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(min-width: 81.25em){.has-page-skin .l-header .gs-container{width:61.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 20em){.l-header{background:#005689}}.l-header--is-slim{background:#005689}.l-header--is-slim .l-header__inner:after,.l-header--is-slim .l-header__inner:before{content:'';display:table}.l-header--is-slim .l-header__inner:after{clear:both}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.l-header--is-slim .l-header__inner{background:#005689}}.l-header--is-slim.l-header--is-slim-ab{background:#005689}.l-header--is-slim .hide-on-slim-header{display:none !important}.l-header--is-slim .show-on-slim-header{display:block !important}.l-header--animate{-webkit-transition:margin-top 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0, 0.985);transition:margin-top 1s cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0, 0.985)}.logo-wrapper{position:relative;float:right;margin:0.1875rem 0.625rem 0.75rem 0}.logo-wrapper svg{width:10rem;height:1.875rem}.logo-wrapper .logo-tagline{height:0}.logo-wrapper .logo-tagline__link{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;position:absolute;top:3rem;right:0.125rem;color:#aad8f1;font-weight:bold}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.logo-wrapper{margin-right:1.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.logo-wrapper{margin-top:0.375rem;margin-bottom:0.375rem}.logo-wrapper svg{width:20rem;height:3.75rem}}.l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper{margin-top:0.5625rem;margin-bottom:0;float:left}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper{margin-right:0.625rem}}@media all and (max-width: 46.24em){.l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper{margin-top:0.9rem;margin-right:0}.l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper svg{width:8.375rem;height:1.30859rem}}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper svg{width:10rem;height:1.875rem}}.no-svg .l-header--is-slim .logo-wrapper .inline-logo{width:10rem;height:1.875rem}.logo-wrapper .inline-logo{display:block}.no-svg .logo-wrapper .inline-logo{width:10rem;height:1.875rem}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.no-svg .logo-wrapper .inline-logo{width:20rem;height:3.75rem}}.l-header-pre,.l-header--is-slim .l-header-pre{float:left}.l-header-pre{min-width:8.75rem;z-index:1020;position:relative}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.l-header-pre{float:none}}.l-header-main{position:relative;z-index:2}.l-header--is-slim .l-header-main{float:right}.nav-is-open{overflow:hidden;position:fixed;width:100%}.new-header{background-color:#005689}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.new-header{display:none !important}}.new-header__inner{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-align:start;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start}.new-header__logo-wrapper{padding-top:0.375rem;padding-bottom:0.375rem;margin-left:auto}.new-header__logo__svg{display:block;height:auto;padding-right:0.625rem}@media all and (max-width: 23.4275em){.new-header__logo__svg{width:10.625rem;height:-webkit-calc(3 / 16 * 10.625rem);height:calc(3 / 16 * 10.625rem)}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.new-header__logo__svg{width:14.0625rem;height:-webkit-calc(3 / 16 * 14.0625rem);height:calc(3 / 16 * 14.0625rem)}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.new-header__logo__svg{width:16.25rem;height:-webkit-calc(3 / 16 * 16.25rem);height:calc(3 / 16 * 16.25rem);padding:0.375rem 0.625rem 0;margin-right:0.625rem}}.new-header__nav{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;line-height:1.875rem;width:100%;overflow:hidden}@media all and (max-width: 19.99em){.new-header__nav{height:1.875rem;margin-right:4.85417rem}}@media all and (min-width: 20em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.new-header__nav{font-size:5.1vw}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.new-header__nav{line-height:2.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.new-header__nav{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2.625rem;margin-left:0.625rem}}.new-header__nav__menu-button{position:absolute;border:0;outline:none;-webkit-border-radius:100%;border-radius:100%;z-index:1049;background-color:#4bc6df;cursor:pointer;bottom:-0.375rem}@media all and (max-width: 23.4275em){.new-header__nav__menu-button{height:2.625rem;min-width:2.625rem;right:1.8125rem}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em){.new-header__nav__menu-button{height:3.25rem;width:3.25rem;right:2.3125rem}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.new-header__nav__menu-button{right:3.4375rem}}.new-header__nav__menu-button--open{z-index:1071;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 0 0.0625rem rgba(0,0,0,0.08);box-shadow:0 0 0 0.0625rem rgba(0,0,0,0.08)}.new-header__nav__menu-button--open:before{content:'';position:absolute}@media all and (max-width: 23.4275em){.new-header__nav__menu-button--open:before{height:5.25rem;width:2.625rem;top:-1.3125rem;right:1.3125rem;-webkit-border-radius:5.25rem 0 0 5.25rem;border-radius:5.25rem 0 0 5.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em){.new-header__nav__menu-button--open:before{height:6.5rem;width:3.25rem;top:-1.625rem;right:1.625rem;-webkit-border-radius:6.5rem 0 0 6.5rem;border-radius:6.5rem 0 0 6.5rem}}.new-header__veggie-burger-icon{top:50%;display:block;margin-top:-0.0625rem;left:0;right:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.new-header__veggie-burger-icon,.new-header__veggie-burger-icon:before,.new-header__veggie-burger-icon:after{content:'';position:absolute;width:1.25rem;height:0.125rem;background-color:#ffffff}.new-header__veggie-burger-icon:before{top:-0.3125rem}.new-header__veggie-burger-icon:after{bottom:-0.3125rem}.new-header__nav__menu-button--open .new-header__veggie-burger-icon{background-color:transparent}.new-header__nav__menu-button--open .new-header__veggie-burger-icon:before{top:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg)}.new-header__nav__menu-button--open .new-header__veggie-burger-icon:after{bottom:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg)}.new-header__nav__link{color:#aad8f1;position:relative;padding-left:.3em;padding-right:.35em;float:left;cursor:pointer}.new-header__nav__link:focus,.new-header__nav__link:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#ffffff}.new-header__nav__link:first-child{padding-left:0.625rem}.new-header__nav__link:after{position:absolute;pointer-events:none;content:'/';top:0;right:-.19em;color:#4bc6df}.new-header__nav__link:last-of-type:after{content:none}[data-link-name='nav2 : primary : life']{padding-left:.35em;padding-right:.8em}.main-menu-container{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;line-height:1;z-index:1070;-webkit-box-shadow:0.1875rem 0 1rem rgba(0,0,0,0.4);box-shadow:0.1875rem 0 1rem rgba(0,0,0,0.4)}.main-menu-container__overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.5);position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:opacity 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);z-index:1050;display:none}.main-menu-container__menu{height:100%;background-color:#00456e;color:#ffffff;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-transform:lowercase;overflow:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;font-size:1.25rem;will-change:transform;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), -webkit-transform 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1)}@media all and (max-width: 23.4275em){.main-menu-container__menu{padding-top:0.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em){.main-menu-container__menu{font-size:1.375rem;padding-top:0.75rem}}.main-menu-container.off-screen .main-menu-container__menu{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), -webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1)}.new-header__nav__button{display:none}.main-menu-container{-webkit-transform:translateX(-110%);transform:translateX(-110%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), -webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1)}@media all and (max-width: 23.4275em){.main-menu-container{margin-right:3.125rem}}@media all and (min-width: 23.4375em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.main-menu-container{margin-right:3.9375rem}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.main-menu-container{margin-right:5.0625rem}}.new-header__nav__button:checked ~ .main-menu-container,.new-header__nav__button[aria-expanded='true'] ~ .main-menu-container{-webkit-transform:translateX(0%);transform:translateX(0%);-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:-webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1), -webkit-transform 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1)}.new-header__nav__button:checked ~ .main-menu-container__overlay,.new-header__nav__button[aria-expanded='true'] ~ .main-menu-container__overlay{opacity:1;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);transition:opacity 0.4s cubic-bezier(0.23, 1, 0.32, 1);display:block}.main-navigation{margin-left:0;margin-top:-0.0625rem;margin-bottom:0;text-transform:lowercase;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;overflow:hidden}.main-navigation__item{list-style:none;color:#aad8f1;width:100%}.main-navigation__item__button{position:relative;padding-top:0.375rem;padding-left:3.125rem;padding-bottom:1rem;cursor:pointer;font-size:1em}.main-navigation__item__button:focus,.main-navigation__item__button:hover{outline:0}.main-navigation__item__button::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.main-navigation__item__button .main-menu__icon--chevron:before{border-color:#197caa}.main-menu__icon--chevron{margin-top:-.2em}.main-menu__icon--chevron:before{content:'';display:inline-block;width:0.5rem;height:0.5rem;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);border-width:0.125rem;border-style:solid;border-top:0;border-left:0}details[open] .main-menu__icon--chevron{margin-top:.1em}details[open] .main-menu__icon--chevron:before{-webkit-transform:rotate(-135deg);transform:rotate(-135deg)}.main-menu__icon{position:absolute;left:0.625rem;text-align:center;width:2.5rem}.main-menu__icon__svg{fill:#197caa;margin-top:-.05em;width:1em;height:1em}.main-navigation__secondary{color:#ffffff;background-color:#003b5e;padding-bottom:0.375rem}.main-navigation__secondary .main-menu__icon__svg{margin-top:-.24em;width:.8em;height:.8em}.navigation-border,[data-link-name='nav2 : crosswords'],[data-link-name="nav2 : today's paper"]{margin-top:-0.0625rem;position:relative}.navigation-border:before,[data-link-name='nav2 : crosswords']:before,[data-link-name="nav2 : today's paper"]:before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:3.125rem;right:0;height:0.0625rem;background:#003b5e}[data-link-name='nav2 : crosswords'],[data-link-name="nav2 : today's paper"]{margin-top:0.75rem}.navigation-group{margin-left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.navigation-group li:last-child{padding-bottom:0.75rem}.navigation-group--contrast{color:#00456e;background-color:#4bc6df}.navigation-group--contrast .main-menu__icon__svg{fill:#005689}.navigation-group--contrast .personalisation__icon:before{border-color:#005689}.navigation-group__item{list-style:none;position:relative;font-size:1em}.navigation-group__item a{display:block;padding-top:0.5rem;padding-left:3.125rem;padding-right:1.25rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;color:inherit}.navigation-group__item a:focus,.navigation-group__item a:hover{text-decoration:none;outline:0}.secondary-navigation{font-size:.9em}.secondary-navigation:last-child{margin-bottom:2.25rem}.main-menu__icon--social__svg{margin-top:-.4em;width:1.8em;height:1.8em}.navigation-group__search-container{font-size:.8em;margin:0.375rem 2.5rem 0.75rem 0.625rem;overflow:hidden}.navigation-group__search-box{border:0;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#005689;padding-left:2.5rem;-webkit-border-radius:62.5rem;border-radius:62.5rem;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;height:2.25rem;width:100%;max-width:18.75rem}.navigation-group__search-box::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#ffffff}.navigation-group__search-box::-moz-placeholder{color:#ffffff}.navigation-group__search-box:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ffffff}.navigation-group__search-box::placeholder{color:#ffffff}.navigation-group__search-box:focus{outline:none;color:#333;background-color:#ffffff}.navigation-group__search-box:focus::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#bdbdbd}.navigation-group__search-box:focus::-moz-placeholder{color:#bdbdbd}.navigation-group__search-box:focus:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bdbdbd}.navigation-group__search-box:focus::placeholder{color:#bdbdbd}.navigation-group__search-box:focus ~ label .main-menu__icon--search{fill:#767676}.main-menu__icon--search{top:0.5625rem}.main-menu__icon--search__svg{margin-top:0;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem}.navigation-group__item--user-account .user-account__signed-in{display:none}.navigation-group__item--user-account .user-account__signed-in .main-navigation__item__button{padding-bottom:0.5rem}.navigation-group__item--user-account.user-signed-in .user-account__signed-in{display:block}.navigation-group__item--user-account.user-signed-in .user-account__login{display:none}.personalisation__links{margin-left:0;background-color:#25b5d2}.navigation-group__item--edition-picker .main-navigation__item__button{padding-bottom:0.5rem}.navigation-group__item--edition-picker .personalisation__links{margin-bottom:-0.75rem}.personalisation__link{color:#00456e}.personalisation__link--active{color:#00456e;position:relative;font-weight:bold}.personalisation__link--active:before{content:'';position:absolute;top:0.5rem;left:1.625rem;width:0.3125rem;height:0.75rem;border-width:0.125rem;border-style:solid;border-color:currentColor;border-top:0;border-left:0;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg)}.no-text-transform{text-transform:none}@media all and (max-width: 46.24em){.has-new-header .weather{padding-top:0.0625rem}.has-new-header .fc-container--first .fc-container__inner,.has-new-header .index-page-header{padding-top:0.5625rem}.has-new-header .content__labels{padding:0.5625rem 0}}.tertiary-navigation{background-color:#747a81;padding-top:0.25rem;padding-left:0.625rem;padding-right:3.9375rem;margin-left:-0.25rem;border-bottom:0.25rem solid #747a81;max-height:2.55rem;overflow:hidden;z-index:1;position:relative}@media all and (min-width: 20em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.tertiary-navigation{max-height:2.625rem;max-height:13vw;margin-left:-.3em}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.tertiary-navigation{max-height:3.6rem;padding-left:1.25rem;margin-left:-0.3125rem;padding-right:5.0625rem}}.tertiary-navigation__link{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida Grande",sans-serif;position:relative;padding-left:.3em;padding-right:.35em;float:left;color:#dcdcdc;line-height:1.3em}.tertiary-navigation__link:hover,.tertiary-navigation__link:focus{text-decoration:none;color:#ffffff}@media all and (min-width: 20em) and (max-width: 29.99em){.tertiary-navigation__link{font-size:1rem;font-size:5.1vw}}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.tertiary-navigation__link{font-size:1.375rem}}.tertiary-navigation__link:after{position:absolute;pointer-events:none;content:'/';top:0;right:-.19em;color:rgba(255,255,255,0.3)}.tertiary-navigation__link:last-of-type:after{content:none}.tertiary-navigation__link--current-section{color:#ffffff}@media all and (max-width: 29.99em){.has-new-header .content__head:not(.tonal__head--tone-dead):not(.tonal__head--tone-live):not(.tonal__head--tone-media){margin-right:-0.625rem;margin-left:-0.625rem}}@media all and (min-width: 30em) and (max-width: 41.24em){.has-new-header .content__head:not(.tonal__head--tone-dead):not(.tonal__head--tone-live):not(.tonal__head--tone-media){margin-right:-1.25rem;margin-left:-1.25rem}}@media all and (min-width: 41.25em) and (max-width: 46.24em){.has-new-header .media-primary,.has-new-header .content__head{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem}}@media all and (max-width: 46.24em){.has-new-header .content__headline{padding-top:0.25rem}.has-new-header .inline-expand-image,.has-new-header .content__labels{display:none}.has-new-header .reveal-caption{position:absolute;right:0.3125rem;width:2rem;height:2rem;z-index:1;background-color:rgba(51,51,51,0.4);-webkit-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%}.has-new-header .reveal-caption--img{bottom:0.375rem}.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--video{padding-bottom:0}.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--img{position:absolute;background:rgba(22,22,22,0.8);color:#ffffff;display:none;padding:0.375rem 2.5rem 0.75rem 0.625rem;max-width:100%}}@media all and (max-width: 46.24em) and (min-width: 30em){.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--img{padding-left:1.25rem}}@media all and (max-width: 46.24em){.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--img a{color:#ffffff}.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--img.caption--img{bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.75rem}.has-new-header .caption--main.caption--img:before{content:none}.has-new-header input[id='show-caption']:checked ~ .caption--main{display:block}.has-new-header input[id='show-caption']:checked ~ .reveal-caption{background-color:#161616}.has-new-header .tonal--tone-media .content__headline--gallery{padding-top:0.375rem}.has-new-header .section-indicator{color:#ffffff}.has-new-header .section-indicator:before{content:'';position:absolute;left:50%;bottom:0;margin-left:-0.375rem;border-bottom:0.375rem solid #747a81;border-left:0.375rem solid transparent;border-right:0.375rem solid transparent}}.l-footer{position:absolute;z-index:1015;width:100%}.footer__back-to-top__container{padding-left:0.625rem;padding-right:0.625rem;background-color:#005689}@media all and (min-width: 30em){.footer__back-to-top__container{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}}a:hover>.footer__back-to-top__container,a:focus>.footer__back-to-top__container{background-color:#00456e}.footer__back-to-top{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.375rem;font-family:"Guardian Text Sans Web","Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,"Lucida 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.nav__link{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25rem;font-family:"Guardian Egyptian Web","Guardian Text Egyptian Web",Georgia,serif;font-weight:900;display:block;padding:0.1875rem 0 1rem;border-top:0.0625rem solid #f0f0f0;height:auto;background-color:transparent;-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased;text-decoration:none}.nav--columns .nav__link:link,.nav--columns .nav__link:visited{color:#333}.nav--columns .nav__link:hover,.nav--columns .nav__link:focus{color:#94b1ca}.nav--columns-football{padding-top:0.5rem;padding-bottom:0.25rem}.nav .nav__item .nav__link--faded:link,.nav .nav__item .nav__link--faded:visited{color:#767676}.nav .nav__item .nav__link--faded:hover,.nav .nav__item .nav__link--faded:focus{color:#94b1ca}.nav--columns-football,.nav--no-horizontal-spacing{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}@media all and (min-width: 46.25em){.nav--guardian-services .nav__link{position:relative;top:-0.0625rem}}.video-nav-test-icon 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class="gs-container"> <div class="content__main-column u-cf"> <div class="content__labels content__labels--not-immersive "> <div class="content__section-label "> <a class="content__section-label__link" data-link-name="article section" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/supernovae"> Supernovae </a> </div> </div> <h1 class="content__headline js-score" itemprop="headline"> Massive supernova visible millions of light years from Earth </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tonal__standfirst u-cf"> <div class="gs-container"> <div class="content__main-column"> <div class="content__standfirst" data-link-name="standfirst" data-component="standfirst"> <meta itemprop="description" content="California observatory spots dying star 10,000 times brighter than the sun before explosion in a spiral galaxy 160m light years from constellation of Pegasus"/> <p>California observatory spots dying star 10,000 times brighter than the sun before explosion in a spiral galaxy 160m light years from constellation of Pegasus </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mobile-only"> </div> <div class="content__main tonal__main tonal__main--tone-news"> <div class="gs-container"> <div class="content__main-column content__main-column--article js-content-main-column "> <div class="js-sport-tabs football-tabs content__mobile-full-width"></div> <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="media-primary media-content() " data-media-id="bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029" id="img-1"> <meta itemprop="representativeOfPage" content="true"> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/2000.jpg?w=700&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=42eb8444e70e45753dea043669080dcd"> <meta itemprop="width" content="2000"> <meta itemprop="height" content="1200"> <a href="#img-1" class="article__img-container js-gallerythumbs" data-link-name="Launch Article Lightbox" data-is-ajax> <div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="padding-bottom: 60.00%"> <picture>  <source media="(min-width: 980px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 980px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=620&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=be6f66864736c3a859148ced01c288ed 1240w"/> <source media="(min-width: 980px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=620&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=9e3f3a1e0c6fc677cdbdd4240daa7421 620w"/> <source media="(min-width: 740px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 740px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="700px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=700&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=f011e8b381848bf8427c496a830795e3 1400w"/> <source media="(min-width: 740px)" sizes="700px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=700&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=f3af92fa8437e8c29aab660dfeead76f 700w"/> <source media="(min-width: 660px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 660px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=620&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=be6f66864736c3a859148ced01c288ed 1240w"/> <source media="(min-width: 660px)" sizes="620px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=620&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=9e3f3a1e0c6fc677cdbdd4240daa7421 620w"/> <source media="(min-width: 480px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 480px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="645px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=645&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=6db72f6d8462d79212e7f15fb762192e 1290w"/> <source media="(min-width: 480px)" sizes="645px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=645&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=e38379b859bcdb20005cbf129a37b39e 645w"/> <source media="(min-width: 0px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=465&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=0741d6477b07bfcc883bc1477fc757ad 930w"/> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="465px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=465&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=000f07c84abe91639671ce5faa193738 465w"/>  <img class="maxed responsive-img" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="A distant star in spiral galaxy named NGC7610 detonated in 2013 with a massive supernova. This artist’s impression shows another supernova known as SN 2006gy." src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/bf4698cfb8b1f1eaaca47e083bd03c21b6e80029/0_367_2000_1200/master/2000.jpg?w=300&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=579c0ab3b8fa71feec0bc886c78d2293"/> </picture> </div> <span class="inline-expand-image inline-icon centered-icon rounded-icon article__fullscreen modern-visible"> <svg width="22" height="22" viewbox="0 0 22 22" class="centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg article__fullscreen__svg modern-visible__svg inline-expand-image__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path d="M3.4 20.2L9 14.5 7.5 13l-5.7 5.6L1 14H0v7.5l.5.5H8v-1l-4.6-.8M18.7 1.9L13 7.6 14.4 9l5.7-5.7.5 4.7h1.2V.6l-.5-.5H14v1.2l4.7.6"/> </svg> </span> </a> <input type="checkbox" id="show-caption" class="mobile-only u-h"> <label class="mobile-only reveal-caption reveal-caption--img" for="show-caption"> <span class="inline-information inline-icon reveal-caption-icon centered-icon"> <svg width="6" height="14" viewbox="0 0 6 14" class="reveal-caption-icon__svg centered-icon__svg inline-information__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path d="M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3 .6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9 0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z"/> </svg> </span> </label> <figcaption class="caption caption--main caption--img" itemprop="description"> A distant star in spiral galaxy named NGC7610 detonated in 2013 with a massive supernova. This artist’s impression shows another supernova known as SN 2006gy. Photograph: Nasa/Chandra/X-Ray Centre/M Weiss/Ho/EPA </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mobile-only"> <header class="content__head tonal__head tonal__head--tone-news "> <div class="content__header tonal__header"> <div class="gs-container"> <div class="content__main-column u-cf"> <div class="content__labels content__labels--not-immersive "> <div class="content__section-label "> <a class="content__section-label__link" data-link-name="article section" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/supernovae"> Supernovae </a> </div> </div> <h1 class="content__headline js-score" itemprop="headline"> Massive supernova visible millions of light years from Earth </h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tonal__standfirst u-cf"> <div class="gs-container"> <div class="content__main-column"> <div class="content__standfirst" data-link-name="standfirst" data-component="standfirst"> <meta itemprop="description" content="California observatory spots dying star 10,000 times brighter than the sun before explosion in a spiral galaxy 160m light years from constellation of Pegasus"/> <p>California observatory spots dying star 10,000 times brighter than the sun before explosion in a spiral galaxy 160m light years from constellation of Pegasus </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="content__meta-container js-content-meta js-football-meta u-cf content__meta-container--twitter "> <div class="meta__extras "> <div class="meta__social" data-component="share"> <ul class="social social--top js-social--top u-unstyled u-cf" data-component="social"> <li class="social__item social__item--facebook " data-link-name="facebook"> <a class="social__action js-social__action--top social-icon-wrapper" data-link-name="social top" 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itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemprop="author"> <a rel="author" class="tone-colour" itemprop="sameAs" data-link-name="auto tag link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/iansample"><span itemprop="name">Ian Sample</span></a></span> Science editor</p> <div class="meta__twitter"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/http://twitter.com/iansample" data-link-name="twitter-handle" data-component="meta-twitter-handle" class="button button--small button--secondary tone-colour "> <span class="inline-twitter-bird inline-icon inline-tone-fill i-left"> <svg width="14" height="14" viewbox="-298 390 14 14" class="inline-tone-fill__svg i-left__svg inline-twitter-bird__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path d="M-284 392.6c-.5.2-1.1.4-1.6.5.6-.4 1-.9 1.3-1.6-.6.3-1.2.6-1.8.7-.5-.6-1.3-.9-2.1-.9-1.6 0-2.9 1.3-2.9 2.9 0 .2 0 .4.1.7-2.4-.1-4.5-1.3-5.9-3-.2.4-.4.9-.4 1.4 0 1 .5 1.9 1.3 2.4-.5 0-.9-.1-1.3-.4 0 1.4 1 2.6 2.3 2.8-.2.1-.5.1-.8.1-.2 0-.4 0-.5-.1.4 1.1 1.4 2 2.7 2-1 .8-2.2 1.2-3.6 1.2h-.7c1.3.8 2.8 1.3 4.4 1.3 5.3 0 8.2-4.4 8.2-8.2v-.4c.3-.2.8-.8 1.3-1.4"/> </svg> </span> <div class="contact hide-until-leftcol ">@iansample</div> </a> </div> <p class="content__dateline" aria-hidden="true"> <time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017-02-13T11:01:29-0500" data-timestamp="1487001689000" class="content__dateline-wpd js-wpd"> Monday 13 February 2017 <span class="content__dateline-time">11.01 EST</span> </time> <time datetime="2017-02-13T11:21:22-0500" data-timestamp="1487002882000" class="content__dateline-lm js-lm u-h" itemprop="dateModified"> Last modified on Monday 13 February 2017 <span class="content__dateline-time">11.21 EST</span> </time> </p> </div> <div class="content__article-body from-content-api js-article__body" itemprop="articleBody" data-test-id="article-review-body"> <p>Astronomers have captured the early death throes of a massive star that was torn apart in a violent explosion in a galaxy far from Earth.<br></p> <p>The star was already 10,000 times brighter than the sun when it collapsed in a supernova that made it shine so intensely it was visible from modern telescopes in orbit and on the ground.<br></p> <p>Using an observatory on Palomar Mountain near San Diego, California, scientists spotted the brilliant flash of the explosion within three hours of it reaching Earth. They immediately alerted other telescope operators who swiftly turned their instruments on the stellar wreckage.<br></p> <p>Thought to be a red supergiant more than 10 times the mass of the sun and several hundred times larger, the star detonated in a spiral galaxy named NGC7610 which sits 160m light years away in the constellation of Pegasus.<br></p> <p>It is the first time that astronomers have measured light from a supernova in its infancy, a feat that Norbert Langer, an astrophysicist at the University of Bonn who was not involved in the study, called “a remarkable achievement”.<br></p> <p>Measurements of the dying star show that it was shrouded in a 10bn-km-thick cloud of gas which formed when material equivalent to a thousand Earths blasted from the surface in the final year of the star’s lifetime.<br></p> <figure itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" data-component="image" class="element element-image img--landscape 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(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.25), (min-width: 0px) and (min-resolution: 120dpi)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/adca8d3b07800709be19475b8c452cb2b11ceb4d/0_0_1024_1024/master/1024.jpg?w=445&q=20&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&dpr=2&s=7cae79b6d45ca2559bacc73a9f4975ca 890w"> <source media="(min-width: 0px)" sizes="445px" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456im_/https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/adca8d3b07800709be19475b8c452cb2b11ceb4d/0_0_1024_1024/master/1024.jpg?w=445&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=fdd6c80efb48aaff19759c3b44c305e4 445w">  <img class="gu-image" itemprop="contentUrl" alt="Diagram of the star PTF13dqy (SN2013fs) exploded in a relatively nearby (160m light years) spiral galaxy on 6 October 2013, and was detected by the iPTF (Palomar Transient Factory) sky survey a mere three hours after explosion." 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0-1.628-.795-1.405-1.77.268-1.165.786-2.42.786-3.262 0-.752-.39-1.38-1.2-1.38-.952 0-1.716 1.017-1.716 2.38 0 .867.284 1.454.284 1.454l-1.146 5.006c-.34 1.487-.05 3.31-.026 3.493.014.108.15.134.21.05.09-.117 1.223-1.562 1.61-3.006.108-.41.625-2.526.625-2.526.31.61 1.215 1.145 2.176 1.145 2.862 0 4.804-2.693 4.804-6.298C22 10.54 19.763 8 16.363 8"/> </svg> </span> <span class="u-h">Pinterest</span> </a> </div> <figcaption class="caption caption--img caption caption--img" itemprop="description"> <span class="inline-information inline-icon reveal-caption-icon centered-icon rounded-icon"> <svg width="6" height="14" viewbox="0 0 6 14" class="reveal-caption-icon__svg centered-icon__svg rounded-icon__svg inline-information__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path d="M4.6 12l-.4 1.4c-.7.2-1.9.6-3 .6-.7 0-1.2-.2-1.2-.9 0-.2 0-.3.1-.5l2-6.7H.7l.4-1.5 4.2-.6h.2L3 12h1.6zm-.3-9.2c-.9 0-1.4-.5-1.4-1.3C2.9.5 3.7 0 4.6 0 5.4 0 6 .5 6 1.3c0 1-.8 1.5-1.7 1.5z"/> </svg> </span> Diagram of the star PTF13dqy (SN2013fs) exploded in a relatively nearby (160m light years) spiral galaxy on 6 October 2013, and was detected by the iPTF (Palomar Transient Factory) sky survey a mere three hours after explosion. Photograph: Ofer Yaron </figcaption> </figure> <p>“Until several years ago, catching a supernova a week after the explosion was regarded as early,” said Ofer Yaron, an astrophysicist who worked on the data at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. “This is not the case any more.” <br></p> <p>The first flicker from the stellar explosion was detected on 6 October 2013 by the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF). On seeing the flash, researchers sent an alert to other astronomers to take what recordings they could. One scientist, Dan Perley, used the Keck telescope in Hawaii to analyse light coming from the supernova within six hours of the explosion. Other telescopes joined in, as did Nasa’s Swift satellite, which captured x-rays and UV light from the event.</p> <p>The data reveal that the explosion probably came from a red supergiant surrounded by a shell of material which had been ejected from the star over a few hundred days at 100km per second. When the star exploded this shell would have been obliterated as several suns’ worth of matter, including all of the elements forged in the star’s core, blasted outwards at 10,000km (6,200 miles) per second.</p> <aside class="element element-rich-link element--thumbnail element-rich-link--not-upgraded" data-component="rich-link" data-link-name="rich-link-1 | 1"> <div class="rich-link"> <div class="rich-link__container"> <div class="rich-link__header"> <h1 class="rich-link__title">Supernova shockwave seen with visible light for first time</h1> </div> <div class="rich-link__read-more"> <div class="rich-link__arrow"> <span class="inline-arrow-in-circle inline-icon "> <svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" class="inline-arrow-in-circle__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path class="rich-link__arrow-icon" d="M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12 12-5.373 12-12S18.627 0 12 0m.21 19l-.637-.668 4.888-6.326H4.996v-1.01h11.465l-4.888-6.333.637-.668L19 11.153v.685l-6.79 7.157" fill="#005689" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </svg> </span> </div> <div class="rich-link__read-more-text"> Read more </div> </div> <a class="rich-link__link u-faux-block-link__overlay" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/22/supernova-shockwave-seen-with-visible-light-for-first-time"></a> </div> </div> </aside> <p>The observations, reported in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nphys4025" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">Nature Physics</a>, have handed astronomers their best view yet of the most violent events in the universe. In the future, they hope to capture supernova at even earlier stages, within an hour or less of the explosions happening.<br></p> <p>Astronomers expect one star, on average, to explode in a galaxy every 100 years. But the most recent supernova observed in the Milky Way was spotted in 1604 by Johannes Kepler. Unless stars have been exploding on the far side of the Milky Way – where the light would be swamped by other stars – we are long overdue a supernova in our cosmic neighbourhood. That would be a boon for astronomers, if unsettling for the rest of us. “If you ask swimmers in the sea, they don’t want to see sharks. But if you ask divers, that’s all they want to see. It’s the same thing. We all hope there will be a supernova in the Milky Way soon,” said Yaron. “As long as it’s not too near.”</p> </div> <div class="submeta2 mobile-only"> <div class="submeta2__section-labels"> <a class="submeta2__link submeta2__link--first" data-link-name="article section" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/supernovae"> Supernovae </a> </div> <div class="submeta2__keywords"> <a class="submeta2__link submeta2__link--first" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/astronomy" data-link-name="keyword: science/astronomy"> Astronomy </a> <a class="submeta2__link " href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/science/space" data-link-name="keyword: science/space"> Space </a> <a class="submeta2__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213172456/https://www.theguardian.com/tone/news" data-link-name="tone: News"> news </a> </div> <div data-component="share" 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