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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Medieval Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermented_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermented_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fermented drinks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fermented_drinks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fermented drinks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fermented_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cider" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cider"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cider</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cider-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermented_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermented_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fermented water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermented_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pulque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rice_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Rice wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rice_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distilled_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distilled_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distilled beverages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distilled_beverages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distilled beverages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distilled_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rectified_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectified_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rectified spirit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectified_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congeners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congeners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Congeners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congeners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amount_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amount_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amount of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amount_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol-related_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol-related_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alcohol-related crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-related_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drinking_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Drinking games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinking_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Drinking songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.1</span> <span>Beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whiskey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whiskey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.2</span> <span>Whiskey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whiskey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Experiences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drinking_establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Drinking establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>Beer garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer_hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>Beer hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cider_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cider_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.3</span> <span>Cider house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cider_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouzeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouzeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.4</span> <span>Ouzeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouzeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulquerías" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulquerías"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.5</span> <span>Pulquerías</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulquerías-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiki_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiki_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.6</span> <span>Tiki bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiki_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toddy_shop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toddy_shop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.7</span> <span>Toddy shop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toddy_shop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.8</span> <span>Wine bar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.1</span> <span>Beer festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.2</span> <span>Wine festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Tasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_tasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_tasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.1</span> <span>Beer tasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_tasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_tasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_tasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.2</span> <span>Wine tasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_tasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beer_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.1</span> <span>Beer tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.2</span> <span>Wine tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apéritifs_and_digestifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apéritifs_and_digestifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Apéritifs and digestifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apéritifs_and_digestifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_preservative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_preservative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Food preservative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_preservative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinking_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Drinking food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vinegar_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vinegar_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Vinegar production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vinegar_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_and_food_matching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_and_food_matching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Wine and food matching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_and_food_matching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Folk saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.1</span> <span>Libation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.1.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacramental_wine_in_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacramental_wine_in_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.2</span> <span>Sacramental wine in Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacramental_wine_in_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.2.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2.2.2</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tincture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tincture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Tincture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tincture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alcohol measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alcohol_measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alcohol measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alcohol_concentration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_concentration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alcohol concentration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_concentration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serving_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serving_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Serving measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serving_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shot_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shot_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Shot sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shot_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Standard drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverage-specific_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverage-specific_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beverage-specific equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverage-specific_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Alcohol and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholic beverage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="مشروب كحولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروب كحولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcolica" title="Bebida alcolica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bebida alcolica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9bora_alcoh%C3%B3lico" title="Bébora alcohólico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bébora alcohólico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jey%27ur%C3%A3_oporomonga%27%C3%BAva" title="Jey'urã oporomonga'úva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jey'urã oporomonga'úva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoqollu_i%C3%A7kil%C9%99r" title="Alkoqollu içkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alkoqollu içkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6" title="মদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%BA" title="Chiú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%96" title="Алкагольныя напоі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алкагольныя напоі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Сьпіртовы напой – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьпіртовы напой" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Алкохолна напитка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкохолна напитка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="ཆང་རག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆང་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholno_pi%C4%87e" title="Alkoholno piće – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alkoholno piće" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Died_alkoolek" title="Died alkoolek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Died alkoolek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Архи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Архи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguda_alcoh%C3%B2lica" title="Beguda alcohòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beguda alcohòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Алкоголлĕ ĕçмесем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алкоголлĕ ĕçмесем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1poj" title="Alkoholický nápoj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alkoholický nápoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod_feddwol" title="Diod feddwol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diod feddwol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholiske_drikkevarer" title="Alkoholiske drikkevarer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alkoholiske drikkevarer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="تصنيف:مشروبات د لكحول – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تصنيف:مشروبات د لكحول" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholajuhkamu%C5%A1" title="Alkoholajuhkamuš – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Alkoholajuhkamuš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholisches_Getr%C3%A4nk" title="Alkoholisches Getränk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkoholisches Getränk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohoolne_jook" title="Alkohoolne jook – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkohoolne jook" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Αλκοολούχο ποτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκοολούχο ποτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoh%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcohólica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bebida alcohólica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohola%C4%B5o" title="Alkoholaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkoholaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edari_alkoholdun" title="Edari alkoholdun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edari alkoholdun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نوشیدنی الکلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوشیدنی الکلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisson_alcoolis%C3%A9e" title="Boisson alcoolisée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boisson alcoolisée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcul" title="Alcul – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alcul" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alcoh%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcohólica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bebida alcohólica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="મદ્યાર્ક યુક્ત પીણું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મદ્યાર્ક યુક્ત પીણું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0" title="술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B9%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալկոհոլային խմիչքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալկոհոլային խմիչքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="मादक पेय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मादक पेय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholno_pi%C4%87e" title="Alkoholno piće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkoholno piće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholoza_drinkaji" title="Alkoholoza drinkaji – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alkoholoza drinkaji" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuman_beralkohol" title="Minuman beralkohol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minuman beralkohol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%96%93%E1%94%AE%E1%95%90%E1%93%87%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᖓᔮᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᖓᔮᕐᓇᖅᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81fengi" title="Áfengi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áfengi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevanda_alcolica" title="Bevanda alcolica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bevanda alcolica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="משקה אלכוהולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משקה אלכוהולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omb%C3%A8nan_ngandhut_alkohol" title="Ombènan ngandhut alkohol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ombènan ngandhut alkohol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_(%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF)" title="ಮದ್ಯಸಾರಯುಕ್ತ ಪಾನೀಯ (ಆಲ್ಕೊಹಾಲ್‌ಯುಕ್ತ ಪಾನೀಯ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದ್ಯಸಾರಯುಕ್ತ ಪಾನೀಯ (ಆಲ್ಕೊಹಾಲ್‌ಯುಕ್ತ ಪಾನೀಯ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლური სასმელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალკოჰოლური სასმელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алкоголдік ішімдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алкоголдік ішімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombe" title="Pombe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pombe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ХӀан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХӀан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temetum" title="Temetum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Temetum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholiskie_dz%C4%93rieni" title="Alkoholiskie dzērieni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alkoholiskie dzērieni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholinis_g%C4%97rimas" title="Alkoholinis gėrimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alkoholinis gėrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masanga" title="Masanga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Masanga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogoulijuomine" title="Alkogoulijuomine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alkogoulijuomine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholos_ital" title="Alkoholos ital – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alkoholos ital" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="मादक पेय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मादक पेय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Алкохолен пијалак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкохолен пијалак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavapisotro_misy_alikaola" title="Zavapisotro misy alikaola – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zavapisotro misy alikaola" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ലഹരിപാനീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലഹരിപാനീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मद्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मद्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალკოჰოლური ოშუმალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალკოჰოლური ოშუმალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="خمور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خمور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arak" title="Arak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%AB" title="Ciū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubida_alc%C3%B3lica" title="Bubida alcólica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bubida alcólica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octli" title="Octli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Octli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholische_drank" title="Alcoholische drank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcoholische drank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="मादक पदार्थ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मादक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कायेगु त्वँसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कायेगु त्वँसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholholdig_drikke" title="Alkoholholdig drikke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkoholholdig drikke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholhaldig_drykk" title="Alkoholhaldig drykk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alkoholhaldig drykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevenda_alcolizada" title="Bevenda alcolizada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bevenda alcolizada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6" title="ମଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogolli_ichimliklar" title="Alkogolli ichimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alkogolli ichimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਰਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C3%B3j_alkoholowy" title="Napój alkoholowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napój alkoholowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_alco%C3%B3lica" title="Bebida alcoólica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bebida alcoólica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83utur%C4%83_alcoolic%C4%83" title="Băutură alcoolică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Băutură alcoolică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Алкогол – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алкогол" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Алкогольные напитки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкогольные напитки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Арыгы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арыгы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/epah" title="epah – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="epah" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱣᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱣᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pija_alkoolike" title="Pija alkoolike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pija alkoolike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" title="Alcoholic drink – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alcoholic drink" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholick%C3%BD_n%C3%A1poj" title="Alkoholický nápoj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkoholický nápoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholna_pija%C4%8Da" title="Alkoholna pijača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkoholna pijača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamri" title="Khamri – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Khamri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="خواردنەوەی کھوولی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خواردنەوەی کھوولی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Алкохолно пиће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкохолно пиће" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholno_pi%C4%87e" title="Alkoholno piće – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkoholno piće" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholijuoma" title="Alkoholijuoma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkoholijuoma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkoholdryck" title="Alkoholdryck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkoholdryck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuming_nakakalasing" title="Inuming nakakalasing – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inuming nakakalasing" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மதுபானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுபானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เครื่องดื่มแอลกอฮอล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครื่องดื่มแอลกอฮอล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manest%C3%B4tse" title="Manestôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Manestôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7ki" title="İçki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İçki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1kan" title="A̱kan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱kan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97" title="Алкогольні напої – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алкогольні напої" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8" title="الکحلی مشروب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الکحلی مشروب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeuj" title="Laeuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkogoli%C5%BEed_jomad" title="Alkogoližed jomad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alkogoližed jomad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9c_u%E1%BB%91ng_c%C3%B3_c%E1%BB%93n" title="Thức uống có cồn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thức uống có cồn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makahurubog_nga_irimnon" title="Makahurubog nga irimnon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makahurubog nga irimnon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="אלקאהאליש געטראנק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלקאהאליש געטראנק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol%C4%97nis_g%C4%97r%C4%97ms" title="Alkoholėnis gėrėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alkoholėnis gėrėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A8r_serani" title="Aèr serani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_drink" title="Caffeinated drink">Caffeinated drink</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/290px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/435px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg/580px-Common_alcoholic_beverages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A selection of alcoholic drinks (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malt_whisky" title="Malt whisky">malt whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a>, lager, cherry <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueur</a> and red wine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg/220px-Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg/330px-Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg/440px-Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Alcoholic beverages and production relationships</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>alcoholic beverage</b> (also called an <b>adult beverage</b>, <b>alcoholic drink</b>, <b>strong drink</b>, or simply a <b>drink</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">beverage</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol (ethanol)</a>. Alcoholic drinks are typically divided into three classes—<a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a>—and typically their alcohol content is between 3% and 50%. </p><p>Many cultures have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">drinking culture</a>, where alcoholic drinks are integrated into <a href="/wiki/Party" title="Party">parties</a>. Most countries have <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">laws</a> regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-IARD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some regulations may require the labeling of the percentage alcohol content (as <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">proof</a>) and the use of a <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_warning_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol warning label">warning label</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">Some countries</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">ban the consumption of alcoholic drinks</a>, but they are legal in most parts of the world. The <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> advocates against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">alcoholic drink industry</a> exceeded $1.5 trillion in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID32079559_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID32079559-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol is one of the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drugs</a> in the world, and about 33% of all humans currently drink alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, among <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, 86% of adults had consumed alcohol at some point, with 70% drinking it in the last year and 56% in the last month.<sup id="cite_ref-niaaa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niaaa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other animals are affected by alcohol similarly to humans and, once they consume it, will consume it again if given the opportunity, though humans are the only species known to produce alcoholic drinks intentionally.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcohol is a <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a>, which in low doses causes <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, reduces <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and increases sociability. In higher doses, it causes <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. Long-term use can lead to an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol use disorder</a>, an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">several types of cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>. </p><p>Alcohol is classified as a <a href="/wiki/IARC_group_1_Carcinogens" title="IARC group 1 Carcinogens">group 1 carcinogen</a>. In 2023, the WHO declared that 'the risk to the drinker’s health starts from the first drop of any alcoholic beverage.'<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discovery of late <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> jugs suggests that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest verifiable <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> has been found in a prehistoric burial site in a cave near <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Researchers have found residue of 13,000-year-old beer that they think might have been used for ritual feasts to honor the dead. The traces of a wheat-and-barley-based alcohol were found in stone mortars carved into the cave floor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg/220px-Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg/330px-Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg/440px-Carmona_Wine_Vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>The Carmona Wine Urn contains the world's oldest surviving wine (1st century AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carmona_Wine_Urn" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmona Wine Urn">Carmona Wine Urn</a> is a first century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> urn containing intact <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>. Discovered in 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Spain" title="Carmona, Spain">Carmona, Spain</a> during excavations of the city's western Roman <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>, analysis of the urn's contents five years after has deemed the vessel as the oldest surviving wine in the world, surpassing the previous record holder, the <a href="/wiki/Speyer_wine_bottle" title="Speyer wine bottle">Speyer wine bottle</a> (discovered in 1867) by three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beer was likely brewed from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> as early as 13,000 years ago in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23560753_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23560753-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> wrote about the <i>golden age</i> of winemaking in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the 2nd century BCE (200–100 BCE), when <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> were planted.<sup id="cite_ref-BrostromBrostrom2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrostromBrostrom2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examination and analysis of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> jars from the neolithic village of <a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province of northern China revealed residue left behind by the alcoholic drinks they had once contained. According to a study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>, chemical analysis of the residue confirmed that a fermented drink made of grape and hawthorn fruit wine, honey mead and rice beer was being produced in 7000–5600 BC (McGovern et al., 2005; McGovern 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcgovern_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgovern-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of this analysis were published in December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> was dated at 6,000 to 5,800 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGovernJalabadze2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovernJalabadze2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celtic people were known to have been making types of alcoholic cider as early as 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wine was consumed in Classical Greece at breakfast or at <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposia</a>, and in the 1st century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-dsc.discovery.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsc.discovery.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Middle_East">Medieval Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medieval Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Muslim chemists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> (Latin: Geber, ninth century) and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a> (Latin: Rhazes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865–925</span>) experimented extensively with the distillation of various substances. The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 801</span>–873 CE) and to <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Fārābī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 872</span>–950), and in the 28th book of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī</a>'s (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) <i>Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i> (later translated into Latin as <i>Liber servatoris</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12th century: The process of distillation spread from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where distilled alcoholic drinks were recorded in the mid-12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the works of <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a> (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> through a water-cooled still.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 14th century, distilled alcoholic drinks had spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">European continent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1970-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distillation spread to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling "<a href="/wiki/Aqua_vitae" title="Aqua vitae">aqua vitae</a>", primarily for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-whisky_tech_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whisky_tech-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>in 1690, England passed "An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from Corn" <sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcoholic beverages played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> from their early days when drinking wine and beer at that time was safer than drinking water – which was usually taken from sources also used to dispose of sewage and garbage.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drinking hard liquor was common occurrence in early nineteenth-century United States.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a violent <a href="/wiki/Tax_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax protest">tax protest</a> in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">presidency of George Washington</a>. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Beer was difficult to transport and spoiled more easily than rum and whiskey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a> of 1808 was a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> in the then-British <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, staged by the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Corps" title="New South Wales Corps">New South Wales Corps</a> in order to depose <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a>. Australia's first and only military coup, its name derives from the illicit rum trade of early <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, over which the 'Rum Corps', as it became known, maintained a monopoly. During the first half of the 19th century, it was widely referred to in Australia as the <b>Great Rebellion</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">alcohol monopoly</a> system has a long history in various countries, often implemented to limit the availability and consumption of alcohol for public health and social welfare reasons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">alcohol monopoly</a> was created in the Swedish town of <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a> in 1850, to prevent overconsumption and reduce the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a> for sales of alcohol. It later went all over the country in 1905 when the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish parliament</a> ordered all sales of vodka to be done via local alcohol monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> established a state monopoly on vodka, which became a major source of revenue for the Russian government. </p><p>Later in the nineteenth century opposition to alcohol grew in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance movement</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and it eventually led to national prohibitions <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">in Canada</a> (1918 to 1920), Norway (spirits only from <a href="/wiki/1919_Norwegian_prohibition_referendum" title="1919 Norwegian prohibition referendum">1919</a> to <a href="/wiki/1926_Norwegian_continued_prohibition_referendum" title="1926 Norwegian continued prohibition referendum">1926</a>), Finland (1919 to 1932), and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">the United States</a> (1920 to 1933), as well as provincial prohibition <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">in India</a> (1948 to present).<sup id="cite_ref-edman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fermented_drinks">Fermented drinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fermented drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer">Beer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GravityTap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GravityTap.jpg/220px-GravityTap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/GravityTap.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schlenkerla" title="Schlenkerla">Schlenkerla</a> Rauchbier, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">smoked beer</a>, being poured from a <a href="/wiki/Cask" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask">cask</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Beer_glassware" title="Beer glassware">beer glass</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beer_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer styles">Beer styles</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_styles" title="List of beer styles">List of beer styles</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> is a beverage fermented from <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> <a href="/wiki/Mashing" title="Mashing">mash</a>. It is typically made from <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">blend</a> of several grains and flavored with <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. Most beer is naturally carbonated as part of the fermentation process. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink becomes a <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirit</a>. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cider">Cider</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cider"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a> or cyder (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SY</span>-dər</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> alcoholic drink made from any <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a>; <a href="/wiki/Apple_juice" title="Apple juice">apple juice</a> (traditional and most common), <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a>" cider) or other fruit. Cider alcohol content varies from 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a> to 8.5% or more in traditional English ciders. In some regions, cider may be called "<a href="/wiki/Apple_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple wine">apple wine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermented_water">Fermented water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fermented water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></div> <p>Fermented water is an <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>-based water solution with approximately 15-17% ABV without <a href="/wiki/Sweet_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet reserve">sweet reserve</a>. Fermented water is <i>exclusively</i> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermented</a> with <a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">white sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a>, and water. Fermented water is clarified after the fermentation to produce a colorless or off-white liquid with no discernible taste other than that of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mead">Mead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also called hydromel, is an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. The alcoholic content of mead may range from as low as 3% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drink's fermentable sugar is derived from honey. Mead can also be referred to as "honeywine." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulque">Pulque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pulque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> fermented drink made from the "honey water" of <a href="/wiki/Maguey" title="Maguey">maguey</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">Agave americana</a></i>. Pulque can be distilled to produce <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rice_wine">Rice wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rice wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></div> <p>Rice wine is an alcoholic drink <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermented</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">distilled</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, consumed in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">mijiu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (beverage)">cheongju</a> are popular examples of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/170px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/255px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg/340px-Red_and_white_wine_12-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Glasses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> is a fermented beverage most commonly produced from <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>. Wine involves a longer fermentation process than beer and often a long <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aging process</a> (months or years), resulting in an alcohol content of 9%–16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling wines</a> such <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> are also made from grapes, with a <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine#Secondary_fermentation" title="Sparkling wine">secondary fermentation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit wines</a> are made from fruits other than <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distilled_beverages">Distilled beverages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Distilled beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/220px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/330px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg/440px-Rum_display_in_liquor_store.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Rum display in liquor store</figcaption></figure> <p>Distilled beverages (also called liquors or spirit drinks) are alcoholic drinks produced by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrating by distillation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> produced by means of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermenting</a> grain, fruit, or vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have an alcohol content of at least 20% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a> are called <i>spirits</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most common distilled drinks, such as whisky (or whiskey) and vodka, the alcohol content is around 40%. The term <i>hard liquor</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones (implicitly weaker). <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">mezcal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky (or wiskey)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">shōchū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a> are examples of distilled drinks. Distilling <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrates</a> the alcohol and eliminates some of the <a href="/wiki/Congener_(alcohol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (alcohol)">congeners</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freeze_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze distillation">Freeze distillation</a> concentrates ethanol along with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">fusel alcohols</a> (fermentation by-products partially removed by distillation) in <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Applejack (beverage)">applejack</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a> is wine, such as <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a>, to which a distilled beverage (usually <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>) has been added.<sup id="cite_ref-ALE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortified wine is distinguished from spirits made from wine in that spirits are produced by means of <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, while fortified wine is wine that has had a spirit added to it. Many different styles of fortified wine have been developed, including <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a>, sherry, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">marsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commandaria" title="Commandaria">commandaria</a>, and the aromatized wine <a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pg_279_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pg_279-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rectified_spirit">Rectified spirit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rectified spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">Rectified spirit</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">Rectified spirit</a>, also called "neutral grain spirit", is alcohol which has been purified by means of "rectification" (i.e. repeated distillation). The term <i>neutral</i> refers to the spirit's lack of flavor that would have been present if the mash ingredients had been distilled to a lower level of alcoholic purity. Rectified spirit also lacks any flavoring added to it after distillation (as is done, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>). Other kinds of spirits, such as <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, (or whisky) are distilled to a lower alcohol percentage to preserve the flavor of the mash. </p><p>Rectified spirit is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that may contain as much as 95% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>. It is often used for <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medicinal purposes</a>. It may be a grain spirit, or it may be made from other plants. It is used in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed drinks">mixed drinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liqueurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqueurs">liqueurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tinctures</a>, and also as a household <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congeners">Congeners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Congeners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener (beverages)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></div> <p>In the alcoholic drinks industry, congeners are substances produced during <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">fermentation</a>. These substances include small amounts of chemicals such as occasionally desired alcohols, like <a href="/wiki/Propanol" title="Propanol">propanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/3-methyl-1-butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methyl-1-butanol">3-methyl-1-butanol</a>, as well as compounds that are never desired such as <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycols" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycols">glycols</a>. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic drinks and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that these substances contribute to the symptoms of a <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tannins_in_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannins in wine">Tannins</a> are congeners found in wine in the presence of phenolic compounds. Wine tannins add bitterness, have a drying sensation, taste herbaceous, and are often described as <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>. Wine tannins add balance, complexity, structure and make a wine last longer, so they play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aging of wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amount_of_use">Amount of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Amount of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_preferences_in_Europe" title="Alcohol preferences in Europe">Alcohol preferences in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlcoholPerCapita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AlcoholPerCapita.jpg/400px-AlcoholPerCapita.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AlcoholPerCapita.jpg/600px-AlcoholPerCapita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AlcoholPerCapita.jpg/800px-AlcoholPerCapita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Alcohol consumption per person in 2016. Consumption of alcohol is measured in liters of pure alcohol per person aged 15 or older.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/220px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/330px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg/440px-Liquor_store_in_Breckenridge_Colorado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">liquor store</a> in the United States. Global sales of alcoholic beverages exceeded $1.5 <a href="/wiki/10%5E12" class="mw-redirect" title="10^12">trillion</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID32079559_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID32079559-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The average number of people who drink as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was 39% for males and 25% for females (2.4 billion people in total).<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females on average drink 0.7 drinks per day while males drink 1.7 drinks per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rates of drinking varies significantly in different areas of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Age-standardised prevalence of current drinking for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations[4]"><img alt="Age-standardised prevalence of current drinking for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg/304px-Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg/456px-Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg/607px-Age-standardised_prevalence_of_current_alcohol_drinking_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="5733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Age-standardised prevalence of current drinking for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016,_age-standardised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Average standard drinks (10 g of pure ethanol per serving) consumed per day, age-standardised, for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations[4]"><img alt="Average standard drinks (10 g of pure ethanol per serving) consumed per day, age-standardised, for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg/304px-Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg/457px-Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg/608px-Average_standard_alcoholic_drinks_consumed_per_day_in_2016%2C_age-standardised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5054" data-file-height="5733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Average standard drinks (10 g of pure ethanol per serving) consumed per day, age-standardised, for females (A) and males (B) in 2016, in 195 locations<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2018GBD_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2018GBD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For psychoactive use and health consequences, see <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Uses" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (drug) § Uses</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol-related_crimes">Alcohol-related crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alcohol-related crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg/220px-Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg/330px-Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg/440px-Indonesian_police_destroys_illegal_alcohol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3217" /></a><figcaption>Police use a <a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">road roller</a> to destroy bottles of illegal alcohol confiscated in Serpong, out of Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, April 13, 2018.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related crime</a></div> <p>Alcohol is used in <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">rum-running</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">illegal business</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a> relates to the commercial aspects of wine. The most prevalent type of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> is one where <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> are adulterated, usually with the addition of cheaper products (e.g. juices) and sometimes with harmful <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> and sweeteners (compensating for color or flavor). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> is illegal to produce and sell in most countries. </p><p>In Australia, a <a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">sly-grog shop</a> (or shanty) is an unlicensed <a href="/wiki/Australian_pub" title="Australian pub">hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">liquor-store</a> or other vendor of alcoholic beverages, sometimes with the added connotation of selling poor-quality products.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Straw_purchase" title="Straw purchase">straw purchaser</a> may receive money or recompense from the underage person in exchange for purchasing the alcohol on their behalf. </p><p>Alcohol has been used as a currency for <a href="/wiki/Transactional_sex" title="Transactional sex">transactional sex</a> in South Africa, and Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a> also known as prison hooch or prison wine, is a term used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to describe an improvised <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic beverage</a>. It is variously made from <a href="/wiki/Apple_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple (fruit)">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_cocktail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit cocktail">fruit cocktail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juices" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juices">fruit juices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">hard candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_fructose_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="High fructose syrup">high fructose syrup</a>, and possibly other ingredients, including crumbled <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pruno,_Ramen,_and_a_Side_of_Hope_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pruno,_Ramen,_and_a_Side_of_Hope-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drinking_games">Drinking games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Drinking games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drinking_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking games">Drinking games</a> are <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">games</a> which involve the consumption of alcoholic beverages and often enduring the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">intoxication</a> resulting from them. Evidence of the existence of drinking games dates back to antiquity. Drinking games have been banned at some institutions, particularly colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-app_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_2">Beer</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_(drinking_game)" title="Baseball (drinking game)">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_checkers" title="Beer checkers">Beer checkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_die" title="Beer die">Beer die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_pong" title="Beer pong">Beer pong</a> (also known as "Beirut")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_pong_(paddle_game)" title="Beer pong (paddle game)">Beer pong (paddle game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonator_(game)" title="Detonator (game)">Detonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastenlauf" title="Kastenlauf">Kastenlauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_(game)" title="Quarters (game)">Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_staff" title="Wizard staff">Wizard staff</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wine_2">Wine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goon_of_Fortune" title="Goon of Fortune">Goon of Fortune</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drinking_songs">Drinking songs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Drinking songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">drinking song</a> is a song sung while drinking an alcoholic beverage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_3">Beer</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/99_Bottles_of_Beer" title="99 Bottles of Beer">99 Bottles of Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer,_Beer,_Beer" title="Beer, Beer, Beer">Beer, Beer, Beer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Whiskey">Whiskey</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Whiskey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_in_the_Jar" title="Whiskey in the Jar">Whiskey in the Jar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiences">Experiences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Experiences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drinking_establishments">Drinking establishments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Drinking establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_garden">Beer garden</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Beer garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer garden</a> (German: <i>Biergarten</i>) is an outdoor area in which beer and food are served, typically at shared tables shaded by trees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_hall">Beer hall</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Beer hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">beer hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bierpalast, Bierhalle</i>) is a large <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> that specializes in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cider_house">Cider house</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cider house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cider_house" title="Cider house">cider house</a> is an establishment that sells alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> for consumption on the premises. Some cider houses also sell cider "to go", for consumption off the premises. A traditional cider house was often little more than a room in a <a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">farmhouse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottage</a>, selling locally fermented cider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ouzeri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">ouzeri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>ουζερί</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[uzeˈri]</a></span>) is a type of Greek <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a> which serves <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a> (a Greek liquor) and <a href="/wiki/Mezedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezedes">mezedes</a> (small <a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">finger foods</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pulquerías"><span id="Pulquer.C3.ADas"></span>Pulquerías</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pulquerías"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pulquer%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulquería">Pulquerías</a> (or pulcherías) are a type of <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> that specialize in serving an alcoholic beverage known as <a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tiki_bar">Tiki bar</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tiki bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">tiki bar</a> is a themed drinking establishment that serves elaborate cocktails, especially <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>-based mixed drinks such as the <a href="/wiki/Mai_Tai" title="Mai Tai">Mai Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zombie_cocktail" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie cocktail">Zombie</a> cocktails.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Book_of_Tiki_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Book_of_Tiki-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki">Tiki</a> bars are aesthetically defined by their <a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">tiki culture</a> décor which is based upon a romanticized conception of tropical cultures, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Toddy_shop">Toddy shop</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Toddy shop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Toddy_shop" title="Toddy shop">toddy shop</a> is a drinking establishment seen in some parts of India (particularly <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>) where <a href="/wiki/Palm_toddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm toddy">palm toddy</a>, a mildly alcoholic beverage made from the sap of palm trees, is served along with food. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wine_bar">Wine bar</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Wine bar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">wine bar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a>-like business focusing on selling <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. A typical feature of many wine bars is a wide selection of wines available by the glass. Some wine bars are profiled on wines of a certain type of origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">Champagne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While many wine bars are private "stand-alone" establishments, in some cases, wine bars are associated with a specific wine retailer or other outlet of wine, to provide additional marketing for that retailer's wine portfolio. In countries where licensing regulations allow this, some wine bars also sell the wines they serve, and effectively function as a hybrid between a <a href="/wiki/Wine_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine shop">wine shop</a> and a wine bar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Festivals">Festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_festivals">Beer festivals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Beer festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festival</a> is an event at which a variety of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a> are available for purchase. There may be a theme, for instance beers from a particular area, or a particular brewing style such as winter ales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wine_festivals">Wine festivals</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Wine festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annual <a href="/wiki/Wine_festival" title="Wine festival">wine festivals</a> celebrate <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> and usually occur after the harvest of the grapes which, in the northern hemisphere, generally falls at the end of September and runs until well into October or later. They are common in most <a href="/wiki/Wine_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine regions">wine regions</a> around the world and are to be considered in the tradition of other harvest festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tasting">Tasting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_tasting">Beer tasting</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Beer tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG/220px-Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG/330px-Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG/440px-Story_Bridge_Hotel_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beer_flight" title="Beer flight">beer flight</a> of three beers, on a wooden <b>beer paddle</b>, served by a bar in Brisbane, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Beer_tasting" title="Beer tasting">Beer tasting</a> is a way to learn more about the history, ingredients, and production of beer, as well as different beer styles, hops, yeast, and beer presentation. A common approach is to analyze the appearance, smell, and taste of the beer, and then make a final judgment on the beer's quality. There are various scales used by beer journalists and experts to rate beer, such as the 1-20 scale used by British sommelier Jancis Robinson and the 1-100 scale used by American sommelier Joshua M. Bernstein. Professional organizations like the Wine & Spirit Education Trust often rate beer using verbal grades ranging from "faulty" to "outstanding" on a 1-5 scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wine_tasting">Wine tasting</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Wine tasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a>, on the other hand, is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. While the practice of wine tasting is ancient, a more formalized methodology has been established since the 14th century. Modern, professional wine tasters use specialized terminology to describe the range of perceived flavors, aromas, and general characteristics of a wine. More informal, recreational tasting may involve similar terminology, but with a less analytical process and a more general, personal appreciation of the wine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beer_tourism">Beer tourism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Beer tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Craft_beer_tourism" title="Craft beer tourism">Craft beer tourism</a> refers to tourism where the primary motivation of travel is to visit a brewery, <a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">beer festival</a>, beer related activity or other event that allows attendees to experience all aspects of the craft beer-making, consuming and purchasing process.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wine_tourism">Wine tourism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Wine tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enotourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotourism">Enotourism</a>, oenotourism, wine tourism, or <b>vinitourism</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> whose purpose is or includes the tasting, consumption or purchase of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, often at or near the source. Where other types of tourism are often passive in nature, enotourism can consist of visits to wineries, <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">tasting wines</a>, vineyard walks, or even taking an active part in the harvest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apéritifs_and_digestifs"><span id="Ap.C3.A9ritifs_and_digestifs"></span>Apéritifs and digestifs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Apéritifs and digestifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif#Apéritifs" title="Apéritif and digestif">apéritif</a> is any alcoholic beverage usually served before a meal to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif#Digestifs" title="Apéritif and digestif">digestif</a> is any alcoholic beverage served after a meal for the stated purpose of improving digestion. <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">dry champagne</a> are common apéritifs. Because apéritifs are served before dining, they are usually dry rather than sweet. One example is <a href="/wiki/Cinzano" title="Cinzano">Cinzano</a>, a brand of <a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">vermouth</a>. Digestifs include brandy, fortified wines and herb-infused spirits (<a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooking">Cooking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cooking_with_alcohol" title="Cooking with alcohol">Cooking with alcohol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/220px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg/440px-R%C3%A9duction_du_vin_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)" title="Reduction (cooking)">Reduction</a> of red wine for a sauce by cooking it on a stovetop. It is called a reduction because the heat boils off some of the water and most of the more volatile alcohol, leaving a more concentrated, wine-flavoured sauce.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pure ethanol tastes <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)#Bitterness" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a> to humans; some people also describe it as sweet.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ethanol is also a moderately effective <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> for many fatty substances and essential oils. This facilitates the use of flavoring and coloring compounds in alcoholic drinks as a taste mask, especially in <a href="/wiki/Distilled_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drinks">distilled drinks</a>. Some flavors may be naturally present in the beverage's raw material. Beer and wine may also be flavored before fermentation, and spirits may be flavored before, during, or after distillation. Sometimes flavor is obtained by allowing the beverage to stand for months or years in oak barrels, usually made of American or French oak. A few brands of spirits may also have fruit or herbs inserted into the bottle at the time of bottling. </p><p>Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as an accompanying beverage, but as a flavor agent, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">braising</a>, since its acidity lends balance to rich <a href="/wiki/Basic_taste#Savouriness" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic taste">savory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a> dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine_sauce" title="Wine sauce">Wine sauce</a> is an example of a culinary sauce that uses wine as a primary ingredient.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural wines may exhibit a broad range of alcohol content, from below 9% to above 16% <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</a>, with most wines being in the 12.5–14.5% range.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wines</a> (usually with brandy) may contain 20% alcohol or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_preservative">Food preservative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Food preservative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For historical use of wine or beer as sweetener/preservation in early <a href="/wiki/Evaporator_(marine)" title="Evaporator (marine)">desalinating sea water</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Grog#Background" title="Grog">Grog § Background</a>.</div> <p>Alcohol has been used to preserve food.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drinking_food">Drinking food</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Drinking food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terms for foods always served with alcoholic beverages: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></i>—Korean term for drinking food</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kap_klaem" title="Kap klaem">Kap klaem</a></i>—Thai term for drinking food</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></i>—Japanese term for snacks served while drinking</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vinegar_production">Vinegar production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Vinegar production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">Vinegar</a> (<i>vyn egre</i>; sour wine) is an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> and trace compounds that may include <a href="/wiki/Flavorings" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavorings">flavorings</a>. Vinegar typically contains from 5% to 18% acetic acid by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, converting simple <a href="/wiki/Sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugars">sugars</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> using yeast and ethanol to acetic acid using <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid_bacteria" title="Acetic acid bacteria">acetic acid bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The source materials for making vinegar are varied – different fruits, grains, alcoholic beverages, and other fermentable materials are used:<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar" title="Apple cider vinegar">Apple cider vinegar</a>, or cider vinegar, is a vinegar made from <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ns_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_vinegar" title="Rice vinegar">Rice vinegar</a> is a vinegar made from <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wine_and_food_matching">Wine and food matching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Wine and food matching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin_Jaune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/220px-Vin_Jaune.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/330px-Vin_Jaune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Vin_Jaune.jpg/440px-Vin_Jaune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>A pairing of <i><a href="/wiki/Vin_jaune" title="Vin jaune">vin jaune</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_cheese" title="Comté cheese">Comté cheese</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and food matching">Wine and food matching</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine and food matching">Wine and food matching</a> is the process of pairing <a href="/wiki/Human_food" title="Human food">food</a> dishes with <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> to enhance the dining experience. In many cultures, wine has had a long history of being a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a> at the dinner table and in some ways both the <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary">culinary</a> traditions of a region will have evolved together over the years. Rather than following a set of rules, local cuisines were paired simply with local wines. The modern "<a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>" of food pairings is a relatively recent phenomenon, fostering an industry of books and media with guidelines for pairings of particular foods and wine. In the <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> industry, <a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">sommeliers</a> are often present to make food pairing recommendations for the guest. The main concept behind pairings is that certain elements (such as texture and flavor) in both food and wine interact with each other, and thus finding the right combination of these elements will make the entire dining experience more enjoyable. However, <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> and enjoyment are very <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> and what may be a "<a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> perfect" pairing for one taster could be less enjoyable to another.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_83-88_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pg_83-88-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offerings">Offerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For historical use, see <a href="/wiki/Drink_offering" title="Drink offering">Drink offering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_saints">Folk saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Folk saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcoholic beverages are typical offerings for the <a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">folk saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NATG_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NATG-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peña_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peña-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villarreal_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villarreal-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both folk saints have been described as <a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">narco-saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYPost_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPost-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious">Religious</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Libation">Libation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Libation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">Libation</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> pouring of a liquid, or grains such as rice, as an <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">offering</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or spirit, or in <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">memory of the dead</a>. It was common in many <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> and continues to be offered in cultures today. <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> or other alcoholic drinks are often used for libation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa">Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg/170px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg/255px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg/340px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monies_coutumi%C3%A8res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Prayers and libations made with <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, in a community in southern <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Libation was part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> society where it was a drink offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and humans who are alive but not physically present, as well as the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ayi_Kwei_Armah" title="Ayi Kwei Armah">Ayi Kwei Armah</a>, "[t]his legend explains the rise of a propitiatory custom found everywhere on the African continent: libation, the pouring of alcohol or other drinks as offerings to ancestors and divinities."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Americas">Americas</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> cultures of the South American <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, it is common to pour a small amount of one's beverage on the ground before drinking as an offering to the <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>, or Mother Earth. This especially holds true when drinking <a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a>, an alcoholic beverage unique to this part of the world. The libation ritual is commonly called <i>challa</i> and is performed quite often, usually before meals and during celebrations. The sixteenth century writer <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> records the Aztec ceremony associated with drinking <i><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">octli</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>Libation was done in this manner: when <i>octli</i> was drunk, when they tasted the new <i>octli</i>, when someone had just made <i>octli</i>...he summoned people. He set it out in a vessel before the hearth, along with small cups for drinking. Before having anyone drink, he took up <i>octli</i> with a cup and then poured it before the hearth; he poured the <i>octli</i> in the four directions. And when he had poured the <i>octli</i> then everyone drank it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sacramental_wine_in_Christianity">Sacramental wine in Christianity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sacramental wine in Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg/220px-US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg/330px-US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg/440px-US_Navy_100912-M-2275H-196_A_command_chaplain_holds_church_services_aboard_USS_Kearsarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> pouring sacramental wine from a <a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">cruet</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalice</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">Sacramental wine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></div> <p>The amount of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">sacramental wine</a> consumed during the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> is typically limited to a single sip or small portion, which does not result in a measurable increase in the participant's <a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">blood alcohol content</a>. This controlled and symbolic consumption of the sacramental wine is an integral part of the Eucharistic rite and does not lead to intoxication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the sacramental wine used in the Eucharist must contain alcohol. Canon 924 of the present <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canon_Law_(1983)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Canon Law (1983)">Code of Canon Law (1983)</a> states: </p> <blockquote><p> §3 The wine must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, the <i>Catechism</i> teaches:<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2013_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>289. What are the visible elements in the Sacrament? </p><p>The visible elements are bread and wine. </p><p>935. Matt. 26:26-27 Jesus took bread … Then He took the cup. </p><p> Note: “The fruit of the vine” (Luke 22:18) in the Bible means wine, not grape juice. See also 1 Cor. 11:21<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2013_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (ELCA) congregations make grape juice available for children and those who are abstaining from alcohol and some will accommodate those with an allergy to wheat, gluten, or grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tincture">Tincture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Tincture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitewillowtincture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Whitewillowtincture.jpg/170px-Whitewillowtincture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Whitewillowtincture.jpg/255px-Whitewillowtincture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Whitewillowtincture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>A tincture prepared from <a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">white willow</a> bark and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">salicin</a> (from which <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>-based products like <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> are derived)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tincture</a> is typically an <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a> of plant or animal material <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (ethyl alcohol). <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a> concentrations of 25–60% are common, but may run as high as 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_Handboek_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_Handboek-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a tincture is a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> that has ethanol as its solvent. In <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicine</a>, alcoholic tinctures are made with various ethanol concentrations, which should be at least 20% alcohol for preservation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Groot_Handboek_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groot_Handboek-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">flaming drink</a> is often ignited for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. </p><p>Alcoholic beverage may be consumed to celebrate observances such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a>, or <a href="/wiki/National_Vodka_Day" title="National Vodka Day">National Vodka Day</a>. They also drink them for social events like <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a>, where people come together to make beer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcohol_measurement">Alcohol measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Alcohol measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_concentration">Alcohol concentration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Alcohol concentration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">Alcohol by volume</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Typical ABV ranges<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="110">Fruit juices </td> <td width="135">< 0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cider, wine coolers </td> <td>4%–8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beers </td> <td>typically 5% (range is from 3–15%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wines </td> <td>typically 13.5% (range is from 8%–17%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sakes </td> <td>15–16% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fortified wines </td> <td>15–22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spirits </td> <td>typically 30%-40% (range is from 15% to, in some rare cases, up to 98%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of alcohol in a beverage is usually stated as the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</a> (ABV, the number of milliliters (ml) of pure ethanol in 100 ml of beverage) or as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof"><i>proof</i></a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <i>proof</i> is twice the percentage of alcohol by volume at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (e.g. 80 proof = 40% ABV). <i>Degrees proof</i> were formerly used in the United Kingdom, where 100 degrees proof was equivalent to 57.1% ABV. Historically, this was the most dilute spirit that would sustain the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. </p><p>Ordinary <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> cannot produce alcohol of more than 95.6% by weight, which is about 97.2% ABV (194.4 proof) because at that point alcohol is an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with water. A spirit which contains a very high level of alcohol and <i>does not contain any added flavoring</i> is commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">neutral spirit</a>. Generally, any distilled alcoholic beverage of 170 US proof or higher is considered to be a neutral spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a> cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18%, so that is the practical limit for the strength of fermented drinks such as wine, beer, and <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a>. However, some strains of yeast have been developed that can reproduce in solutions of up to 25% ABV.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serving_measures">Serving measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Serving measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_measurements" title="Alcohol measurements">Alcohol measurements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol equivalence">Alcohol equivalence</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shot_sizes">Shot sizes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Shot sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shot_glass#Sizes" title="Shot glass">Shot sizes</a> vary significantly from country to country. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, serving size in <a href="/wiki/Licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing laws of the United Kingdom">licensed premises</a> is regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">Weights and Measures Act (1985)</a>. A single serving size of spirits (<a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beer is typically served in <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pints</a> (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL. </p><p>The shape of a glass can have a significant effect on how much one pours. A <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> study of students and bartenders' pouring showed both groups pour more into short, wide glasses than into tall, slender glasses.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aiming to pour one shot of alcohol (1.5 ounces or 44.3 ml), students on average poured 45.5 ml & 59.6 ml (30% more) respectively into the tall and short glasses. The bartenders scored similarly, on average pouring 20.5% more into the short glasses. More experienced bartenders were more accurate, pouring 10.3% less alcohol than less experienced bartenders. Practice reduced the tendency of both groups to over pour for tall, slender glasses but not for short, wide glasses. These misperceptions are attributed to two perceptual biases: </p> <ol><li>Estimating that tall, slender glasses have more volume than shorter, wider glasses; and</li> <li>Over-focusing on the height of the liquid and disregarding the width.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_drinks">Standard drinks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Standard drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_whisky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/170px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/255px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Glass_of_whisky.jpg/340px-Glass_of_whisky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A "standard drink" of <a href="/wiki/Hard_liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard liquor">hard liquor</a> does not necessarily reflect a typical serving size, such as seen here.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no single standard, but a <i>standard drink</i> of 10g alcohol, which is used in the WHO AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test)'s questionnaire form example,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_AUDIT_EN_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_AUDIT_EN-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been adopted by more countries than any other amount.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalinowski2016_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalinowski2016-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10 grams is equivalent to 12.7 millilitres. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Standard_drink#Pure_alcohol_measure" title="Standard drink">standard drink</a> is a notional drink that contains a specified amount of pure <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>. The standard drink is used in many countries to quantify alcohol intake. It is usually expressed as a measure of beer, wine, or spirits. One standard drink always contains the same amount of alcohol regardless of serving size or the type of alcoholic beverage. The standard drink varies significantly from country to country. For example, it is 7.62 ml (6 grams) of alcohol in Austria, but in Japan it is 25 ml (19.75 grams): </p> <ul><li>In the United Kingdom, there is a system of <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of alcohol">units of alcohol</a> which serves as a guideline for alcohol consumption. A single <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of alcohol">unit of alcohol</a> is defined as 10 ml. The number of units present in a typical drink is sometimes printed on bottles. The system is intended as an aid to people who are regulating the amount of alcohol they drink; it is not used to determine serving sizes.</li> <li>In the United States, the standard drink contains 0.6 US fluid ounces (18 ml) of alcohol. This is approximately the amount of alcohol in a 12-US-fluid-ounce (350 ml) glass of beer, a 5-US-fluid-ounce (150 ml) glass of wine, or a 1.5-US-fluid-ounce (44 ml) glass of a 40% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a> (80 US proof) spirit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beverage-specific_equipment">Beverage-specific equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Beverage-specific equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/220px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/330px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg/440px-Lady_relaxing_next_to_glass_of_red_wine_and_glass_of_1664_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wine (left) and beer (right) are served in different glasses.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthiana" title="Absinthiana">Absinthiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">Beer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tap" title="Beer tap">Beer tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tower" title="Beer tower">Beer tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_machine" title="Margarita machine">Margarita machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professions">Professions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_waitress" title="Cocktail waitress">Cocktail waitress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_wench" title="Beer wench">Beer wench</a></li> <li>Wine <a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Legal_considerations"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol laws">Alcohol laws</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking age">Drinking age</a></div> <p>Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the <a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">legal drinking age</a>, which usually varies between 15 and 21 years old, sometimes depending upon the type of alcoholic drink (e.g., beer vs wine vs hard liquor or distillates). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-IARD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some countries, such as the U.S., have the drinking age higher than the legal age of majority (18), at age 21 in all 50 states. Such laws may take the form of permitting distribution only to licensed stores, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">monopoly stores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a> and they are often combined with taxation, which serves to reduce the demand for alcohol (by raising its price) and it is a form of revenue for governments. These laws also often limit the hours or days (e.g., "<a href="/wiki/Blue_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue laws">blue laws</a>") on which alcohol may be sold or served, as can also be seen in the "<a href="/wiki/Last_call_(bar_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last call (bar term)">last call</a>" ritual in US and Canadian bars, where bartenders and servers ask patrons to place their last orders for alcohol, due to serving hour cutoff laws. In some countries, alcohol cannot be sold to a person who is already intoxicated. Alcohol laws in many countries prohibit <a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">drunk driving</a>. </p><p>In some jurisdictions, alcoholic drinks are totally prohibited for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> (e.g., Islamic countries with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia law</a>) or for reasons of <a href="/wiki/Local_option" title="Local option">local option</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morals</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a> from 1920 to 1933). In jurisdictions which enforce sharia law, the consumption of alcoholic drinks is an <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">illegal offense</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although such laws may exempt non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alcohol_and_health">Alcohol and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Alcohol and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_health" title="Alcohol and health">Alcohol and health</a></div> <p>Alcohol is a <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a>, which in low doses causes <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a>, reduces <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and increases sociability. In higher doses, it causes <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">drunkenness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. A meta analysis of 107 cohort studies concludes low daily alcohol intake provides no health benefits and increased consumption, even at relatively low levels of daily intake (>2 beverages for women and >3 beverages for men), increases health- and mortality-risks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short-term effects of alcohol consumption range from a decrease in anxiety and motor skills and <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> at lower doses to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">intoxication</a> (drunkenness), to <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>, unconsciousness, <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</a> (memory "blackouts"), and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depression</a> at higher doses. <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membranes</a> are highly permeable to alcohol, so once it is in the bloodstream, it can diffuse into nearly every cell in the body. Alcohol can greatly exacerbate sleep problems. During <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a>, residual disruptions in sleep regularity and sleep patterns are the greatest predictors of <a href="/wiki/Relapse" title="Relapse">relapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term use can lead to an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol use disorder</a>, an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">several types of cancer</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels,_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg/220px-Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg/330px-Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg/440px-Intervention_alcohol_warning_labels%2C_Jsad.2020.81.262fig1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Intervention alcohol warning labels (actual size 5.0 cm × 3.2 cm each). The label intervention included three rotating labels: (a) a cancer warning, (b) national drinking guidelines, and (c) standard drink information (four separate labels were developed for wine, spirits, coolers, and beer; wine example shown above)</figcaption></figure><p>Some nations have introduced <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">alcohol packaging warning messages</a> that inform consumers about <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">alcohol and cancer</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">fetal alcohol syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of <a href="/wiki/Warning_label" title="Warning label">warning labels</a> on alcoholic beverages is historically supported by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Temperance_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Temperance organizations">organizations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a>, as well as by medical organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Cancer_Society" title="Irish Cancer Society">Irish Cancer Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler2012_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler2012-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finn2018_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finn2018-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> lists ethanol as a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> and states that: "There is sufficient evidence and research showing the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde (the major metabolite of ethanol) which is excreted by the liver enzyme when one drinks alcohol."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">World Health Organization</a> also considers alcohol to be a carcinogen with no quantity of consumption considered to be safe.<sup id="cite_ref-No_alcohol_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_alcohol-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHO estimates nearly half of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">alcohol-attributable cancers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_WHO_regions" title="List of WHO regions">WHO European Region</a> are linked to light or moderate drinking defined as "less than 1.5 litres of wine or less than 3.5 litres of beer or less than 450 millilitres of spirits per week".<sup id="cite_ref-No_alcohol_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_alcohol-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public awareness of the link between alcohol consumption and cancer is alarmingly low in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20240918_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20240918-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">List of national drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" title="List of whisky brands">List of whisky brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rum_brands" title="List of rum brands">List of rum brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tequilas" title="List of tequilas">List of tequilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vodka_brands" title="List of vodka brands">List of vodka brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks" title="List of barley-based drinks">List of barley-based drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beer cocktails">List of beer cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">List of IBA official cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_and_breweries_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer and breweries by region">Beer and breweries by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_industry_in_Europe" title="Alcoholic beverage industry in Europe">Alcoholic beverage industry in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IARD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IARD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IARD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS+English&rft.atitle=The+oldest+wine+in+the+world+has+been+preserved+in+a+Roman+mausoleum+in+Spain+for+2%2C000+years&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.au=Agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Fculture%2F2024-06-18%2Fthe-oldest-wine-in-the-world-has-been-preserved-in-a-roman-mausoleum-in-spain-for-2000-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosanoManuel_RománEsquivelLafont2024" class="citation journal cs1">Cosano, Daniel; Manuel Román, Juan; Esquivel, Dolores; Lafont, Fernando; Ruiz Arrebola, José Rafael (1 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2024.104636">"New archaeochemical insights into Roman wine from Baetica"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>57</b>: 104636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JArSR..57j4636C">2024JArSR..57j4636C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2024.104636">10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104636</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X">2352-409X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=New+archaeochemical+insights+into+Roman+wine+from+Baetica&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=104636&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft.issn=2352-409X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2024.104636&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024JArSR..57j4636C&rft.aulast=Cosano&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Manuel+Rom%C3%A1n%2C+Juan&rft.au=Esquivel%2C+Dolores&rft.au=Lafont%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Ruiz+Arrebola%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2024.104636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23560753-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23560753_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosso2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rosso AM (2012). 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35401-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35401-4"><bdi>978-0-313-35401-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Wine%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35401-4&rft.aulast=Brostrom&rft.aufirst=GG&rft.au=Brostrom%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEqx2zwuq-gC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrzan2013" class="citation book cs1">Chrzan, Janet (2013). <i>Alcohol: Social Drinking in Cultural Context</i>. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539767">"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>101</b> (51): 17593–17598. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10117593M">2004PNAS..10117593M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0407921102">10.1073/pnas.0407921102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539767">539767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590771">15590771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fermented+beverages+of+pre-+and+proto-historic+China&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=17593-17598&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15590771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0407921102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10117593M&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=P.E.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J.&rft.au=Tang%2C+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Hall%2C+G.R.&rft.au=Moreau%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Nunez%2C+A.&rft.au=Butrym%2C+E.D.&rft.au=Richards%2C+M.P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+C.-S.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+G.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Z.&rft.au=Wang%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC539767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach" class="citation news cs1">Roach, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34435526">"Cheers! Eight ancient drinks uncorked by science"</a>. <i>Nbc News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190746/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34435526/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/cheers-eight-ancient-drinks-uncorked-science/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cider&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandfordorchards.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fthe-history-of-cider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsc.discovery.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dsc.discovery.com_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000">Ancient Mashed Grapes Found in Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103133450/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000">Archived</a> 3 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Discovery News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Hassan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources from the 8th Century". <i>Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry</i>. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+the+Distillation+of+Wine+in+Arabic+Sources+from+the+8th+Century&rft.btitle=Studies+in+al-Kimya%27%3A+Critical+Issues+in+Latin+and+Arabic+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pages=283-298&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span> (same content also available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">the author's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229003135/http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelotHoudas1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcellin</a>; Houdas, Octave V. (1893). <i>La Chimie au Moyen Âge</i>. Vol. I–III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chimie+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marcellin&rft.au=Houdas%2C+Octave+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span> vol. I, pp. 141, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes1970-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes1970_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1970" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Robert James (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><i>A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1"><bdi>978-90-04-00617-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123191201/https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation%3A+From+the+Beginnings+up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, Eric John</a> (1957). <i>Alchemy</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26298-7"><bdi>978-0-486-26298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26298-7&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whisky_tech-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whisky_tech_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiskey: Technology, Production and Marketing: Handbook of Alcoholic Beverages Series p2 Academic Press 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture, and Control By David J. Hanson page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alcohol.org/guides/americas-history-of-drinking/">"America's History of Drinking"</a>. <i>Alcohol.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alcohol.org&rft.atitle=America%27s+History+of+Drinking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alcohol.org%2Fguides%2Famericas-history-of-drinking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison1954" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, James Holley (1954). "Introduction to Part I". In Merrill, Walter McIntosh (ed.). <i>Behold Me Once More. The Confessions of James Holley Garrison, brother of <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton,_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton, Mifflin">Houghton, Mifflin</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Part+I&rft.btitle=Behold+Me+Once+More.+The+Confessions+of+James+Holley+Garrison%2C+brother+of+William+Lloyd+Garrison&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=James+Holley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126244849">"NOTABLE AUSTRALIAN EVENTS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Sydney)" title="The Sunday Times (Sydney)">The Sunday Times</a></i>. No. 619. New South Wales, Australia. 7 November 1897. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=NOTABLE+AUSTRALIAN+EVENTS.&rft.issue=619&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1897-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article126244849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Systembolaget.se <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://systembolaget.se/NR/rdonlyres/8C39020E-492A-47A1-B578-021AF5833CD6/0/foretagspres_03_eng.pdf">About Systembolaget</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018220736/http://systembolaget.se/NR/rdonlyres/8C39020E-492A-47A1-B578-021AF5833CD6/0/foretagspres_03_eng.pdf">Archived</a> 18 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edman-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edman_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdman2015" class="citation cs2">Edman, Johan (September 2015), "Temperance and Modernity: Alcohol Consumption as a Collective Problem, 1885–1913", <i>Journal of Social History</i>, <b>49</b> (1): 20–52, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshv029">10.1093/jsh/shv029</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Temperance+and+Modernity%3A+Alcohol+Consumption+as+a+Collective+Problem%2C+1885%E2%80%931913&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-52&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshv029&rft.aulast=Edman&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2005_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Max (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&q=most+consumed+beverage&pg=PA1"><i>The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31121-2"><bdi>978-0-415-31121-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123191200/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&q=most+consumed+beverage&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian%27s+Beverage%3A+A+History+of+Beer+in+Ancient+Europe&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31121-2&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xul0O_SI1MC%26q%3Dmost%2Bconsumed%2Bbeverage%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Dworkin,_Stanley_Falkow2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTsC65kCJbUC&pg=PA169"><i>The Prokaryotes: Proteobacteria: alpha and beta subclasses</i></a>. Springer. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-25495-1"><bdi>978-0-387-25495-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prokaryotes%3A+Proteobacteria%3A+alpha+and+beta+subclasses&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-25495-1&rft.au=Martin+Dworkin%2C+Stanley+Falkow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTsC65kCJbUC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Super, "Alcoholic Beverages", pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit">"Distilled spirit/distilled liquor"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509044547/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distilled+spirit%2Fdistilled+liquor&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9106006%2Fdistilled-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichine, Alexis. <i>Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits</i> (5th edition) (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987), 707–709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALE-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALE_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichine1987" class="citation book cs1">Lichine, Alexis (1987). <i>Alexis Lichine's New Encyclopedia of Wines & Spirits</i> (5th ed.). New York: Alfred A. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft.au=Jancis+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span> See <i>alcoholic strength</i> at p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284830829">"Ethanol as a food preservative"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethanol+as+a+food+preservative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F284830829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/acetic-acid-properties-uses-and-incident-management/acetic-acid-general-information">"Acetic acid: general information"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Digital_Service" title="Government Digital Service">Government Digital Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Acetic+acid%3A+general+information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Facetic-acid-properties-uses-and-incident-management%2Facetic-acid-general-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakayama1959" class="citation journal cs1">Nakayama, Takeyoshi (September 1959). "Studies on acetic acid-bacteria I. Biochemical studies on ethanol oxidation". <i>The Journal of Biochemistry</i>. <b>46</b> (9): 1217–1225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a127022">10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Studies+on+acetic+acid-bacteria+I.+Biochemical+studies+on+ethanol+oxidation&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1217-1225&rft.date=1959-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jbchem.a127022&rft.aulast=Nakayama&rft.aufirst=Takeyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvard_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/vinegar/">"Vinegar"</a>. TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University. 1 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114123724/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/vinegar/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vinegar&rft.pub=TH+Chan+School+of+Public+Health%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Fnutritionsource%2Ffood-features%2Fvinegar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ns-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ns_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlbricht_CE2010" class="citation book cs1">Ulbricht CE, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WB8PDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">"Apple Cider Vinegar"</a>. <i>Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Guide: An Evidence-Based Reference</i> (1st ed.). Elsevier. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07295-3"><bdi>978-0-323-07295-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apple+Cider+Vinegar&rft.btitle=Natural+Standard+Herb+%26+Supplement+Guide%3A+An+Evidence-Based+Reference&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-323-07295-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWB8PDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pg_83-88-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pg_83-88_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pg 83-88 Workman Publishing 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATG-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NATG_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Gulnaz (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/north-america/guatemala/maximon-santiago-atitlan-maya-saint/">"Meet Maximón: The Liquor-Drinking, Chain-Smoking Saint"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142143/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/north-america/guatemala/maximon-santiago-atitlan-maya-saint/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Meet+Maxim%C3%B3n%3A+The+Liquor-Drinking%2C+Chain-Smoking+Saint&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Gulnaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fnorth-america%2Fguatemala%2Fmaximon-santiago-atitlan-maya-saint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peña-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peña_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraujo_PeñaBarbosa_Ramírez_MariselaGalván_Falcón_SusanaGarcía_Ortiz_Aurea" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Araujo Peña, Sandra Alejandro; Barbosa Ramírez Marisela; Galván Falcón Susana; García Ortiz Aurea; Uribe Ordaz Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udlondres.com/revista_psicologia/articulos/stamuerte.htm">"El culto a la Santa Muerte: un estudio descriptivo"</a> [The Santa Muerte Cult:A descriptive study]. <i>Revista Psichologia</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Universidad de Londres<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Psichologia&rft.atitle=El+culto+a+la+Santa+Muerte%3A+un+estudio+descriptivo&rft.aulast=Araujo+Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Alejandro&rft.au=Barbosa+Ram%C3%ADrez+Marisela&rft.au=Galv%C3%A1n+Falc%C3%B3n+Susana&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Ortiz+Aurea&rft.au=Uribe+Ordaz+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.udlondres.com%2Frevista_psicologia%2Farticulos%2Fstamuerte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villarreal-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villarreal_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarreal2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villarreal, Hector (5 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016071830/http://semanal.milenio.com/node/331">"La Guerra Santa de la Santa Muerte"</a> [The Holy War of Santa Muerte]. <i>Milenio semana</i> (in Spanish). Mexico City: Milenio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semanal.milenio.com/node/331">the original</a> on 16 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milenio+semana&rft.atitle=La+Guerra+Santa+de+la+Santa+Muerte&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.aulast=Villarreal&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsemanal.milenio.com%2Fnode%2F331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYPost-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYPost_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2021" class="citation web cs1">Vincent, Isabel (21 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2021/12/21/religious-saints-of-murders-outlaws-worshiped-by-cartels/">"Santa Muerte and five more 'religious' saints worshiped by drug cartels"</a>. <i>New York Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Santa+Muerte+and+five+more+%27religious%27+saints+worshiped+by+drug+cartels&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2021%2F12%2F21%2Freligious-saints-of-murders-outlaws-worshiped-by-cartels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannagin2014" class="citation web cs1">Flannagin, Jake (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/09/big-in-mexico/375060/">"The Rise of the Narco-Saints"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Narco-Saints&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Flannagin&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2014%2F09%2Fbig-in-mexico%2F375060%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehusi2016" class="citation book cs1">Nehusi, Kimani S.K. (2016). <i>Libation. An Afrikan Ritual of Heritage in the Circle of Life</i>. University Press of America. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-6710-4"><bdi>978-0-7618-6710-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libation.+An+Afrikan+Ritual+of+Heritage+in+the+Circle+of+Life&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-6710-4&rft.aulast=Nehusi&rft.aufirst=Kimani+S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delia, 1992, pp. 181-190<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1954" class="citation book cs1">James, George G. M. (1954). <i>Stolen Legacy</i>. New York: Philosophical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stolen+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=George+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmah2006" class="citation book cs1">Armah, Ayi Kwei (2006). <i>The Eloquence of the Scribes: a memoir on the sources and resources of African literature</i>. Popenguine, Senegal: Per Ankh. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eloquence+of+the+Scribes%3A+a+memoir+on+the+sources+and+resources+of+African+literature&rft.place=Popenguine%2C+Senegal&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Per+Ankh&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Armah&rft.aufirst=Ayi+Kwei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahagúnNicholson1997" class="citation book cs1">Sahagún, Bernardino de; Nicholson, Henry B. (23 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nH_P1Gn1twwC&q=octli"><i>Primeros Memoriales</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806129099" title="Special:BookSources/9780806129099"><bdi>9780806129099</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primeros+Memoriales&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1997-03-23&rft.isbn=9780806129099&rft.aulast=Sahag%C3%BAn&rft.aufirst=Bernardino+de&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Henry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnH_P1Gn1twwC%26q%3Doctli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deacons.net/Canon_Law/cci.htm">Code of Canon Law, 1983</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619055307/http://www.deacons.net/Canon_Law/cci.htm">Archived</a> 19 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber2013-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber2013_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber2013_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2013" class="citation web cs1">Weber, Karl (31 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steadfastlutherans.org/blog/2013/05/fruit-of-which-vine/">"Fruit of Which Vine?"</a>. 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See the "Sunday Worship" section on the "Welcome" page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groot_Handboek-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groot_Handboek_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groot_Handboek_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllian2016" class="citation web cs1">Ullian, Naomi (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theherbalacademy.com/make-medicinal-mushroom-double-extraction-tincture/">"How To Make A Medicinal Mushroom Double-Extraction Tincture"</a>. <i>Herbal Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Cancer+Society+urges+minister+not+to+drop+proposed+cancer+warning+labels+on+alcohol+products&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Firish-cancer-society-cancer-labels-4248754-Sep2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf">Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025122327/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ClassificationsGroupOrder.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. monographs.iarc.fr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_alcohol-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-No_alcohol_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-No_alcohol_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health">"No level of alcohol consumption is safe for our health"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112022159/https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=No+level+of+alcohol+consumption+is+safe+for+our+health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Feurope%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcoholic+beverage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT20240918-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT20240918_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/18/health/alcohol-cancer-young-adults.html">Deep Links Between Alcohol and Cancer Are Described in New Report: Scientists continue to rethink the idea that moderate drinking offers health benefits.</a> by Roni Caryn Rabin, the New York Times on Sept. 18, 2024. Last access 9/26/2024.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bartending" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bartending" title="Template:Bartending"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bartending" title="Template talk:Bartending"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bartending"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bartending" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar-back" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar-back">Barback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargirl" title="Bargirl">Bargirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_sommelier" title="Beer sommelier">Beer sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_wench" title="Beer wench">Beer wench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_waitress" title="Cocktail waitress">Cocktail waitress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub_act" title="Nightclub act">Nightclub act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncer" title="Bouncer">Bouncer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/72px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/108px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Robert_gold_bartender.jpg/144px-Robert_gold_bartender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-alcoholic mixers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitters" title="Bitters">Bitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">Fruit juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine" title="Grenadine">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">Soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup#Syrups_for_beverages" title="Syrup">Sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_juice" title="Tomato juice">Tomato juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthiana" title="Absinthiana">Absinthiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_spoon" title="Bar spoon">Bar spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">Beer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tap" title="Beer tap">Beer tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_tower" title="Beer tower">Beer tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Beverage coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blender" title="Blender">Blender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois" title="Chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_shaker" title="Cocktail shaker">Cocktail shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_strainer" title="Cocktail strainer">Cocktail strainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinkware" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinkware">Drinkware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_rimmer" title="Glass rimmer">Glass rimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Ice cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigger_(bartending)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigger (bartending)">Jigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicer" title="Juicer">Juicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarita_machine" title="Margarita machine">Margarita machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melon_ball" title="Melon ball">Melon baller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddler" title="Muddler">Muddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddling_spoon" title="Muddling spoon">Muddling spoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_grater" title="Nutmeg grater">Nutmeg grater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_(unit)" title="Peg (unit)">Peg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_siphon" title="Soda siphon">Soda siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisk" title="Whisk">Whisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zester" title="Zester">Zester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_garnish" title="Cocktail garnish">Garnishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Edible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_onion" title="Cocktail onion">Cocktail onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino_cherry" title="Maraschino cherry">Maraschino cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_(cocktail_garnish)" title="Twist (cocktail garnish)">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inedible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocktail stick">Cocktail stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_umbrella" title="Cocktail umbrella">Cocktail umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_straw" title="Drinking straw">Drinking straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swizzle_stick" title="Swizzle stick">Swizzle stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bartenders" title="List of bartenders">List of bartenders</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology" title="Bartending terminology">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_play#Alcohol" title="Food play">Body shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_keep" title="Bottle keep">Bottle keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryness_(taste)" title="Dryness (taste)">Dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flair_bartending" title="Flair bartending">Flair bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_day" title="Gay day">Gay night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight up">Straight up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">Well drink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartending_school" title="Bartending school">Bartending school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_cocktail_movement" title="Craft cocktail movement">Craft cocktail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of drinking establishment-related articles">index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">tavern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craft_beer" title="Craft beer">Craft beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bartenders_Association" title="International Bartenders Association">International Bartenders Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">official cocktails</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Boston_Official_Bartender%27s_Guide" title="Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide">Mr. Boston Official Bartender's Guide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/16px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/24px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">liquor portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bartending" title="Category:Bartending">Category: Bartending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cocktails" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cocktails" title="Template:Cocktails"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cocktails" title="Template talk:Cocktails"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cocktails" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cocktails"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cocktails" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktails</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>List of cocktails: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">by ingredients</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails_(alphabetical)" title="List of cocktails (alphabetical)">alphabetical</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpse_reviver" title="Corpse reviver">Corpse reviver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_the_Afternoon_(cocktail)" title="Death in the Afternoon (cocktail)">Death in the Afternoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernista_(cocktail)" title="Modernista (cocktail)">The Modernista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazerac" title="Sazerac">Sazerac</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gin and tonic"><img alt="A gin and tonic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/150px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/225px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg/300px-Gin_and_tonic_with_lemon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2671" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_tan" title="Black and tan">Black and tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_velvet_(cocktail)" title="Black velvet (cocktail)">Black Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker_(beer_cocktail)" title="Boilermaker (beer cocktail)">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_blood" title="Hangman's blood">Hangman's blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_car_bomb_(cocktail)" title="Irish car bomb (cocktail)">Irish car bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelada" title="Michelada">Michelada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porchcrawler" title="Porchcrawler">Porchcrawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake_bomb" title="Sake bomb">Sake bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandy" title="Shandy">Shandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakebite_(drink)" title="Snakebite (drink)">Snakebite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boot_(cocktail)" title="U-boot (cocktail)">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorsh" title="Yorsh">Yorsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#The_Blenheim" title="Joe Gilmore">The Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)#Variations" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Brandy Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy_sour" title="Brandy sour">Brandy sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_cocktail" title="Chicago cocktail">Chicago cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_punch" title="Curaçao punch">Curaçao punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Four_Score" title="Joe Gilmore">Four Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennchata" title="Hennchata">Hennchata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incredible_Hulk_(cocktail)" title="Incredible Hulk (cocktail)">Incredible Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Rose_(cocktail)" title="Jack Rose (cocktail)">Jack Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_(cocktail)" title="Orgasm (cocktail)">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Savoy_Affair" title="Joe Gilmore">Savoy Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Savoy_Corpse_Reviver" title="Joe Gilmore">Savoy Corpse Reviver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_(drink)" title="Tom and Jerry (drink)">Tom and Jerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Batida" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Batida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipirinha" title="Caipirinha">Caipirinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Caju_amigo" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Caju Amigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Leite_de_onça" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Leite de Onça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Quentão" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Quentão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Rabo-de-galo" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Rabo-de-galo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Royce" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Royce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_velvet_(cocktail)" title="Black velvet (cocktail)">Black Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_fizz" title="Buck's fizz">Buck's Fizz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir_royal" title="Kir royal">Kir royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_(cocktail)" title="20th century (cocktail)">20th Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijou_(cocktail)" title="Bijou (cocktail)">Bijou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_(cocktail)" title="Bronx (cocktail)">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_(cocktail)" title="Gibson (cocktail)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(cocktail)" title="Gimlet (cocktail)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_and_tonic" title="Gin and tonic">Gin and tonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_pahit" title="Gin pahit">Gin pahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gin sour">Gin sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanky_panky_(cocktail)" title="Hanky panky (cocktail)">Hanky panky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_word_(cocktail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Last word (cocktail)">Last word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickey_(cocktail)" title="Rickey (cocktail)">Lime Rickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Lorraine" title="Joe Gilmore">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Slim" title="Mickey Slim">Mickey Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#My_Fair_Lady" title="Joe Gilmore">My fair lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Etonian_(cocktail)" title="Old Etonian (cocktail)">Old Etonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_(cocktail)" title="Paradise (cocktail)">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegu_Club_(cocktail)" title="Pegu Club (cocktail)">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimm%27s_cup" title="Pimm's cup">Pimm's cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_gin" title="Pink gin">Pink gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_lady_(cocktail)" title="Pink lady (cocktail)">Pink Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Royal_Arrival" title="Joe Gilmore">Royal Arrival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salty_dog_(cocktail)" title="Salty dog (cocktail)">Salty Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple_(drink)#With_alcohol" title="Shirley Temple (drink)">Shirley Temple Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Collins" title="Tom Collins">Tom Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lady_(cocktail)" title="White lady (cocktail)">White lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Wolfram" title="Joe Gilmore">Wolfram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouzini" title="Ouzini">Ouzini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hawaii_(cocktail)" title="Blue Hawaii (cocktail)">Blue Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Monkey_(cocktail)" title="Brass Monkey (cocktail)">Brass monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumbo" title="Bumbo">Bumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwacker_(cocktail)" title="Bushwacker (cocktail)">Bushwacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojito" title="Cojito">Cojito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Presidente_(cocktail)" title="El Presidente (cocktail)">El Presidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_house_punch" title="Fish house punch">Fish house punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Doctor_Pepper" title="Flaming Doctor Pepper">Flaming Dr Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_volcano" title="Flaming volcano">Flaming volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">Grog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfire_(drink)" title="Gunfire (drink)">Gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(cocktail)" title="Hurricane (cocktail)">Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagertee" title="Jagertee">Jagertee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macu%C3%A1" title="Macuá">Macuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Tai" title="Mai Tai">Mai Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painkiller_(cocktail)" title="Painkiller (cocktail)">Painkiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bermuda_Yacht_Club#Cocktail" title="Royal Bermuda Yacht Club">Royal Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_and_Coke" title="Rum and Coke">Rum and Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_swizzle" title="Rum swizzle">Rum swizzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%27_punch" title="Ti' punch">Ti' punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry_(drink)" title="Tom and Jerry (drink)">Tom and Jerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tschunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tschunk">Tschunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_bird_(cocktail)" title="Yellow bird (cocktail)">Yellow bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(cocktail)" title="Zombie (cocktail)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginza Mary">Ginza Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake_bomb" title="Sake bomb">Sake bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagozake" title="Tamagozake">Tamagozake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimay%C3%B3_cocktail" title="Chimayó cocktail">Chimayó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Collins">Juan Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matador_(cocktail)" title="Matador (cocktail)">Matador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paloma_(cocktail)" title="Paloma (cocktail)">Paloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_slammer" title="Tequila slammer">Slammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_sunrise" title="Tequila sunrise">Sunrise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appletini" title="Appletini">Appletini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_pop_(cocktail)" title="Astro pop (cocktail)">Astro pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a#Batida" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Batida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_breeze_(cocktail)" title="Bay breeze (cocktail)">Bay Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLT_cocktail" title="BLT cocktail">BLT cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Lagoon_(cocktail)" title="Blue Lagoon (cocktail)">Blue Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Shot">Bull Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(cocktail)" title="Caesar (cocktail)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipirinha#Variations" title="Caipirinha">Caipivodka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Codder_(cocktail)" title="Cape Codder (cocktail)">Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a_colada#Variations" title="Piña colada">Chi-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_(cocktail)" title="Colombia (cocktail)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirtini" title="Flirtini">Flirtini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(cocktail)" title="Gimlet (cocktail)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_(cocktail)" title="Greyhound (cocktail)">Greyhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwdriver_(cocktail)#Variations" title="Screwdriver (cocktail)">Hi-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daly_(cocktail)" title="John Daly (cocktail)">John Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Kensington_Court_Special" title="Joe Gilmore">Kensington Court Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_drop_(cocktail)" title="Lemon drop (cocktail)">Lemon drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickey_(cocktail)" title="Rickey (cocktail)">Lime Rickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Link_Up" title="Joe Gilmore">Link Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Crush_(cocktail)" title="Orange Crush (cocktail)">Orange Crush</a></li> <li>Orange tundra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Russian_(cocktail)" title="Red Russian (cocktail)">Red Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy_cocktail" title="Rose Kennedy cocktail">Rose Kennedy cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmiakki_Koskenkorva" title="Salmiakki Koskenkorva">Salmiakki Koskenkorva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salty_dog_(cocktail)" title="Salty dog (cocktail)">Salty dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwdriver_(cocktail)" title="Screwdriver (cocktail)">Screwdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargtass" title="Vargtass">Vargtass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">Vodka Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila_sunrise#Variations" title="Tequila sunrise">Vodka sunrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woo_woo" title="Woo woo">Woo Woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorsh" title="Yorsh">Yorsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_moon" title="Amber moon">Amber moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink#Blue_Blazer_cocktail" title="Flaming drink">Blue blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Burns_(drink)" title="Bobby Burns (drink)">Bobby Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_lancer" title="Bourbon lancer">Bourbon lancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_(cocktail)" title="Brooklyn (cocktail)">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Churchill" title="Joe Gilmore">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnell_(cocktail)" title="Farnell (cocktail)">Farnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_juice" title="Jungle juice">Jungle juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg_lemonade" title="Lynchburg lemonade">Lynchburg lemonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Missouri_mule" title="Joe Gilmore">Missouri mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore#Nixon" title="Joe Gilmore">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_fashioned_(cocktail)" title="Old fashioned (cocktail)">Old Fashioned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(cocktail)" title="Rob Roy (cocktail)">Rob Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_and_7" title="7 and 7">Seven and Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_wise_men_(cocktail)" title="Three wise men (cocktail)">Three wise men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_8_(cocktail)" title="Ward 8 (cocktail)">Ward 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_and_Coke" title="Whiskey and Coke">Whiskey and Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_Mac" title="Whisky Mac">Whisky Mac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_party" title="Cocktail party">Cocktail party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_cocktail_movement" title="Craft cocktail movement">Craft cocktail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highball" title="Highball">Highball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBA_official_cocktails" title="List of IBA official cocktails">List of IBA official cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_drink" title="Mixed drink">Mixed drink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_drinks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_drinks" title="Template:Lists of drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_drinks" title="Template talk:Lists of drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of drinks">Lists of drinks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinks" title="List of drinks">List of drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks" title="List of barley-based drinks">Barley-based drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bottled_water_brands" title="List of bottled water brands">Bottled water brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brand_name_soft_drink_products" title="List of brand name soft drink products">Brand name soft drink products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_breakfast_drinks" title="List of breakfast drinks">Breakfast drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chocolate_drinks" title="List of chocolate drinks">Chocolate drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_citrus_soft_drinks" title="List of citrus soft drinks">Citrus soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea#Major_varieties" title="Herbal tea">Herbal teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_drinks" title="List of hot drinks">Hot drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_juices" title="List of juices">Juices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lemon_dishes_and_drinks" title="List of lemon dishes and drinks">Lemon dishes and drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lemonade_topics" title="List of lemonade topics">Lemonade topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_drinks" title="List of national drinks">National drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_drinks" title="List of rice drinks">Rice drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_flavors" title="List of soft drink flavors">Soft drink flavors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drink_producers" title="List of soft drink producers">Soft drink producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soft_drinks_by_country" title="List of soft drinks by country">Soft drinks by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">U.S. state beverages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">Alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beer_and_breweries_by_region" title="List of beer and breweries by region">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cacha%C3%A7a_brands" title="List of Cachaça brands">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cider_brands" title="List of cider brands">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of gins">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liqueur_brands" title="List of liqueur brands">Liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_liquors" title="List of national liquors">National liquors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pisco_brands" title="List of pisco brands">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rum_brands" title="List of rum brands">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tequilas" title="List of tequilas">Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vodka_brands" title="List of vodka brands">Vodka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whisky_brands" title="List of whisky brands">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_wines" title="Lists of wines">Wine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cocktails" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">Cocktails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails" title="List of cocktails">List of cocktails</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beer_cocktail" title="Beer cocktail">Beer cocktail</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocktails_with_cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cocktails with cachaça">Cocktails with cachaça</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cocktails_with_wine,_sparkling_wine,_or_port" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port">Cocktails with wine, sparkling wine, or port</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Highball" title="Highball">Highball</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_martini_variations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of martini variations">Martini variations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shooter_(drink)" title="Shooter (drink)">Shooters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Well_drink" title="Well drink">Well drink</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wine_cocktail" title="Wine cocktail">Wine cocktail</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_drink" title="Caffeinated drink">Caffeinated drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_drinks" title="List of energy drinks">Energy drinks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_polysubstance_combinations" title="List of polysubstance combinations">Polysubstance combinations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture of cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_drinks" title="List of Bolivian drinks">Bolivian drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_drinks" title="List of Brazilian drinks">Brazilian drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese alcoholic drinks">Chinese alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_teas" title="List of Chinese teas">Chinese teas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine#List_of_Cuban_drinks" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban drinks</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e_wines" title="List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines">AOC wines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VDQS_wines" title="List of VDQS wines">VDQS wines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_drinks" title="List of Indian drinks">Indian drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_drinks" title="List of Indonesian drinks">Indonesian drinks</a></li> <li>Italian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_soda" title="Italian soda">Italian soda</a></li> <li>Wines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOC_wines" title="List of Italian DOC wines">Italian DOC wines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_DOCG_wines" title="List of Italian DOCG wines">Italian DOCG wines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_IGT_wines" title="List of Italian IGT wines">Italian IGT wines</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jamaican drinks">Jamaican drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japanese wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican drinks">Mexican drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moroccan drinks">Moroccan drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_drinks" title="List of Korean drinks">Korean drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine drinks">Philippine drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_alcoholic_drinks" title="Korean alcoholic drinks">Korean alcoholic drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syrian beverages">Syrian drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese beverages">Vietnamese drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnamese wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_drinks" title="Category:Lists of drinks">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beverages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beverages">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject Food and drink</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template talk:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a><br /> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime" title="Alcohol-related crime">Alcohol-related<br /> crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving" title="Drunk driving">Drunk driving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States">Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">Drunk driving in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prison alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1jaro_verde" title="Pájaro verde">Pájaro verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_intoxication" title="Public intoxication">Public intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">Rum-running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sly-grog_shop" title="Sly-grog shop">Sly-grog shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">Alcohol and Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_adolescence" title="Alcoholism in adolescence">Alcoholism in adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_family_systems" title="Alcoholism in family systems">Alcoholism in family systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism_in_rural_Australia" title="Alcoholism in rural Australia">Alcoholism in rural Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_Study_on_the_Genetics_of_Alcoholism" title="Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism">Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_theory_of_alcoholism" title="Disease theory of alcoholism">Disease theory of alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_alcoholic" title="High-functioning alcoholic">High-functioning alcoholic</a> (HFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeing_pink_elephants" title="Seeing pink elephants">Seeing pink elephants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Beverage-specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_chemistry" title="Beer chemistry">Beer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_psychoactive_alcohols_in_alcoholic_drinks" title="Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks">Comparison of psychoactive alcohols in alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congener_(beverages)" title="Congener (beverages)">Congener</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_congener_analysis" title="Alcohol congener analysis">Alcohol congener analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_content" title="Blood alcohol content">Blood alcohol content</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">Fusel alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Short-term effects of alcohol consumption">Short-term effects of alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol" title="Long-term effects of alcohol">Long-term effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol" title="Pharmacology of ethanol">Pharmacology of ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_response_to_alcohol" title="Subjective response to alcohol">Subjective response to alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangxiety" title="Hangxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_alcohol_on_aging" title="Impact of alcohol on aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_impact_of_alcohol_on_the_brain" title="Long-term impact of alcohol on the brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">Cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_breast_cancer" title="Alcohol and breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cortisol" title="Alcohol and cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_and_sleep" title="Alcohol use and sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">Tolerance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intolerance" title="Alcohol intolerance">intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_weight" title="Alcohol and weight">Weight</a></li> <li>Beverage-specific <ul><li>Beer: <a href="/wiki/Potomania" title="Potomania">Potomania</a></li> <li>Wine: <a href="/wiki/Red_wine_headache" title="Red wine headache">Red wine headache</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Social issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adulterated alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine#Adulterated_moonshine" title="Moonshine">Adulterated moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">Denatured alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">Surrogate alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">Alcohol advertising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising_on_college_campuses" title="Alcohol advertising on college campuses">on college campuses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_sex" title="Alcohol and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_goggles" title="Beer goggles">Beer goggles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_myopia" title="Alcohol myopia">Alcohol myopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_association_football" title="Alcohol in association football">Alcohol in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_among_college_students" title="Alcohol use among college students">Alcohol use among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_syndrome" title="Austrian syndrome">Austrian syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_binge_drinking" title="Epidemiology of binge drinking">Epidemiology of binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_heart_syndrome" title="Holiday heart syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</a></li> <li>Problematic alcoholic products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_powder" title="Alcohol powder">Alcohol powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcopop" title="Alcopop">Alcopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borg_(drink)" title="Borg (drink)">Borg</a></li> <li>Low-cost alcohol <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_fortified_wine" title="Flavored fortified wine">Flavored fortified wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)#Stimulants" title="Alcohol (drug)">Polysubstance alcoholic drinks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinated_alcoholic_drink" title="Caffeinated alcoholic drink">Caffeinated alcoholic drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_wine" title="Coca wine">Coca wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotini" title="Nicotini">Nicotini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapoy" title="Zapoy">Zapoy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_(drug-related_amnesia)" title="Blackout (drug-related amnesia)">Blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drinking_games" title="List of drinking games">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregaming" title="Pregaming">Pregaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_in_public" title="Drinking in public">Drinking in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_walking" title="Drunk walking">Drunk walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunkorexia" title="Drunkorexia">Drunkorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_drunk" title="Dry drunk">Dry drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_courage" title="Dutch courage">Dutch courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_drink" title="Flaming drink">Flaming drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_of_the_dog" title="Hair of the dog">Hair of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurtful_communication#Alcohol" title="Hurtful communication">Hurtful communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_dialing" title="Drunk dialing">Drunk dialing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vino_veritas" title="In vino veritas"><i>In vino veritas</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(drink)" title="Nightcap (drink)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsdrunk" title="Pantsdrunk">Pantsdrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_drinking" title="Passive drinking">Passive drinking</a></li> <li>Binge drinking devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bong" title="Beer bong">Beer bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_of_ale" title="Yard of ale">Yard of ale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Routes of administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_enema" title="Alcohol enema">Alcohol enema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_inhalation" title="Alcohol inhalation">Alcohol inhalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_eyeballing" title="Vodka eyeballing">Vodka eyeballing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipsomania" title="Dipsomania">Dipsomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Paul_Jordan" title="Gilbert Paul Jordan">Gilbert Paul Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Craze" title="Gin Craze">Gin Craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol" title="List of deaths through alcohol">List of deaths through alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_ration" title="Rum ration">Rum ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_o%27clock_swill" title="Six o'clock swill">Six o'clock swill</a></li> <li>Illegal drinking establishments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nip_joint" title="Nip joint">Nip joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">Speakeasy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_mile" title="Beer mile">Beer mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Beer_Day" title="International Beer Day">International Beer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Collaboration_Brew_Day" title="International Women's Collaboration Brew Day">International Women's Collaboration Brew Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_brewing" title="Women in brewing">Women in brewing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover_remedies" title="Hangover remedies">Hangover remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_wine" title="Health effects of wine">Health effects of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_night" title="Ladies' night">Ladies' night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals#Alcohol" title="List of substances used in rituals">Ritual use of alcohol</a></li> <li>Whiskey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_whisk(e)y_day" title="International whisk(e)y day">International whisk(e)y day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol <br />control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_License_Suspension" title="Administrative License Suspension">Administrative License Suspension</a> (ALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(Minimum_Pricing)_(Scotland)_Act_2012" title="Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012">Alcohol (Minimum Pricing) (Scotland) Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_exclusion_laws" title="Alcohol exclusion laws">Alcohol exclusion laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_monopoly" title="Alcohol monopoly">Alcohol monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage_control_state" title="Alcoholic beverage control state">Alcoholic beverage control state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">Alcohol packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_caffeinated_alcoholic_drinks_in_the_United_States" title="Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States">Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_law_by_country" title="Drunk driving law by country">Drunk driving law by country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DWI_court" title="DWI court">DWI court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sobriety_testing" title="Field sobriety testing">Field sobriety testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask_defence" title="Hip flask defence">Hip flask defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_interlock_device" title="Ignition interlock device">Ignition interlock device</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">Dry county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dry_communities_by_U.S._state" title="List of dry communities by U.S. state">List of dry communities by U.S. state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_call" title="Last call">Last call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Legal drinking age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age_in_the_United_States" title="Legal drinking age in the United States">Legal drinking age in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tap_(alcohol)" title="Shoulder tap (alcohol)">Shoulder tap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" title="List of alcohol laws of the United States">List of alcohol laws of US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Alcohol prohibition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">List of countries with alcohol prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prohibitionism" title="Neo-prohibitionism">Neo-prohibitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sobriety" title="Sobriety">Sobriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_detoxification" title="Alcohol detoxification">Alcohol detoxification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_zone" title="Alcohol-free zone">Alcohol-free zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_campus" title="Dry campus">Dry campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-container_law" title="Open-container law">Open-container law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention" title="Brief intervention">Brief intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_driver" title="Designated driver">Designated driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Alcohol rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drunk_tank" title="Drunk tank">Drunk tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_alcohol_program" title="Managed alcohol program">Managed alcohol program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_drink" title="Non-alcoholic drink">Non-alcoholic drink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-alcoholic cocktails">List of cocktails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-alcoholic_mixed_drinks" title="List of non-alcoholic mixed drinks">List of mixed drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritzer#Non-alcoholic_spritzer" title="Spritzer">Spritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Non-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Malt drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">Teetotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_bar" title="Temperance bar">Temperance bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_and_Good_Citizenship_Day" title="Temperance and Good Citizenship Day">Temperance and Good Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" title="List of twelve-step groups">Twelve-step groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anon/Alateen" title="Al-Anon/Alateen">Al-Anon/Alateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> (AA):</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Children_of_Alcoholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Children of Alcoholics">Adult Children of Alcoholics</a> (ACA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_companion" title="Sober companion">Sober companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_curious" title="Sober curious">Sober curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sober_living_house" title="Sober living house">Sober living house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobering_center" title="Sobering center">Sobering center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrietol" title="Sobrietol">Sobrietol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_lit_(alcohol_cessation)" title="Quit lit (alcohol cessation)">Quit lit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcohol limitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/0-0-1-3" title="0-0-1-3">0-0-1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_recommendations" title="Alcohol consumption recommendations">Alcohol consumption recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_education" title="Alcohol education">Alcohol education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_server_training" title="Alcohol server training">Alcohol server training</a></li> <li>Monitoring <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging#Sweat_alcohol_content_monitor" title="Electronic tagging">Sweat alcohol content monitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brief_intervention#FRAMES" title="Brief intervention">FRAMES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Advancing_Alcohol_Responsibility" title="Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility">Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility</a></li> <li>Campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_January" title="Dry January">Dry January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_July" title="Dry July">Dry July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Sexy_Back" title="Get Your Sexy Back">Get Your Sexy Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocsober" title="Ocsober">Ocsober</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li> <li>Low-alcohol drinks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">Low-alcohol beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_drink#Low-alcoholic_malt_drinks" title="Malt drink">Low-alcoholic malt drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_beer" title="Small beer">Small beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_spirits_measure" title="Alcoholic spirits measure">Alcoholic spirits measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_drink" title="Standard drink">Standard drink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram-like_drug" title="Disulfiram-like drug">Disulfiram-like drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anaesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonic_acid" title="Sulfonic acid">Sulfonic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homotaurine" title="Homotaurine">Homotaurine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_alcohol" title="Religion and alcohol">Religion and alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Christian views on alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">Islam and alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Street_and_Gin_Lane" title="Beer Street and Gin Lane"><i>Beer Street</i> and <i>Gin Lane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratt_System" title="Bratt System">Bratt System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_state" title="Dry state">Dry state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Act_1751" title="Gin Act 1751">Gin Act 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933" title="Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933">Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles" title="Index of alcohol-related articles">Index of alcohol-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol and spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect" title="Gateway drug effect">Gateway drug effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spins" title="Spins">Spins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_paradox" title="French paradox">French paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_and_health" title="Category:Alcohol and health">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/11px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/17px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/22px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/19px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/29px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/38px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/21px-Flessen_drank.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/42px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alkoholisches Getränk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128384-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003283">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119413551">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119413551">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570044">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="alkoholické nápoje"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114027&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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