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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leadership and initiatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership_and_initiatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership and initiatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Council_on_the_Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council_on_the_Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National Council on the Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council_on_the_Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_council_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_council_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Current council members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_council_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget_and_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_and_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Budget and grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_and_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grantmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grantmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Grantmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grantmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_scope_of_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_scope_of_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Relative scope of funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_scope_of_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifetime_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifetime_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Lifetime honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifetime_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1981_attempts_to_abolish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981_attempts_to_abolish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1981 attempts to abolish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981_attempts_to_abolish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989_objections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_objections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1989 objections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_objections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_performance_artists_vetoed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_performance_artists_vetoed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1990 performance artists vetoed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_performance_artists_vetoed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995–1997_congressional_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995–1997_congressional_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1995–1997 congressional attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995–1997_congressional_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017-18_proposed_defunding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017-18_proposed_defunding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>2017-18 proposed defunding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-18_proposed_defunding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2025_Trump_administration_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2025_Trump_administration_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>2025 Trump administration restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2025_Trump_administration_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairpersons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairpersons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chairpersons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chairpersons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chairpersons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chairpersons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nancy_Hanks_(1969–77)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nancy_Hanks_(1969–77)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nancy Hanks (1969–77)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nancy_Hanks_(1969–77)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="الصندوق الوطني للفنون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصندوق الوطني للفنون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_Nacional_para_las_Artes" title="Fondo Nacional para las Artes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fondo Nacional para las Artes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%81%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="موقوفه ملی هنرها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موقوفه ملی هنرها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_zaklada_za_umjetnost" title="Nacionalna zaklada za umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalna zaklada za umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הקרן הלאומית לאמנויות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרן הלאומית לאמנויות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotatio_Nationalis_Artium" title="Dotatio Nationalis Artium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dotatio Nationalis Artium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="国立芸術基金 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国立芸術基金" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundo_Nacional_Para_as_Artes" title="Fundo Nacional Para as Artes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundo Nacional Para as Artes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Национальный фонд искусств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный фонд искусств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="National Endowment for the Arts" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="องค์การกองทุนเพื่อศิลปะแห่งชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องค์การกองทุนเพื่อศิลปะแห่งชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1967116#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="View the content page 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class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">National Endowment for the Arts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_(NEA)_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg/220px-National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg/330px-National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg/440px-National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_%28NEA%29_Logo_2018_Square_on_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Center_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Constitution Center (Washington, D.C.)">Constitution Center</a>, Washington, D.C.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$207 million USD (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Chairman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.gov">arts<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Endowment for the Arts</b> (<b>NEA</b>) is an independent agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a> that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal government by an act of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">U.S. Congress</a>, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> on September 29, 1965 (<a href="/wiki/20_U.S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="20 U.S.C.">20 U.S.C.</a> 951).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a sub-agency of the <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities" title="National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities">National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_on_the_Arts_and_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities">Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Museum_and_Library_Services" title="Institute of Museum and Library Services">Institute of Museum and Library Services</a>. </p><p>The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded <a href="/wiki/Tony_Honors_for_Excellence_in_Theatre" title="Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre">Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre</a> in 1995, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, the NEA won an honorary Oscar from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> for its work with the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_purpose">History and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> under the general auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".<sup id="cite_ref-aboutus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 1984 establishment of the: <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Film_and_Video_Preservation" title="National Center for Film and Video Preservation">National Center for Film and Video Preservation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_and_initiatives">Leadership and initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership and initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NEA's advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Council_on_the_Arts">National Council on the Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Council on the Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The council is composed of 25 members, 18 appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, six <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> members, and the chairperson of the NEA, who also serves as chair of the council. The six <i>ex officio</i> members are members of Congress, where two are appointed by the Speaker of the House, one by the Minority Leader of the House, two by the Majority Leader of the Senate, and one by the Minority Leader of the Senate. These six serve two-year terms, and serve as nonvoting members of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eighteen appointed by the President are selected from among private citizens of the United States who are widely recognized for their broad knowledge of, or expertise in, or for their profound interest in the arts; and have established records of distinguished service, or achieved eminence, in the arts; so as to include practicing artists, civic cultural leaders, members of the museum profession, and others who are professionally engaged in the arts; and so as collectively to provide an appropriate distribution of membership among major art fields and interested citizens groups. In making these appointments, the President shall give due regard to equitable representation of women, minorities, and individuals with disabilities who are involved in the arts and shall make such appointments so as to represent equitably all geographical areas in the United States. These are appointed to serve terms of six years. The terms are staggered so three terms end September 3 each year. These members are not eligible for reappointment during the two-year period following the expiration of their term. However, they may continue to serve on the council after their term's expiration until a successor takes office.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten members of the council constitutes a quorum.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_council_members">Current council members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current council members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current council members as of December 22, 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Confirmed </th> <th>Term expiration </th> <th>Appointed by </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chair </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Jackson, Maria Rosario"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Rosario_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Rosario Jackson (page does not exist)">Maria Rosario Jackson</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 18, 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002025-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 18, 2025</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Ahmed, Ismael"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ismael_Ahmed" title="Ismael Ahmed">Ismael Ahmed</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 18, 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Azmeh, Kinan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kinan_Azmeh" title="Kinan Azmeh">Kinan Azmeh</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 15, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Becker, Bidtah"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidtah_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidtah Becker (page does not exist)">Bidtah Becker</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 17, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2022</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Carter, Bruce"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Carter_(music_educator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Carter (music educator) (page does not exist)">Bruce Carter</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2013</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2018</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Davidson, Gretchen Gonzales"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gretchen_Gonzales_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gretchen Gonzales Davidson (page does not exist)">Gretchen Gonzales Davidson</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 17, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2022</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Dworkin, Aaron"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dworkin" title="Aaron Dworkin">Aaron Dworkin</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-08-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 2, 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2014</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Forbes, Kamilah"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Kamilah_Forbes" title="Kamilah Forbes">Kamilah Forbes</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-02-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 17, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002026-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2026</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Gupta, Deepa"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deepa_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deepa Gupta (page does not exist)">Deepa Gupta</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-03-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 29, 2012</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2016</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Hodes, Paul"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hodes" title="Paul Hodes">Paul Hodes</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-08-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 2, 2012</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2016</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Kang, Emil"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kang" title="Emil Kang">Emil Kang</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002012-09-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 22, 2012</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2018</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Lombardo, Michael"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Lombardo_(music_executive)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Lombardo (music executive) (page does not exist)">Michael Lombardo</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-09-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 29, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002028-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2028</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="León, María López De"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_De_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="María López De León (page does not exist)">María López De León</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2013</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2016</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Medina, Huascar"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huascar_Medina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huascar Medina (page does not exist)">Huascar Medina</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 18, 2021</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002026-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2026</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Morgan, Christopher"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Morgan_(arts_administrator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Morgan (arts administrator) (page does not exist)">Christopher Morgan</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 15, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Prine, Fiona Whelan"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiona_Whelan_Prine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiona Whelan Prine (page does not exist)">Fiona Whelan Prine</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 23, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Ramaswamy, Ranee"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranee_Ramaswamy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranee Ramaswamy (page does not exist)">Ranee Ramaswamy</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-10-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 16, 2013</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2018</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Shimabukuro, Jake"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Shimabukuro" title="Jake Shimabukuro">Jake Shimabukuro</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 15, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2024</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Williams, Constance H."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Constance_H._Williams" title="Constance H. Williams">Constance H. Williams</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002022-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 15, 2022</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002026-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2026</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Baldwin, Tammy"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002013-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2013</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Thompson, Glenn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Thompson_(politician)" title="Glenn Thompson (politician)">Glenn Thompson</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002018-10-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 4, 2018</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><i>Vacant</i> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Member (non-voting)<br /><i>(ex officio)</i> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="Pingree, Chellie"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Chellie_Pingree" title="Chellie Pingree">Chellie Pingree</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002017-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 2017</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominations">Nominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> has nominated the following to fill seats on the commission. They await Senate confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Term expires</th> <th>Replacing </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Simon, Vanesa Soledad"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanesa_Soledad_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanesa Soledad Simon (page does not exist)">Vanesa Soledad Simon</a></span></span></span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002030-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2030</span></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ramaswamy, Ranee"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranee_Ramaswamy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranee Ramaswamy (page does not exist)">Ranee Ramaswamy</a></span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_and_grants">Budget and grants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Budget and grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an annual funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure from conservative groups, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a>, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_DeGenevieve" title="Barbara DeGenevieve">Barbara DeGenevieve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andres_Serrano" title="Andres Serrano">Andres Serrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a>, and the performance artists known as the "<a href="/wiki/NEA_Four" title="NEA Four">NEA Four</a>". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In FY 2010, the NEA's budget reached mid-1990s levels with a $167.5 million budget<sup id="cite_ref-budget_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.<sup id="cite_ref-budget_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 11, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">President Joe Biden</a> released the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">President's Budget</a> for FY 2025, with $210.1 million budgeted for the NEA.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grantmaking">Grantmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grantmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NEA provides grants in the categories of arts projects, national initiatives, and partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects for artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The NEA offers partnerships for state, regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. Forty percent of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Fellowships" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Fellowships">National Heritage Fellowships</a> to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>, awarded annually by the President.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_scope_of_funding">Relative scope of funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relative scope of funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artist <a href="/wiki/William_Powhida" title="William Powhida">William Powhida</a> has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought almost a billion dollars in contemporary art at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> in New York." He further commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in two nights."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifetime_honors">Lifetime honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifetime honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The <a href="/wiki/NEA_Jazz_Masters" title="NEA Jazz Masters">NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships</a> are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Fellowship" title="National Heritage Fellowship">National Heritage Fellowships</a> are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Medal of Arts recipients">National Medal of Arts</a> is awarded by the President of the United States and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981_attempts_to_abolish">1981 attempts to abolish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1981 attempts to abolish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's first director of the Office of Management and Budget, <a href="/wiki/David_A._Stockman" class="mw-redirect" title="David A. Stockman">David A. Stockman</a>, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Joseph Coors</a>, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989_objections">1989 objections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1989 objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wildmon" title="Donald Wildmon">Donald Wildmon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a> held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer <a href="/wiki/Andres_Serrano" title="Andres Serrano">Andres Serrano</a>. The work at the center of the controversy was <i><a href="/wiki/Piss_Christ" title="Piss Christ">Piss Christ</a></i>, a photo of a plastic <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">Al D'Amato</a> began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/700_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="700 Club">700 Club</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> joined the attacks. Republican representative <a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a>, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Corcoran_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoran Museum of Art">Corcoran Museum of Art</a> that was to receive NEA support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA's congressional appropriations." The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Project_for_the_Arts" title="Washington Project for the Arts">Washington Project for the Arts</a> later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which we deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."<sup id="cite_ref-maplethorpe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maplethorpe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Pat_Williams_(Montana_politician)" title="Pat Williams (Montana politician)">Pat Williams</a>, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with Republican <a href="/wiki/Tom_Coleman_(Missouri_politician)" title="Tom Coleman (Missouri politician)">Tom Coleman</a> to formulate a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner city areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_performance_artists_vetoed">1990 performance artists vetoed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1990 performance artists vetoed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NEA_Four" title="NEA Four">NEA Four</a></div> <p>Conservative media continued to attack individual artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", <a href="/wiki/Karen_Finley" title="Karen Finley">Karen Finley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(performance_artist)" title="Tim Miller (performance artist)">Tim Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fleck_(actor)" title="John Fleck (actor)">John Fleck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holly_Hughes_(performance_artist)" title="Holly Hughes (performance artist)">Holly Hughes</a>, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States government's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by <a href="/wiki/John_Frohnmayer" title="John Frohnmayer">John Frohnmayer</a> in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject matter after the artists had successfully passed through a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its way to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case centered on subsection (d)(1) of <a href="/wiki/Title_20_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 20 of the United States Code">20 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/954">§ 954</a> which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/569/">569</a> (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1995–1997_congressional_attacks"><span id="1995.E2.80.931997_congressional_attacks"></span>1995–1997 congressional attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1995–1997 congressional attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1994">1994 midterm elections</a> cleared the way for House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> to lead a renewed attack on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to be eliminated along with the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a>. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017-18_proposed_defunding">2017-18 proposed defunding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2017-18 proposed defunding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The budget outline submitted by then-president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on March 16, 2017, to Congress would have eliminated all funding for the program.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2025_Trump_administration_restrictions">2025 Trump administration restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2025 Trump administration restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2025, the NEA imposed restrictions on federal grant applications to comply with <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">President Trump</a>'s executive orders <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14151" title="Executive Order 14151">14151</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_14168" title="Executive Order 14168">14168</a>, barring federal funds for programs focused on diversity, equity, and inclusion (<a href="/wiki/DEI" class="mw-redirect" title="DEI">DEI</a>) or used to "promote gender ideology". In response, over 400 artists submitted a letter asking the NEA to reverse these changes.<sup id="cite_ref-guard-19feb2025_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-19feb2025-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairpersons">Chairpersons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chairpersons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1965–1969 <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li>1969–1977 <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hanks_(NEA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Hanks (NEA)">Nancy Hanks</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard M. Nixon</a></li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/wiki/Livingston_L._Biddle,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Livingston L. Biddle, Jr.">Livingston L. Biddle, Jr.</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li>1981–1989 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hodsoll" title="Frank Hodsoll">Frank Hodsoll</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li>1989–1992 <a href="/wiki/John_Frohnmayer" title="John Frohnmayer">John Frohnmayer</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li>1993–1997 <a href="/wiki/Jane_Alexander" title="Jane Alexander">Jane Alexander</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li> <li>1998–2001 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ivey" title="Bill Ivey">Bill Ivey</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Hammond" title="Michael P. Hammond">Michael P. Hammond</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li>2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li>2003–2009 <a href="/wiki/Dana_Gioia" title="Dana Gioia">Dana Gioia</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li>2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009–2012 <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Landesman" title="Rocco Landesman">Rocco Landesman</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-confirmed_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confirmed-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014–2018<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Jane Chu, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><sup id="cite_ref-chu.confirmation.washingtonpost_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chu.confirmation.washingtonpost-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019–2021<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Anne Carter, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasaa-arts.org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasaa-arts.org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021–2025<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (resigned January 20, 2025)<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw-22jan2025_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw-22jan2025-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrj-nea-17jan2025_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrj-nea-17jan2025-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nancy_Hanks_(1969–77)"><span id="Nancy_Hanks_.281969.E2.80.9377.29"></span>Nancy Hanks (1969–77)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nancy Hanks (1969–77)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hanks_(art_historian)" title="Nancy Hanks (art historian)">Nancy Hanks</a>, the second chairman, was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 million to $114 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Elaine_A._King" title="Elaine A. King">Elaine A. King</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system. Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but more federal funding became available for numerous programs within the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Fellowship" title="National Heritage Fellowship">National Heritage Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEA_Jazz_Masters" title="NEA Jazz Masters">NEA Jazz Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Office_of_Cultural_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Office of Cultural Affairs">New York City Department of Cultural Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShivers2023" class="citation news cs1">Shivers, Tony (November 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operaamerica.org/industry-resources/2023/202311/additional-arts-advocacy-updates/arts-advocacy-update/">"Arts Advocacy Update"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_America" title="Opera America">Opera America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+America&rft.atitle=Arts+Advocacy+Update&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Shivers&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operaamerica.org%2Findustry-resources%2F2023%2F202311%2Fadditional-arts-advocacy-updates%2Farts-advocacy-update%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aboutus_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aboutus_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Endowment_for_the_Arts" class="citation web cs1">National Endowment for the Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901102346/http://www.nea.gov/about/index.html">"About Us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/about/index.html">the original</a> on September 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.au=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title20/html/USCODE-2018-title20-chap26-subchapI-sec951.htm">"U.S.C. Title 20 - EDUCATION"</a>. <i>www.govinfo.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.C.+Title+20+-+EDUCATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2018-title20%2Fhtml%2FUSCODE-2018-title20-chap26-subchapI-sec951.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/winners.html">"The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Artists+demand+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts+roll+back+Trump+restrictions&rft.date=2025-02-19&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F19%2Fnational-endowment-arts-dei-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/news/news09/nea-acting-chairman.html">"National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404150353/http://www.nea.gov/news/news09/nea-acting-chairman.html">Archived</a> April 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009, at NEA website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Pogrebin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/16/arts/16mone.html">"Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economic Force,"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, February 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Pogrebin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/theater/13nea.html?src=twr">"Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, May 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davi Napoleon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230516/http://www.thefastertimes.com/">"Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713204000/http://thefastertimes.com/theatertalk/2009/06/13/mr-landesman-goes-to-washington/">Archived</a> July 13, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faster_Times" title="The Faster Times">The Faster Times</a></i>, June 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-confirmed-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-confirmed_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Pogrebin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/rocco-landesman-confirmed-as-chairman-of-the-national-endowment-for-the-arts/">"Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, August 7, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.gov/news/2012/statement-national-endowment-arts-chairman-rocco-landesman">"Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+from+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts+Chairman+Rocco+Landesman&rft.pub=The+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.gov%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fstatement-national-endowment-arts-chairman-rocco-landesman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503100258/https://www.arts.gov/news/2018/statement-jane-chu-conclusion-her-term-nea-chair-june-4-2018">"Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 | NEA"</a>. <i>www.arts.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/news/2018/statement-jane-chu-conclusion-her-term-nea-chair-june-4-2018">the original</a> on May 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arts.gov&rft.atitle=Statement+from+Jane+Chu+on+the+Conclusion+of+Her+Term+as+NEA+Chair+on+June+4%2C+2018+%7C+NEA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fstatement-jane-chu-conclusion-her-term-nea-chair-june-4-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chu.confirmation.washingtonpost-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chu.confirmation.washingtonpost_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/2014/06/12/b7b22814-f259-11e3-914c-1fbd0614e2d4_story.html">"Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. July 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Jane+Chu+confirmed+as+NEA+Chairman+after+position+had+been+vacant+for+a+year&rft.date=2014-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2F2014%2F06%2F12%2Fb7b22814-f259-11e3-914c-1fbd0614e2d4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.gov/news/2014/jane-chu-confirmed-chairman-national-endowment-arts">"Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Chu+Confirmed+as+Chairman+of+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.gov%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fjane-chu-confirmed-chairman-national-endowment-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/staff/mary-anne-carter">"Mary Anne Carter"</a>. <i>NEA</i>. April 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEA&rft.atitle=Mary+Anne+Carter&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fstaff%2Fmary-anne-carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasaa-arts.org-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasaa-arts.org_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasaa-arts.org/legislative_update/mary-anne-carter-confirmed-by-senate-as-chairman-of-national-endowment-for-the-arts/">"Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts"</a>. <i>NASAA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASAA&rft.atitle=Mary+Anne+Carter+Confirmed+by+Senate+as+Chairman+of+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnasaa-arts.org%2Flegislative_update%2Fmary-anne-carter-confirmed-by-senate-as-chairman-of-national-endowment-for-the-arts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/about/what-is-the-nea/maria-rosario-jackson-2021-25">"Maria Rosario Jackson"</a>. <i>NEA</i>. February 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEA&rft.atitle=Maria+Rosario+Jackson&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fabout%2Fwhat-is-the-nea%2Fmaria-rosario-jackson-2021-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/maria-rosario-jackson-arts-endowment/2021/12/18/69d68604-601e-11ec-ae5b-5002292337c7_story.html">"Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts"</a>. <i>NEA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NEA&rft.atitle=Senate+confirms+Biden%27s+pick+for+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmaria-rosario-jackson-arts-endowment%2F2021%2F12%2F18%2F69d68604-601e-11ec-ae5b-5002292337c7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bw-22jan2025-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bw-22jan2025_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2025" class="citation news cs1">Wild, Stephi (January 23, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/industry/article/Maria-Rosario-Jackson-Resigns-as-Chair-of-the-National-Endowment-for-the-Arts-20250123">"Maria Rosario Jackson Resigns as Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BroadwayWorld" title="BroadwayWorld">BroadwayWorld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld&rft.atitle=Maria+Rosario+Jackson+Resigns+as+Chair+of+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Stephi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Findustry%2Farticle%2FMaria-Rosario-Jackson-Resigns-as-Chair-of-the-National-Endowment-for-the-Arts-20250123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrj-nea-17jan2025-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mrj-nea-17jan2025_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2025" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Maria Rosario (January 17, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/stories/blog/2025/message-nea-chair-maria-rosario-jackson">"Message from NEA Chair Maria Rosario Jackson"</a>. <i>National Endowment for the Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Message+from+NEA+Chair+Maria+Rosario+Jackson&rft.date=2025-01-17&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Maria+Rosario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arts.gov%2Fstories%2Fblog%2F2025%2Fmessage-nea-chair-maria-rosario-jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, an Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Statement from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Chu (page does not exist)">Jane Chu</a> on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Endowment_for_the_Arts2000" class="citation book cs1">National Endowment for the Arts (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164019/http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html"><i>The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52401250">52401250</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts+1965-2000%3A+A+Brief+Chronology+of+Federal+Support+for+the+Arts&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52401250&rft.au=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fabout%2FChronology%2FChronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArian1993" class="citation book cs1">Arian, Edward (1993). <i>The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfulfilled+Promise%3A+Public+Subsidy+of+the+Arts+in+America&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Arian&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1991" class="citation book cs1">Benedict, Stephen, ed. (1991). <i>Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Money+and+the+Muse%3A+Essays+on+Government+Funding+for+the+Arts&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkiewicz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2009). "Directions in arts policy history". <i>Journal of Policy History</i>. <b>21</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">424–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030609990157">10.1017/S0898030609990157</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145674813">145674813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Directions+in+arts+policy+history&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030609990157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145674813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Binkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Donna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkiewicz2004" class="citation book cs1">Binkiewicz, Donna M. (2004). <i>Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2878-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2878-5"><bdi>0-8078-2878-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalizing+the+Muse%3A+United+States+Arts+Policy+and+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts%2C+1965%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8078-2878-5&rft.aulast=Binkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Donna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen2009" class="citation book cs1">Cowen, Tyler (2009). <i>Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+and+plenty%3A+The+creative+successes+of+American+arts+funding&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2017" class="citation journal cs1">Heath, Karen Patricia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d/download_file?safe_filename=KHeath_EJAC_2017.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">"Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism"</a>. <i>European Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fejac.36.1.5_1">10.1386/ejac.36.1.5_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164923622">164923622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Artistic+scarcity+in+an+age+of+material+abundance%3A+President+Lyndon+Johnson%2C+the+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts%2C+and+Great+Society+liberalism&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fejac.36.1.5_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164923622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Karen+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A648dbe27-79fa-4a83-abef-64a4f656619d%2Fdownload_file%3Fsafe_filename%3DKHeath_EJAC_2017.pdf%26file_format%3Dapplication%252Fpdf%26type_of_work%3DJournal%2Barticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, Richard (1995). "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F29.Supplement.17">10.1353/jsh/29.Supplement.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3789064">3789064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+culture+wars%2C+1965-1995%3A+A+historian%27s+map&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F29.Supplement.17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3789064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kammen, Michael (1996). "Culture and the State in America". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>83</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">791–</span>814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2945640">10.2307/2945640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945640">2945640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Culture+and+the+State+in+America&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E791-%3C%2Fspan%3E814&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2945640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2945640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kammen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1986" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_A._King" title="Elaine A. King">King, Elaine A.</a> (1986). <i>Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force</i> (Ph.D. dissertation). Northwestern University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pluralism+in+the+Visual+Arts+In+the+United+States%2C+1965-1978%3A+The+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts%2C+and+Influential+Force&rft.inst=Northwestern+University&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Elaine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1997" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Alan Howard (1997). <i>Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms</i>. University Press of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+the+arts%3A+Debates+over+federal+support+of+the+arts+in+America+from+George+Washington+to+Jesse+Helms&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Alan+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLove1991" class="citation journal cs1">Love, Jeffrey (1991). "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts". <i>Journal of Arts Management and Law</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07335113.1991.9943137">10.1080/07335113.1991.9943137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arts+Management+and+Law&rft.atitle=Sorting+out+our+roles%3A+The+state+arts+agencies+and+the+national+endowment+for+the+arts&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07335113.1991.9943137&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowell2004" class="citation book cs1">Lowell, Julia F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804064507/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a426980.pdf"><i>State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-3562-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-3562-2"><bdi>0-8330-3562-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a426980.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Arts+Agencies+1965-2003.+Whose+Interests+to+Serve%3F&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8330-3562-2&rft.aulast=Lowell&rft.aufirst=Julia+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa426980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquis1995" class="citation book cs1">Marquis, Alice Goldfarb (1995). <i>Art lessons: Learning from the rise and fall of public arts funding</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+lessons%3A+Learning+from+the+rise+and+fall+of+public+arts+funding&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Alice+Goldfarb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Endowment_for_the_Arts1986" class="citation book cs1">National Endowment for the Arts (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalendowmen00nati_1"><i>National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts%3A+a+brief+history%2C+1965-2006%3A+an+excerpt+--the+beginning+through+the+Hanks+era&rft.date=1986&rft.au=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalendowmen00nati_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttleyHanna2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ottley, Gary; Hanna, Richard (2018). "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA". <i>Journal of Public Affairs</i>. <b>18</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpa.1654">10.1002/pa.1654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Do+consumers+know+enough+to+assess+the+true+value+of+art%3F+A+study+of+beliefs+and+attitudes+toward+the+NEA&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpa.1654&rft.aulast=Ottley&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Hanna%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schuster, J. Mark (2002). "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States". <i>International Journal of Cultural Policy</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1028663022000009623">10.1080/1028663022000009623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143744753">143744753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&rft.atitle=Sub-national+cultural+policy--where+the+action+is%3A+Mapping+state+cultural+policy+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1028663022000009623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143744753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=J.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUy2020" class="citation book cs1">Uy, Michael Sy (2020). <i>Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197510445" title="Special:BookSources/9780197510445"><bdi>9780197510445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ask+the+Experts%3A+How+Ford%2C+Rockefeller%2C+and+the+NEA+Changed+American+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780197510445&rft.aulast=Uy&rft.aufirst=Michael+Sy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alexander" title="Jane Alexander">Alexander, Jane</a>. <i>Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics</i>. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_L._Biddle_Jr." title="Livingston L. Biddle Jr.">Biddle, Livingston</a>. <i>Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside</i> (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frohnmayer" title="John Frohnmayer">Frohnmayer, John</a>. <i>Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior</i> (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992</li> <li>Straight, Michael. <i>Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. </i> (1988) <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hanks_(art_historian)" title="Nancy Hanks (art historian)">Nancy Hanks</a> was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Endowment_for_the_Arts" class="citation book cs1">National Endowment for the Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164019/http://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html"><i>The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts</i></a>. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/about/Chronology/Chronology.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Endowment+for+the+Arts+1965-2000%3A+A+Brief+Chronology+of+Federal+Support+for+the+Arts&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.au=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fabout%2FChronology%2FChronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Endowment+for+the+Arts" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-foundation-on-the-arts-and-the-humanities">National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22National%20endowment%20for%20the%20arts%22%29">publications by and about NEA online free</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/nea.html">NEA Small Press Collection</a> From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_National_Endowment_for_the_Arts65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NEA_chairs" title="Template:NEA chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NEA_chairs" title="Template talk:NEA chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NEA_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NEA chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_National_Endowment_for_the_Arts65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairs</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Endowment for the Arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hanks_(NEA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Hanks (NEA)">Nancy Hanks</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_L._Biddle_Jr." title="Livingston L. Biddle Jr.">Livingston L. Biddle Jr.</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hodsoll" title="Frank Hodsoll">Frank Hodsoll</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frohnmayer" title="John Frohnmayer">John Frohnmayer</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Alexander" title="Jane Alexander">Jane Alexander</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ivey" title="Bill Ivey">Bill Ivey</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Hammond" title="Michael P. Hammond">Michael P. Hammond</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Gioia" title="Dana Gioia">Dana Gioia</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocco_Landesman" title="Rocco Landesman">Rocco Landesman</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Chu (page does not exist)">Jane Chu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Anne_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Anne Carter (page does not exist)">Mary Anne Carter</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Rosario_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Rosario Jackson (page does not exist)">Maria Rosario Jackson</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Honorary_Award73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template talk:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Honorary_Award73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1928–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a></i> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)"><i>Gate of Hell</i></a> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Special_Tony_Award58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_Tony_Award58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_Tony_Award" title="Special Tony Award">Special Tony Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dora_Chamberlain" title="Dora Chamberlain">Dora Chamberlain</a> / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Leventhal" title="Jules Leventhal">Jules Leventhal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burns_Mantle" title="Burns Mantle">Burns Mantle</a> / P. A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ruth Green (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Proscenium Productions (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a></i> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a href="/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company" title="Negro Ensemble Company">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / <i>La Tragedie de Carmen</i> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a></i> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway</i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. Wolfe</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lyndon_B._Johnson1144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Template talk:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lyndon B. Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lyndon_B._Johnson1144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1963–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">Texas</a> (1949–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">TX-10</a> (1937–1949)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Barriers_Act_of_1968" title="Architectural Barriers Act of 1968">Architectural Barriers Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Nutrition_Act" title="Child Nutrition Act">Child Nutrition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1965" title="Coinage Act of 1965">Coinage Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act_of_1964" title="Economic Opportunity Act of 1964">Economic Opportunity Act of 1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Head Start Program">Head Start Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Corps" title="Job Corps">Job Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_and_Secondary_Education_Act" title="Elementary and Secondary Education Act">Elementary and Secondary Education Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Lending_Act" title="Truth in Lending Act">Truth in Lending Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1968" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Stamp_Act_of_1964" title="Food Stamp Act of 1964">Food Stamp Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Act_of_1965" title="Higher Education Act of 1965">Higher Education Act of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Bound" title="Upward Bound">Upward Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIO_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRIO (program)">TRIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_Corps" title="Teacher Corps">Teacher Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Act_of_1968" title="Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968">Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">Dominican Republic occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)#History" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Endowment for the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11246" title="Executive Order 11246">Executive Order 11246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11375" title="Executive Order 11375">Executive Order 11375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#Lyndon_B._Johnson's_escalation,_1963–69" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Resolution" title="Gulf of Tonkin Resolution">Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">Credibility gap</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House" title="Committee for the Preservation of the White House">White House preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1964 State of the Union Address">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1965 State of the Union Address">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1966 State of the Union Address">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1967 State of the Union Address">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1968 State of the Union Address">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1969 State of the Union Address">1969</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Lyndon B. Johnson judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_desk" title="Johnson desk">Johnson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lyndon_Baines_Johnson/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Lyndon Baines Johnson/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/100px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/150px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg/200px-37_Lyndon_Johnson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Early_years" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Early years and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Texas" title="Operation Texas">Operation Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Texas Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Amendment" title="Johnson Amendment">Johnson Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_13_scandal" title="Box 13 scandal">Box 13 scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Ahmad_(camel_driver)" title="Bashir Ahmad (camel driver)">Bashir Ahmad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of memorials to Lyndon B. Johnson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Grassland" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland">Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_National_Historical_Park" title="Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park">Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Day" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Day">Lyndon Baines Johnson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_School_of_Public_Affairs" title="Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs">Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Memorial Grove on the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="USS Lyndon B. Johnson">USS <i>Lyndon B. Johnson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Black Jack</a> (state funeral riderless horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Electoral history of Lyndon B. Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 10th congressional district">United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections">1938 United States House of Representatives elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">United States Senate special elections, 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">1948 United States Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1954 United States Senate elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1960_and_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate elections, 1960 and 1961">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson#Personality_and_public_image" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_in_popular_culture" title="Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture">Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)"><i>Daisy</i> advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Lyndon_Johnson" title="The Years of Lyndon Johnson">The Years of Lyndon Johnson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(1991_film)" title="LBJ (1991 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (1991 television film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_to_War" title="Path to War"><i>Path to War</i> (2002 film)</a></li> <li><i>All the Way</i> (<a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(play)" title="All the Way (play)">play</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_Way_(2016_film)" title="All the Way (2016 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBJ_(2016_film)" title="LBJ (2016 film)"><i>LBJ</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Family of Lyndon B. Johnson">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Bird_Johnson_Robb" title="Lynda Bird Johnson Robb">Lynda Bird Johnson Robb</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Baines_Johnson" title="Luci Baines Johnson">Luci Baines Johnson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson_Jr." title="Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Johnson" title="Sam Houston Johnson">Sam Houston Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ealy_Johnson,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.">Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilson_Baines" title="Joseph Wilson Baines">Joseph Wilson Baines</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Baines" title="George Washington Baines">George Washington Baines</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Chuck Robb</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">← John F. Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Category:Lyndon B. Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967116#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2077" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967116#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2077" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967116#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006752">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351852p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351852p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36590614">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="National Endowment for the Arts"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2017965882&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/243144">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90801303">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000106031&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007589922105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03914738?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500281269">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032500645">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/11f9f083-1c42-45b5-9226-e3f60a015376">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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