_Intelligence,_Office_of_Basic_Geographic_Intelligence,_1967_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%22TIBETO-BURMAN%22_GROUPS_1967_map_with_group_key%2C_%22COMMUNIST_CHINA_ETHNOLINGUISTIC_GROUPS%22_by_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency%2C_Directorate_of_Intelligence%2C_Office_of_Basic_Geographic_Intelligence%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%22TIBETO-BURMAN%22_GROUPS_1967_map_with_group_key%2C_%22COMMUNIST_CHINA_ETHNOLINGUISTIC_GROUPS%22_by_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency%2C_Directorate_of_Intelligence%2C_Office_of_Basic_Geographic_Intelligence%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%22TIBETO-BURMAN%22_GROUPS_1967_map_with_group_key%2C_%22COMMUNIST_CHINA_ETHNOLINGUISTIC_GROUPS%22_by_the_U.S._Central_Intelligence_Agency%2C_Directorate_of_Intelligence%2C_Office_of_Basic_Geographic_Intelligence%2C_1967_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Tibet</figcaption></figure> <p>The more divergent languages are spoken in the north and east, likely due to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rgyalrongic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rgyalrongic languages">Rgyalrongic languages</a>. The divergence exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a> may also be due to <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. In addition, there is <a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a>, which retains an apparent Qiangic <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>, and has multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">borrowing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a>, but does not correspond to any established branch of Tibetic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two major Tibetic languages used for broadcasting within China are <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournadre_&_Suzuki_(2023)"><span id="Tournadre_.26_Suzuki_.282023.29"></span>Tournadre & Suzuki (2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tournadre & Suzuki (2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre</a> & Suzuki (2023) recognize 8 geographical <i>sections</i>, each with about 7-14 <i>groups</i> of Tibetic dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification is a revision of Tournadre (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibetic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">South-eastern</a></b> section (14 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagqu" title="Nagqu">Nagchu</a> (traditionally called Hor dialects)</li> <li>Drachen/Bachen</li> <li>Kyegu</li> <li>Pämbar</li> <li>Khyungpo</li> <li>Rongdrak</li> <li>Minyak Rabgang</li> <li>Northern route（<a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a>） (Chab-mdo), （<a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAg%C3%AA_County" title="Dêgê County">Derge</a>） (sde-dge), （<a href="/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_County" title="Garzê County">Kandze</a>） (dkar-mdzes)</li> <li>Southern route (<a href="/wiki/Barkam" title="Barkam">Markham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batang_County" title="Batang County">Bathang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay%C3%BC_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayü County">Dzayül</a></li> <li>Derong-nJol</li> <li>Chagthreng</li> <li>Pomborgang</li> <li>Semkyi Nyida</li></ul></li> <li><b>Eastern</b> section (11 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Čone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thewo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Thewo language">Thewo-tö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thewo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Thewo language">Thewo-mä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li>Pälkyi/Pashi</li> <li>Khöpokhok</li> <li>Sharkhok</li> <li>Thromjekhok</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li>Throchu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">North-eastern</a></b> section (14 groups): <ul><li>Tsho Ngönpo (or Kokonor)</li> <li>Tsongkha</li> <li>Labrang-Rebgong</li> <li>Rwanak (Banak) pastoralist group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngawa</a></li> <li>Arik</li> <li>Hwari (Pari)</li> <li>Mewa pastoralists’ group (with settlements in Kham)</li> <li>Washül pastoralists’group (with migrations into Kham)</li> <li>Gorkä (divergent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyälrongo</a>-spheric Amdo (divergent)</li> <li>Dungnak and rTarmnyik (near <a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yughur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>) (divergent)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central</a></b> section (8 groups): <ul><li>Ü</li> <li>Tsang</li> <li>Phänpo</li> <li>Tö pastoralists’ dialects (Drogpä Tö-kä)</li> <li>Eastern Tö cultivators’ dialects (Sharchok Rongpä Tö-kä)</li> <li>Western Tö cultivators’ dialects (Nubchok Rongpä Tö-kä)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongpo" title="Kongpo">Kongpo</a></li> <li>Lhokha</li></ul></li> <li><b>Southern</b> section (7 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li>Lhoke</li> <li>Choča-ngača (also called Tsamang-Tsakhaling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a> (Mera Sakteng pastoralists’ dialect)</li> <li>Dur pastoralists’ dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a> or Säphuk pastoralists’ dialect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Dromo</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>South-western</b> section (9 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Humla language">Humla</a> (or Limirong)</li> <li>Karmarong (Mugu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolpo language">Dölpo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tichurong_language" title="Tichurong language">Tichyurong</a></li> <li>Lo-Mönthang (often called Lokä/<a href="/wiki/Mustang_District" title="Mustang District">Mustang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhomi">Lhomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walung_people" title="Walung people">Gola</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Western</b> section (8 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahuli–Spiti language">Spiti</a></li> <li>Khunu-Töt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stod_Bhoti" title="Stod Bhoti">Garzha</a></li> <li>Pangi</li> <li>Paldar</li> <li>Durbuk Jangpa dialect</li> <li>Nyoma Jangpa dialect</li> <li>Jadang (or Dzathang) dialect</li></ul></li> <li><b>North-western</b> section (7 groups): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubra" title="Nubra">Nubra</a></li> <li>Sham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (Central Ladakh)</li> <li>Zanhar</li> <li>Kharu</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournadre_(2014)"><span id="Tournadre_.282014.29"></span>Tournadre (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tournadre (2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies the Tibetic languages as eight <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">geolinguistic continua</a>, consisting of 50 languages and over 200 dialects. This is an updated version of his work in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-2008Tournadre_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Tournadre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern and Southeastern branches have lower internal <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, but it is more limited in the Northwestern branch and between certain southern and northern <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a> dialects. These continua are spread across five countries with one exception, this being Sangdam, a <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a> dialect in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibetic</b> <ul><li><b>North-Western</b>: <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zangskari_language" title="Zangskari language">Zangskari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Purki language">Purki</a></li> <li><b>Western</b>: <a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahuli–Spiti language">Spiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stod_Bhoti" title="Stod Bhoti">Garzha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khunu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khunu (page does not exist)">Khunu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li> <li><b>Central</b>: <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Dbus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsang_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsang language (page does not exist)">Tsang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenpo">Phenpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhokha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhokha">Lhokha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B6_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tö language (page does not exist)">Tö</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongpo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongpo language (page does not exist)">Kongpo</a> (in （Kongpo） with <a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a>)</li> <li><b>South-Western</b>: <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a>; other languages/dialects along the Sino-Nepalese border: <a href="/wiki/Humla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Humla language">Humla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolpo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolpo language">Dolpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Loke language">Lo-ke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubri_language" title="Nubri language">Nubri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsum_language" title="Tsum language">Tsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langtang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Langtang language">Langtang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyalsumdo_language" title="Gyalsumdo language">Gyalsumdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhomi">Lhomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walung_people" title="Walung people">Walungge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walung_people" title="Walung people">Tokpe Gola</a>.</li> <li><b>Southern</b>: <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Drengjong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chochangachakha_language" title="Chochangachakha language">Tsamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Dhromo Lakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Dur Brokkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Mera Sakteng Brokpa-ke</a></li> <li><b>South-Eastern</b>: <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Hor Nagchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Hor Bachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yushu_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Yushu</a>, Pembar, Rongdrak, Minyak, <a href="/wiki/Zay%C3%BC_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayü County">Dzayul</a>, Derong-Jol, Chaktreng, Muli-Dappa, Semkyi Nyida <ul><li>'Northern route' dialects: '<a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> (Chab-mdo), <a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAg%C3%AA_County" title="Dêgê County">Derge</a> (sde-dge), and <a href="/wiki/Garz%C3%AA_County" title="Garzê County">Kandze</a> (dkar-mdzes)</li> <li>'Southern route' dialects: <a href="/wiki/Barkam" title="Barkam">Markham</a> (smar-khams), <a href="/wiki/Batang_County" title="Batang County">Bathang</a> ('ba'-thang), <a href="/wiki/Litang_County" title="Litang County">Lithang</a> (li-thang)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Eastern</b>: <a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kh%C3%B6pokhok_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khöpokhok language (page does not exist)">Khöpokhok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Thewo-Chone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharkhok_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharkhok language (page does not exist)">Sharkhok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palkyi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palkyi language (page does not exist)">Palkyi</a> (or Pashi; four <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, including Chos-rje), and <a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><b>North-Eastern</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><b>Gser-Rdo</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalong language">Khalong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournadre_(2005,_2008)"><span id="Tournadre_.282005.2C_2008.29"></span>Tournadre (2005, 2008)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tournadre (2005, 2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre</a> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies the Tibetic languages as follows. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibetic</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan</a></b> <ul><li>The basis of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a> that includes various Nepalese varieties</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></b></li> <li><b>Dzongkha–Lhokä</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a> and probably <a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi–Balti</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burig" class="mw-redirect" title="Burig">Burig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zangskari_language" title="Zangskari language">Zangskari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyirong%E2%80%93Kagate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyirong–Kagate language">Kyirong–Kagate</a></b></li> <li><b>Sherpa–Jirel</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The other languages (<a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Thewo-Chone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongu language">Zhongu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalong language">Khalong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongwang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongwang language">Dongwang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a>) are not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>, but are not known well enough to classify. <a href="/wiki/MDungnag_language" title="MDungnag language">mDungnag</a>, a Tibetan language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, is also divergent and is not mutually intelligible with either <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shao2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shao2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tournadre (2013) adds <a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khampa_Tibetan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khampa Tibetan (page does not exist)">Khamba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a>, and groups <a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Thewo-Chone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongu language">Zhongu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a> as an Eastern branch of Tibetic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bradley_(1997)"><span id="Bradley_.281997.29"></span>Bradley (1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bradley (1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Bradley,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the languages cluster as follows (dialect information from the <i>Tibetan Dialects Project</i> at the University of Bern): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tibetic</b> <ul><li><b>Western Archaic Tibetan</b> (non-tonal), including <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burig" class="mw-redirect" title="Burig">Burig</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></b> (including <a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Thewo-Chone</a>) (non-tonal)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></b> (tonal)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahuli–Spiti language">Western Innovative Tibetan</a></b> (Lahuli–Spiti) (slightly tonal) <ul><li>Dialects of Upper <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a>, of the Northwest Indian Border Area (<a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>), and of <a href="/wiki/Zanda_County" title="Zanda County">Zanda County</a> (westernmost Tibet)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan</a></b> (slightly tonal) <ul><li>Most dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Prefecture</a> in western Tibet, of the northern Nepalese border area in Nepal, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Shigatse_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shigatse Prefecture">Shigatse Prefecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C_(region)" title="Ü (region)">Ü</a> dialects (<a href="/wiki/Lhoka_(Shannan)_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture">Lhokha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, etc.). The basis of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Northern Tibetan</b> (slightly tonal) <ul><li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%AArz%C3%AA_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Gêrzê County">Gêrzê</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Nagqu_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagqu Prefecture">Nagqu Prefecture</a> in north-central Tibet, and of <a href="/wiki/Nangq%C3%AAn_County" title="Nangqên County">Nangqên County</a> in South <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a><br />(Considered dialects of Khams by Tournadre)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Southern Tibetan</b> (slightly tonal) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Chumbi Valley</a> in southern Tsang, <a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a> in Nepal, and various languages of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunana_dialect" title="Lunana dialect">Lunana dialect</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <p>Some classifications group Khams and Amdo together as Eastern Tibetan (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a>, whose speakers are not ethnically Tibetan). Some, like Tournadre, break up Central Tibetan. Phrases such as 'Central Tibetan' and 'Central Bodish' may or may not be synonymous: Southern (Central) Tibetan can be found as Southern Bodish, for example; 'Central Tibetan' may mean dBus or all tonal lects apart from Khams; 'Western Bodish' may be used for the non-tonal western lects while 'Western Tibetan' is used for the tonal lects, or 'Bodish' may even be used for other branches of the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z870_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z870-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_similarity">Lexical similarity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lexical similarity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amdo Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan, while Khams Tibetan has 80% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tibetic-speaking area spans six countries: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (PRC), <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202349_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202349-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">diaspora communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Little_Tibet,_Toronto" title="Little Tibet, Toronto">Little Tibet, Toronto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202378_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202378-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the great majority of Tibetic speakers are <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">officially classified</a> into the "<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan nationality</a>" (藏族), which however includes speakers of other <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Trans-Himalayan</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Rgyalrongnic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202362_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202362-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, there are several <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefectures</a> for the "nationality" in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202381–83_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202381–83-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="Lhasa Tibetan">Lhasa Tibetan</a>, or more technically, Standard Tibetan (natively called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྤྱི་སྐད</span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">spyi skad</i></span>) is used among post-1950s Tibetan emigrants to <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Tibetic varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">districts</a> along the <a href="/wiki/China-Nepal_border" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Nepal border">China-Nepal border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199934_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199934-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>, a Tibetic language originally spoken in the western region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although non-Tibetic languages (<a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a>) are dominant in many parts of the country, Dzongkha is also widely used there as a second-language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Tibetic varieties of Bhutan include Choča-ngača, <a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199936_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199936-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within areas administrated by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within areas administrated by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, some Tibetic varieties are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kinnaur_district" title="Kinnaur district">Kinnaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahul and Spiti</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199933–34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199933–34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, there reside a number of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan refugees</a> across the country, notably in <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> where the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> is located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIzzard2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzzard2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a> is spoken near the <a href="/wiki/Hkakabo_Razi" title="Hkakabo Razi">Hkakabo Razi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> which is adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202350_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202350-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suzuki (2012) describes the phonology of the Sangdam dialect, as well as giving a brief overview of Tibetic varieties in the country. </p><p>He estimates there are about 300 Khams Tibetan speakers inhabiting at least four villages in Dazundam Village Tract, Pannandin Sub-township, <a href="/wiki/Nogmung_Township" title="Nogmung Township">Nogmong Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putao_District" title="Putao District">Putao District</a>, Kachin State.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four villages he mentions are <a href="/wiki/Tahaundam" title="Tahaundam">Tahaundam</a>, "Shidudan" <span style="font-weight: normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">シドゥダン</span>)</span>, Sandam, Madin, the second of which he provides no romanization because the placename is uncharted on the map available to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Suzuki's <a href="/wiki/Informant_(linguistics)" title="Informant (linguistics)">consultant</a>, they migrated from <a href="/wiki/Zayu_County" title="Zayu County">Zayu County</a>, Tibet more than a century ago although they still have contact with relatives living there, and there are few differences between the dialects of the four villages .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Nung_Rawang" title="Nung Rawang">Rawang people</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">ethnic majority</a> of the area, the Tibetans also have a command of <a href="/wiki/Rawang_language" title="Rawang language">Rawang</a>, which is mainly used for interethnic communication; those with primary education can speak and write <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> as well, while they are illiterate in their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tibetans_in_Burma" title="Tibetans in Burma">Tibetans in Burma</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan braille">Tibetan braille</a></div> <p>Most Tibetic languages are written in one of two <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic scripts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a> and most other Tibetic languages are written in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> with a historically conservative orthography (see below) that helps unify the Tibetan-language area. Some other Tibetan languages (in India and Nepal) are written in the related <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, which is also used to write <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and many other languages. However, some <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> speakers write with the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu script</a>; this occurs almost exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The Tibetan script fell out of use in Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> hundreds of years ago upon the region's adoption of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. However, increased concern among <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti people</a> for the preservation of their <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">language</a> and traditions, especially in the face of strong <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> cultural influence throughout Pakistan, has fostered renewed interest in reviving the Tibetan script and using it alongside the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a>. Many shops in Baltistan's capital <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> in Pakistan's "Northern Areas" region have begun supplementing signs written in the Perso-Arabic script with signs written in the Tibetan script. Baltis see this initiative not as separatist but rather as part of an attempt to preserve the cultural aspects of their region which has shared a close history with neighbours like <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a> and Punjabis since the arrival of Islam in the region many centuries ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_phonology">Historical phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> phonology is rather accurately rendered by the script. The finals were pronounced devoiced although they are written as voiced, the prefix letters assimilated their voicing to the root letters. The graphic combinations <i>hr</i> and <i>lh</i> represent voiceless and not necessarily aspirate correspondences to <i>r</i> and <i>l</i> respectively. The letter ' was pronounced as a voiced guttural fricative before vowels but as homorganic prenasalization before consonants. Whether the gigu <i>verso</i> had phonetic meaning or not remains controversial. </p><p>For instance, <i>Srongbtsan Sgampo</i> would have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sroŋpʦan<span class="wrap"> </span>zɡampo]</span> (now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɔ́ŋʦɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʌ̀mpo]</span> in Lhasa Tibetan) and '<i>babs</i> would have been pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mbaps]</span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bapˤ]</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2009)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tibetic_languages#Dubious" title="Talk:Tibetic languages">discuss</a></i>]</sup> in Lhasa Tibetan). </p><p>Already in the 9th century the process of cluster simplification, <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">devoicing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonogenesis</a> had begun in the central dialects, as can be shown by Tibetan words transliterated into other languages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>. </p><p>The combination of the abovementioned evidence enables us to form the following outline of the evolution of Tibetan. In the 9th century, as shown by the bilingual Tibetan–<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> treaty of 821–822 found in front of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>, the complex initial clusters had already been reduced, and the process of tonogenesis was likely well underway. </p><p>The next change took place in Tsang (Gtsang) dialects: The <i>ra</i>-tags were altered into <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> consonants, and the <i>ya</i>-tags became palatals. </p><p>Later on the superscribed letters and finals <i>d</i> and <i>s</i> disappeared, except in the east and west. It was at this stage that the language spread in Lahul and Spiti, where the superscribed letters were silent, the <i>d</i> and <i>g</i> finals were hardly heard, and <i>as</i>, <i>os</i>, <i>us</i> were pronounced <i>ai</i>, <i>oi</i>, <i>ui</i>. The words introduced from Tibet into the border languages at that time differ greatly from those borrowed at an earlier period. </p><p>Other changes are more recent and restricted to Ü and Tsang. In Ü, the vowel sounds <i>a</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>u</i> have now mostly <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauted</a> to <i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>ü</i> when followed by the coronal sounds <i>i</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>l</i> and <i>n</i>. The same holds for Tsang with the exception of <i>l</i>, which merely lengthens the vowel. The medials have become <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirate</a> tenues with a low intonation, which also marks words having a simple initial consonant; while the former aspirates and the complex initials simplified in speech are uttered with a high tone, shrill and rapidly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Tibetic">Proto-Tibetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proto-Tibetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Tibetic, the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> ancestral to the Tibetic languages, has been reconstructed by Tournadre (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Tibetic is similar to, but not identical to, written <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Literary Tibetan</a>. The following phonological features are characteristic of Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113). </p> <ul><li>The prefixes *s(ǝ)-, *d(ǝ)-/g(ǝ)-, *m(ǝ)-, and *b(ǝ)-, which have been retained from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a>. *s(ǝ)- is primarily used with animals and body parts, as well as *d(ǝ)-/*g(ǝ)- and *m(ǝ)-/*r(ǝ)-.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar consonants</a> before <i>y</i> (/j/).</li> <li>Consonant change from <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> position after /m/ (e.g., *ml > *md).</li> <li>Distinctive aspirated initial stops. This phenomenon is attested by alternating aspirated and non-aspirated consonants in <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> orthography. Examples include gcig ~ gchig (གཅིག་ ~ གཆིག་) 'one'; phyin-chad ~ phyin-cad (ཕྱིན་ཆད་ ~ ཕྱིན་ཅད་) 'from now on'; ci ~ chi (ཅི་ ~ ཆི་) 'what'; and cu ~ chu (ཅུ་ ~ ཆུ་) 'water'.</li></ul> <p>Reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms from Tournadre (2014) include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li>*g(ǝ)-tɕik 'one'</li> <li>*g(ǝ)-nyis 'two'</li> <li>*g(ǝ)-su- 'three'</li> <li>*b(ǝ)-ʑi 'four'</li> <li>*l(ǝ)-ŋa 'five'</li> <li>*d(ǝ)-ruk 'six'</li> <li>*b(ǝ)-dun 'seven'</li> <li>*b(ǝ)-rgyat 'eight'</li> <li>*d(ǝ)-gu 'nine'</li> <li>*b(ǝ)-tɕu 'ten'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-dik-pa 'scorpion'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-bal 'frog'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-tak 'tiger'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-b-rul 'snake'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-pra 'monkey'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-kra 'hair'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-nyiŋ 'heart'</li> <li>*s(ǝ)-na 'nose'</li> <li>*d(ǝ)-myik 'eye'</li> <li>*m(ǝ)-go 'head'</li> <li>*r(ǝ)-na 'ear'</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Tibetic">Pre-Tibetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pre-Tibetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-Tibetic is a hypothetical pre-formation stage of Proto-Tibetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>*ty-, *ly-, *sy- were not palatalized in Pre-Tibetic, but underwent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> in Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113-114).<sup id="cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posited <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> from Pre-Tibetic to Proto-Tibetic include *ty- > *tɕ-, *sy- > *ɕ-, *tsy- > *tɕ-, and *ly- > *ʑ-. However, Tournadre (2014: 114) notes that many <a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a>) have not undergone these changes (e.g., Bake (<a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a>) <i>ti</i> 'what' vs. Proto-Tibetic *tɕ(h)i and Bake <i>tɨ</i> 'one' vs. Proto-Tibetic *g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik; Kurtöp <i><sup>H</sup>la:</i> 'iron' and <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthap</a> <i>lak</i> 'iron' vs. Proto-Tibetic *ltɕaks). </p><p>Some Pre-Tibetic reconstructions, along with reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms and orthographic Classical Literary Tibetan, from Tournadre (2014: 114-116) are listed below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Pre-Tibetic</th> <th>Proto-Tibetic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Literary Tibetan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>*g(ǝ)-tyik</td> <td>*g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik</td> <td>gcig / gchig གཅིག་ / གཆིག (<a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>big</td> <td>*tye</td> <td>*tɕ(h)e</td> <td>che ཆེ་ (Old Tibetan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ten</td> <td>*b(ǝ)-tyu</td> <td>*b(ǝ)-tɕu</td> <td>bcu / bchu བཅུ་ / བཆུ་ (Old Tibetan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>what</td> <td>*tyi</td> <td>*tɕ(h)i</td> <td>ci / chi ཅི་ / ཆི་ (Old Tibetan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>flesh</td> <td>*sya</td> <td>*ɕa</td> <td>sha ཤ་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>know</td> <td>*syes</td> <td>*ɕes</td> <td>shes ཤེས་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>wood</td> <td>*sying</td> <td>*ɕiŋ</td> <td>shing ཤིང་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to cut (past stem)</td> <td>*b(ǝ)-tsyat</td> <td>*b(ǝ)-tɕat</td> <td>bcad བཅད་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>spittle</td> <td>*m(ǝ)-tsyil-ma</td> <td>*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)il-ma</td> <td>mchil-ma མཆིལ་མ་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>liver</td> <td>*m(ǝ)-tsin-pa</td> <td>*m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)in-pa</td> <td>mchin-pa མཆིན་པ </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>*b(ǝ)-lyi</td> <td>*b(ǝ)ʑi</td> <td>bzhi བཞི་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>field</td> <td>*lying</td> <td>*ʑiŋ</td> <td>zhing ཞིང་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>flea</td> <td>*ldi</td> <td>*ldʑi</td> <td>lji ལྗི་, 'ji ་འཇི་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>iron</td> <td>*s(ǝ)-lak(s) > *l-sak(s) > *l-tsyak(s)</td> <td>*ltɕaks</td> <td>lcags ལྕགས་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrow</td> <td></td> <td>*mda</td> <td>mda' མདའ་ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to suppress</td> <td>*bnans</td> <td>*mnans</td> <td>mnand (Old Tibetan) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to listen</td> <td>*bnyan</td> <td>*nyan</td> <td>mnyand </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td></td> <td>*d(ǝ)myik</td> <td>dmyig དམྱིག་ (Old Tibetan); mig </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower</td> <td></td> <td>*mentok</td> <td>men-tog མེན་ཏོག (Old Tibetan); ་me-tog </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_numerals">Comparison of numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparison of numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> in different Tibetan/Tibetic languages are:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>GLOSS</small> </th> <th colspan="7">Ü-Tsang (Middle) </th> <th rowspan="2">Amdo </th> <th rowspan="2">Khams </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>CLASSICAL TIBETAN</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Lhasa</th> <th>Cheng<br />Zhang</th> <th>Dolpo</th> <th>Jirel</th> <th>Mugom</th> <th>Sherpa</th> <th>Yohlmo </th></tr> <tr> <td>'1'</td> <td>ʨiʔ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>ʨi<sup>53</sup></td> <td>ʂik</td> <td>dokpoi</td> <td>ʧɪk</td> <td>ʦɪk<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ʨīː</td> <td>xʨɨx</td> <td>ʨi<sup>55</sup></td> <td>*xʨik<br /><i>gtšig</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'2'</td> <td>ȵi<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ȵi<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ɲiː</td> <td>ŋi</td> <td>ŋi</td> <td>ŋi<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ɲìː</td> <td>ɦȵi</td> <td>ɲɯ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>*gnis<br /><i>gnis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'3'</td> <td>sum<sup>55</sup></td> <td>sɔ̃<sup>53</sup></td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum<sup>55</sup></td> <td>sūm</td> <td>sɘm</td> <td>sũ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>*xsum<br /><i>gsum</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'4'</td> <td>ɕi<sup>13</sup></td> <td>ɣɯ<sup>31</sup></td> <td>ɕi̤ː</td> <td>si</td> <td>ɕi</td> <td>ʣi<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ʑì̤</td> <td>ɦʑɘ</td> <td>ʐə<sup>33</sup></td> <td>*βʑi<br /><i>bži</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'5'</td> <td>ŋa<sup>53</sup></td> <td>ɴɐ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>ŋa</td> <td>ŋa</td> <td>ŋá</td> <td>ŋɑ<sup>55</sup></td> <td>ŋɑ̀</td> <td>ɦŋa</td> <td>ŋɑ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>*ɬŋɑ<br /><i>lŋa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'6'</td> <td>tʂʰuʔ<sup>13</sup></td> <td>tʂu<sup>31</sup></td> <td>ʈṳk</td> <td>tʰuk</td> <td>duk</td> <td>ɖʊk<sup>11</sup></td> <td>ʈṳ̀ː</td> <td>tʂəx</td> <td>tʂo<sup>33</sup></td> <td>*dɽuk<br /><i>drug</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'7'</td> <td>tỹ<sup>15</sup></td> <td>dɛ̃<sup>24</sup></td> <td>ty̤n</td> <td>duin</td> <td>dun</td> <td>dɪn<sup>55</sup></td> <td>t̪ì̤n</td> <td>ɦdɘn</td> <td>dĩ<sup>33</sup></td> <td>*βdun<br /><i>bdun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'8'</td> <td>ɕɛʔ<sup>13</sup></td> <td>dʑe<sup>31</sup></td> <td>ce̤ʔ</td> <td>get</td> <td>ket</td> <td>gæ<sup>55</sup></td> <td>cē̤ː</td> <td>ɦdʑʲɛ</td> <td>ʑe<sup>33</sup></td> <td>*βɽgjat<br /><i>brgyad</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'9'</td> <td>ku<sup>13</sup></td> <td>ɡɯ<sup>31</sup></td> <td>kṳ</td> <td>gu</td> <td>gu</td> <td>gu<sup>55</sup></td> <td>kṳ̀</td> <td>ɦgɘ</td> <td>gə<sup>33</sup></td> <td>*dgu<br /><i>dgu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'10'</td> <td>ʨu<sup>53</sup></td> <td>ʨɯ<sup>53</sup></td> <td>tɕu</td> <td>ʦutʰambaː</td> <td>ʧú</td> <td>ʦi<sup>55</sup>tʰɑm<sup>11</sup>ba<sup>11</sup></td> <td>ʨʉ̄</td> <td>ʨɘ</td> <td>ʨə<sup>55</sup></td> <td>*ɸʨu<br /><i>btšu</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the Central or Eastern Tibetic languages: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>GLOSS</small> </th> <th colspan="2">Dzongkha-Lakha </th> <th colspan="5">Balti-Ladakhi </th> <th rowspan="2">Spiti<br />bhoti </th></tr> <tr> <th>Dzongkha</th> <th>Sikkimese</th> <th>Balti</th> <th>Changthang</th> <th>Ladakhi</th> <th>Purik</th> <th>Zangskari </th></tr> <tr> <td>'1'</td> <td>ʨí</td> <td>ʧi</td> <td>ʧik</td> <td>ʧik</td> <td>ʧik</td> <td>ʧik</td> <td>ʧiʔ</td> <td>ʧík </td></tr> <tr> <td>'2'</td> <td>ɲí</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ɲis</td> <td>ɲis</td> <td>ɲis</td> <td>ɲis</td> <td>ɲiː</td> <td>ɲiː </td></tr> <tr> <td>'3'</td> <td>súm</td> <td>súm</td> <td>xsum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>sum</td> <td>súm </td></tr> <tr> <td>'4'</td> <td>ʃi̤</td> <td>ʒe</td> <td>βʒi</td> <td>zi</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ʒi</td> <td>ʒi</td> <td>ʒì </td></tr> <tr> <td>'5'</td> <td>ŋə</td> <td>ŋa</td> <td>ɣɑ</td> <td>ŋa</td> <td>ʂŋa</td> <td>ʂŋə</td> <td>ŋa</td> <td>ŋá </td></tr> <tr> <td>'6'</td> <td>dʑo</td> <td>tʰu</td> <td>truk</td> <td>ɖruk</td> <td>ʈuk</td> <td>ʈuk</td> <td>ʈuʔ</td> <td>ʈùk </td></tr> <tr> <td>'7'</td> <td>ty̤n</td> <td>dĩ</td> <td>βdun</td> <td>dun</td> <td>rdun</td> <td>rdun</td> <td>ðun</td> <td>dùn </td></tr> <tr> <td>'8'</td> <td>kæ̤</td> <td>gɛ</td> <td>βgyʌt</td> <td>gʲat</td> <td>rgʲat</td> <td>rgyət</td> <td>ʝət</td> <td>ɟèt </td></tr> <tr> <td>'9'</td> <td>kṳ</td> <td>go</td> <td>rgu</td> <td>gu</td> <td>rgu</td> <td>rgu</td> <td>ɣu</td> <td>gù </td></tr> <tr> <td>'10'</td> <td>ʨu tʰam</td> <td>ʧɔːmba</td> <td>ɸʧu</td> <td>ʧu</td> <td>rʧu</td> <td>rču</td> <td>ʧu</td> <td>ʧú </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Stephan V. (1992). <i>The Classical Tibetan Language</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1099-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1099-4"><bdi>0-7914-1099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tibetan+Language&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1099-4&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Stephan+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenwood1999" class="citation book cs1">Denwood, Philip (1999). <i>Tibetan</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3803-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3803-0"><bdi>90-272-3803-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-272-3803-0&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzard2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Izzard, Jeff Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22824/"><i>Language attitudes and identity in the Tibetan Dharamsala diaspora</i></a> (Ph.D thesis). SOAS University of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Language+attitudes+and+identity+in+the+Tibetan+Dharamsala+diaspora&rft.degree=Ph.D&rft.inst=SOAS+University+of+London&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Izzard&rft.aufirst=Jeff+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F22824%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishi" title="Yoshio Nishi">Nishi, Yoshiro</a> (1987). "Gendei Tibet-go hoogen no bunrui" <bdi lang="ja">現代チベット語方言の分類</bdi> [A Classification of Tibetan Dialects]. <i>Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 837–900. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10502%2F2932">10502/2932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+National+Museum+of+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Gendei+Tibet-go+hoogen+no+bunrui+%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=837-900&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10502%2F2932&rft.aulast=Nishi&rft.aufirst=Yoshiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagartJacquesLaiRyder2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume</a>; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019), "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>, <b>116</b> (21): 10317–10322, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116">10.1073/pnas.1817972116</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534992">6534992</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31061123">31061123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Dated+language+phylogenies+shed+light+on+the+history+of+Sino-Tibetan&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=10317-10322&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6534992%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31061123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817972116&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Lai%2C+Yunfan&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Robin&rft.au=Thouzeau%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=List%2C+Johann-Mattis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339786552">"Kamutibetto-go Sangdam hoogen no onsei bunseki to sono tokutyoo" <bdi lang="ja">カムチベット語 Sangdam 方言の音声分析とその方言特徴</bdi></a> [Khams Tibetan Sangdam Dialect: Phonetic and Dialectal Analysis], <i>Journal of Asian and African Studies</i>, <b>83</b>: 37–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Kamutibetto-go+Sangdam+hoogen+no+onsei+bunseki+to+sono+tokutyoo+%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E+Sangdam+%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B4&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=37-58&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F339786552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre, Nicolas</a>; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacito.cnrs.fr/en/tibetic-languages/"><i>The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan</i></a>. Paris: LACITO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-490768-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-490768-08-0"><bdi>978-2-490768-08-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetic+Languages%3A+an+introduction+to+the+family+of+languages+derived+from+Old+Tibetan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=LACITO&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-490768-08-0&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacito.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2Ftibetic-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190506151822.htm">"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i> (Press release). May 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Sino-Tibetan+language+family+revealed+by+new+research&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2019%2F05%2F190506151822.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-speakers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speakers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre2014" class="citation book cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas (2014). "The Tibetic languages and their classification". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). <i>Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 103–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-031074-0"><bdi>978-3-11-031074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tibetic+languages+and+their+classification&rft.btitle=Trans-Himalayan+Linguistics%3A+Historical+and+Descriptive+Linguistics+of+the+Himalayan+Area&rft.pages=103-129&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-11-031074-0&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2014-The_Tibetic_languages.pdf">preprint</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tournadre2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tournadre2014_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In <i>Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENishi1987849-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishi1987849_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNishi1987">Nishi 1987</a>, p. 849.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyer19927-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyer19927_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyer1992">Beyer 1992</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023654-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023654_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202366-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202366_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zemp, Marius. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235316">On the origins of Tibetan</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018)</i>. Kyoto: Kyoto University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023660-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki2023660_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al. (eds), <i>Evidence and Counter-Evidence</i>, vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008Tournadre-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2008Tournadre_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre2008" class="citation book cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720224934/http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf">"Arguments against the Concept of 'Conjunct'/'Disjunct' in Tibetan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In B. Huber; M. Volkart; P. Widmer; P. Schwieger (eds.). <i>Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu Seinem 65. Geburtstag, Vol. 1</i>. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies. pp. 282–283. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arguments+against+the+Concept+of+%27Conjunct%27%2F%27Disjunct%27+in+Tibetan&rft.btitle=Chomolangma%2C+Demawend+und+Kasbek%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Roland+Bielmeier+zu+Seinem+65.+Geburtstag%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=282-283&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Tibetan+and+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftournadre.nicolas.free.fr%2Ffichiers%2F2008-Conjunct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sun_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun, Jackson T.-S. 2021. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/47755528/Gser_Rdo_A_New_Tibetic_Language_Across_the_Rngaba_Dkarmdzes_Border">Gser-Rdo: A New Tibetic Language Across the Rngaba-Dkarmdzes Border</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." <i>Lalies</i>, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shao2018-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shao2018_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shao, Mingyuan 邵明园 (2018). <i>Hexi Zoulang binwei Zangyu Dongnahua yanjiu</i> 河西走廊濒危藏语东纳话研究 [Study on the mDungnag dialect, an endangered Tibetan language in Hexi Corridor]. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Publishing House 中山大学出版社.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623162537/http://www.isw2.unibe.ch/tibet/Dialects.htm">Bradley (1997)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z870-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z870_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, J.B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188"><i>Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Ethnic Groups of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-018-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Ethnic+Groups+of+the+World&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-018-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhXHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909075938/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages">"China"</a>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages">the original</a> on 2016-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+Nineteenth+Edition&rft.atitle=China&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FCN%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202349-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202349_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202378-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202378_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202362-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202362_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202381–83-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202381–83_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199934-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199934_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenwood1999">Denwood 1999</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202354_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199936-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199936_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenwood1999">Denwood 1999</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199933–34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199933–34_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenwood1999">Denwood 1999</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIzzard2015-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIzzard2015_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIzzard2015">Izzard 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202350-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreSuzuki202350_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023">Tournadre & Suzuki 2023</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201238_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki2012">Suzuki 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki201239_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuzuki2012">Suzuki 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030131/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm">"Bodish Numerals (Eugene Chan)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bodish+Numerals+%28Eugene+Chan%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fnumeral%2FSino-Tibetan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Denwood, Philip (2007). "The Language History of Tibetan". In Bielmeier, Roland; Haller, Felix (eds.). <i>Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 47–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019828-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019828-7"><bdi>978-3-11-019828-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Language+History+of+Tibetan&rft.btitle=Linguistics+of+the+Himalayas+and+beyond&rft.pages=47-70&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-019828-7&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDpal_ldan_bkra_shis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dpal ldan bkra shis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628052350/http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf/586186877/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf">"Amdo Tibetan Language: An Introduction to Normative Oral Amdo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Highland Perspectives</i>. <b>43</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1925-6329">1925-6329</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008944256">2008944256</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf/586186877/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Highland+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Amdo+Tibetan+Language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Normative+Oral+Amdo&rft.volume=43&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008944256&rft.issn=1925-6329&rft.au=Dpal+ldan+bkra+shis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu%2Ffile%2Fview%2FAHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%2520Introduction%2520to%2520Normative%2520Oral%2520Amdo_text.pdf%2F586186877%2FAHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%2520Introduction%2520to%2520Normative%2520Oral%2520Amdo_text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George</a> (2001). <i>Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004103902" title="Special:BookSources/9004103902"><bdi>9004103902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region+containing+an+Introduction+to+the+Symbiotic+Theory+of+Language&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004103902&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATibetic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetic_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Research_on_Tibetan_Languages:_A_Bibliography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography">Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219054239/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/cdtd">Comparative Dictionary of Tibetan Dialects (CDTD)</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/langling/languages/index.xml&l=9">Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas</a> — Nicolas Tournadre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf">Overview of Old Tibetan Synchronic phonology</a> by Nathan Hill</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318215914/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/colloque/deserts/videos_gestion/nt.htm">L'évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques : le cas des langues d'éleveurs et des langues d'agriculteurs sur le Haut Plateau tibétain</a> at CNRS-LACITO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324094654/http://thetibetpost.com/en/outlook/opinions-and-columns/3811-chinas-tibet-policy-continued-attempt-at-erasing-tibetan-language">China's Tibet policy continued attempt at erasing Tibetan language</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bodic_languages" title="Template talk:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish<br />(Kanauric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinnauric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitkuli_Kinnauri_language" title="Chitkuli Kinnauri language">Chitkuli Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lahaulic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_language" title="Pattani language">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinani_language" title="Tinani language">Tinani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunan_language" title="Bunan language">Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhung language">Zhangzhung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Almora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rangas_language" title="Rangas language">Rangas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuleli_language" title="Dhuleli language">Dhuleli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amdo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDungnag_language" title="MDungnag language">mDungnag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kham (Eastern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha (Bhutanese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamba_language" title="Khamba language">Khamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunana_dialect" title="Lunana dialect">Lunana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochangachakha_language" title="Chochangachakha language">Chochangachakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangskari_language" title="Zangskari language">Zangskari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changthang_language" title="Changthang language">Changthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stod_Bhoti" title="Stod Bhoti">Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiti_Bhoti" title="Spiti Bhoti">Spiti Bhoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamkat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyamkat language">Nyamkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoti_Kinnauri" title="Bhoti Kinnauri">Bhoti Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukpa_language" title="Tukpa language">Tukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sherpa-Jirel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyirong%E2%80%93Kagate_languages" title="Kyirong–Kagate languages">Kyirong–Kagate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsum_language" title="Tsum language">Tsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_language" title="Nubri language">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalsumdo_language" title="Gyalsumdo language">Gyalsumdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla-East Bodish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takpa_language" title="Takpa language">Takpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TGTM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakali_language" title="Thakali language">Thakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghale_languages" title="Ghale languages">Ghale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghale_language" title="Ghale language">Ghale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutang_language" title="Kutang language">Kutang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaike</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibetan_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_language" title="Template talk:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tibetan language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">U-tsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a> (Drutsa, Bêtsug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Tibet_calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Tibet calligraphy (page does not exist)">Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transcription: <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Transcription</a></li> <li>Grammar (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Modern Standard Tibetan grammar</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibetic languages</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet" title="Mongol invasions of Tibet">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata"><i>Khata</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ceremonial scarf)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Annals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan_Chronicle" title="Old Tibetan Chronicle">Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_writers" title="List of Tibetan writers">writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional 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