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id="toc-General_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Deputies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Deputies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Congress of Deputies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Deputies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results_1977–2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results_1977–2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Election results 1977–2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_results_1977–2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_to_the_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elections to the European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_to_the_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referendums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccions_a_Espanya" title="Eleccions a Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eleccions a Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volby_ve_%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsku" title="Volby ve Španělsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volby ve Španělsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg_i_Spanien" title="Valg i Spanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valg i Spanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:21.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/180px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/270px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg/360px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_(Spain)" title="President of the Constitutional Court (Spain)">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Conde-Pumpido" title="Cándido Conde-Pumpido">Cándido Conde-Pumpido</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vice President <ul><li>Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Spain" title="List of constitutions of Spain">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Spain" title="Capital punishment in Spain">Capital punishment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Spain" title="Life imprisonment in Spain">Life imprisonment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">The Monarch</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Heir presumptive</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="List of heirs to the Spanish throne">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Spanish_throne" title="Succession to the Spanish throne">Succession to the Spanish throne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government of the Nation</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Montero" title="María Jesús Montero">María Jesús Montero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">first</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_D%C3%ADaz" title="Yolanda Díaz">Yolanda Díaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Ribera" title="Teresa Ribera">Teresa Ribera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Third Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">third</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Spain)" title="Council of Ministers (Spain)">Council of Ministers</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_III_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez III Government">Sánchez III Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_(Spain)" title="Government Delegation (Spain)">Government Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegated_Committees" title="Government Delegated Committees">Government Delegated Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interministerial_Committees" title="Interministerial Committees">Interministerial Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prime-ministerial_transition" title="Spanish prime-ministerial transition">Spanish prime-ministerial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_in_Spain" title="List of agencies in Spain">List of agencies in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Council_of_State" title="Spanish Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Spain)" title="Economic and Social Council (Spain)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Cortes_Generales" title="15th Cortes Generales">15th Cortes Generales</a>)</span></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Senate_of_Spain" title="15th Senate of Spain">15th Senate</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Spanish Senate">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Senate of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Roll%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Rollán">Pedro Rollán</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_Deputies" title="15th Congress of Deputies">15th Congress</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies_of_Spain" title="List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francina_Armengol" title="Francina Armengol">Francina Armengol</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)" title="Parliamentary group (Spain)">Parliamentary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Deputation" title="Permanent Deputation">Permanent Deputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaus_of_the_Cortes_Generales" title="Bureaus of the Cortes Generales">Bureaus of the Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Spokespersons" title="Board of Spokespersons">Board of Spokespersons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombudsman of Spain">People's Defender <span style="font-size:85%;">(ombudsman)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Opening_of_the_Parliament_of_Spain" title="Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain">Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Supreme Court of Spain">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Supreme Court of Spain">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Perell%C3%B3" title="Isabel Perelló">Isabel Perelló</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Supreme_Court_(Spain)" title="Vice President of the Supreme Court (Spain)">Vice President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mar%C3%ADn_Cast%C3%A1n" title="Francisco Marín Castán">Francisco Marín Castán</a> (acting)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional" title="Audiencia Nacional">Audiencia Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_justice_(Spain)" title="High courts of justice (Spain)">High courts of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(Spain)" title="Court of Auditors (Spain)">Court of Auditors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></b></div> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Spain" title="Governor of the Bank of Spain">Governor of the Bank of Spain</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Cos" title="Pablo Hernández de Cos">Pablo Hernández de Cos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain <ul><li>Margarita Delgado Tejero</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mint of Spain">Royal Mint of Spain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Spain" title="Political divisions of Spain">Administrative subdivisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish regional governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="List of current presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain">Presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">General</a>: <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Apr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Nov)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election"><i>2023</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">Regional</a>: <a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Spain (European Parliament constituency)">European</a>: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic missions</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions of Spain">of Spain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Spain" title="List of diplomatic missions in Spain">in Spain</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0.25em 0.5em;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a>: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">C's</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Francisco_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Francisco Franco">Dictatorship of Francisco Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Liberalism and radicalism in Spain</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Republicanism in Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/16px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/24px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elections in Spain</b> encompass four different types: general elections, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">regional</a> elections, <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Spain" title="Local government in Spain">local</a> elections, and elections to the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. General elections and regional elections are typically conducted at the conclusion of the national or regional legislative mandate, which usually spans four years since the previous election. However, early elections can be called in certain circumstances. On the other hand, local council elections (including municipal and insular elections) and elections to the European Parliament follow fixed dates, although some local government bodies, such as <a href="/wiki/Provincial_deputation_(Spain)#Election" title="Provincial deputation (Spain)">provincial councils</a>, are not directly elected. In most elections, a <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> (PR) system is employed, while the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a> utilizes the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality system</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_elections">General elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_elections_in_Spain" title="General elections in Spain">General elections in Spain</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg/349px-Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="349" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg/524px-Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg/698px-Spanish_Elections_for_Congress_of_Deputies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of Spanish vote for Congress of Deputies from 1975 to 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>General elections are elections held for the national legislature, which is called in Spain <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "General Courts") and consists of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Deputies (Spain)">Congress of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a>. The Congress and Senate usually serve concurrent terms that run for a maximum of four years. However, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> has the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time either jointly or separately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_Deputies">Congress of Deputies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Congress of Deputies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Congress is made out of 350 members directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a four-year term of office. Each one of Spain's fifty provinces is a constituency entitled to an initial minimum of two seats; the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> elect one member each. The remaining 248 seats are allocated among the fifty provinces in proportion to their populations. Parties, federations, coalitions and <i>agrupaciones de electores</i> (electors' groups) may present candidates or lists of candidates. The <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">lists are closed</a>, so electors may not choose individual candidates in, or alter the order of, such lists. Electors cast a ballot for a single list, or for a single candidate in Ceuta and Melilla. </p><p>The seats in each constituency are apportioned according to the <a href="/wiki/Highest_average_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest average method">largest average method of proportional representation</a> (PR), conceived by the Belgian mathematician Victor d'Hondt in 1899 (<a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">d'Hondt method</a>). However, in order to participate in the allocation of seats, a list must receive at least three percent of all valid votes cast in the constituency, including <a href="/wiki/Blank_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank ballot">blank ballots</a>. The single-member seats in Ceuta and Melilla are filled by the plurality or <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> method, under which the candidate obtaining the largest number of votes in the constituency is elected.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Seat allocation in Congress</dt></dl> <p>To illustrate the functioning of the system, the allocation of seats in the three provinces of the Self-Governing or Autonomous Community of <a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragón">Aragón</a> - <a href="/wiki/Huesca_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huesca Province">Huesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Teruel Province">Teruel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaragoza Province">Zaragoza</a> - for the <a href="/wiki/1993_Spanish_general_election" title="1993 Spanish general election">June 1993 general election</a> is presented here in detail. At the time, Zaragoza province had seven seats in Congress, while both Huesca and Teruel had three.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Zaragoza province, only four tickets, namely the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Socialist Workers Party">Spanish Socialist Workers Party</a> (PSOE), the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Party_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Party (Spain)">Popular Party</a> (PP), the <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Party" title="Aragonese Party">Aragonese Party</a> (PAR) and the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)" title="United Left (Spain)">United Left</a> (IU) won at least three percent of the valid votes cast in the election - including blank ballots - and were thus entitled to participate in the allocation of constituency seats. The tickets were sorted by number of votes from top to bottom, and the votes polled by each of these were then divided by 1, 2, 3, and so on until the number of seats to be allocated was reached, as detailed below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>PSOE</th> <th>PP</th> <th>PAR</th> <th>IU </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b>174,061</b></td> <td><b>172,753</b></td> <td><b>108,690</b></td> <td><b>60,074</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b>87,030</b></td> <td><b>86,376</b></td> <td>54,345</td> <td>30,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><b>58,020</b></td> <td>57,584</td> <td>36,230</td> <td>20,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>43,515</td> <td>43,188</td> <td>27,172</td> <td>15,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>34,812</td> <td>34,550</td> <td>21,738</td> <td>12,014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>29,010</td> <td>28,792</td> <td>18,115</td> <td>10,012 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>24,865</td> <td>24,679</td> <td>15,527</td> <td>8,582 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Seats</th> <th>3</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> <th>1 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Seats were then awarded to the tickets obtaining the largest quotients or averages (shown in <b>bold</b>). As indicated, the PSOE won three seats, the PP two, the PAR one and IU one. The seats won by each ticket were awarded to the candidates included therein, according to their ranking on the lists: therefore, the first three candidates on the PSOE list were elected to Congress, as were the first two candidates on the PP list and the candidates at the top of the PAR and IU lists, respectively. </p><p>Meanwhile, the results of the election in Huesca province were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>PSOE</th> <th>PP</th> <th>PAR</th> <th>IU </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b>50,720</b></td> <td><b>43,059</b></td> <td>23,784</td> <td>9,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b>25,360</b></td> <td>21,529</td> <td>11,892</td> <td>4,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>16,906</td> <td>14,353</td> <td>7,928</td> <td>3,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Seats</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> <th>0</th> <th>0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The effective representation threshold in Huesca was 25,360 votes, or 19.0% of the valid vote. </p><p>Finally, the outcome of the election in Teruel was the following: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>PSOE</th> <th>PP</th> <th>PAR</th> <th>IU </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b>36,327</b></td> <td><b>34,293</b></td> <td>12,070</td> <td>3,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b>18,163</b></td> <td>17,146</td> <td>6,035</td> <td>1,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>12,109</td> <td>11,431</td> <td>4,023</td> <td>1,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Seats</th> <th>2</th> <th>1</th> <th>0</th> <th>0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The effective representation threshold in Teruel was 18,163 votes, or 20.2% of the valid vote. </p><p>Having concluded the allocation of Congress seats in the three Aragón constituencies, the following peculiarities stand out: </p> <ol><li>The effective representation threshold in each province was substantially larger than the three percent barrier set forth by law: in all three constituencies, the seat apportionment would have been the same regardless of the statutory threshold.</li> <li>The number of votes required to attain a seat in Zaragoza province - the largest of three constituencies - was substantially higher than the amount required to that end in Huesca or in Teruel.</li> <li>The proportional allocation of seats in each constituency appeared to favor the major parties in general and specifically the majority party.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system for electing the Senate was first used in 1979, though with regard to the provinces the system is unchanged since 1977. Senators are elected directly from the provinces and indirectly from the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous communities">autonomous communities</a>; currently, there are 264 senators, 208 directly elected and 56 indirectly elected. </p><p>In the provinces, a majoritarian <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">partial block voting</a> system is used. All peninsular provinces elect four senators each; the insular provinces (<a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary</a> Islands) elect one or three senators per island, and Ceuta and Melilla elect two senators each. Parties nominate three candidates; each voter has three votes (fewer in those constituencies electing fewer senators) and votes for candidates by name, the only instance of personal voting in Spanish national elections. The usual outcome is three senators for the party with the most votes, and one senator for the runner-up, except in very close races. </p><p>The autonomous communities receive one senator, plus one for each million inhabitants. They are entitled to determine how they choose their senators but are generally elected by the legislature of the respective community in proportion to its party composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_results_1977–2023"><span id="Election_results_1977.E2.80.932023"></span>Election results 1977–2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election results 1977–2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"> <caption>Summary of Spanish elections for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>, 1977–2023 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)">UCD</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)" title="United Left (Spain)">IU</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Convergence_of_Catalonia" title="Democratic Convergence of Catalonia">CDC</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">PNV</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">ERC</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Galician_Nationalist_Bloc" title="Galician Nationalist Bloc">BNG</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/EH_Bildu" title="EH Bildu">EHB</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Centre_(Spain)" title="Democratic and Social Centre (Spain)">CDS</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Coalition" title="Canarian Coalition">CC</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Union,_Progress_and_Democracy" title="Union, Progress and Democracy">UPyD</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Cs</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Coalici%C3%B3_Comprom%C3%ADs" title="Coalició Compromís">Com.</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Pod.</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Más País">MP</a> </th> <th width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Sumar_(electoral_platform)" title="Sumar (electoral platform)">Sumar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#197E36"> </th> <th style="background:#EF1C27"> </th> <th style="background:#1D84CE"> </th> <th style="background:#732021"> </th> <th style="background:#232D7B"> </th> <th style="background:#4AAE4A"> </th> <th style="background:#FFB232"> </th> <th style="background:#ADCFEF"> </th> <th style="background:#B5CF18"> </th> <th style="background:#049456"> </th> <th style="background:#FFD700"> </th> <th style="background:#E9008C"> </th> <th style="background:#EB6109"> </th> <th style="background:#EC8953"> </th> <th style="background:#5A205A"> </th> <th style="background:#63BE21"> </th> <th style="background:#0FDEC4"> </th> <th style="background:#EF4B91"> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">1977</a> </th> <td style="background:#C1F2CF"><b>34.4</b> </td> <td>29.3 </td> <td>8.3 </td> <td>9.3 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="9" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="9" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="10" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="11" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="11" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="14" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td> <td rowspan="15" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1979_Spanish_general_election" title="1979 Spanish general election">1979</a> </th> <td style="background:#C1F2CF"><b>34.8</b> </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>10.8 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">1982</a> </th> <td>6.8 </td> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>48.1</b> </td> <td>26.4 </td> <td>4.0 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_general_election" title="1986 Spanish general election">1986</a> </th> <td rowspan="13" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Dissolved</i></span> </td> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>44.1</b> </td> <td>26.0 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1989_Spanish_general_election" title="1989 Spanish general election">1989</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>39.6</b> </td> <td>25.8 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Spanish_general_election" title="1993 Spanish general election">1993</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>38.8</b> </td> <td>34.8 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Spanish_general_election" title="1996 Spanish general election">1996</a> </th> <td>37.6 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>38.8</b> </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_Spanish_general_election" title="2000 Spanish general election">2000</a> </th> <td>34.2 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>44.5</b> </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td bgcolor="#D4D4D4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">Boycotted</a></i></span> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Spanish_general_election" title="2004 Spanish general election">2004</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>42.6</b> </td> <td>37.7 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Banned</i></span> </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2008_Spanish_general_election" title="2008 Spanish general election">2008</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>43.9</b> </td> <td>39.9 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_general_election" title="2011 Spanish general election">2011</a> </th> <td>28.8 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>44.6</b> </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td rowspan="6" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Dissolved</i></span> </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td bgcolor="#D4D4D4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><abbr title="Did not run">DNR</abbr></i></span> </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_general_election" title="2015 Spanish general election">2015</a> </th> <td>22.0 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>28.7</b> </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>13.9 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnidosPodemos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_Spanish_general_election" title="2016 Spanish general election">2016</a> </th> <td>22.6 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>33.0</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnidosPodemos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>13.1 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnidosPodemos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>21.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">Apr. 2019</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>28.7</b> </td> <td>16.7 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-UnidasPodemos_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnidasPodemos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td bgcolor="#D4D4D4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><abbr title="Did not run">DNR</abbr></i></span> </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>14.3 </td> <td>10.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">Nov. 2019</a> </th> <td style="background:#FCCBCD"><b>28.0</b> </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-UnidasPodemos_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnidasPodemos-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Cs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-MP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12.9 </td> <td>15.1 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023</a> </th> <td>31.7 </td> <td style="background:#C2E2F8"><b>33.1</b> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Sumar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#AAAAAA"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Dissolved</i></span> </td> <td bgcolor="#D4D4D4"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><abbr title="Did not run">DNR</abbr></i></span> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Sumar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Sumar_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Sumar_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>12.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_elections">Regional elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1983 Spanish regional elections">1983 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1987 Spanish regional elections">1987 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1991 Spanish regional elections">1991 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1995 Spanish regional elections">1995 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1999 Spanish regional elections">1999 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2003 Spanish regional elections">2003 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2007 Spanish regional elections">2007 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2011 Spanish regional elections">2011 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2020 Spanish regional elections">2020 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2021 Spanish regional elections">2021 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2022 Spanish regional elections">2022 Spanish regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023 Spanish regional elections</a></li></ul> <p>Elections to the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> parliaments of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities of Spain</a> are held every four years. Most of the seventeen autonomous parliaments elections take place the same day, the fourth Sunday of May of the year before a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap year</a>; the last election was held on <a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">28 May 2023</a>. Despite this, not all the regions celebrate elections at the same time due to the power of the regional presidents to call early elections if necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Spanish_local_elections" title="1979 Spanish local elections">1979 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Spanish_local_elections" title="1983 Spanish local elections">1983 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Spanish_local_elections" title="1987 Spanish local elections">1987 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Spanish_local_elections" title="1991 Spanish local elections">1991 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Spanish_local_elections" title="1995 Spanish local elections">1995 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Spanish_local_elections" title="1999 Spanish local elections">1999 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Spanish_local_elections" title="2003 Spanish local elections">2003 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Spanish_local_elections" title="2007 Spanish local elections">2007 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_local_elections" title="2011 Spanish local elections">2011 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_local_elections" title="2015 Spanish local elections">2015 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_local_elections" title="2019 Spanish local elections">2019 Spanish local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_local_elections" title="2023 Spanish local elections">2023 Spanish local elections</a></li></ul> <p>Elections in the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">municipalities</a> take place in all the country in the same day as the regional elections, the fourth Sunday of May of the year before a leap year. Last time was <a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_local_elections" title="2023 Spanish local elections">28 May 2023</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Elections to the European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1987 European Parliament election in Spain">1987 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1989 European Parliament election in Spain">1989 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1994 European Parliament election in Spain">1994 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1999 European Parliament election in Spain">1999 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2004 European Parliament election in Spain">2004 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2009 European Parliament election in Spain">2009 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain">2024 European Parliament election in Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referendums">Referendums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Spanish_political_reform_referendum" title="1976 Spanish political reform referendum">1976 Spanish political reform referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978 Spanish constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_procedures">Electoral procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electoral procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laws regulating the conduct and administration of elections are laid out in detail in the 1985 electoral law. (Ley Orgánica del Régimen Electoral General.<sup id="cite_ref-Electoral_law,_1985_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electoral_law,_1985-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Under this law, the elections are supervised by the Electoral Commission (Junta Electoral), a permanent body composed of eight Supreme Court judges and five political scientists or sociologists appointed by the Congress of Deputies. The Electoral commission is supported in its work by the Interior Ministry. On election day, <a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">polling stations</a> are run by electoral boards which consist of groups of citizens selected by lottery.<sup id="cite_ref-OSCE_report_2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCE_report_2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The format of the <a href="/wiki/Ballot_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot paper">ballot paper</a> is designed by the Spanish state, however, the law allows political parties to produce and distribute their own ballot papers, either by mailing them to voters or by other means such as street distribution, provided that they comply with the official model. The government then covers the cost of all printed ballot papers. These must then be marked by voters, either in the polling station or outside the polling station and placed inside sealed envelopes which are then placed inside <a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">ballot boxes</a> in the polling station. Following the close of polls, the ballots are then counted in each individual polling station in the presence of representatives of the political parties and candidates. The ballots are then immediately destroyed, with the exception of those considered invalid or challenged by the candidates' representatives, which are retained for further scrutiny. The result is that full <a href="/wiki/Recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Recount">recounts</a> are impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-OSCE_report_2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSCE_report_2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral calendar">Electoral calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Spain" title="Local government in Spain">Local government in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encasillado" title="Encasillado">Encasillado</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electionresources.org/es/index_en.html#ASPECTS">"General Aspects of the Electoral System"</a>. Election Resources on the Internet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Aspects+of+the+Electoral+System&rft.pub=Election+Resources+on+the+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectionresources.org%2Fes%2Findex_en.html%23ASPECTS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electionresources.org/es/index_en.html#ALLOCATION">"Allocation of Seats in Congress"</a>. Election Resources on the Internet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allocation+of+Seats+in+Congress&rft.pub=Election+Resources+on+the+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectionresources.org%2Fes%2Findex_en.html%23ALLOCATION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electoral_law,_1985-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electoral_law,_1985_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/lo5-1985.html">"Law governing electoral procedures"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+governing+electoral+procedures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.juridicas.com%2Fbase_datos%2FAdmin%2Flo5-1985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSCE_report_2008-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSCE_report_2008_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102232314/http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2008/02/29695_en.pdf">"OSCE observers task force report on 2008 Spanish election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Organisation for security and cooperation in Europe OSCE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2008/02/29695_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+observers+task+force+report+on+2008+Spanish+election&rft.pub=Organisation+for+security+and+cooperation+in+Europe+OSCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fdocuments%2Fodihr%2F2008%2F02%2F29695_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSCE_report_2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSCE_report_2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022131/http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2004/04/2777_en.pdf">"OSCE observers task force report on 2004 Spanish election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Organisation for security and cooperation in Europe, OSCE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/2004/04/2777_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OSCE+observers+task+force+report+on+2004+Spanish+election&rft.pub=Organisation+for+security+and+cooperation+in+Europe%2C+OSCE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fdocuments%2Fodihr%2F2004%2F04%2F2777_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dissolved in 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Spain)" title="People's Alliance (Spain)">AP</a> 1977, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Coalition_(Spain)" title="Democratic Coalition (Spain)">CD</a> 1979, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance%E2%80%93People%27s_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party">AP–PDP</a> 1982, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Coalition_(Spain)" title="People's Coalition (Spain)">CP</a> 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">PCE</a> 1977–1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Pact_for_Catalonia" title="Democratic Pact for Catalonia">PDC</a> 1977, <a href="/wiki/Convergence_and_Union" title="Convergence and Union">CiU</a> 1979–2011, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Freedom" title="Democracy and Freedom">DiL</a> 2015, <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2017)" title="Together for Catalonia (2017)">JxCat–Junts</a> 2019, <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Junts</a> 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Left_of_Catalonia%E2%80%93Democratic_Electoral_Front" title="Left of Catalonia–Democratic Electoral Front">EC–FED</a> 1977, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia%E2%80%93Catalonia_Yes" title="Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes">ERC–CatSí</a> 2011–2016, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia%E2%80%93Sovereigntists" title="Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists">ERC–Sobiranistes</a> 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Galician_National-Popular_Bloc" title="Galician National-Popular Bloc">BNPG</a> 1977–1979, Galician Nationalist Bloc–<a href="/wiki/Galician_Socialist_Party_(1963)" title="Galician Socialist Party (1963)">Galician Socialist Party</a> 1982, <a href="/wiki/We%E2%80%93Galician_Candidacy" title="We–Galician Candidacy">Nós</a> 2015–2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Socialist_Party" title="Basque Socialist Party">ESB-PSV</a> 1977, <a href="/wiki/Herri_Batasuna" title="Herri Batasuna">HB</a> 1979–1996, <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herritarrok" title="Euskal Herritarrok">EH</a> 2000, <a href="/wiki/Amaiur" title="Amaiur">Amaiur</a> 2011, <a href="/wiki/EH_Bildu" title="EH Bildu">EH Bildu</a> 2015–2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merged into <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a> in 2006, dissenters founded <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Centre" title="Liberal Democratic Centre">CDL</a> which was merged into <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Cs</a> in 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Independent_Groups" title="Canarian Independent Groups">AIC</a> 1986–1989, <a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Nationalist_Unity" title="Agreement of Nationalist Unity">CC–PNC</a> 2008–2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Unidos_Podemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidos Podemos">Unidos Podemos</a> 2015–2016, <a href="/wiki/Unidas_Podemos" title="Unidas Podemos">Unidas Podemos</a> 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnidosPodemos-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnidosPodemos_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Within <a href="/wiki/Unidos_Podemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidos Podemos">Unidos Podemos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnidasPodemos-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnidasPodemos_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnidasPodemos_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Within <a href="/wiki/Unidas_Podemos" title="Unidas Podemos">Unidas Podemos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Within <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Ciudadanos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Within <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1s_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Más País">Más País</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumar_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumar_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumar_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumar_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Within <a href="/wiki/Sumar_(electoral_platform)" title="Sumar (electoral platform)">Sumar</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elecciones.mir.es/">General Directorate of Domestic Politics, archived results back to 1976</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/s/spain/">Adam Carr's Election Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parties-and-elections.de/spain.html">Parties and elections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130100426/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/spain/">NSD: European Election Database - Spain</a> publishes regional level election data; allows for comparisons of election results, 199-2008</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Elections_and_referendums_in_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_elections" title="Template:Spanish elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_elections" title="Template talk:Spanish elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Spain&#124;link=Spain_Elections_and_referendums_in_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections and referendums in Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">General elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1810_Spanish_general_election" title="1810 Spanish general election">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_Spanish_general_election" title="1813 Spanish general election">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Spanish_general_election" title="1820 Spanish general election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_Spanish_general_election" title="1822 Spanish general election">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_Spanish_general_election" title="1834 Spanish general election">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1836_Spanish_general_election" title="February 1836 Spanish general election">1836 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1836_Spanish_general_election" title="July 1836 Spanish general election">1836 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1836_Spanish_general_election" title="October 1836 Spanish general election">1836 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Spanish_general_election" title="1837 Spanish general election">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Spanish_general_election" title="1839 Spanish general election">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1840_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1840 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1841_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1841 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1843_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1843 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1843 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1843_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1843 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1843 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1844_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1844 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1846_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1846 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1850_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1850 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1851_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1851 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1853_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1853 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1854_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1854 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1857_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1857 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1858_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1858 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1863_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1863 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1864_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1864 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1865_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1865 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1867_Spanish_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1867 Spanish general election (page does not exist)">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Spanish_general_election" title="1869 Spanish general election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Spanish_general_election" title="1871 Spanish general election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1872_Spanish_general_election" title="April 1872 Spanish general election">1872 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1872_Spanish_general_election" title="August 1872 Spanish general election">1872 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Spanish_general_election" title="1873 Spanish general election">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Spanish_general_election" title="1876 Spanish general election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Spanish_general_election" title="1879 Spanish general election">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Spanish_general_election" title="1881 Spanish general election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Spanish_general_election" title="1884 Spanish general election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_Spanish_general_election" title="1886 Spanish general election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Spanish_general_election" title="1891 Spanish general election">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Spanish_general_election" title="1893 Spanish general election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Spanish_general_election" title="1896 Spanish general election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Spanish_general_election" title="1898 Spanish general election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Spanish_general_election" title="1899 Spanish general election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_Spanish_general_election" title="1901 Spanish general election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Spanish_general_election" title="1903 Spanish general election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Spanish_general_election" title="1905 Spanish general election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Spanish_general_election" title="1907 Spanish general election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Spanish_general_election" title="1910 Spanish general election">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Spanish_general_election" title="1914 Spanish general election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Spanish_general_election" title="1916 Spanish general election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Spanish_general_election" title="1918 Spanish general election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Spanish_general_election" title="1919 Spanish general election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Spanish_general_election" title="1920 Spanish general election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Spanish_general_election" title="1923 Spanish general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_general_election" title="1931 Spanish general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Spanish_general_election" title="1933 Spanish general election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Spanish_general_election" title="1967 Spanish general election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Spanish_general_election" title="1971 Spanish general election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Spanish_general_election" title="1979 Spanish general election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Spanish_general_election" title="1982 Spanish general election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_general_election" title="1986 Spanish general election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Spanish_general_election" title="1989 Spanish general election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Spanish_general_election" title="1993 Spanish general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Spanish_general_election" title="1996 Spanish general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Spanish_general_election" title="2000 Spanish general election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Spanish_general_election" title="2004 Spanish general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Spanish_general_election" title="2008 Spanish general election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_general_election" title="2011 Spanish general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_general_election" title="2015 Spanish general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Spanish_general_election" title="2016 Spanish general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="November 2019 Spanish general election">2019 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Spanish_general_election" title="Next Spanish general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_presidential_election" title="1936 Spanish presidential election">1936</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1987 European Parliament election in Spain">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1989 European Parliament election in Spain">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1994 European Parliament election in Spain">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="1999 European Parliament election in Spain">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2004 European Parliament election in Spain">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2009 European Parliament election in Spain">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2014 European Parliament election in Spain">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2019 European Parliament election in Spain">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Spain" title="2024 European Parliament election in Spain">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Catalan_local_elections" title="1934 Catalan local elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_Spanish_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 Spanish local elections (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Spanish_local_elections" title="1979 Spanish local elections">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Spanish_local_elections" title="1983 Spanish local elections">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Spanish_local_elections" title="1987 Spanish local elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Spanish_local_elections" title="1991 Spanish local elections">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Spanish_local_elections" title="1995 Spanish local elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Spanish_local_elections" title="1999 Spanish local elections">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Spanish_local_elections" title="2003 Spanish local elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Spanish_local_elections" title="2007 Spanish local elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_local_elections" title="2011 Spanish local elections">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_local_elections" title="2015 Spanish local elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_local_elections" title="2019 Spanish local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_local_elections" title="2023 Spanish local elections">2023</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2027_Spanish_local_elections" title="2027 Spanish local elections">2027</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1983 Spanish regional elections">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1987 Spanish regional elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1991 Spanish regional elections">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1995 Spanish regional elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Spanish_regional_elections" title="1999 Spanish regional elections">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2003 Spanish regional elections">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2007 Spanish regional elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2011 Spanish regional elections">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2015 Spanish regional elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2019 Spanish regional elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_regional_elections" title="2023 Spanish regional elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Spanish_law_of_succession_referendum" title="1947 Spanish law of succession referendum">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Spanish_organic_law_referendum" title="1966 Spanish organic law referendum">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Spanish_political_reform_referendum" title="1976 Spanish political reform referendum">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Spanish_constitutional_referendum" title="1978 Spanish constitutional referendum">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Spanish_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Spanish European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: Elections and referendums in <a href="/wiki/Template:Andalusian_elections" title="Template:Andalusian elections">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aragonese_elections" title="Template:Aragonese elections">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asturian_elections" title="Template:Asturian elections">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Balearic_Islands_elections" title="Template:Balearic Islands elections">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Basque_elections" title="Template:Basque elections">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Canarian_elections" title="Template:Canarian elections">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cantabrian_elections" title="Template:Cantabrian elections">Cantabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n_elections" title="Template:Castile and León elections">Castile and León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha_elections" title="Template:Castilla–La Mancha elections">Castilla–La Mancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan_elections" title="Template:Catalan elections">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Extremaduran_elections" title="Template:Extremaduran elections">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Galician_elections" title="Template:Galician elections">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Rioja_(Spain)_elections" title="Template:La Rioja (Spain) elections">La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Madrid_elections" title="Template:Community of Madrid elections">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Region_of_Murcia_elections" title="Template:Region of Murcia elections">Murcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_elections" title="Template:Navarrese elections">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Valencian_elections" title="Template:Valencian elections">Valencian Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elections_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_Europe" title="Template:Elections in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Elections in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elections_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elections in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Andorra" title="Elections in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Moldova" title="Elections in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Monaco" title="Elections in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montenegro" title="Elections in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Macedonia" title="Elections in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_San_Marino" title="Elections in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Serbia" title="Elections in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ukraine" title="Elections in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Elections in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Elections in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Ossetia" title="Elections in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_%C3%85land" title="Elections in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Elections in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar" title="Elections in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Elections in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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