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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lago_di_Bientina&params=43.75_N_10.64_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.75°N 10.64°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.75; 10.64</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former lake in Tuscany, Italy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Lago di Bientina</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg/264px-BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg/396px-BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg/528px-BientinaLagoDiBientina2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5052" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of the former lakebed during a flood</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lago di Bientina is located in Tuscany"><img alt="Lago di Bientina is located in Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/256px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/384px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/512px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="822" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.417%;left:35.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lago di Bientina"><img alt="Lago di Bientina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lago di Bientina</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lucca" title="Province of Lucca">Province of Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pisa" title="Province of Pisa">Province of Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lago_di_Bientina&params=43.75_N_10.64_E_source:itwiki_region:IT_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°38′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.75°N 10.64°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.75; 10.64</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serchio" title="Serchio">River Auser</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_del_Cilecchio" class="extiw" title="it:Canale del Cilecchio">Canale Imperiale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Italy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">36 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lago di Bientina</b>, also known as <b>Lago di Sesto</b>, was a lake in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Located to the north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Bientina" title="Bientina">Bientina</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, the lake was historically subject to numerous efforts at <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> due to its tendency to flood. Early attempts at canal-building and drainage in the 16th century were hampered by the lake's connection with the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno River</a>, which often led to <a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">backflow</a> and even increased flooding. </p><p>In the 19th century, by order of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Tuscany">Grand Duke</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II</a>, the lake was fully <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaimed</a> and converted to farmland. Before drainage, it was the largest lake in Tuscany. The former lake-bed is drained by a series of canals, which flow through a channel called <i>La Botte</i> ('The Barrel') underneath the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno River</a> before emptying into the <i>Canale Imperiale</i> ('Imperial Canal'), and, subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lake lay in a broad valley between two sets of hills, the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Pisano" class="extiw" title="it:Monte Pisano">Monte Pisano</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Montecarlo,_Tuscany" title="Montecarlo, Tuscany">Monte Carlo</a> to the east. From antiquity, Lago di Bientina had two sections – a large area of permanent water towards the north, known as the <i>Chiaro</i>, and a marshy area towards the south that drained in the dry season, known as the <i>Padule</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the shallowness of the valley, Lago di Bientina's size varied widely from season to season, from 16 km<sup>2</sup> (6.2 sq mi) during times of severe drought to 96 km<sup>2</sup> (37 sq mi) during floods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its average area of 36 km<sup>2</sup> (14 sq mi), it was the largest lake in Tuscany.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lake was fed from the north by the <a href="/wiki/Serchio" title="Serchio">Serchio</a> River, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Auser_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auser (river)">Auser</a>. At the southern end, the <i>Padule</i> led to several outflows that fed into a small river called the <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serezza" class="extiw" title="it:Serezza">Serezza</a>, which flowed into the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno River</a> several kilometres further downstream, and subsequently into the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history_(to_1559)"><span id="Early_history_.28to_1559.29"></span>Early history (to 1559)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history (to 1559)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> tombs have been found in the area which was once covered by the lake, indicating that it may have been at a low level in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest references to the existence of a lake north of Bientina date back to the 7th century AD. There exist stories of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> city named Sextum which was submerged to form the lake,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="implies the lake was man-made - is that right? (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but there is no documentary evidence of the existence of this city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is believed that the Romans built canals to encourage the lake's outward flow and the level of the lake was probably low during the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the shores of the lake throughout the <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">medieval period</a> was the Abbey of San Salvatore near the town of Sesto. First recorded in the mid-8th century, the Abbey was granted royal <a href="/wiki/Legal_immunity" title="Legal immunity">immunity</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> in 996 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It controlled widely scattered lands as far as <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, fishing rights in the lake, especially in the marshy <i>Padule</i>, were controlled by the town of Bientina.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> period, the Lago di Bientina marked the boundary between the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Lucca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Duchy of Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drainage_efforts_(1560–1859)"><span id="Drainage_efforts_.281560.E2.80.931859.29"></span>Drainage efforts (1560–1859)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drainage efforts (1560–1859)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg/204px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg/306px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg/408px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_before_drainage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Map of Lago di Bientina and surrounding area in the early 1800s, before drainage</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to regular flooding and the fact that the marshy <i>Padule</i> was associated with malaria, discussions regarding improving the drainage of the lake began in the 1500s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1560, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo III</a>, a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a> Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, agreed with the government of Lucca to dig a new, broader channel for the Serezza, the lake's southern outflow to the Arno. This work was completed in August 1562, lowering the level of the lake considerably and opening thousands of acres for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the prior channel of the Serezza was known as the <i>Serezza Vecchia</i> ('Old Serezza'), and closed off. Due to later modifications made to the course of the Arno river, however, the new canal rapidly lost effectiveness and the Old Serezza had to be reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, the population of Tuscany had grown considerably and attention was again given to the project of draining the Lago di Bientina in order to increase the amount of available farmland. Under the direction of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francesco di Lorena</a>, several more channels were dug from the lake to the Arno, designed by engineer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Ximenes" title="Leonardo Ximenes">Leonardo Ximenes</a>. These efforts were spurred on by serious flooding around the lake in 1768, which prompted the Lucchese government to create a commission to address the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the Arno flooded, as it did frequently at that time, these channels were liable to backflow and sometimes even led to increased flooding in the area around Lago di Bientina.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At this time the lake was well known for its <a href="/wiki/European_eel" title="European eel">eels</a> and its large population of <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">waterfowl</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, continued disputes between the Lucchese and Florentine governments over fishing rights led the people of Lucca to suggest building a wall to divide the lake in two, but this was never carried out due to its marked impracticality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_botte,_Vicopisano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg/220px-La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg/330px-La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg/440px-La_botte%2C_Vicopisano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary view of <i>La Botte</i>, which carries the waters of the Bientina valley under the Arno</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1852, the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Leopold II</a> ordered the construction of a "barrel" or channel beneath the Arno to convey the waters of the Lago di Bientina directly to the sea. This idea had been first proposed in 1699 by an engineer named Ciaccheri, but had not been carried out due to the high cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1852 and 1859 a new canal, the <i>Canale Imperiale</i>, was dug under the leadership of the engineer Alessandro Manetti. The channel known as <i>La Botte</i> was constructed beneath the Arno, consisting of a double-barreled siphon 250 meters long which was inaugurated in December 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This largely completed the draining of the Lago di Bientina, circumventing the troublesome Arno altogether and draining the valley of the Lago di Bientina directly to the Ligurian Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-drainage_history_(1860–present)"><span id="Post-drainage_history_.281860.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Post-drainage history (1860–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-drainage history (1860–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg/220px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg/330px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg/440px-Map_of_Lago_di_Bientina_and_surrounding_area_after_drainage_showing_La_Botte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map of former Lago di Bientina and surrounding area in the late 1800s, after drainage, showing canals and <i>La Botte</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The drained land was converted to farmland and divided among tenant farmers around the time of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. However, as the years passed, the efficiency of the drainage system began to decrease due to leaks and mechanical failures, and by 1907 it was necessary to set up a commission to install mechanical pumps to ensure the continued drainage of the former area of Lago di Bientina. Between 1915 and 1930, additional work was done to widen and deepen the canals leading from the region towards <i>La Botte</i> and the drainage under the Arno.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Degradation of the drainage system was hastened by the post-war <a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">development of industry</a> and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Outfall" title="Outfall">civil discharge</a> in the region, and by 1967 the area was in danger of reverting to marsh. This situation was considered untenable due to the large population and substantial industry supported in the former lakebed. A plan was developed to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> of the lake-bed of the Lago di Bientina and was presented to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agricultural,_Food_and_Forestry_Policies_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (Italy)">Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this plan was not fully carried out, and the area, primarily farmland, still experiences regular flooding after heavy rains. In the dry season, however, the only trace of the lake is found in the canals of the region and a small hill in the center of the plain, which was previously an island called <i>Isola di San Benedetto</i> (<a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St. Benedict's</a> Island).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParenti2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parenti, Gabriele (17 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065528/http://www.stamptoscana.it/articolo/ambiente/sulle-tracce-lago-perduto">"Between Bientina and Lucca, on the trail of the lost lake"</a>. <i>StampToscana</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stamptoscana.it/articolo/ambiente/sulle-tracce-lago-perduto">the original</a> on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StampToscana&rft.atitle=Between+Bientina+and+Lucca%2C+on+the+trail+of+the+lost+lake&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stamptoscana.it%2Farticolo%2Fambiente%2Fsulle-tracce-lago-perduto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Irrigation_and_Drainage_European_Regional_Conference2005" class="citation book cs1">International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage European Regional Conference (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXwGrryd7sC&pg=PA81"><i>Integrated Land and Water Resources Management in History: Proceedings of the Special Session on History, May 16th, 2005</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 78–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-2463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8334-2463-2"><bdi>978-3-8334-2463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+Land+and+Water+Resources+Management+in+History%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Special+Session+on+History%2C+May+16th%2C+2005&rft.pages=78-83&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8334-2463-2&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Irrigation+and+Drainage+European+Regional+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCAXwGrryd7sC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagli2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zagli, Andrea (2001). <i>Il lago e la comunitá: Storia di Bientina, un" castello" di pescatori nella Toscana moderna</i> [<i>The Lake and the Community: A History of Bientina, A Fisherman's "Castle" in Modern Tuscany</i>] (in Italian). Florence: Polistampa. pp. 212–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8883043286" title="Special:BookSources/8883043286"><bdi>8883043286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+lago+e+la+comunit%C3%A1%3A+Storia+di+Bientina%2C+un%22+castello%22+di+pescatori+nella+Toscana+moderna&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=212-13&rft.pub=Polistampa&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=8883043286&rft.aulast=Zagli&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapolitano" class="citation web cs1">Napolitano, Daniele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toscanaovunquebella.it/en/bientina/the-city-in-the-vanished-lake">"Bientina - The City in the Vanished Lake"</a>. <i>www.toscanaovunquebella.it</i>. Regione Toscana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.toscanaovunquebella.it&rft.atitle=Bientina+-+The+City+in+the+Vanished+Lake&rft.aulast=Napolitano&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.toscanaovunquebella.it%2Fen%2Fbientina%2Fthe-city-in-the-vanished-lake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuhrmann1986" class="citation book cs1">Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12970533"><i>Germany in the High Middle Ages, c. 1050-1200</i></a>. Translated by Reuter, Timothy. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26638-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26638-6"><bdi>0-521-26638-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12970533">12970533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%2C+c.+1050-1200&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BCambridgeshire%5D&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12970533&rft.isbn=0-521-26638-6&rft.aulast=Fuhrmann&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12970533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldevik2012" class="citation book cs1">Eldevik, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmNIFLkhfVAC&pg=PA134"><i>Episcopal Power and Ecclesiastical Reform in the German Empire: Tithes, Lordship, and Community, 950–1150</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19346-7"><bdi>978-0-521-19346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Episcopal+Power+and+Ecclesiastical+Reform+in+the+German+Empire%3A+Tithes%2C+Lordship%2C+and+Community%2C+950%E2%80%931150&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19346-7&rft.aulast=Eldevik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlmNIFLkhfVAC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagrini2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magrini, Graziano (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheFormerLakeOfBientina.html">"The former Lake of Bientina"</a>. <i>brunelleschi.imss.fi.it</i> (in Italian). Catherine Frost (translator). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515014854/https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheFormerLakeOfBientina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brunelleschi.imss.fi.it&rft.atitle=The+former+Lake+of+Bientina&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Magrini&rft.aufirst=Graziano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fitineraries%2Fplace%2FTheFormerLakeOfBientina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIlMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1456"><i>The Lancet, Volume 2, Part 2</i></a>. J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www502.regione.toscana.it&rft.atitle=Cartographia+Storica+Regionale%3A+Scheda+dettaglio&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww502.regione.toscana.it%2Fsearcherlite%2Fcartografia_storica_regionale_scheda_dettaglio.jsp%3Fimgid%3D12774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064927/http://www.archiviodistatoinlucca.beniculturali.it/ips/nodes/824846">"Archivio di Stato di Lucca"</a> [Luccha State Archives]. <i>www.archiviodistatoinlucca.beniculturali.it</i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviodistatoinlucca.beniculturali.it/ips/nodes/824846">the original</a> on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archiviodistatoinlucca.beniculturali.it&rft.atitle=Archivio+di+Stato+di+Lucca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiviodistatoinlucca.beniculturali.it%2Fips%2Fnodes%2F824846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozetti1792" class="citation book cs1">Tozetti, Targione (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vixZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA504">"Travels in Tuscany"</a>. <i>The Monthly Review Or Literary Journal Enlarged</i>. Vol. II. Griffiths. p. 504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Travels+in+Tuscany&rft.btitle=The+Monthly+Review+Or+Literary+Journal+Enlarged&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Griffiths&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Tozetti&rft.aufirst=Targione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvixZAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalotti2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Palotti, Carlo (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cascinanotizie.it/la-botte-dopo-157-anni-resta-una-delle-opere-di-idraulica-pi%C3%B9-importanti-ditalia-e-deuropa-oggi-la">"La Botte, dopo 157 anni resta una delle opere di idraulica più importanti d'Italia e d'Europa. Oggi la visita di Eugenio Giani"</a> [La Botte, after 157 years, remains one of the most important hydraulic works in Italy and Europe. Today Eugenio Giani visited the site.]. <i>Cascina Notizie</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141431/http://www.cascinanotizie.it/la-botte-dopo-157-anni-resta-una-delle-opere-di-idraulica-pi%C3%B9-importanti-ditalia-e-deuropa-oggi-la">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cascina+Notizie&rft.atitle=La+Botte%2C+dopo+157+anni+resta+una+delle+opere+di+idraulica+pi%C3%B9+importanti+d%27Italia+e+d%27Europa.+Oggi+la+visita+di+Eugenio+Giani.&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Palotti&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cascinanotizie.it%2Fla-botte-dopo-157-anni-resta-una-delle-opere-di-idraulica-pi%25C3%25B9-importanti-ditalia-e-deuropa-oggi-la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCialdi1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cialdi, Alessandro (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzpWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Sul nuovo emissario del lago di Bientina e sulla botte sotto l'Arno</i></a> [<i>On the new emissary of Lake Bientina and on the barrel under the Arno.</i>] (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sul+nuovo+emissario+del+lago+di+Bientina+e+sulla+botte+sotto+l%27Arno.&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Cialdi&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzpWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini" class="citation web cs1">Pacini, Francesco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www502.regione.toscana.it/searcherlite/cartografia_storica_regionale_scheda_dettaglio.jsp?imgid=12794">"Profile of the Sesto or Bientina lake"</a> [Regional Historical Cartography: detail card]. <i>Castore: Cartografia Storica Regionale</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223456/http://www502.regione.toscana.it/searcherlite/cartografia_storica_regionale_scheda_dettaglio.jsp?imgid=12794">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castore%3A+Cartografia+Storica+Regionale&rft.atitle=Profile+of+the+Sesto+or+Bientina+lake&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww502.regione.toscana.it%2Fsearcherlite%2Fcartografia_storica_regionale_scheda_dettaglio.jsp%3Fimgid%3D12794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALago+di+Bientina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barsanti, Danilo & Rombai, Leonardo. <i>The "water war" in Tuscany. History of land reclamation from the Medici to the Agricultural Reform</i>, Florence, Edizioni Medicea, 1986, pp. 63–80. IT 0025727.</li> <li>Caciagli, Giuseppe. <i>Lake of Bientina: Historical and hydrogeological events</i>, Pontedera, 1984. IT 0285324.</li> <li>Cialdi, Alessandro. <i>On the</i> <i>New Outlet of the Bientina Lake and on the Barrel under the Arno</i>, 1857.</li> <li>Fasoli, Patrizia. <i>Reclamation and Agricultural Landscape: Bientina</i>, Museo Galileo Collection, Buti, 1981.</li> <li>Rombai, Leondardo. <i>Hydraulic science and water problems in late-eighteenth-century Tuscany</i> in <i>The politics of science: Tuscany and the Italian states in the late eighteenth century</i>, Proceedings of the Conference of Florence 27–29 January 1994, Florence, Leo S. Olschki, 1996, pp. 171–205. IT 0292685.</li> <li>Zagli, Andrea. <i>The lake and the community. History of Bientina: a Castle of fishermen in modern Tuscany</i>, Florence, Polistampa, 2001. IT 0379231.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/19px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/29px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/38px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&oldid=1221472362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lago_di_Bientina&oldid=1221472362</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Tuscany" title="Category:Lakes of Tuscany">Lakes of Tuscany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_lakes_of_Italy" title="Category:Former lakes of Italy">Former lakes of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flood_control_in_Italy" title="Category:Flood control in Italy">Flood control in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drainage" title="Category:Drainage">Drainage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_reclamation" title="Category:Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li></ul></div><div 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