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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Chrbtica_živočíchov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chrbtica_živočíchov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Chrbtica živočíchov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chrbtica_živočíchov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chrbtica_človeka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chrbtica_človeka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chrbtica človeka</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chrbtica_človeka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Chrbtica človeka</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chrbtica_človeka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embryonálny_vývoj_chrbtice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryonálny_vývoj_chrbtice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Embryonálny vývoj chrbtice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryonálny_vývoj_chrbtice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stavba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stavba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stavba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stavba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fyziológia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fyziológia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fyziológia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fyziológia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pohyblivosť_chrbtice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pohyblivosť_chrbtice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pohyblivosť chrbtice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pohyblivosť_chrbtice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choroby_chrbtice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choroby_chrbtice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Choroby chrbtice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choroby_chrbtice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pozri_aj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pozri_aj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pozri aj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pozri_aj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zdroje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zdroje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zdroje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zdroje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrbtica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 119 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werwelkolom" title="Werwelkolom – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werwelkolom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbels%C3%A4ule" title="Wirbelsäule – nemčina (švajčiarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbelsäule" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemčina (švajčiarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B5" title="ደንደስ – amharčina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደንደስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – aragónčina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عمود فقري – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمود فقري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%95%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܡܘܕܐ ܦܩܪܝܐ – aramejčina" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܘܕܐ ܦܩܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – astúrčina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúrčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototokwakan" title="Ototokwakan – atikamekwčina" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ototokwakan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Мугъзагьод – avarčina" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мугъзагьод" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikhani_k%27ili" title="Jikhani k'ili – aymarčina" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jikhani k'ili" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fa_s%C3%BCtunu" title="Onurğa sütunu – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğa sütunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="اونورغا سوتونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اونورغا سوتونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пазваночнік – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Хрыбетнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1" title="Гръбначен стълб – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначен стълб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="মেরুদণ্ড – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalenn_ar_c%27hein" title="Gwalenn ar c'hein – bretónčina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwalenn ar c'hein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dma" title="Kičma – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i" title="Cék-tùi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95" title="بڕبڕە – kurdčina (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdčina (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1te%C5%99" title="Páteř – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Páteř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Çурăм туни – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм туни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgwrn_cefn" title="Asgwrn cefn – waleština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asgwrn cefn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="waleština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rygs%C3%B8jle" title="Rygsøjle – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rygsøjle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbels%C3%A4ule" title="Wirbelsäule – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbelsäule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Σπονδυλική στήλη – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλική στήλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vertebral column" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebraro" title="Vertebraro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebraro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroog" title="Selgroog – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizkarrezur" title="Bizkarrezur – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizkarrezur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ستون مهره‌ها – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستون مهره‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4ranka" title="Selkäranka – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkäranka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4lgruuts" title="Sälgruuts – võruština" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sälgruuts" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonne_vert%C3%A9brale" title="Colonne vertébrale – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonne vertébrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringe_(r%C3%AAchbonke)" title="Wringe (rêchbonke) – západná frízština" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringe (rêchbonke)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="západná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%BAn_veirteabrach" title="Colún veirteabrach – írčina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Colún veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atukupe_kangue_rys%C3%BDi" title="Atukupe kangue rysýi – guaraníjčina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Atukupe kangue rysýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraníjčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poi-n%C3%B2ng-kut" title="Poi-nòng-kut – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Poi-nòng-kut" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="עמוד השדרה – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד השדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मेरूदण्ड – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेरूदण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnica" title="Kralježnica – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerinc" title="Gerinc – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerinc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ողնաշար – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebral" title="Columna vertebral – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koluma_vertebra" title="Koluma vertebra – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koluma vertebra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spino" title="Spino – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggs%C3%BAla" title="Hryggsúla – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggsúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_vertebrale" title="Colonna vertebrale – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonna vertebrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" title="脊椎 – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემალი – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajgu_n_uzagur" title="Ajgu n uzagur – kabylčina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ajgu n uzagur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Омыртқа бағанасы – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқа бағанасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೆನ್ನುಮೂಳೆ – kannadčina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆನ್ನುಮೂಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94" title="척추 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birrbirreya_pi%C5%9Ft%C3%AA" title="Birrbirreya piştê – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Birrbirreya piştê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Сюрса лы – komijčina" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сюрса лы" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellkeyn" title="Mellkeyn – kornčina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mellkeyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columna_vertebralis" title="Columna vertebralis – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Columna vertebralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ckstrank" title="Réckstrank – luxemburčina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Réckstrank" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D3%80" title="БархӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="БархӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokesa" title="Mokesa – lingalčina" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokesa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburas" title="Stuburas – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkauls" title="Mugurkauls – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Карязбакарсь – mokšiančina" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Карязбакарсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokšiančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazondamosina" title="Hazondamosina – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hazondamosina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1" title="‘Рбетен столб – macedónčina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="‘Рбетен столб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D" title="നട്ടെല്ല് – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നട്ടെല്ല്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Нугалам нуруу – mongolčina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нугалам нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turus_ruas_tulang_belakang" title="Turus ruas tulang belakang – malajčina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turus ruas tulang belakang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پشت‌مرزی – mázandaránčina" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پشت‌مرزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázandaránčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मेरुदण्ड – nepálčina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेरुदण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wervelkolom" title="Wervelkolom – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wervelkolom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggs%C3%B8yle" title="Ryggsøyle – nórčina (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ryggsøyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nórčina (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggs%C3%B8yle" title="Ryggsøyle – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ryggsøyle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colomna_vertebrala" title="Colomna vertebrala – okcitánčina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colomna vertebrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੀੜ ਦੀ ਹੱਡੀ – pandžábčina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੀੜ ਦੀ ਹੱਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžábčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galudgud" title="Galudgud – kapampangančina" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Galudgud" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="kapampangančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gos%C5%82up" title="Kręgosłup – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgosłup" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91" title="کنگریڑ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluna_vertebral" title="Coluna vertebral – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coluna vertebral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasa_tullu" title="Wasa tullu – kečuánčina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wasa tullu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloan%C4%83_vertebral%C4%83" title="Coloană vertebrală – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coloană vertebrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Позвоночник – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutruzzu" title="Cutruzzu – sicílčina" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cutruzzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicílčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig-bane" title="Rig-bane – škótčina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rig-bane" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škótčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88" title="ڪرنگھو – sindhčina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگھو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dma" title="Kičma – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kičma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="කශේරුව – sinhalčina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කශේරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine" title="Spine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrbtenica" title="Hrbtenica – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hrbtenica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafdhabar_(yadhax)" title="Lafdhabar (yadhax) – somálčina" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Lafdhabar (yadhax)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtylla_kurrizore" title="Shtylla kurrizore – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtylla kurrizore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кичма – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_tonggong" title="Tulang tonggong – sundčina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tulang tonggong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggrad" title="Ryggrad – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uti_wa_mgongo" title="Uti wa mgongo – swahilčina" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uti wa mgongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முள்ளந்தண்டு நிரல் – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முள்ளந்தண்டு நிரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95" title="వెన్నెముక – telugčina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెన్నెముక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сутунмуҳра – tadžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сутунмуҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="กระดูกสันหลัง – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulugod" title="Gulugod – tagalčina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gulugod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurga" title="Omurga – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ئومۇرتقا – ujgurčina" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئومۇرتقا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хребет – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DA%BE_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DB%81%DA%88%DB%8C" title="ریڑھ کی ہڈی – urdčina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڑھ کی ہڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqa_pog%CA%BBonasi" title="Umurtqa pogʻonasi – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqa pogʻonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99t_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Cột sống – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cột sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schene_(antomeye)" title="Schene (antomeye) – valónčina" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Schene (antomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut%C3%B3gut%C3%B3" title="Gutógutó – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gutógutó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E" title="脊椎 – čínština (wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רוקן ביין – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוקן ביין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoksaen" title="Ndoksaen – čuangčina" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="čuangčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%9F%B1" title="脊柱 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脊柱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui" title="Chek-chui – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-chui" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AA%A8" title="脊骨 – kantončina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脊骨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q482853#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png/220px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="755" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column.png 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chrbtica človeka - bočný pohľad. <br />(Zdroj: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/107"><i>Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chrbtica</b> (iné názvy: <b>chrbtová kosť</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, zriedkavo, nárečovo alebo zastarano: <b>páter</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; zastarano: <i>chrbetová kosť</i>, <i>chrbetná kosť</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%8Dina" title="Latinčina">lat.</a> <span style="cursor:help" lang="la" dir="ltr" title="latinsky"><i>columna vertebralis</i></span>) je názov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osov%C3%A1_kostra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osová kostra (stránka neexistuje)">osovej kostry</a> (teda osovej časti kostry) <a href="/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce">stavovcov</a>. Inými slovami je to súhrn stĺpovito usporiadaných <a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">stavcov</a> (odtiaľ pochádza latinský, anglický a nemecký názov chrbtice - „stavcový stĺp“). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chrbtica_živočíchov"><span id="Chrbtica_.C5.BEivo.C4.8D.C3.ADchov"></span>Chrbtica živočíchov</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Chrbtica živočíchov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Chrbtica živočíchov"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U rýb nahrádza <a href="/wiki/Chorda" class="mw-disambig" title="Chorda">chordu</a> (chrbtovú strunu) a pozostáva z veľkého množstva nediferencovaných stavcov, ktoré niekedy u jedného jedinca majú rôzne veľkosti. U obojživelníkov je spravidla len 9 stavcov, ale napríklad niektoré mloky majú 63 stavcov. U plazov sa chrbtica delí na prednú, krížovú a chvostovú časť. U vtákov je chrbtica tvorená rôznym počtom značne pozmenených stavcov. Krčná časť má 26 stavcov, začiatok hrudnej časti 3-10 stavcov (u niektorých vtákov je časť z nich zrastená). Koniec hrudnej časti spolu s ostatnými stavcami (okrem zadných chvostových) sú zrastené a tvoria mohutnú krížovú kosť pevne zrastenú s panvou. Zadné chvostové stavce sú značne zredukované (5-8 voľných stavcov a tzv. pygostyl). U cicavcov sa chrbtica skladá zo stáleho počtu stavcov v krčnej (7, z toho prvé dva sú atlas a axis), bedrovej (6) a krížovej časti (4 stavce zrastené do krížovej kosti), ale počet stavcov v hrudnej (12-15) a najmä chvostovej (3-5) časti je rôzny. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chrbtica_človeka"><span id="Chrbtica_.C4.8Dloveka"></span>Chrbtica človeka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Chrbtica človeka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Chrbtica človeka"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Je tvorená z 33 až 34 <a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">stavcov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%8Dina" title="Latinčina">lat</a>. <i>vertebrae</i>), <a href="/wiki/Medzistavcov%C3%A1_platni%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medzistavcová platnička">medzistavcových platničiek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%8Dina" title="Latinčina">lat</a>. <i>disci intervertebrales</i>) a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4z" class="mw-disambig" title="Väz">väzov</a>. Stavce sú krátke <a href="/wiki/Kos%C5%A5" title="Kosť">kosti</a>, z ktorých každý má v sebe otvor. Otvory v jednotlivých stavcoch (<a href="/wiki/Latin%C4%8Dina" title="Latinčina">lat</a>. <i>foramina magna</i>) vytvárajú spolu chrbticový kanál, v ktorom je uložená <a href="/wiki/Miecha" title="Miecha">miecha</a>, z nej vystupujú pomedzi stavce <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mie%C5%A1ny_nerv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miešny nerv (stránka neexistuje)">miešne nervy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryonálny_vývoj_chrbtice"><span id="Embryon.C3.A1lny_v.C3.BDvoj_chrbtice"></span>Embryonálny vývoj chrbtice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Embryonálny vývoj chrbtice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Embryonálny vývoj chrbtice"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrbtica sa vyvíja zo <a href="/wiki/Somity" class="mw-redirect" title="Somity">somitov</a>, ktoré sa postupne diferencujú na jej jednotlivé časti - stavce a medzistavcové platničky. Počas vývoja sa somity vytvárajúce stavce polohovo posúvajú oproti <a href="/wiki/Myot%C3%B3m" title="Myotóm">myotómom</a> - základom budúceho svalstva. Tento proces sa označuje ako <i>resegmentácia stavcov</i>. Výsledkom je stav, kedy svaly prebiehajú od jedného stavca k druhému a môžu tak nimi pohybovať. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stavba">Stavba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Stavba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Stavba"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrbtica siaha od spodiny <a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">lebky</a> až po <a href="/wiki/Kostra_panvy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostra panvy">panvu</a>. Tvorí priemerne 1/3 celkovej výšky dospelého človeka, pričom asi cca 20% z jej výšky tvoria <a href="/wiki/Medzistavcov%C3%A1_platni%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medzistavcová platnička">medzistavcové platničky</a>. Je dvakrát esovito prehnutá. Vytvára krčnú (vrchol vo výške C4/5) a driekovú <i>lordózu</i> (vrchol L3/4) - prehnutie dopredu; a hrudnú (vrchol v Th6/7) a krížovú <i>kyfózu</i> (prehnutie dozadu). Zakrivenia sa vyvíjajú postupne, typické esovité prehnutie vzniká až v odbdobí, kedy sa dieťa naučí chodiť. Chrbtica je za normálnych okolností mierne zakrivená i vo frontálnej rovine - tzv. <i>fyziologická skolióza</i>. </p><p>Delí sa na 5 častí, podľa ktorých sú pomenované aj stavce. Chrbtica je zložená zo: </p> <ul><li>7 <a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">krčných stavcov</a> (lat. <i>vertebrae cervicales</i>)</li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">hrudníkových stavcov</a> (lat. <i>vertebrae thoracicae</i>)</li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">driekových stavcov</a> (lat. <i>vertebrae lumbales</i>)</li> <li>5 krížových stavcov (lat. <i>vertebrae sacrales</i>) zrastených do <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%AD%C5%BEov%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Krížová kosť">krížovej kosti</a> (lat. <i>os sacrum</i>)</li> <li>4 až 5 kostrčových stavcov (lat. <i>vertebrae coccygeae</i>) zrastených do <a href="/wiki/Kostr%C4%8D" title="Kostrč">kostrče</a> (lat. <i>os coccygeum</i>)</li></ul> <p>Stavce sú v medicíne označované veľkým písmenom alebo skupinou písmen podľa latinského názvu časti, v ktorej sa nachádzajú a číslom. Napríklad: <i>C3</i>, <i>Th5</i>, <i>L4</i>, <i>S1</i> a <i>Cocc</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fyziológia"><span id="Fyziol.C3.B3gia"></span>Fyziológia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Fyziológia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Fyziológia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrbtica je dôležitá pre stavbu a pohyb hlavy a trupu. Tvorí kĺby s <a href="/wiki/Rebro" title="Rebro">rebrami</a>, to znamená nesie <a href="/wiki/Hrudn%C3%ADk" title="Hrudník">hrudný kôš</a>, a má preto význam pri <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BDchanie" title="Dýchanie">dýchacích</a> pohyboch. Nesie hmotnosť hlavy a ďalších častí tela a prenáša ju cez panvu na dolné končatiny. U človeka je kvôli vzpriamenému držaniu tela vystavená veľkým tlakom, hlavne v driekovej oblasti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pohyblivosť_chrbtice"><span id="Pohyblivos.C5.A5_chrbtice"></span>Pohyblivosť chrbtice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pohyblivosť chrbtice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pohyblivosť chrbtice"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Základné pohyby, ktoré umožňujú medzistavcové spojenia sú: </p> <ul><li><i>Predklon</i> (lek. <i>anteflexia</i>) a <i>záklon</i> (lek. <i>retroflexia</i>), obidva maximálne o 90°.</li> <li><i>Úklon</i> (lek. <i>lateroflexia</i>) do strán je možný v krčnej chrbtici o 30°, v driekovej chrbtici o 35°.</li> <li><i>Otáčanie</i> (lek. <i>rotácia</i> alebo <i>torzia</i>) je najlepšia v krčnej chrbtici, okolo 65°, v hrudnej chrbtici je okolo 30° a v driekovej je takmer nemožná, maximálne je to 10°. Celková rotácia hlavy oproti panve sa pohybuje medzi 90 až 120°.</li></ul> <p>Chrbtica má tzv. funkciu pufra čo znamená, že funguje ako tlmič nárazov; napomáha tomu i jej zakrivenie a pružné medzistavcové platničky. Jej stabilitu okrem <a href="/wiki/Spojenia_chrbtice" class="mw-redirect" title="Spojenia chrbtice">spojení chrbtice</a> v hlavnej miere zabezpečujú <i>svalový korzet</i>, tj. množstvo <a href="/wiki/Sval" title="Sval">svalov</a> a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4z" class="mw-disambig" title="Väz">väzov</a>, ktoré ju spevňujú, udržujú jej formu a umožňujú príslušné synchrónne pohyby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choroby_chrbtice">Choroby chrbtice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Choroby chrbtice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Choroby chrbtice"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Choroby a lekárske výkony súvisiace s chrbticou sa začínajú na <i>spondyl-</i> alebo <i>vertebr-</i>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorzalgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorzalgia (stránka neexistuje)">dorzalgia</a> a lumbalgia - bolesť chrbta,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skoli%C3%B3za" title="Skolióza">skolióza</a> - posunutie chrbtice do strany,</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteochondr%C3%B3za&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osteochondróza (stránka neexistuje)">osteochondróza</a> chrbtice - degeneratívne zmeny <a href="/wiki/Medzistavcov%C3%A1_platni%C4%8Dka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medzistavcová platnička">medzistavcovej platničky</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pozri_aj">Pozri aj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Pozri aj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pozri aj"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somit" title="Somit">Somity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vertebral_column" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vertebral column">Commons</a></div><div class="interProject wiktionary" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sk.wiktionary.org/wiki/chrbtica" class="extiw" title="wikt:chrbtica">Wikislovník</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vertebral_column" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vertebral column">Chrbtica</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Wikislovníku"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Wikislovníku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wiktionary-ico-de.png/18px-Wiktionary-ico-de.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wiktionary-ico-de.png/27px-Wiktionary-ico-de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Wiktionary-ico-de.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> Wikislovník ponúka heslo <b><a href="https://sk.wiktionary.org/wiki/chrbtica" class="extiw" title="wikt:chrbtica"><b>Chrbtica</b></a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zdroje">Zdroje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Upraviť sekciu: Zdroje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrbtica&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Zdroje"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">kosť. In: <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tky_slovn%C3%ADk_slovensk%C3%A9ho_jazyka" title="Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka">Krátky slovník slovenského jazyka</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">páter. In: <a href="/wiki/Slovn%C3%ADk_slovensk%C3%A9ho_jazyka_(Peciar)" title="Slovník slovenského jazyka (Peciar)">Slovník slovenského jazyka (Peciar)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">páter. In: <a href="/wiki/Slovn%C3%ADk_slovensk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1re%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Slovník slovenských nárečí">Slovník slovenských nárečí</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">páter. In: <a href="/wiki/Historick%C3%BD_slovn%C3%ADk_slovensk%C3%A9ho_jazyka" title="Historický slovník slovenského jazyka">Historický slovník slovenského jazyka</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">kosť. In: <a href="/wiki/Historick%C3%BD_slovn%C3%ADk_slovensk%C3%A9ho_jazyka" title="Historický slovník slovenského jazyka">Historický slovník slovenského jazyka</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oporná_sústava" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:Oporn%C3%A1_s%C3%BAstava" title="Šablóna:Oporná sústava"><span title="Zobraz túto šablónu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">z</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia_k_%C5%A1abl%C3%B3ne:Oporn%C3%A1_s%C3%BAstava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskusia k šablóne:Oporná sústava (stránka 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href="/wiki/Spojenie_kost%C3%AD" title="Spojenie kostí">spojenie kostí</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%BAb_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Kĺb (anatómia)">kĺb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchondr%C3%B3za" title="Synchondróza">synchondróza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synost%C3%B3za" title="Synostóza">synostóza</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Gray204.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Kostra hrudníka zozadu"><img alt="Kostra hrudníka zozadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray204.gif/100px-Gray204.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray204.gif/150px-Gray204.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray204.gif/200px-Gray204.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrbtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stavec" title="Stavec">stavce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%AD%C5%BEov%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Krížová kosť">krížová kosť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostr%C4%8D" title="Kostrč">kostrč</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spojenia_chrbtice" class="mw-redirect" title="Spojenia chrbtice">spojenia chrbtice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kostra_hrudn%C3%ADka" title="Kostra hrudníka">Kostra hrudníka</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebro" title="Rebro">rebrá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternum">sternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spojenia_hrudn%C3%ADka" title="Spojenia hrudníka">spojenia hrudníka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebka" title="Lebka">Lebka</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Tvárová časť</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nosov%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Nosová kosť">nosová kosť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slzn%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Slzná kosť">slzná kosť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%A1_nosov%C3%A1_mu%C5%A1%C4%BEa" title="Dolná nosová mušľa">dolná nosová mušľa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADcna_kos%C5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lícna kosť">lícna kosť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podnebn%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Podnebná kosť">podnebná kosť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%BEus%C5%A5_(maxila_%C4%8Dloveka)" title="Čeľusť (maxila človeka)">čeľusť</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerieslo" title="Čerieslo">čerieslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nka" title="Sánka">sánka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Mozgová časť</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1hlavn%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Záhlavná kosť">záhlavná kosť</a></li> 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