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id="toc-Function_and_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_different_forms_of_a_tonary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_different_forms_of_a_tonary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The different forms of a tonary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_different_forms_of_a_tonary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tonary's_function_in_chant_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tonary's_function_in_chant_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The tonary's function in chant transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tonary's_function_in_chant_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Carolingian_names_or_"Byzantine"_intonations_for_the_8_tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Carolingian_names_or_"Byzantine"_intonations_for_the_8_tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Carolingian names or "Byzantine" intonations for the 8 tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Carolingian_names_or_"Byzantine"_intonations_for_the_8_tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_later_practice_of_the_intonation_verses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_later_practice_of_the_intonation_verses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The later practice of the intonation verses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_later_practice_of_the_intonation_verses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-references_between_tonaries_during_the_reforms_between_the_10th_and_the_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-references_between_tonaries_during_the_reforms_between_the_10th_and_the_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cross-references between tonaries during the reforms between the 10th and the 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cross-references_between_tonaries_during_the_reforms_between_the_10th_and_the_13th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cross-references between tonaries during the reforms between the 10th and the 13th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cross-references_between_tonaries_during_the_reforms_between_the_10th_and_the_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Cluniac_reforms_and_the_counter-reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Cluniac_reforms_and_the_counter-reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Cluniac reforms and the counter-reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Cluniac_reforms_and_the_counter-reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-William_of_Volpiano_and_the_Norman_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_of_Volpiano_and_the_Norman_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>William of Volpiano and the Norman line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_of_Volpiano_and_the_Norman_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Aquitanian_tonaries_and_the_Winchester_Troper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Aquitanian_tonaries_and_the_Winchester_Troper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>The Aquitanian tonaries and the Winchester Troper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Aquitanian_tonaries_and_the_Winchester_Troper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonaries_of_the_reform_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonaries_of_the_reform_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Tonaries of the reform orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonaries_of_the_reform_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_tonaries_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_tonaries_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The tonaries in Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_tonaries_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_(8th–9th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_(8th–9th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Carolingian tonaries and gradual-sacramentaries (8th–9th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_(8th–9th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorrain_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorrain_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Lorrain cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorrain_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alemannic_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alemannic_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Alemannic cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alemannic_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquitanian_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquitanian_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Aquitanian cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquitanian_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parisian_and_Cluniac_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parisian_and_Cluniac_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Parisian and Cluniac cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parisian_and_Cluniac_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cistercian_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cistercian_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Cistercian cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cistercian_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.7</span> <span>Dominican cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.8</span> <span>Italian cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglosaxon_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglosaxon_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.9</span> <span>Anglosaxon cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglosaxon_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_cantors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_cantors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.10</span> <span>Norman cantors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_cantors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_of_theoretical_tonaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_of_theoretical_tonaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Editions of theoretical tonaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_of_theoretical_tonaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tonary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tonář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonar" title="Tonar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tonar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonaarium" title="Tonaarium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tonaarium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonario" title="Tonario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tonario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Liturgical book in Western Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tonar" redirects here. For the Japanese reference rate, see <a href="/wiki/TONAR" title="TONAR">TONAR</a>.</div> <p> A <b>tonary</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical book</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> Church which lists by <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipit</a> various items of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mode" title="Gregorian mode">Gregorian mode</a> (<i>tonus</i>) of their melodies within the eight-mode system. Tonaries often include <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Office</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a>, the mode of which determines the recitation formula for the accompanying text (the <a href="/wiki/Psalm_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm tone">psalm tone</a> if the antiphon is sung with a psalm, or canticle tone if the antiphon is sung with a <a href="/wiki/Canticle" title="Canticle">canticle</a>), but a tonary may also or instead list <a href="/wiki/Responsory" title="Responsory">responsories</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> chants not associated with formulaic recitation. Although some tonaries are stand-alone works, they were frequently used as an appendix to other liturgical books such as <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">antiphonaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">graduals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">tropers</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Troper-proser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troper-proser (page does not exist)">prosers</a>, and are often included in collections of musical treatises. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_and_form">Function and form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function and form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonary_fragment_of_Saint-Riquier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tonary_fragment_of_Saint-Riquier.jpg/500px-Tonary_fragment_of_Saint-Riquier.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tonary_fragment_of_Saint-Riquier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The earliest Tonary: the <a href="/wiki/Psalter_of_Charlemagne" title="Psalter of Charlemagne">fragment of Saint-Riquier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Riquier">13159</a>, fol. 167r)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tonaries were particularly important as part of the written transmission of plainchant, although they already changed the oral chant transmission of Frankish cantors entirely before <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> was used systematically in fully notated chant books.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Carolingian reform the ordering according to the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos#Synthesis_in_Latin_music_theory" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a> assisted the memorization of chant. The exact order was related to the elements of the "tetrachord of the finales" (D—E—F—G) which were called "Protus, Deuterus, Tritus", and "Tetrardus". Each of them served as the finalis of two toni—the "authentic" (ascending into the higher octave) and the "plagal" one (descending into the lower fourth). The eight tones were ordered in these pairs: "Autentus protus, Plagi Proti, Autentus Deuterus" etc. Since <a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a> of Saint-Amand the eight tones were simply numbered according to this order: Tonus I-VIII. <a href="#Aquitanian_cantors">Aquitanian cantors</a> usually used both names for each section. </p><p>The earliest tonaries, written during the 8th century, were very short and simple without any visible reference to psalmody. Tonaries of the 9th century already ordered a huge repertoire of psalmodic chant into sections of psalmtone endings, even if their melody was not indicated or indicated by later added <a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">neumes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the tonaries which have survived until now can be dated back to the 11th and 12th centuries, while some were written during later centuries, especially in Germany. </p><p>The treatise form usually served as a bridge between the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos#Latin_reception" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a> theory and the daily practice of prayer: memorizing and performing the liturgy as chant and reciting the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a>. This can be studied at a 10th-century treatise called <i><a href="#Com84">Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis</a></i>, which used the Dasia-signs of the <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Musica enchiriadis</a></i> treatise (9th century) in order to transcribe the melodic endings or terminations of psalmody.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11th-century theorists like <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a> (<i>Regulae rhythmicae</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Reichenau" title="Hermann of Reichenau">Hermann of Reichenau</a> (<i>Musica</i>) refused the Dasia tone system, because it displayed tetraphonic tone system and not the systema teleion (corresponding to the white keys of the keyboard) which had all the pitches needed for the "melos of the echoi" (<i>ex sonorum copulatione</i> in "Musica enchiriadis", <i>emmelis sonorum</i> in the compilation "alia musica").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the first example of the eighth chapter in <i>Musica enchiriadis</i>, called "Quomodo ex quatuor Sonorum vi omnes toni producantur", already used the fifth of the Protus (D—a) for an illustration, how alleluia melodies are developed by the use of the intonation formula for the "Autentus protus".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_different_forms_of_a_tonary">The different forms of a tonary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The different forms of a tonary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonaries can differ substantially in length and shape: </p> <ul><li>As a treatise they usually describe the octave, fifth and fourth species of each tone, but also their modal characteristics like microtonal shifts or the change to another melodic frame.</li> <li>It can also be an abridged form or <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a>, which just show the <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">sacramentary</a> (for mass chants) or antiphonary (for the office chant of the Vigils and the Hours) according to the liturgical year. The tonus of the antiphonal chant genres is indicated by later added rubrics as "ATe" for "Autentus Tetrardus" (see the <a href="#Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_.288th.E2.80.939th_century.29">Gradual-Sacramentaries</a> of Corbie and Saint-Denis) or the Roman Ordinals I-VIII according to Hucbald's system, as we can find it in the early Troper-Sequentiary of St. Géraud in Aurillac (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1084">1084</a>) and the abridged Antiphonary of St. Martial (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1085">1085</a>).</li> <li>The most common form was the shortest one which had no theoretical explanation. Since the late 9th century each section started with an intonation formula and the <a href="/wiki/Psalmody" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalmody">psalmody</a> of the mode, its pitches represented by letters or later by diastematic neume notation. Subsections followed the different chant genres quoted as examples for the represented tone. Antiphonal refrains in psalm recitation (<i>antiphons</i> like <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">introits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">communiones</a>), usually represented by its text incipit, were sorted according to various terminations used in psalmody, the so-called "differentiae".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A very rare form of tonary is a fully notated one, which shows every chant genre (not only the antiphonal ones with <a href="/wiki/Psalmody" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalmody">psalmody</a> as <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">introit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">communio</a> of the proper mass) ordered according to its tonus. A very famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary_of_St._Benigne,_Dijon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphonary of St. Benigne, Dijon">full tonary</a> for mass chant by Abbot <a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a>, written for his Abbey St. <a href="/wiki/Benignus_of_Dijon" title="Benignus of Dijon">Benignus of Dijon</a> (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9decine_de_Montpellier" class="extiw" title="fr:Faculté de médecine de Montpellier">F-MOf</a> <a href="#MOfH159">H.159</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tonary's_function_in_chant_transmission"><span id="The_tonary.27s_function_in_chant_transmission"></span>The tonary's function in chant transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The tonary's function in chant transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Carolingian reform the tonary played a key role in the organization and the transfer of Roman chant, which had to be sung by Frankish cantors according to Charlemagne's <i>admonitio generalis</i> after it was decreed in 789. The historical background was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787, during which <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> accepted the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a> reform also for the Roman church. Fully notated neume manuscripts like the <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">gradual</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">antiphonary</a> were written much later, during the last decades of the 10th century, and the oral transmission of Gregorian chant is proved by additions of neumes in <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">sacramentaries</a>. In the tonary, the whole repertory of "Gregorian chant" was ordered according to its modal classification of the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a>. </p><p>Michel Huglo developed in his dissertation the hypothesis about an original tonary which preceded the <a href="#Metz">Metz tonary</a> and the <a href="#Riquier">tonary of St. Riquier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably a coincidence that Pope Adrian I supported the Eastern Octoechos reform, but it is also evident that Carolingian diplomates present at the synode did not get interested in the communication of the modes by intonations called <i>enechemata</i> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it was the difference between Greek and Latin chant sources, especially the particular function of the tonary in chant transmission, that led Peter Jeffery to the conclusion that the huge repertoire of Roman chant was classified according to the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a> a posteriori.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While early manuscripts of Greek chant always used modal signatures (even before neume notation was used), the fully notated <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">graduals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">antiphonaries</a> of the first generation (10th century), written by Frankish cantors, report many details about accentuation and ornamentation, but the melodic structure was remembered orally by tropes. Sometimes a tonary was attached to these manuscripts, and the cantors could use it by looking for the incipit of an antiphon in question (e.g. an <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">introit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">communio</a>) to find the right psalmody according to the mode and the melodic ending of the antiphon, which was sung as a refrain during the recitation of the psalm. A Greek psaltes would sing a completely different melody according to the echos indicated by the modal signature, while Frankish cantors had to remember the melody of a certain Roman chant before they communicated their idea of its mode and its psalmody in a tonary—for all the cantors who would follow them. In this process of chant transmission, which followed Charlemagne's reform, the so-called "Gregorian chant" or Franco-Roman chant, as it was written down about 150 years after the reform, was born. </p><p>The function of the tonary within chant transmission explains why local schools of Latin chant can be studied by their tonary. Hence, the tonary was still substantial for every chant reform between the 10th and the 12th centuries, like the reform of the Cluniac Monastic Association (tonaries of <a href="#Aquitanian_Cantors">Aquitania</a>, <a href="#Parisian_&_Cluniac_Cantors">Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in Northern Spain<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the reform of a monastic orders like the one around <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> for the Cistercians (<a href="#Cistercian_cantors">Tonale Sci Bernardi</a>), a papal reform, like Abbot Desiderius realized at the Abbey <a href="/wiki/Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Montecassino">Montecassino</a> (<a href="#MC318">Tonary of Montecassino</a>), or the reform of some monasteries of a certain region, as Abbot <a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a> did for certain Abbeys in Burgundy and Normandy (William of Volpiano's <a href="#Norman_cantors">Toner-Gradual and Antiphonary</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Carolingian_names_or_"Byzantine"_intonations_for_the_8_tones"><span id="The_Carolingian_names_or_.22Byzantine.22_intonations_for_the_8_tones"></span>The Carolingian names or "Byzantine" intonations for the 8 tones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Carolingian names or "Byzantine" intonations for the 8 tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Carolingian times each of the eight sections was opened by an intonation formula using the names like "Nonannoeane" for the authentic and "Noeagis" or "Noeais" for the plagal tones. In the living traditions of Orthodox chant, these formulas were called "<a href="/wiki/Echos" title="Echos">enechemata</a>" and they were used by a protopsaltes to communicate the basis tone for the ison-singers (a kind of bordun) as well as the first note of the chant for the other singers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his theoretical tonary "Musica disciplina", <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a> asked a Greek about the meaning of the intonation syllables used in Latin tonaries: </p> <div style="padding:1em 3em 1em 3em"><div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap; gap:3em"><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">Caeterum nomina, quae ipsis inscribuntur tonis, ut est in primo tono Nonaneane, et in secundo Noeane, et caetera quaeque, moveri solet animus, quid in se contineant significationis? Etenim quemdam interrogavi graecum, in latina quid interpretarentur lingua? respondit, se nihil interpretari, sed esse apud eos laetantis adverbia: quantoque maior est vocis concentus, eo plures inscribuntur syllabae: ut in authento proto, qui principium est, sex inseruntur syllabae, videlicet hae Noeane Nonannoeane; in authentu deuteri: in authentu triti, quoniam minoris sunt metri, quinque tantummodo eis inscribuntur syllabae, ut est Noioeane. In plagis autem eorum consimilis est litteratura, scilicet Noeane, sive secundum quosdam Noeacis. Memoratus denique adiunxit graecus, huiusmodi, inquiens, nostra in lingua videntur habere consimilitudinem, qualem arantes sive angarias minantes exprimere solent, excepto quod haec laetantis tantummodo sit vox, nihilque aliud exprimentis, estque tonorum in se continens modulationem. </div><div style="flex: 1 0 300px;">My mind was usually moved by some of the names, which were inscribed for the tones, as "Nonan[no]eane" for the protus, and "Noeane" for the deuterus. Did they have any significance? So I asked a Greek, how these could be translated into Latin. He answered that they did not mean anything, but they were rather expressions of joy. And the greater the harmony of the voice, the more syllables were inscribed to the tone: as in the "authentus protus" which was the first, they used six syllables as "No[neno]eane" or "Nonannoeane"; for "authentus tritus", which was smaller in measure [not so much worth], five syllables as "Noioeane" were inscribed. In plagal tones the letters were similar to "Noeane", as "Noeacis" according to them. When I asked him, if there might be something similar in our language, the Greek added, that I should rather think of something expressed by charioteers or ploughing peasants, when their voice had nothing else than this joy. The same contained the modulation of the tones [during their intonation]. </div></div><p style="clear:left;margin:1em 0 1em 6em;align-self:flex-end">—Aurelianus Reomensis <i>Musica disciplina</i> (<a href="#Aur84">Gerbert 1784</a>, p. 42)</p></div> <p>The practice of using abstract syllables for the intonation, as it was common for the use of <i>enechemata</i> among Byzantine psaltes, was obviously not familiar to Aurelian of Réôme.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably imported by a Byzantine legacy, when they introduced the Greek <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a> by a series of procession antiphons used for the feast of Epiphany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Latin names were not identical, there is some resemblance between the intonation formula of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">echos plagios tetartos</i></span> νὲ ἅγιε and the Latin name "Noeagis", used as a general name for all four plagal tones. But there are some more obvious cases as particular names like "Aianeoeane" (enechema of the Mesos <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tetartos</i></span>) or "Aannes" (enechema of the echos varys) which can be found in very few tonaries between Liège, Paris, Fleury, and Chartres. Two of these tonaries have treatises and use a lot of Greek terms taken from Ancient Greek theory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_later_practice_of_the_intonation_verses">The later practice of the intonation verses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The later practice of the intonation verses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamberg,_State_Library,_Varia1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bamberg%2C_State_Library%2C_Varia1.jpg/500px-Bamberg%2C_State_Library%2C_Varia1.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bamberg%2C_State_Library%2C_Varia1.jpg/750px-Bamberg%2C_State_Library%2C_Varia1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bamberg%2C_State_Library%2C_Varia1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Tonary about 1000: Intonation and psalmody of "Plagi protus" notated in <a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Dasia signs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bamberg_State_Library" title="Bamberg State Library">D-BAs</a> Ms. <a href="#CommWerden">Msc.Var.1, fol. 44r</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest tonaries, especially the Carolingian like those of <a href="#Riquier">St. Riquier</a>, <a href="#Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="#Reichenau">Reichenau</a> and the earliest tonary in a troper of Limoges (F-Pn lat. <a href="#Pbn1240">1240</a>), only used the so-called "Byzantine" intonation formulas, as they were discussed by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a> (<a href="#Aur84">Musica disciplina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prüm</a> (<a href="#Reg76">Tonarius</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a> (<a href="#BernoTonar">Tonarium</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But since the 10th century, also biblical verses were used. They were composed together in one antiphon with each verse changing the tone and referring to the number of the tonus according to the system of <a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a> (<i>Tonus primus, secundus, terius</i> etc.), similar to <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>'s use of the <a href="/wiki/Guidonian_hand" title="Guidonian hand">solmization</a> hymn "<a href="/wiki/Ut_queant_laxis" title="Ut queant laxis">Ut queant laxis</a>". They were several different antiphons as they can be found in the <a href="#Hartker1">Hartker-Antiphonary</a> or the treatise collection of Montecassino (Ms. Q318, p. 122–125), but no one became so popular than a compilation of verses taken from the New Testament which started with "Primum querite regnum dei".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually each verse is finished by a long melisma or <i>neuma</i> which clearly show its potential to become a tool of improvisation and composition as well. The origin of these verses is unknown. In some tonaries, they replaced the Carolingian intonations as in the <a href="#BernoTonar">tonary by Berno of Reichenau</a>, but more often they were written under them or alternated with them in the subsections like in a certain group which Michel Huglo (<a href="#Hug71">1971</a>) called the "Toulouse tonaries" (F-Pn lat. <a href="#Pbn776">776</a>, <a href="#Pbn1118">1118</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">GB-Lbl</a> Ms. <a href="#Har4951">Harley 4951</a>), but also in the <a href="#MC318">tonary of Montecassino</a>. Concerning the earliest fully notated chant manuscripts, it seems that the practice of singing the intonation formulas was soon replaced by another practice, that a soloist intoned the beginning of an <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Responsorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsorium">responsorium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">alleluia</a>, and after this "incipit" of the soloist the choir continued. These changes between precantor and choir were usually indicated by an asterisk or by the use of maiuscula at the beginning the chant text. The psalmody could be indicated by an incipit of the required psalm and the <i>differentia</i> notated over the syllables EVOVAE after the <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">communio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">introit</a> antiphon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-references_between_tonaries_during_the_reforms_between_the_10th_and_the_13th_centuries">Cross-references between tonaries during the reforms between the 10th and the 13th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cross-references between tonaries during the reforms between the 10th and the 13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nevertheless, the tonary was not replaced by these manuscripts. While the first generation of notated manuscripts became less and less readable until the end of the 10th century, the production of tonaries as useful appendix highly increased, especially in Aquitania, the Loire valley (Île-de-France) and Burgundy. Probably the oral tradition of the melody was no longer properly working since the early 11th century, or there was still a need in a lot of regions to teach certain cantors an unknown tradition, or the tradition itself had to change under certain innovations of cantors who were in charge of an institutional reform. Studies of the reforms of various regions in Spain, Germany, Italy, and France have found evidence for all these cases whatever was the centre of each reform which had taken place between the late 10th and the 12th centuries. The monk Hartvic added some Dasia signs for certain <i>differentiae</i> as a kind of rubric or comment on the margin (<a href="#Regensburg">Tonary of St. Emmeram</a>, Regensburg). He knew them from the treatises <i>Musica</i> and <i>Scholica enchiriadis</i> which he copied in this manuscript, and thus he discovered a new way of using them: as an additional explanation or second pitch notation interpreting the adiastematic neumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cluniac_reforms_and_the_counter-reforms">The Cluniac reforms and the counter-reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Cluniac reforms and the counter-reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 10th and the 11th century, the early use of a second alphabetical pitch notation was soon replaced by a new diastematic form of neume notation, which indicated the pitch by the vertical position of the neumes, while their groups indicated by ligatures were still visible. Aquitanian and English cantors in Winchester were the first who developed a diastematic form, which could be written in such an analytical way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="William_of_Volpiano_and_the_Norman_line">William of Volpiano and the Norman line</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: William of Volpiano and the Norman line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_(Aquitaine,_end_10th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg/550px-Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="497" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg/825px-Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>"Plagi Protus" intonation in the Tonary of the Auch region (Aquitaine, 11th cent.): <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1118">1118, fol. 105v</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a> elaborated the concept of an additional letter notation and created a new form of tonary which became an important part of his monastic reforms, he did the first reform for <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a>, after he became abbot of St. <a href="/wiki/Benignus_of_Dijon" title="Benignus of Dijon">Benignus of Dijon</a> in Burgundy. Since 1001 he changed to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_F%C3%A9camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Fécamp">Abbey of Fécamp</a>, after he was asked by the <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Norman Duke Richard II</a> to guide secular and monastic reforms in the Duchy of Normandy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tonary_of_St._B%C3%A9nigne,_Dijon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonary of St. Bénigne, Dijon">fully notated tonary</a> which he wrote for <a href="/wiki/Benignus_of_Dijon" title="Benignus of Dijon">St. Benignus</a> (<a href="#MOfH159">F-MOf H159</a>), is following the order of other tonaries, which were created under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac reforms">Cluniac Monastic Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tonaries usually had sections dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">antiphonary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_gradual" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman gradual">gradual</a>, within the gradual and the antiphonary there were subsections like the <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a> which were sung as refrains during psalm recitation (<a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">introits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">communions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Responsory" title="Responsory">responsories</a> (the conclusion of epistle readings), but also other genres of the proper mass chant such as <a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">alleluia</a> verses (the introduction of gospels), <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">offertories</a> (a soloistic processional antiphon for the procession of the gifts). </p><p>Several Aquitanian troper-sequentiaries had a libellum structure which sorted the genres in separate books like alleluia verses (as the first part of <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence (poetry)">sequentiaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)" title="Tract (liturgy)">tractus</a> collections), <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">offertorials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trope_(music)" title="Trope (music)">tropers</a>. But William of Volpiano subdivided these books into eight parts according to the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos#Tonary" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">octoechos</a> system like the tonary, or the troparia in the Byzantine book <a href="/wiki/Octoechos_(liturgy)" title="Octoechos (liturgy)">Octoechos</a>, and within these sections the chant was ordered according to the cycle of the liturgical year starting with advent. He used the neumes of Cluny, the central French forms, without changing them, but he added an <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary_of_St._Benigne,_Dijon#The_alphabetic_notation_invented_by_William_of_Volpiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphonary of St. Benigne, Dijon">own system of alphabetic notation</a> in a second row, which defined the pitches of the melody precisely according to the Boethian diagramm.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like any other chant manuscript around 1000, the book was not written for a use during a ceremony, it was a "book of memory" for cantors who alone had the competence of reading and writing neumes, and the responsibility to organize the chant sung during the liturgical year. During his reforms, several Abbeys followed his example and his system was used by the teachers of the local grammar schools which included the daily practice of singing the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sequentiary_(Aquitaine,_end_10th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sequentiary_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg/500px-Sequentiary_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="874" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Sequentiary_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence (poetry)">Sequentiary</a> from Aquitaine, end 10th century (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1118">1118, fol. 114r</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>William's reform and its monastic foundations of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_F%C3%A9camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Fécamp">Fécamp</a> and the construction of the Abbey on the island of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> were not the first, and there were a lot of later abbots who founded monasteries not only in Normandy,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in the conquered territories of Northern, and Southern Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Arabian Sicily</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Sicily">Norman Kingdom</a> was established in the conquered Island. His fully notated tonaries were only copied in Brittany and Normandy, the Norman-Sicilian manuscripts rather imitated the libellum structure of the Aquitanian troper-sequentiaries, and only a few of them (<a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">E-Mn</a> <a href="#Mn288">288</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#lat10508">10508</a>) have survived with a tonary using central French neume notation, in its style very close to the chant books of Cluny.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The «Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Médecin» still conserves the only manuscript with alphabetic notation which can be dated back to William's time. Thanks to the creative and innovative achievements of William as a cantor, reformer and architect, the local monasteries which he reformed, did not simply adapt to customs of the Cluniac reform, he contributed to the history of Norman chant his own local school which was as well inspired by elements of the local <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> tradition as by innovations of the Cluniac reform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Aquitanian_tonaries_and_the_Winchester_Troper">The Aquitanian tonaries and the Winchester Troper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Aquitanian tonaries and the Winchester Troper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aquitanian innovation due to an analytical diastematic notation can be traced back to a 10th-century development which culminated with a systematic redaction of local manuscripts by a family of prominent cantors: <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a> was educated by his uncle Roger de Chabannes at the Saint-Martial Abbey of Limoges and this school redacted the first chant manuscripts by additional modal signatures and a remarkable production of tonaries, which Michel Huglo called the "Saint-Martial group" or the monastic tonaries of Aquitaine. Adémar was the next generation after William of Volpiano and he was the final touch in a long row of notators who used the diastematic form of Aquitanian neume notation which was well developed during the late 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Abbey of Cluny</a> showed little interest in the local repertoire of the Limoges tropers, a local contribution which had been ignored during their reforms, although the richly illustrated Aquitanian tonaries (especially the "Toulouse group") had obviously inspired the column sculptures dedicated to the eight church tones at the apsis of Cluny III whose monumental construction began in 1088. </p><p>Another tonary corpus of the same region was Huglo's "Toulouse groupe" around the <a href="#Har4951">Gradual</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toulouse_Cathedral" title="Toulouse Cathedral">Saint-Étienne cathedral</a> in Toulouse (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">GB-Lbl</a> Ms. <a href="#Har4951">Harley 4951</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1118">1118</a>, and <a href="#Pbn776">776</a>). All of these books of the local secular cathedral rite have a tonary libellum. The oldest one is the Troper Sequentiary of the Auch region (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn1118">1118</a>) which was probably written in Limoges during the 10th century. The intonation of the "plagi protus" (on folio 105 verso) is rather exposing the melos used in <a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman chant</a> of this tone (ranging between C and G), but the sequentiary (folio 114 recto) is opened by an "improvised" alleluia of the same tone simply made by a similar intonation which is also using the plagal fourth A-D under the final note D according to the Carolingian concept of the plagal mode. On folio 131 verso there is another alleluia made of the same intonation, but here the same intonation is rather artificially cut into segments for the words of the sequence «Almifona». Here, the improvised melodic structure developed by a repetitive use of the intonation formula had turned into a sophisticated composition which dealt with the syllables of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central line, usually on F or G, was added and helped to recognize their horizontal organization, during the 12th century a second line was added until they were replaced by a pentagramm in square notation by the second half of the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to Aquitanian cantors the network of the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac reforms">Cluniac Monastic Association</a> was not only a problematic accumulation of political power during the crusades among aristocratic churchmen, which caused rebellions in several Benedictine monasteries and the foundation of new anti-Cluniac reform orders, they also cultivated new forms of chant performance which dealt with poetry, and polyphony like <i>discantus</i> and <i>organum</i>. They were used in all possible combinations which turned improvisation into composition, and composition into improvisation. The imitation of these forms in Spain, and Italy were caused by papal reforms which tried to organize the church provinces in newly conquered territories or territories which conserved older rites, because reforms could hardly be established for a long time. </p><p>The diastematic notation of Aquitanian cantors and their most innovative use in tropes and punctum contra punctum polyphony which can be also found in the <a href="/wiki/Chartres_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartres cathedral">Chartres cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Abbey Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a> near Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a>, also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_troper" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester troper">Winchester troper</a> (see its <a href="#WinTr">tonary</a>), the earliest and hugest collection of early <a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">organum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Discant" class="mw-redirect" title="Discant">discantus</a>. Since 1100, the florid organum reproduced the original function of the earlier intonation formula as it can be found in the tonaries. An initial ornament called <i>principium ante principium</i> ("beginning before the beginning") in the <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame school">Notre Dame school</a> allowed the solistic organum singer to indicate the basis degree of the cantus by an individual intonation in the higher octave, while the finale octave of each section was prepared by an paenultima ornament, which had developed by the "meeting" (<i>occursus</i>) of chant and organum voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tonaries_of_the_reform_orders">Tonaries of the reform orders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tonaries of the reform orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this long period Cluny's power and influence on less and less successful crusades which were well reflected in certain chant genres like conductus and motet, caused a decline and an increasing resistance among the monastic communities of the Cluniac Association between Paris, Burgundy, Île-de-France, and Aquitaine. New monastic orders were founded in order to establish anti-Cluniac counter-reforms. The most important was certainly created among Cistercians by a reform group around <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_of_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bernard of Clairvaux">St. Bernard of Clairvaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The innovations and corrections of Roman-Frankish chant during the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac reforms">Cluniac reforms</a> were disregarded as a corruption of the Roman tradition, but the new books ordered from the scriptoria of Laon and Metz did not satisfy the expectations of the reformers. Instead rules based on <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Micrologus" title="Micrologus">Micrologus</a></i> were codified to support the Cistercian cantors, while they were cleaning the corrupted tradition of plainchant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite certain ambitions concerning the performance practice of polyphonic organum, the first generation of reformers around Bernard did not allow these Cluniac practices.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, they were established soon, as Bernard became one of the most important and powerful churchmen involved in crusade policies which clearly corresponded to the refused aristocratic ambitions within the Cluniac Association. During Bernard's liturgical reform the tonary still served as an important tool and its modal patterns formed the basis of the corrections made by <a href="#Cistercian_Cantors">Cistercian cantors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_tonaries_in_Italy">The tonaries in Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The tonaries in Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The local liturgical traditions in large parts of Italy remained stable, because there was simply no written transmission which could interfere with any reform until the end of the 10th century. A lot of local neumes used by <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a> notators already started in a diastematic form, and the local scribes used the same opportunity to codify their own tradition, and in a second step of a reform which could not earlier be realized until a political conquest allowed the domination of a certain region, they had to deal with a codified chant repertory which was supposed to be "Roman". The transfer was done by written transmission, and this explains certain cross-references which can be studied in detail by the notated chant repertory, but more easily by the copies and the local neumes used in tonaries. </p><p>From this point of view, several tonaries, already transmitted by earlier French sources, can be found in later copies in Italian manuscripts, often written in French scriptoria and their neume notation. Nevertheless, a lot of Italian cantors were authors of tonaries which played a key role during Carolingian, Cluniac, and anti-Cluniac reforms in France and Lake Constance. As example, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a> from Piedmont, <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>, whose treatises were used during the Cistercian and Beneventan reform, while there is no source which testify the use of tonaries among Roman cantors. The famous <i>Dialogus</i>, falsely ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>, the second Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a>, was compiled in the province of Milan, while only "Formulas quas vobis", a tonary used in Montecassino and Southern Italy, was written by another <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo</a>, Abbot of Arezzo. </p><p>Older traditions like <a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old-Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Old-Beneventan</a> manuscripts follow own modal patterns which are not identical with those of "<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>", i.e. the Roman-Frankish redaction between the first generation of fully notated manuscripts (since the 1050s), the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parisian_.26_Cluniac_Cantors">Cluniac reforms</a> (11th century), and the "Neo-Gregorian reforms" of the late 11th and 12th centuries in centres like <a href="#MC318">Montecassino and Benevento</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in reform orders like <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> or <a href="#Dominican_Cantors">Dominicans</a> etc. The <a href="#Mn288">Norman-Sicilian</a> tonary shows a great resemblance with manuscripts written in <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Hagiopolitan Octoechos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge" title="Solfège">Solfège</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Micrologus" title="Micrologus">Micrologus</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modal patterns, memorized by a short formula, and the deductive classification of chant played an active part in the process of oral transmission. Thus, Anna Maria Busse Berger dedicated a whole chapter of her book <i>Medieval Music and the Art of Memory</i> (<a href="#Bus05">2005, pp. 47–84</a>) to the tonary, in which she described the relationship between music and the medieval art of memory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. a tonary added to Aurelian's theoretical one in a manuscript of the Abbey Saint-Amand (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_municipale_class%C3%A9e#Nord-Pas-de-Calais" class="extiw" title="fr:Bibliothèque municipale classée">F-VAL</a> <a href="#AurTo">148</a>)—an important centre of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>, has some intonation formulas in later added Paleofrankish neumes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An early copy of the <i>Commemoratio brevis</i> in a music theory collection written about 1000 (<a href="/wiki/Bamberg_State_Library" title="Bamberg State Library">D-BAs</a> <a href="#CommWerden">Var.1</a>). A list of the sources can be found here: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicologie.org/sites/c/commemoratio_brevis.html">"Commemoratio brevis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemoratio+brevis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicologie.org%2Fsites%2Fc%2Fcommemoratio_brevis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both systems were used by Byzantine psaltes and among them the former was never expected to contain all the degrees of the mode, as they were used "in the melos of the echoi".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the copy from the Abbey St. Emmeram (<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">D-Mbs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00034237/image_157">clm 14272, fol.156</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The practice of <i>differentiae</i>, terminations which were also called "divisio, diffinitio", or "formula", corresponded to the melodic beginning of the antiphons and was developed during the later 9th century. Hence, the different terminations of psalmody became a subsection of each section dedicated to the antiphons of the mass or the nocturn. There are tonaries which exemplified the whole psalmody with the small doxology ("Gloria patri") written out with neumes or letters (see the Dasia-signs used in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_State_Library" title="Bamberg State Library">D-BAs</a> <a href="#CommWerden">Var.1</a>), but there was also the abridged form to notate just the termination over the vowels EVOVAE of the last six syllables: "seculorum. Amen." Often the eight sections for the eight tones were repeated for other chant genres without psalmody or different chant books as gradual and antiphonary (Responsories, Alleluia, Offertories etc.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huglo (<a href="#Hug71">1971</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a long essay dedicated to the Latin treatises and the knowledge that Latin cantors had about music theory, Michel Huglo (<a href="#Hug00">2000</a>) referred to an episode of a Byzantine legacy in Aachen, who celebrated troparia (processional antiphons) for the feast of Epiphany. Oliver Strunk (<a href="#Str60">1960</a>) had already published about this visit, but through Walter Berschin's essays about the Carolingian visits of Byzantine legacies, Michel Huglo became convinced that this exchange could already have happened before his self-nomination as an Emperor of both Roman Empires.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery (<a href="#Jef01">2001</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The effects of the Cluniac Monastic Association on these reforms were often considered, neglected, and reconsidered by various musicologists. Background was a discussion among historians around a book of Dominique Iogna-Prat, originally published in French in 1998 (see the English translation by Graham Robert Edwards: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIogna-Prat2002" class="citation book cs1">Iogna-Prat, Dominique (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orderexclusioncl00iogn"><i>Order & exclusion: Cluny and Christendom face heresy, Judaism, and Islam 1000–1150</i></a></span>. Conjunctions of religion & power in the medieval past. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3708-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+%26+exclusion%3A+Cluny+and+Christendom+face+heresy%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Islam+1000%E2%80%931150&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Conjunctions+of+religion+%26+power+in+the+medieval+past&rft.pub=Cornell+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3708-3&rft.aulast=Iogna-Prat&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forderexclusioncl00iogn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>). The answer of the musicologist's question concerning the centre of the Aquitanian school lay simply there. Rather lately (<a href="#Gil06">2006</a>) Bryan Gillingham tried a general study of the role that Cluny played in the written chant transmission between the 11th and the 13th centuries. Already in <a href="#Cha85">1985</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chailley" title="Jacques Chailley">Jacques Chailley</a> studied an allegorical sculpture in the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny Abbey</a>, an important monument of the Cluniac approach to the tonary and its eight-mode system; according to him the sanctuary with the sculpture was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Taifa kingdom Toledo, an important domaine of the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic rite">Mozarabic rite</a>, was conquered by the Castilian King Alfonso VI in 1085. After he gave his daughters in marriage to Aquitanian und Burgundian aristocrats, the Council of Burgos had already decreed the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman rite">Roman rite</a> in 1080. Hence, reforms can be studied by the distribution of Aquitanian manuscripts in Spain. See also the study of chant manuscripts by Manuel Ferreira (<a href="#Fer07">2007</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not easy to prove this or another practice for medieval chant, neither for Greek nor for Latin singers, but concerning performance practice this is quite a controversial topic which can be solved in different ways. It is possible that the Orthodox practice today helps the singers to sing subtle intonation changes, which are no longer practiced in Western music, while maqam singers usually sing without ison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was a coincidence that Carolingian cantors used more syllables for the <i>Autentus protus</i>, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Echos" title="Echos">enechema</a></i> of the echos protos as it was used by Greek psaltes (see <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos#protos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Octoechos</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huglo (<a href="#Hug00">2000</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example in the 11th-century treatise compilation "<a href="#AliaHartvic">alia musica</a>" (<a href="#Cha65">Chailley 1965</a>, "AIANEOEANE": p.141; "AANNES": p.160), and some tonaries are of particular interest as Hartvic's copy of the <a href="#Regensburg">Chartres tonary</a> and the <a href="#Reichenau2">second tonary of the Troper-Sequentiary of Reichenau</a>, which uses "ANANEAGIES" for the "Autenticus Protus" and "AIANEAGIES" for the "Autenticus Deuterus". Unlike the Guidonian concept of "b fa", the plagios tritos which was called <i>echos varys</i> ("grave mode") by Greek psaltes, did not avoid the tritone to the <i>basis</i> and <i>finalis</i> F. The pure fourth was only used by the enharmonic <a href="/wiki/Nana_(echos)" title="Nana (echos)">phthora nana</a>. According to Oliver Gerlach (<a href="#Ger12">2012</a>) the very sophisticated intonation of the diatonic Mesos <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tetartos</i></span>, known by the name ἅγια νεανὲ among Greek psaltes, was imitated by Latin cantors for certain phrygian compositions of the Gregorian repertory, among them the Communio <i>Confessio et pulchritudo</i>. Michel Huglo (<a href="#HugNG">NGrove</a>) classified these tonaries as "transitional group" which he dated already to the 10th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The verses inserted before the tonary of Reichenau are obviously a later addition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/view/bsb00140775?page=12%2C13">"Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc.Lit.5, folio 4 verso"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staatsbibliothek+Bamberg%2C+Msc.Lit.5%2C+folio+4+verso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fview%2Fbsb00140775%3Fpage%3D12%252C13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span> This version has very elaborated <i>neumae</i> after each verse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of a lot of tonaries which use these verses, can be found here: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/a/anonymes_10.html#Primum%20querite">"Écrits anonymes du Xe siècle sur la musique"</a>. musicologie.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89crits+anonymes+du+Xe+si%C3%A8cle+sur+la+musique&rft.pub=musicologie.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicologie.org%2FBiographies%2Fa%2Fanonymes_10.html%23Primum%2520querite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cluniac reforms can be verified in tonaries written in <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a>, certain Abbeys around Paris as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, but also in Burgundy and Aquitaine. The creativity of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Aquitanian cantors</a> played a key role concerning the Cluniac needs for an extravagant liturgy. Hence, it is hardly surprising that they were more productive concerning tonaries than any other local school in Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Huglo's study of this particular tonary (<a href="#Hug56">1956</a>). Including the enharmonic diesis which were represented by signs as "Τ" for <i>E diesis</i>, "Γ" for <i>b diesis</i>, and the last sign written from the right to the left for <i>a diesis</i> (see the figure in the <a href="/wiki/Antiphonary_of_St._Benigne,_Dijon#The_alphabetic_notation_invented_by_William_of_Volpiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiphonary of St. Benigne, Dijon">main article</a>). The Boethian diagramm was already used since centuries, with exception of the symbols of the tetraphonic Dasia system which were used in certain treatises since the <i>Musica</i> and <i>Scolica enchiriadis</i> (<a href="#Phi00">Phillips 2000</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazeauMonique_Goullet2008" class="citation book cs1">Gazeau, Véronique; Monique Goullet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2-OztLOpZIC"><i>Guillaume de Volpiano. Un Réformateur en son temps (962–1031)</i></a>. Caen: Publications du CRAHM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-902685-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-902685-61-5"><bdi>978-2-902685-61-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guillaume+de+Volpiano.+Un+R%C3%A9formateur+en+son+temps+%28962%E2%80%931031%29&rft.place=Caen&rft.pub=Publications+du+CRAHM&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-902685-61-5&rft.aulast=Gazeau&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Monique+Goullet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2-OztLOpZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazeau2002" class="citation book cs1">Gazeau, Véronique (2002). "Guillaume de Volpiano en Normandie: état des questions". <i>Guillaume de Volpiano: Fécamp et l' histoire normande: Actes du colloque tenu à Fécamp les 15 et 16 juin 2001</i>. Tabularia « Études ». Vol. 2. Caen: CRAHM. pp. 35–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftabularia.1756">10.4000/tabularia.1756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guillaume+de+Volpiano+en+Normandie%3A+%C3%A9tat+des+questions&rft.btitle=Guillaume+de+Volpiano%3A+F%C3%A9camp+et+l%27+histoire+normande%3A+Actes+du+colloque+tenu+%C3%A0+F%C3%A9camp+les+15+et+16+juin+2001&rft.place=Caen&rft.series=Tabularia+%C2%AB+%C3%89tudes+%C2%BB&rft.pages=35-46&rft.pub=CRAHM&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ftabularia.1756&rft.aulast=Gazeau&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span> Olivier Diard's study (<a href="#Dia00">2000</a>) of a late copy of his tonary and antiphonary for the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_F%C3%A9camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Fécamp">Abbey of Fécamp</a> (Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 254, olim A.190) emphasized that William of Volpiano had not only introduced customs of Saint Bénigne and own compositions — as it was common among Cluniac reformers — in Normandy, but he also integrated and reinforced Norman customs by his school.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About the Sicilian origin of the tonary in the Troper-Proser of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Evroul" title="Abbey of Saint-Evroul">Abbey of Saint-Evroul</a>, see Shin Nishimagi (<a href="#Nis08">2008</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his monographical study (<a href="#Gri06">2006</a>) James Grier regard two manuscripts (<a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">F-Pn</a> lat. <a href="#Pbn909">909</a> and <a href="#Pbn1121">1121</a>) as documents of Adémar's work as a cantor and notator. Both of them have a tonary which offer insights to the modal framework of Adémar's school according to the local concept of the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos#Tonary" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">octoechos</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432314k/f272.image">folio 131 verso</a> of the Troper Sequentiary. Jørgen Raasted (<a href="#Raa88">1988</a>) and Oliver Gerlach (<a href="#GSt11">2011</a>, pp. 22–24) emphasized this creative or poetic function in their description of Western and Eastern intonation formulas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Already the <i><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Musica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scolica_enchiriadis" title="Scolica enchiriadis">Scolica enchiriadis</a></i> (9th century) used rows defined by Dasian signs, and placed the syllables of the chant text according to the pitches sung with them. The odd tone system was a repetition of four tetrachord elements represented by four signs which were obviously taken from the <a href="/wiki/Hagiopolitan_Octoechos" title="Hagiopolitan Octoechos">Hagiopolitan Octoechos</a> and Greek tetraphonic tone system: <i>protus, deuterus, tritus,</i> and <i>tetrardus</i>. These four Dasian signs and their derivations were used in a lot of tonaries. The innovation of the 10th century was the design of neumes which were so detailed, that they kept plenty of information concerning ornaments and accents. Rebecca Maloy (<a href="#Mal09">2009</a>) even assumed that the use of transposition (mentioned as "absonia" in <i>Scolica enchiriadis</i>) might be found behind the diastematic Aquitanian neume notation—an assumption which clearly illustrates the weak side of <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar</a>'s notation in comparison with the letter notation invented by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a>, which came never in use outside Normandy. Until this time very complex modal structures and microtonal shifts could be notated, as Maloy demonstrated by the most complex example of written transmission: the notation of the soloistic chant genre <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">offertory</a>. But Western notation did never develop modal signatures and the melodic structure was directly deduced by the diastematic notation. A second radical simplification became necessary, and so <a href="/wiki/Solmization" title="Solmization">solmization</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a>. On the background of his innovation, the later square notation was rather a reduction of the neume ligatures to a pure pitch notation, their performance was changed radically by an oral tradition of singing ornaments, of performing ligatures in a rhythmic way, and of more or less primitive models of polyphony which was no longer visible in the chant books of the 13th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of the sources can be found in Christian Meyer's essay (<a href="#Mey03">2003</a>) who also described the characteristics of Cistercian tonaries and the various redactions of Bernard of Clairvaux's preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His prologue and treatise of the chant reform have survived in the 13th-century <a href="#Rein">Antiphoner of Rein (fol. Ir-IIIr)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of a 15th-century chant treatise about improvised polyphony was once attributed to Limoges, later it was identified as an appendix to Abbot Guido's <i>Regulae</i> about habits of the Cistercian rite (<a href="#Swe92">Sweeney 1992</a>). The edition of Ms. 2284 <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_Library" title="Sainte-Geneviève Library">Bibliothèque Sainte Geneviève</a> (<a href="#GuiEu">Coussemaker</a>, <a href="#Swe89">Sweeney</a>) has been revised recently by an edition (<a href="#Mey09">Meyer 2009</a>) based on four other sources. According to Christian Meyer there was no explicit rule in the treatise which excluded polyphonic performances of plainchant from the Cistercian rite, despite the fact, that reform orders had been founded with monks, who had left their former monastic communities, after a Cluniac abbot had taken over and changed the local rite with new practices including polyphonic performance (<a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">"cum organo"</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Christian Meyer (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#ToC">2003</a>) the tonary in the Milanese Antiphonary of the Abbey St. Mary of Morimondo is one of the most complete sources which is very close to those used in the Cistercian foundations in Austria, Germany, and Poland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "repertorio neo-gregoriano" is taken from Luisa Nardini who also studied the Montecassino tonary and its role in the transmission of the Mass repertory (<a href="#Nar03">Nardini 2003</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_(8th–9th_century)"><span id="Carolingian_tonaries_and_gradual-sacramentaries_.288th.E2.80.939th_century.29"></span>Carolingian tonaries and gradual-sacramentaries (8th–9th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Carolingian tonaries and gradual-sacramentaries (8th–9th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Riquier" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84267835/f337.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fonds. lat., Ms. 13159, fol. 167-167'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonaryfragment of St. Riquier in the "Psalter of Charlemagne" (ed. by Huglo <a href="#Hug52">1952, 225–227</a>; <a href="#Hug71">1971, 26–28</a>)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonaryfragment+of+St.+Riquier+in+the+%22Psalter+of+Charlemagne%22+%28ed.+by+Huglo+1952%2C+225%E2%80%93227%3B+1971%2C+26%E2%80%9328%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale+de+France%2C+fonds.+lat.%2C+Ms.+13159%2C+fol.+167-167%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b84267835%2Ff337.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AntCarol" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8426787t/f63.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, fonds. lat., Ms. 17436, fol. 29"</a>. <i>Gradual-Sacramentary, Sequentiary, and Antiphonary of the Abbey Saint-Corneille de Compiègne (ca. 860–880)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gradual-Sacramentary%2C+Sequentiary%2C+and+Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+Saint-Corneille+de+Compi%C3%A8gne+%28ca.+860%E2%80%93880%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale+de+France%2C+fonds.+lat.%2C+Ms.+17436%2C+fol.+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8426787t%2Ff63.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrade" class="citation web cs1">Rodrade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8426782r/f9.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 12050, fol. 3–16"</a>. <i>Gradual-Sacramentary ordered by the Bishop of Amiens for Corbie (about 853)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gradual-Sacramentary+ordered+by+the+Bishop+of+Amiens+for+Corbie+%28about+853%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+12050%2C+fol.+3%E2%80%9316&rft.au=Rodrade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8426782r%2Ff9.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotheque-numerique.ville-laon.fr/idurl/1/1459">"Laon, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 118, fol. A.1'-A.12'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gradual-Sacramentary and Lectionary of the Abbey Saint-Denis (late 9th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gradual-Sacramentary+and+Lectionary+of+the+Abbey+Saint-Denis+%28late+9th+century%29&rft.atitle=Laon%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+municipale%2C+Ms.+118%2C+fol.+A.1%27-A.12%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotheque-numerique.ville-laon.fr%2Fidurl%2F1%2F1459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AurTo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8452635b/f147.item">"Valenciennes, Bibliothèque municipale, Ms. 148, fol. 71v-86v"</a>. <i>3 tonaries "Quae ipsis inscribantur tonis" with some intonations in later added Paleofrankish neumes within "Musica disciplina" (ch. IX-XIX), Saint-Amand Abbey (ca. 880–885)</i>. Gallica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3+tonaries+%22Quae+ipsis+inscribantur+tonis%22+with+some+intonations+in+later+added+Paleofrankish+neumes+within+%22Musica+disciplina%22+%28ch.+IX-XIX%29%2C+Saint-Amand+Abbey+%28ca.+880%E2%80%93885%29&rft.atitle=Valenciennes%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+municipale%2C+Ms.+148%2C+fol.+71v-86v&rft.au=Aurelian+of+R%C3%A9%C3%B4me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8452635b%2Ff147.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lorrain_cantors">Lorrain cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lorrain cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Metz" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bmmetz/12499624274/in/album-72157640923158474/">"Metz, Médiathèque, Ms. 351, fol. 66–76"</a>. <i>Tonary of Metz (copied 878)</i>. 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+of+Metz+%28copied+878%29&rft.atitle=Metz%2C+M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que%2C+Ms.+351%2C+fol.+66%E2%80%9376&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fbmmetz%2F12499624274%2Fin%2Falbum-72157640923158474%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leyden" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.manuscriptorium.com/apis/resolver-api/en/catalog/default/detail/manuscriptorium%7CRASTIS-NKCR__XIX_C_26____15DAGD6-cs">"Prague, Národní knihovna (dríve Universitní knihovna), Ms. 273, fol. 1–11"</a>. <i>Tonary in red ink ("Primus igitur lydius...") of the "Ratio breviter super musicum cum tonario [fol. 4r]" (Tonary of Leyden) with Lorrain neumes and Greek terminology (close to the "alia musica" compilation) in a treatise collection near Liège (ca. 1100)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+in+red+ink+%28%22Primus+igitur+lydius...%22%29+of+the+%22Ratio+breviter+super+musicum+cum+tonario+%5Bfol.+4r%5D%22+%28Tonary+of+Leyden%29+with+Lorrain+neumes+and+Greek+terminology+%28close+to+the+%22alia+musica%22+compilation%29+in+a+treatise+collection+near+Li%C3%A8ge+%28ca.+1100%29&rft.atitle=Prague%2C+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+knihovna+%28dr%C3%ADve+Universitn%C3%AD+knihovna%29%2C+Ms.+273%2C+fol.+1%E2%80%9311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.manuscriptorium.com%2Fapis%2Fresolver-api%2Fen%2Fcatalog%2Fdefault%2Fdetail%2Fmanuscriptorium%257CRASTIS-NKCR__XIX_C_26____15DAGD6-cs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alemannic_cantors">Alemannic cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alemannic cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/sbe/0121/417/large">"Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, Ms. 121, p. 417-427"</a>. <i>Psalmody of the Communiones in the Gradual and Notker's Sequentiary from the Einsiedeln Monastery (960–970)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psalmody+of+the+Communiones+in+the+Gradual+and+Notker%27s+Sequentiary+from+the+Einsiedeln+Monastery+%28960%E2%80%93970%29&rft.atitle=Einsiedeln%2C+Stiftsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+121%2C+p.+417-427&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fde%2Fsbe%2F0121%2F417%2Flarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hartker1" class="citation web cs1">Hartker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/csg/0390/1/large">"St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 390, p. 1-5"</a>. <i>Antiphonary of the Abbey St. Gall (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+St.+Gall+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=St.+Gallen%2C+Stiftsbibliothek%2C+Cod.+Sang.+390%2C+p.+1-5&rft.au=Hartker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fde%2Fcsg%2F0390%2F1%2Flarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hartker2" class="citation web cs1">Hartker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/csg/0391/1/large">"St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 391, p. 1–8, 261–264"</a>. <i>Antiphonary of the Abbey St. Gall (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+St.+Gall+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=St.+Gallen%2C+Stiftsbibliothek%2C+Cod.+Sang.+391%2C+p.+1%E2%80%938%2C+261%E2%80%93264&rft.au=Hartker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fde%2Fcsg%2F0391%2F1%2Flarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CommWerden" class="citation web cs1">Hoger of Werden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/view/bsb00140707?page=86%2C87">"Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc.Var.1, fol. 42'-46'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fragment of <a href="#Com84">Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis</a> in a music theory treatise collection from Werden? (about 1000)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragment+of+Commemoratio+brevis+de+tonis+et+psalmis+modulandis+in+a+music+theory+treatise+collection+from+Werden%3F+%28about+1000%29&rft.atitle=Staatsbibliothek+Bamberg%2C+Msc.Var.1%2C+fol.+42%27-46%27&rft.au=Hoger+of+Werden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fview%2Fbsb00140707%3Fpage%3D86%252C87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArator_Diaconus" class="citation web cs1">Arator Diaconus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/76220/81">"Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Ms. A 199, fol. 37"</a>. <i>Tonary fragment on two pages with St Gall neumes inserted at the end of a Hexameter version of Apostolic Acts by Arator Diaconus, Augsburg? (about 1000)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+fragment+on+two+pages+with+St+Gall+neumes+inserted+at+the+end+of+a+Hexameter+version+of+Apostolic+Acts+by+Arator+Diaconus%2C+Augsburg%3F+%28about+1000%29&rft.atitle=Dresden%2C+S%C3%A4chsische+Landesbibliothek%2C+Ms.+A+199%2C+fol.+37&rft.au=Arator+Diaconus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.slub-dresden.de%2Fwerkansicht%2Fdlf%2F76220%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reichenau" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/view/bsb00140775?page=12%2C13">"Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc.Lit.5, fol. 5–27"</a>. <i>Tonary of Reichenau (copied 1001 in Reichenau)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+of+Reichenau+%28copied+1001+in+Reichenau%29&rft.atitle=Staatsbibliothek+Bamberg%2C+Msc.Lit.5%2C+fol.+5%E2%80%9327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fview%2Fbsb00140775%3Fpage%3D12%252C13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reichenau2" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/view/bsb00140775?page=376%2C377">"Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc.Lit.5, fol. 187–196"</a>. <i>Notker Balbulus, Theodulfus Aurelianensis: 2nd Tonary in the Troper and Sequentiary from Reichenau (1001)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notker+Balbulus%2C+Theodulfus+Aurelianensis%3A+2nd+Tonary+in+the+Troper+and+Sequentiary+from+Reichenau+%281001%29&rft.atitle=Staatsbibliothek+Bamberg%2C+Msc.Lit.5%2C+fol.+187%E2%80%93196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fview%2Fbsb00140775%3Fpage%3D376%252C377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Regensburg" class="citation web cs1">Hartvic (copyist). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00034237/image_64">"Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Clm 14272, fol. 62'-64'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary with Dasia signs from the Abbey St. Emmeram, Regensburg (1006–1028)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+with+Dasia+signs+from+the+Abbey+St.+Emmeram%2C+Regensburg+%281006%E2%80%931028%29&rft.atitle=Munich%2C+Bayerische+Staatsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+Clm+14272%2C+fol.+62%27-64%27&rft.au=Hartvic+%28copyist%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fbsb00034237%2Fimage_64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FragmentCom" class="citation web cs1">Hartvic (copyist). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00034237/image_175">"Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Clm 14272, fol. 173'-174"</a>. <i>Fragment of <a href="#Com84">Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis</a> with Dasia signs from the Abbey St. Emmeram, Regensburg (1006–1028)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragment+of+Commemoratio+brevis+de+tonis+et+psalmis+modulandis+with+Dasia+signs+from+the+Abbey+St.+Emmeram%2C+Regensburg+%281006%E2%80%931028%29&rft.atitle=Munich%2C+Bayerische+Staatsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+Clm+14272%2C+fol.+173%27-174&rft.au=Hartvic+%28copyist%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fbsb00034237%2Fimage_175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AliaHartvic" class="citation web cs1">Hartvic (copyist). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00034237/image_176">"Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Clm 14272, fol. 175–181"</a>. <i>Theoretical tonary compilation alia musica (manuscript <a href="#Cha65">M</a>) with neumed intonations, psalmody, and additional tonary rubrics from the Abbey St. Emmeram, Regensburg (1006–1028)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+tonary+compilation+alia+musica+%28manuscript+M%29+with+neumed+intonations%2C+psalmody%2C+and+additional+tonary+rubrics+from+the+Abbey+St.+Emmeram%2C+Regensburg+%281006%E2%80%931028%29&rft.atitle=Munich%2C+Bayerische+Staatsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+Clm+14272%2C+fol.+175%E2%80%93181&rft.au=Hartvic+%28copyist%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fbsb00034237%2Fimage_176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BernoDeConsona" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/de/csg/0898/5/large">"St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 898, p. 2–25"</a>. <i>"De consona tonorum diversitate" with tonary, in "Bernonis Epistolae cum sermonibus et hymnis", St. Gall Abbey, copy of a dedicated collection for King Henry III (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22De+consona+tonorum+diversitate%22+with+tonary%2C+in+%22Bernonis+Epistolae+cum+sermonibus+et+hymnis%22%2C+St.+Gall+Abbey%2C+copy+of+a+dedicated+collection+for+King+Henry+III+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=St.+Gallen%2C+Stiftsbibliothek%2C+Cod.+Sang.+898%2C+p.+2%E2%80%9325&rft.au=Berno+of+Reichenau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-codices.unifr.ch%2Fde%2Fcsg%2F0898%2F5%2Flarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BernoTonar" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de/bav/bav_pal_lat_1344/0047">"Rome, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 1344, fol. 19–33'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>"Musica seu Prologus in Tonarium" with tonary after the prologue, Greek names according to Hucbald are used for the finales, Saint Gall neumes have been added to the intonation formulas, Monastery Lorsch (mid 11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Musica+seu+Prologus+in+Tonarium%22+with+tonary+after+the+prologue%2C+Greek+names+according+to+Hucbald+are+used+for+the+finales%2C+Saint+Gall+neumes+have+been+added+to+the+intonation+formulas%2C+Monastery+Lorsch+%28mid+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana%2C+Pal.+lat.+1344%2C+fol.+19%E2%80%9333%27&rft.au=Berno+of+Reichenau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotheca-laureshamensis-digital.de%2Fbav%2Fbav_pal_lat_1344%2F0047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WHAB1050" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diglib.hab.de/mss/1050-helmst/start.htm?image=00036">"Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August Bibliothek, Cod. Guelf. 1050 Helmstedt (cat. 1152), fol. 16'-27'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>List of enechemata and tonary with St. Gall neumes in a music theory collection (13th century)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+enechemata+and+tonary+with+St.+Gall+neumes+in+a+music+theory+collection+%2813th+century%29&rft.atitle=Wolfenb%C3%BCttel%2C+Herzog-August+Bibliothek%2C+Cod.+Guelf.+1050+Helmstedt+%28cat.+1152%29%2C+fol.+16%27-27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiglib.hab.de%2Fmss%2F1050-helmst%2Fstart.htm%3Fimage%3D00036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/object/viewid/0000032952">"Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. Thomas 391, fol. 3'-5"</a>. <i>Tonary with square notation in a collection of music treatises from the Augustine convent Saint Thomas of Leipzig (14th century)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+with+square+notation+in+a+collection+of+music+treatises+from+the+Augustine+convent+Saint+Thomas+of+Leipzig+%2814th+century%29&rft.atitle=Leipzig%2C+Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+Thomas+391%2C+fol.+3%27-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-leipzig.de%2Fobject%2Fviewid%2F0000032952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquitanian_cantors">Aquitanian cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aquitanian cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn1240" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000528g/f134.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1240, fol. 62'-64'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Troper from the church St. Salvator Mundi, St. Martial Abbey in Limoges (933–936)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troper+from+the+church+St.+Salvator+Mundi%2C+St.+Martial+Abbey+in+Limoges+%28933%E2%80%93936%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+1240%2C+fol.+62%27-64%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b6000528g%2Ff134.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn1084" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432316d/f323.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1084, fol. 155–164'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Troper, Tonary, Sequentiary and Proser from St. Géraud, Aurillac (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troper%2C+Tonary%2C+Sequentiary+and+Proser+from+St.+G%C3%A9raud%2C+Aurillac+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+1084%2C+fol.+155%E2%80%93164%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432316d%2Ff323.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn1085" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432277r/f12.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1085, fol. 3'-110'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Abridged Antiphonary from the church St. Salvator Mundi, St. Martial Abbey in Limoges, with later modal classifications by Roger & Adémar de Chabannes (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abridged+Antiphonary+from+the+church+St.+Salvator+Mundi%2C+St.+Martial+Abbey+in+Limoges%2C+with+later+modal+classifications+by+Roger+%26+Ad%C3%A9mar+de+Chabannes+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+1085%2C+fol.+3%27-110%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432277r%2Ff12.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn1121" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432272p/f413.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1121, fol. 202–206'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Troper, Sequentiary, and Tonary of St. Martial de Limoges, Adémar de Chabannes (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troper%2C+Sequentiary%2C+and+Tonary+of+St.+Martial+de+Limoges%2C+Ad%C3%A9mar+de+Chabannes+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+1121%2C+fol.+202%E2%80%93206%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432272p%2Ff413.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn909" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84323046/f509.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 909, fol. 251–257'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Troper, Sequentiary, and Tonary of St. Martial de Limoges (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troper%2C+Sequentiary%2C+and+Tonary+of+St.+Martial+de+Limoges+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+909%2C+fol.+251%E2%80%93257%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b84323046%2Ff509.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn1118" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432314k/f217.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1118, fol. 104–113'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Troper, Tonary, Sequentiary and Proser from Southwestern France, Région d'Auch (987–96)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troper%2C+Tonary%2C+Sequentiary+and+Proser+from+Southwestern+France%2C+R%C3%A9gion+d%27Auch+%28987%E2%80%9396%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+1118%2C+fol.+104%E2%80%93113%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432314k%2Ff217.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn776" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84546727/f301.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 776, fol. 147–154'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary fragment at the end of the Gradual of Saint-Michel-de-Gaillac (Albi, about 1079)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+fragment+at+the+end+of+the+Gradual+of+Saint-Michel-de-Gaillac+%28Albi%2C+about+1079%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+776%2C+fol.+147%E2%80%93154%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b84546727%2Ff301.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har4951" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=harley_ms_4951_f295v">"London, British Library, Harley 4951, fol. 295'–301'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gradual of Saint-Etienne of Toulouse, including a tonary (late 11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gradual+of+Saint-Etienne+of+Toulouse%2C+including+a+tonary+%28late+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=London%2C+British+Library%2C+Harley+4951%2C+fol.+295%27%E2%80%93301%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmanuscripts%2FViewer.aspx%3Fref%3Dharley_ms_4951_f295v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pbn780" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000736q/f254.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 780, fol. 123'-130"</a>. <i>Gradual and Tonary from the Cathedral of SS Just et Pastor, Narbonne (late 11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gradual+and+Tonary+from+the+Cathedral+of+SS+Just+et+Pastor%2C+Narbonne+%28late+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+780%2C+fol.+123%27-130&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b6000736q%2Ff254.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parisian_and_Cluniac_cantors">Parisian and Cluniac cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parisian and Cluniac cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422977w/f435.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 12584, fol. 216"</a>. <i>Tonary (12th century) of the Gradual and Antiphonary of the Abbey Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+%2812th+century%29+of+the+Gradual+and+Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+12584%2C+fol.+216&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8422977w%2Ff435.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422979q/f145.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 13252, fol. 71–76'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary in a Troper for the Abbey St.-Germain-des-Prés, Paris (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+in+a+Troper+for+the+Abbey+St.-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s%2C+Paris+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+13252%2C+fol.+71%E2%80%9376%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8422979q%2Ff145.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432469w/f108.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 8663, fol. 50'-51"</a>. <i>Tonary compilation "<a href="#aliamusica">Alia musica</a>" in a treatise collection from <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+compilation+%22Alia+musica%22+in+a+treatise+collection+from+Fleury+Abbey+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+8663%2C+fol.+50%27-51&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432469w%2Ff108.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432471z/f115.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 7211, fol. 54–71"</a>. <i>Tonary compilation "<a href="#aliamusica">Alia musica</a>" in a treatise collection from St-Pierre de Luxeuil (12th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+compilation+%22Alia+musica%22+in+a+treatise+collection+from+St-Pierre+de+Luxeuil+%2812th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+7211%2C+fol.+54%E2%80%9371&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432471z%2Ff115.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000532c/f34.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 17296, fol. 11'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Antiphonary of Saint-Denis Abbey with rubrified differentiae (about 1140–50)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiphonary+of+Saint-Denis+Abbey+with+rubrified+differentiae+%28about+1140%E2%80%9350%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+17296%2C+fol.+11%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b6000532c%2Ff34.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8426266x/f65.image">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. Nouv. Acq. Lat. 443, fol. 29–33"</a>. <i>Tonary fragment in a manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> (about 1200)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+fragment+in+a+manuscript+from+Fleury+Abbey+%28about+1200%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+Ms.+Nouv.+Acq.+Lat.+443%2C+fol.+29%E2%80%9333&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8426266x%2Ff65.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ba" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bvbm1.bib-bvb.de/webclient/DeliveryManager?custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=2957869&childpid=2958009">"Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Msc.Lit.115, fol. 68'-74"</a>. <i>Tonary of Amerus' treatise "Practica artis musice" in the motet collection Bamberg, Paris (1275–1285)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+of+Amerus%27+treatise+%22Practica+artis+musice%22+in+the+motet+collection+Bamberg%2C+Paris+%281275%E2%80%931285%29&rft.atitle=Bamberg%2C+Staatsbibliothek%2C+Msc.Lit.115%2C+fol.+68%27-74&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbvbm1.bib-bvb.de%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fcustom_att_2%3Dsimple_viewer%26pid%3D2957869%26childpid%3D2958009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cistercian_cantors">Cistercian cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cistercian cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerno_of_Reichenau" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/object/viewid/0000011638">"Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. 1493, fol. 53–60"</a>. <i>Elaborated theoretic tonary with neumes of St Gall by Berno of Reichenau in a collection of the Abbey Saint Peter at Merseburg transferred to the Cistercian Abbey of Altzelle (ca. 1075)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elaborated+theoretic+tonary+with+neumes+of+St+Gall+by+Berno+of+Reichenau+in+a+collection+of+the+Abbey+Saint+Peter+at+Merseburg+transferred+to+the+Cistercian+Abbey+of+Altzelle+%28ca.+1075%29&rft.atitle=Leipzig%2C+Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C+Ms.+1493%2C+fol.+53%E2%80%9360&rft.au=Berno+of+Reichenau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-leipzig.de%2Fobject%2Fviewid%2F0000011638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84324835/f333.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, nouv. acq. lat., Ms. 1410, fol. 159'-166'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Antiphonary of the Abbey St. Mary of Morimondo in the Diocese of Milan (12th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+St.+Mary+of+Morimondo+in+the+Diocese+of+Milan+%2812th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+nouv.+acq.+lat.%2C+Ms.+1410%2C+fol.+159%27-166%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b84324835%2Ff333.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rein" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00163408">"Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 1799**, fol. 216r-222v (Digit. No. 454-467)"</a>. <i>Tonary of the Cistercian Antiphoner, Rein (1225–1249)</i>. Austrian National Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+of+the+Cistercian+Antiphoner%2C+Rein+%281225%E2%80%931249%29&rft.atitle=Vienna%2C+%C3%96sterreichische+Nationalbibliothek%2C+Cod.+1799%2A%2A%2C+fol.+216r-222v+%28Digit.+No.+454-467%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.onb.ac.at%2Frec%2FAL00163408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominican_cantors">Dominican cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dominican cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432480x/f113.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 16663, fol. 54'-57"</a>. <i>Tonary with letter notation in the Music Treatise of Jerome of Moravia (late 13th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+with+letter+notation+in+the+Music+Treatise+of+Jerome+of+Moravia+%28late+13th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+16663%2C+fol.+54%27-57&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432480x%2Ff113.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/MMDB/images/Poissy/FOL_001V.htm">"State Library of Victoria, RARESF 096.1, Ms. R66A, fol. 1'-4"</a>. <i>Tonary with square neumes in the Poissy Antiphonal, Monastery of Saint-Louis de Poissy (1335–1345)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+with+square+neumes+in+the+Poissy+Antiphonal%2C+Monastery+of+Saint-Louis+de+Poissy+%281335%E2%80%931345%29&rft.atitle=State+Library+of+Victoria%2C+RARESF+096.1%2C+Ms.+R66A%2C+fol.+1%27-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.latrobe.edu.au%2FMMDB%2Fimages%2FPoissy%2FFOL_001V.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_cantors">Italian cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italian cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8432473s/f112.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 7202, fol. 52'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary with Dasia notation in <a href="#Inch">Inchiriadon</a> in a French treatise collection for the Dominican Collegio Colbert, Venice (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+with+Dasia+notation+in+Inchiriadon+in+a+French+treatise+collection+for+the+Dominican+Collegio+Colbert%2C+Venice+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale%2C+fonds+lat.%2C+Ms.+7202%2C+fol.+52%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8432473s%2Ff112.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.casanatense.it/Record.htm?Record=19932397124917505799">"Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, Ms. 54, fol. 102'-103"</a>. <i><a href="#Reichenau">Reichenau Tonary</a> (copy in an 11th-century manuscript from Nonantola)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reichenau+Tonary+%28copy+in+an+11th-century+manuscript+from+Nonantola%29&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+Biblioteca+Casanatense%2C+Ms.+54%2C+fol.+102%27-103&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.casanatense.it%2FRecord.htm%3FRecord%3D19932397124917505799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="OdoMs" class="citation cs2">Odo of Arezzo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omnes.dbseret.com/montecassino/view.jsp?cid=IT-FR0084_00318&did=IT-FR0084_00318_0126">"Montecassino, Biblioteca Abbaziale, Ms. Q318, pp. 126–127"</a>, <i>"Formulas super ad nos" in a Collection of Music Theory Treatises, Abbey St. Benedict of Montecassino (late 11th century)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22Formulas+super+ad+nos%22+in+a+Collection+of+Music+Theory+Treatises%2C+Abbey+St.+Benedict+of+Montecassino+%28late+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=Montecassino%2C+Biblioteca+Abbaziale%2C+Ms.+Q318%2C+pp.+126%E2%80%93127&rft.au=Odo+of+Arezzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomnes.dbseret.com%2Fmontecassino%2Fview.jsp%3Fcid%3DIT-FR0084_00318%26did%3DIT-FR0084_00318_0126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="8tonora" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omnes.dbseret.com/montecassino/view.jsp?cid=IT-FR0084_00318&did=IT-FR0084_00318_0122">"Montecassino, Biblioteca Abbaziale, Ms. Q318, pp. 122–123"</a>, <i>"De octo tonora per ordinem" in a Collection of Music Theory Treatises, Abbey St. Benedict of Montecassino (late 11th century)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22De+octo+tonora+per+ordinem%22+in+a+Collection+of+Music+Theory+Treatises%2C+Abbey+St.+Benedict+of+Montecassino+%28late+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=Montecassino%2C+Biblioteca+Abbaziale%2C+Ms.+Q318%2C+pp.+122%E2%80%93123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomnes.dbseret.com%2Fmontecassino%2Fview.jsp%3Fcid%3DIT-FR0084_00318%26did%3DIT-FR0084_00318_0122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MC318" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omnes.dbseret.com/montecassino/view.jsp?cid=IT-FR0084_00318&did=IT-FR0084_00318_0127">"Montecassino, Biblioteca Abbaziale, Ms. Q318, pp. 127–157"</a>, <i>Tonary in Beneventan neumes in a Collection of Music Theory Treatises, Abbey St. Benedict of Montecassino (late 11th century)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tonary+in+Beneventan+neumes+in+a+Collection+of+Music+Theory+Treatises%2C+Abbey+St.+Benedict+of+Montecassino+%28late+11th+century%29&rft.atitle=Montecassino%2C+Biblioteca+Abbaziale%2C+Ms.+Q318%2C+pp.+127%E2%80%93157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomnes.dbseret.com%2Fmontecassino%2Fview.jsp%3Fcid%3DIT-FR0084_00318%26did%3DIT-FR0084_00318_0127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglosaxon_cantors">Anglosaxon cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Anglosaxon cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CommCb" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/canvas-e3d38a2a58b1e0321fdf4a567e2b2a6d">"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, Parker Library, Ms. 260, fol. 51'-53'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fragment of <a href="#Com84">Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis</a> in a treatise collection from Christ Church, Canterbury (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragment+of+Commemoratio+brevis+de+tonis+et+psalmis+modulandis+in+a+treatise+collection+from+Christ+Church%2C+Canterbury+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=Cambridge%2C+Corpus+Christi+College%2C+Parker+Library%2C+Ms.+260%2C+fol.+51%27-53%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparker.stanford.edu%2Fparker%2Fcatalog%2Fcanvas-e3d38a2a58b1e0321fdf4a567e2b2a6d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="WinTr" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parker.stanford.edu/parker/catalog/canvas-3bd582974883028cbcd3043b11412c52">"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, Parker Library, Ms. 473, fol. 70–73'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary of the Winchester Troper (11th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+of+the+Winchester+Troper+%2811th+century%29&rft.atitle=Cambridge%2C+Corpus+Christi+College%2C+Parker+Library%2C+Ms.+473%2C+fol.+70%E2%80%9373%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparker.stanford.edu%2Fparker%2Fcatalog%2Fcanvas-3bd582974883028cbcd3043b11412c52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norman_cantors">Norman cantors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Norman cantors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MOfH159" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_of_Volpiano" title="William of Volpiano">William of Volpiano</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ged.biu-montpellier.fr/florabium/jsp/nodoc.jsp?NODOC=2020_DOC_MONT_MBUM_6">"Montpellier, Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine, Ms. H159"</a>. <i>Toner-Gradual & Antiphonary of the Abbey St. Bénigne in Dijon (late 10th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toner-Gradual+%26+Antiphonary+of+the+Abbey+St.+B%C3%A9nigne+in+Dijon+%28late+10th+century%29&rft.atitle=Montpellier%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Interuniversitaire+de+M%C3%A9decine%2C+Ms.+H159&rft.au=William+of+Volpiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fged.biu-montpellier.fr%2Fflorabium%2Fjsp%2Fnodoc.jsp%3FNODOC%3D2020_DOC_MONT_MBUM_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mn288" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000012335">"Madrid, Biblioteca nacional, Ms. 288, fol. 4–12"</a>. <i>Tonary in a Norman-Sicilian Troper-Sequentiary (about 1100)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+in+a+Norman-Sicilian+Troper-Sequentiary+%28about+1100%29&rft.atitle=Madrid%2C+Biblioteca+nacional%2C+Ms.+288%2C+fol.+4%E2%80%9312&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh.bne.es%2Fbnesearch%2Fdetalle%2Fbdh0000012335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lat10508" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422969b/f306.item">"Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds latin, ms. 10508, fol. 150'-156'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tonary in a Guidonian treatise collection of Norman-Italian origin attached to the Troper-Proser of the Abbey St. Évroult (12th century)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tonary+in+a+Guidonian+treatise+collection+of+Norman-Italian+origin+attached+to+the+Troper-Proser+of+the+Abbey+St.+%C3%89vroult+%2812th+century%29&rft.atitle=Paris%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+nationale%2C+fonds+latin%2C+ms.+10508%2C+fol.+150%27-156%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8422969b%2Ff306.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_of_theoretical_tonaries">Editions of theoretical tonaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Editions of theoretical tonaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MuE84" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Musica_enchiriadis" title="Musica enchiriadis">Anonymous</a> (1784), "Musica enchiriadis", in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/MUSENC"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 1 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 152–173</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musica+enchiriadis&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=152-173&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FMUSENC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aur84" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelianus Reomensis</a> (1784), "Musica disciplina", in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/AURMUS"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 1 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 27–63</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musica+disciplina&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=27-63&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Aurelianus+Reomensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FAURMUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reg76" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino Prumiensis</a> (1864–76), "Tonarius", in Coussemaker, Edmond de (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/REGTON"><i>Scriptorum de musica medii aevi nova series a Gerbertina altera</i></a>, vol. 2 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), Paris: Durand, pp. 1–73</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonarius&rft.btitle=Scriptorum+de+musica+medii+aevi+nova+series+a+Gerbertina+altera&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=1-73&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Durand&rft.date=1864%2F1876&rft.au=Regino+Prumiensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FREGTON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Com84" class="citation cs2">Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784), "Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ANOCOMB"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 1 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 213–229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commemoratio+brevis+de+tonis+et+psalmis+modulandis&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=213-229&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FANOCOMB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Inch" class="citation cs2">Schmid, Hans, ed. (1981), "Inchiriadon", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ANOINC"><i>Musica et scolica enchiriadis una cum aliquibus tractatulis adiunctis</i></a>, vol. 3, Munich: C. H. Beck, pp. 187–205</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inchiriadon&rft.btitle=Musica+et+scolica+enchiriadis+una+cum+aliquibus+tractatulis+adiunctis&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=187-205&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FANOINC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ber84" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno Augiensis</a> (1784), "Tonarius", in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/BERNTON"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 2 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 79–91</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonarius&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=79-91&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Berno+Augiensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FBERNTON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BDCT84" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno Augiensis</a> (1784), "De consona tonorum diversitate", in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/BERNDEC"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 2 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 114–124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+consona+tonorum+diversitate&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=114-124&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Berno+Augiensis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FBERNDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Odo84" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a> (1784), "Tonarium", in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ODOTON"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 1 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 247–250</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonarium&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=247-250&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft.au=Odo+of+Arezzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FODOTON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="aliamusica" class="citation cs2">Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784), "Alia musica", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ALIMUS"><i>Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum</i></a>, vol. 1 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp. 125–152</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alia+musica&rft.btitle=Scriptores+ecclesiastici+de+musica+sacra+potissimum&rft.place=St+Blaise&rft.pages=125-152&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Typis+San-Blasianis&rft.date=1784&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FALIMUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cha65" class="citation cs2">Chailley, Jacques, ed. (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ALIAMU"><i>Alia musica (Traité de musique du IXe siècle): Édition critique commentée avec une introduction sur l'origine de la nomenclature modale pseudo-grecque au Moyen-Âge</i></a>, Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire et Société d'édition d'enseignement supérieur réunis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alia+musica+%28Trait%C3%A9+de+musique+du+IXe+si%C3%A8cle%29%3A+%C3%89dition+critique+comment%C3%A9e+avec+une+introduction+sur+l%27origine+de+la+nomenclature+modale+pseudo-grecque+au+Moyen-%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Centre+de+documentation+universitaire+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9dition+d%27enseignement+sup%C3%A9rieur+r%C3%A9unis&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F9th-11th%2FALIAMU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GuiEu" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Abbot Guido (1864–76), "Regulae de arte musica", in Coussemaker, Edmond de (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/12th/ABGURAM"><i>Scriptorum de musica medii aevi nova series a Gerbertina altera</i></a>, vol. 2 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint ed.), Paris: Durand, pp. 150–192</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulae+de+arte+musica&rft.btitle=Scriptorum+de+musica+medii+aevi+nova+series+a+Gerbertina+altera&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=150-192&rft.edition=Hildesheim+1963+reprint&rft.pub=Durand&rft.date=1864%2F1876&rft.au=Abbot+Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F12th%2FABGURAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Swe89" class="citation journal cs1">Abbot Guido (1989). Sweeney, Cecily (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/12th/ABGUREG">"The Regulae organi Guidonis Abbatis and 12th Century Organum/Discant Treatises"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Musicology#Musica_Disciplina" title="American Institute of Musicology">Musica Disciplina</a></i>. <b>43</b>: 27–30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musica+Disciplina&rft.atitle=The+Regulae+organi+Guidonis+Abbatis+and+12th+Century+Organum%2FDiscant+Treatises&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Abbot+Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchmtl.indiana.edu%2Ftml%2F12th%2FABGUREG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mey09" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Christian, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00447958"><i>Le traité dit de Saint-Martial revisité et réédité</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+trait%C3%A9+dit+de+Saint-Martial+revisit%C3%A9+et+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dit%C3%A9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00447958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ToC" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Christian (2003). Meyer, Christian (ed.). "Discipulus: Quid est tonus? — Tonale Cisterziense". <i>Revue de Musicologie</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 77–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4494836">4494836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Musicologie&rft.atitle=Discipulus%3A+Quid+est+tonus%3F+%E2%80%94+Tonale+Cisterziense&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-91&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4494836%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Atk08" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Charles M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8u2MaG5gN4C"><i>The critical nexus: Tone-System, Mode, and Notation in Early Medieval Music</i></a>. Oxford, New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514888-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+critical+nexus%3A+Tone-System%2C+Mode%2C+and+Notation+in+Early+Medieval+Music&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York+%5Betc.%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514888-6&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8u2MaG5gN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bus05" class="citation cs2">Busse Berger, Anna Maria (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi23N9T615cC"><i>Medieval Music and the Art of Memory</i></a>, Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514888-6"><bdi>978-0-19-514888-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Music+and+the+Art+of+Memory&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514888-6&rft.aulast=Busse+Berger&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBi23N9T615cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cha85" class="citation journal cs1">Chailley, Jacques (1985). "Les huit tons de la musique et l'éthos des modes aux chapiteaux de Cluny". <i>Acta Musicologica</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 73–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F932690">10.2307/932690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6241">0001-6241</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/932690">932690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Musicologica&rft.atitle=Les+huit+tons+de+la+musique+et+l%27%C3%A9thos+des+modes+aux+chapiteaux+de+Cluny&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-95&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0001-6241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F932690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F932690&rft.aulast=Chailley&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dia00" class="citation thesis cs1">Diard, Olivier (2000). <i>Les offices propres dans le sanctoral normand, étude liturgique et musicale (Xe-XVe siècles)</i> (Thesis). 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Rome: Aracne. pp. 7–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-548-3840-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-548-3840-6"><bdi>978-88-548-3840-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mikrot%C3%B6ne+im+Okt%C5%8D%C4%ABchos+%E2%80%93+oder+%C3%BCber+die+Vermittlung+mittelalterlicher+Musiktheorie+und+Musik&rft.btitle=Studies+of+the+Dark+Continent+in+European+Music+History+%E2%80%93+Collected+Essays+on+Traditions+of+Religious+Chant+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=7-24&rft.pub=Aracne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-548-3840-6&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ger12" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Oliver (2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+Collections+of+Bamberg&rft.pub=Staatsbibliothek+Bamberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.bib-bvb.de%2Fcollections%2FSBB%2F%23%2Fcollection%2FDTL-2247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bmmetz/sets/">"Manuscrits médiévaux messins numérisés"</a>. Les Bibliothèques-Médiathèques de Metz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscrits+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vaux+messins+num%C3%A9ris%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Les+Biblioth%C3%A8ques-M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8ques+de+Metz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fbmmetz%2Fsets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manuscrit.ville-laon.fr/_app/index.php">"Ville de Laon, Bibliothèque municipale — Les Manuscrits"</a>. Ministère de la culture et de la communication<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ville+de+Laon%2C+Biblioth%C3%A8que+municipale+%E2%80%94+Les+Manuscrits&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+culture+et+de+la+communication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanuscrit.ville-laon.fr%2F_app%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manuscriptorium.com/">"Manuscriptorium: Building Virtual Research Environment for the Sphere of Historical Resources"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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notation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_notation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">8<sup>va</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">15<sup>ma</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation_(music)" title="Abbreviation (music)">Abbreviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">Da capo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_segno" title="Dal segno">Dal segno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">Key signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">Ledger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_letter" title="Rehearsal letter">Rehearsal letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">Repeat sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Musical notes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">Accidental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_(music)" title="Natural (music)">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_note" title="Cue note">Cue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">Dotted note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(music)" title="Beam (music)">beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">Notehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(music)" title="Stem (music)">stem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacet" title="Tacet">Tacet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_notation" title="Letter notation">Letter notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">Scientific pitch notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">Marcato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordent" title="Mordent">Mordent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slur_(music)" title="Slur (music)">Slur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">Staccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuto" title="Tenuto">Tenuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">Tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_chart" title="Chord chart">Chord chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_diagram_(music)" title="Chord diagram (music)">Chord diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_music" title="Eye music">Eye music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">Lead sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Number_System" title="Nashville Number System">Nashville Number System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_musical_notation" title="Numbered musical notation">Numbered musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klavarskribo" title="Klavarskribo">Klavarskribo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsons_code" title="Parsons code">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_music_notation" title="Simplified music notation">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_musical_notation" title="Chinese musical notation">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">Ekphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan_notation" title="Gamelan notation">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunkunshi" title="Kunkunshi">Kunkunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">Neume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi_musical_notation" title="Shakuhachi musical notation">Shakuhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant#Notation" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">Mensural notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Perfect pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">Sight-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">Transcription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">List of musical symbols</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_notation" title="Category:Musical notation">Category:Musical notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_music" title="Template talk:Medieval music"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval music"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_composers" title="List of medieval composers">List of composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_music_theorists" title="List of medieval music theorists">List of music theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Early_medieval_music_(500–1000)" title="Medieval music">Early (before 1150)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall" title="Abbey of Saint Gall">Abbey of Saint Gall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker the Stammerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuotilo" title="Tuotilo">Tuotilo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Stephen of Liège">Stephen of Liège</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Hucbald" title="Hucbald">Hucbald</a>*</span></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriger_of_Lobbes" title="Heriger of Lobbes">Heriger of Lobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial_school" title="Saint Martial school">Saint Martial school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Arezzo" title="Odo of Arezzo">Odo of Arezzo</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Physicus" title="Notker Physicus">Notker Physicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godric_of_Finchale" title="Godric of Finchale">St. Godric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Saint_Victor" title="Adam of Saint Victor">Adam of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_the_Cantor" title="Wulfstan the Cantor">Wulfstan the Cantor</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipo_of_Burgundy" title="Wipo of Burgundy">Wipo of Burgundy</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#High_medieval_music_(1000–1300)" title="Medieval music">High (1150–1300)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Parisiensis" title="Albertus Parisiensis">Albertus Parisiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onin" title="Léonin">Léonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rotin" title="Pérotin">Pérotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Chancellor" title="Philip the Chancellor">Philippe le Chancelier</a></li></ul></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Cruce" title="Petrus de Cruce">Petrus de Cruce</a>*</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a><br />& <a href="/wiki/Trobairitz" title="Trobairitz">Trobairitz</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan" title="Aimeric de Peguilhan">Aimeric de Peguilhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_de_Mareuil" title="Arnaut de Mareuil">Arnaut de Mareuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn" title="Bernart de Ventadorn">Bernart de Ventadorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelloza" title="Castelloza">Castelloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona" title="Cerverí de Girona">Cerverí de Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtessa_de_Dia" title="Comtessa de Dia">Comtessa de Dia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaucelm_Faidit" title="Gaucelm Faidit">Gaucelm Faidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraut_de_Bornelh" title="Giraut de Bornelh">Giraut de Bornelh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaufre_Rudel" title="Jaufre Rudel">Jaufre Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcabru" title="Marcabru">Marcabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peire d'Alvernha">Peire d'Alvernha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peire_Vidal" title="Peire Vidal">Peire Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirol" title="Peirol">Peirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdigon" title="Perdigon">Perdigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_d%27Aurenga" title="Raimbaut d'Aurenga">Raimbaut d'Aurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimon_de_Miravalh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimon de Miravalh">Raimon de Miravalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_troubadours_and_trobairitz" title="List of troubadours and trobairitz">Other troubadours and trobairitz...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Le Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Rémi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re#List_of_trouvères" title="Trouvère">Other trouvères...</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliard">Goliards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Galician-Portuguese lyric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician-Portuguese_troubadours" title="List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours">List of Galician-Portuguese troubadours</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Late_medieval_music_(1300–1400)" title="Medieval music">Late (1300–1400)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Andrieu" title="F. Andrieu">F. Andrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Le_Grant" title="Denis Le Grant">Denis Le Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Franciscus" title="Magister Franciscus">Magister Franciscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimace_(composer)" title="Grimace (composer)">Grimace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Lescurel" title="Jehan de Lescurel">Jehan de Lescurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Machaut" title="Guillaume de Machaut">Guillaume de Machaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._des_Molins" title="P. des Molins">P. des Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Vaillant" title="Jehan Vaillant">Jehan Vaillant</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>*</span></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Trecento" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Predecessors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marchetto_da_Padova" title="Marchetto da Padova">Marchetto da Padova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Cascia" title="Giovanni da Cascia">Giovanni da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Bologna" title="Jacopo da Bologna">Jacopo da Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maestro_Piero" title="Maestro Piero">Maestro Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_da_Rimini" title="Vincenzo da Rimini">Vincenzo da Rimini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_de_Florentia" title="Andreas de Florentia">Andreas de Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_da_Cascia" title="Donato da Cascia">Donato da Cascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landini" title="Francesco Landini">Francesco Landini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardello_da_Firenze" title="Gherardello da Firenze">Gherardello da Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_da_Firenze" title="Lorenzo da Firenze">Lorenzo da Firenze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_Firenze" title="Paolo da Firenze">Paolo da Firenze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolino_da_Padova" title="Bartolino da Padova">Bartolino da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Caserta" title="Antonello da Caserta">Antonello da Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_da_Perugia" title="Matteo da Perugia">Matteo da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mazzuoli" title="Giovanni Mazzuoli">Giovanni Mazzuoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazioso_da_Padova" title="Grazioso da Padova">Grazioso da Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Perugia" title="Niccolò da Perugia">Niccolò da Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Omer" title="Sant Omer">Sant Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Zacara da Teramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borlet" title="Borlet">Borlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_de_Caserta" title="Philippus de Caserta">Philippus de Caserta</a></li> <li><span style="background-color: #EEF;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ciconia" title="Johannes Ciconia">Johannes Ciconia</a>*</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradus_de_Pistoria" title="Conradus de Pistoria">Conradus de Pistoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baude_Cordier" title="Baude Cordier">Baude Cordier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cuvelier" title="Johannes Cuvelier">Johannes Cuvelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egardus" title="Egardus">Egardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidius_(Chantilly_Codex_composer)" title="Egidius (Chantilly Codex composer)">Egidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Fabri" title="Martinus Fabri">Martinus Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Goscalch" title="Petrus de Goscalch">Petrus de Goscalch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Symonis_Hasprois" title="Johannes Symonis Hasprois">Johannes Symonis Hasprois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matheus_de_Sancto_Johanne" title="Matheus de Sancto Johanne">Matheus de Sancto Johanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacian_Reyneau" title="Gacian Reyneau">Gacian Reyneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Uciredor" title="S Uciredor">Rodericus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Senleches" title="Jacob Senleches">Jacob Senleches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solage" title="Solage">Solage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Susay" title="Johannes Susay">Johannes Susay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacara_da_Teramo" title="Zacara da Teramo">Antonio Zacara da Teramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebor_(composer)" title="Trebor (composer)">Trebor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Alanus" title="Johannes Alanus">Johannes Alanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">Contenance angloise</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fabri" title="Thomas Fabri">Thomas Fabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Henry" title="Roy Henry">Roy Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._de_Wycombe" title="W. de Wycombe">W. de Wycombe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_IV" title="Anonymous IV">Anonymous IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_of_Cologne" title="Franco of Cologne">Franco of Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cotto" title="Johannes Cotto">Johannes Cotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Garlandia_(music_theorist)" title="Johannes de Garlandia (music theorist)">Johannes de Garlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Grocheio" title="Johannes de Grocheio">Johannes de Grocheio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacobus_de_Ispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iacobus de Ispania">Iacobus de Ispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Odington" title="Walter Odington">Walter Odington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berno_of_Reichenau" title="Berno of Reichenau">Berno of Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_of_R%C3%A9%C3%B4me" title="Aurelian of Réôme">Aurelian of Réôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(song)" title="Canso (song)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chansonnier" title="Chansonnier">Chansonnier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductus" title="Conductus">Conductus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampie" title="Estampie">Estampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">Formes fixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">Rondeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">Virelai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisslerlieder" title="Geisslerlieder">Geisslerlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_(poetic_form)" title="Lai (poetic form)">Lai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydorel" title="Tydorel">Tydorel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_drama" title="Liturgical drama">Liturgical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organum" title="Organum">Organum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planctus" title="Planctus">Planctus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_England" title="Music in Medieval England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Music in Medieval Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Medieval_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_France#Medieval_Period" title="Music history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Minnesingers_and_Meistersingers" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Medieval_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Medieval_period" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardcore" title="Bardcore">Bardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Medieval_music" title="Neo-Medieval music">Neo-Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <ul><li>Also music theorist*</li></ul> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b> →</div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_music" title="Category:Medieval music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_music" title="Template:Religious music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_music" title="Template talk:Religious music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan music">Neopagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafarian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarian music">Rastafarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_music" title="Taoist music">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_music" title="Zoroastrian music">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_liturgical_chant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chant" title="Template:Chant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chant" title="Template talk:Chant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_liturgical_chant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_chant" title="Galician chant">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obikhod" title="Obikhod">Obikhod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kievan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a> (Milanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna chant (page does not exist)">Ravenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Forms and uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">After the Second Vatican Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary Form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Mass" title="Low Mass">Low Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_cantata" title="Missa cantata">Missa Cantata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">Solemn Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">Pontifical High Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sine_populo" title="Sine populo">sine populo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_Mass" title="Votive Mass">Votive Mass</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ritual_Masses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Masses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual Masses">Ritual Masses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mass" title="Blue Mass">Blue Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_and_Conventual_Mass" title="Chapter and Conventual Mass">Chapter and Conventual Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Mass" title="Coronation Mass">Coronation Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Mass">Gold Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuptial_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuptial Mass">Nuptial Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Mass">Rose Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Month%27s_mind" title="Month's mind">Month's mind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mass">White Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Order of Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Pre-Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_prayers" title="Vesting prayers">Vesting prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Asperges me</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidi_aquam" title="Vidi aquam">Vidi aquam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_hymn" title="Processional hymn">Processional hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Liturgy of<br />the Word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_43" title="Psalm 43">Psalm 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Entrance Antiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_Act" title="Penitential Act">Penitential Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confiteor" title="Confiteor">Confiteor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominus_vobiscum" title="Dominus vobiscum">Dominus vobiscum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oremus" title="Oremus">Oremus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms#Roman_Catholic_usage" title="Psalms">Responsorial Psalm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">Gradual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle (liturgy)">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleluia#Roman_Rite" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tract_(liturgy)" title="Tract (liturgy)">Tract</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">sequence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)#Uses_in_the_Western_Churches" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credo" title="Credo">Credo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intercessions" title="General Intercessions">Universal Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Liturgy of<br />the Eucharist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orate_fratres" title="Orate fratres">Orate fratres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Secret_(liturgy)" title="Secret (liturgy)">prayer over the gifts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sursum_corda" title="Sursum corda">Sursum corda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">Hosanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Eucharistic Prayer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_Mass" title="Canon of the Mass">Canon of the Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">oblation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Epiclesis" title="Epiclesis">epiclesis</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(Christianity)" title="Anamnesis (Christianity)">anamnesis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_rubrics_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon">texts and rubrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_digits" title="Canonical digits">Canonical digits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_rubrics_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="Text and rubrics of the Roman Canon">Roman Canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="History of the Roman Canon">history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Acclamation" title="Memorial Acclamation">Memorial Acclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embolism_(liturgy)" title="Embolism (liturgy)">embolism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_doxology" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic doxology">doxology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(liturgy)" title="Pax (liturgy)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">Sign of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei" title="Agnus Dei">Agnus Dei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dona_nobis_pacem" title="Dona nobis pacem">Dona nobis pacem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraction_(religion)" title="Fraction (religion)">Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Holy Communion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">Communion antiphon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcommunion" title="Postcommunion">Postcommunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(liturgy)" title="Dismissal (liturgy)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ite,_missa_est" title="Ite, missa est">Ite, missa est</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benedicamus_Domino" title="Benedicamus Domino">Benedicamus Domino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Gospel" title="Last Gospel">Last Gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Post-Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_Prayers" title="Leonine Prayers">Leonine Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">Recessional hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_altar_servers" title="Female altar servers">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat boy">Boat boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_(Christianity)" title="Cantor (Christianity)">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifer" title="Crucifer">Crucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_minister_of_Holy_Communion" title="Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion">Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_congress" title="Eucharistic congress">Eucharistic Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_usher" title="Church usher">Usher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">Altar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_crucifix" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar crucifix">Altar crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_rail" title="Altar rail">Altar rails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">Ambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antependium" title="Antependium">Antependium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)#Candles_and_candlesticks" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">Candles and candlesticks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_candlestick_(Catholic_Church)" title="Triple candlestick (Catholic Church)">Triple candlestick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">Paschal candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">Sanctuary lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_veil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice veil">Chalice veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_bench" title="Communion bench">Communion bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_(liturgy)" title="Corporal (liturgy)">Corporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credence_table" title="Credence table">Credence table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">Kneeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavabo" title="Lavabo">Lavabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">Misericord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall (liturgy)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscina" title="Piscina">Piscina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purificator" class="mw-redirect" title="Purificator">Purificator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_tabernacle" title="Church tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Liturgical<br />objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday#Christian_use_of_ashes" title="Ash Wednesday">Ashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillum" title="Aspergillum">Aspergillum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">Chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">Ciborium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_(instrument)" title="Crotalus (instrument)">Crotalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory#Collection_of_alms" title="Offertory">Collection basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion-plate" title="Communion-plate">Communion-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruet" title="Cruet">Cruet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeliary" title="Evangeliary">Evangeliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistula_(liturgical_object)" title="Fistula (liturgical object)">Fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funghellino" title="Funghellino">Funghellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense#Christianity" title="Religious use of incense">use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuterge" title="Manuterge">Manuterge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paten" title="Paten">Paten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyx" title="Pyx">Pyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">Sacramental wine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">Thurible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_books_of_the_Roman_Rite" title="Liturgical books of the Roman Rite">Liturgical books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiphonary" title="Antiphonary">Antiphonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6remoniale_Episcoporum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cæremoniale Episcoporum">Ceremonial of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_(liturgy)" title="Customary (liturgy)">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gradual" title="Roman Gradual">Roman Gradual</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graduale_Simplex" title="Graduale Simplex">Graduale Simplex</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Worship:_The_Missal" title="Divine Worship: The Missal">Divine Worship: The Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Sacramentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">Lectionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Vestments</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">Alb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amice" title="Amice">Amice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuble" title="Chasuble">Chasuble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">Dalmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeral_veil" title="Humeral veil">Humeral veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Pontifical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">Stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">Surplice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicle" title="Tunicle">Tunicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimpa" title="Vimpa">Vimpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Catholic_Church_liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Calendars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">General Roman Calendar of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">General Roman Calendar of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> (current)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascensiontide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic<br />discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concelebration" title="Concelebration">Concelebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_etiquette" title="Church etiquette">Church etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844">Canon 844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_the_developmentally_disabled" title="Communion and the developmentally disabled">Communion and the developmentally disabled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">Communion under both kinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church#Eucharistic_Fast" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Eucharistic fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">First Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent_Communion" title="Frequent Communion">Frequent Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuflection" title="Genuflection">Genuflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">Head cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_communion" title="Infant communion">Infant communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intinction" title="Intinction">Intinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_sacrament" title="Reserved sacrament">Reserved sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Sacramental bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_wine" title="Sacramental wine">wine</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_communion" title="Spiritual communion">Spiritual communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_after_Communion" title="Thanksgiving after Communion">Thanksgiving after Communion</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anima_Christi" title="Anima Christi">Anima Christi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">Viaticum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharistic<br />theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Blood of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiousion" title="Epiousion">Epiousion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_persona_Christi" title="In persona Christi">In persona Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_roots_of_Catholic_Eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology">Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirae_caritatis" title="Mirae caritatis">Mirae caritatis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterium_fidei_(encyclical)" title="Mysterium fidei (encyclical)"><i>Mysterium fidei</i> (encyclical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Eucharist" title="Origin of the Eucharist">Origin of the Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvific nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_Melchizedek" title="Priesthood of Melchizedek">Priesthood of Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Catholic:_Objective,_substantial_and_entire" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Eucharist" title="Year of the Eucharist">Year of the Eucharist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Regulations<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Accentus" title="Accentus">Accentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">Ad orientem</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Versus_populum" title="Versus populum">versus populum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(liturgy)" title="Commemoration (liturgy)">Commemoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mass" title="Order of Mass">Ordinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proper_(liturgy)" title="Proper (liturgy)">Propers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_multis" title="Pro multis">Pro multis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity#Roman_Catholicism" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_the_Apostolic_Tradition" title="Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition">Anaphora of the Apostolic Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">effects of prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" title="Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Dicastery for Divine Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_de_Eucharistia" title="Ecclesia de Eucharistia">Ecclesia de Eucharistia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">benediction</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominicae_cenae" title="Dominicae cenae">Dominicae Cenae</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Holy_Hour" title="Holy Hour">Holy Hour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fermentum" title="Fermentum">Fermentum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau psalmody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Canon" title="History of the Roman Canon">History of the Roman Canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">Lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">Liturgical Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_reforms_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII">Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediator_Dei" title="Mediator Dei">Mediator Dei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missale_Romanum_(apostolic_constitution)" title="Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution)"><i>Missale Romanum</i> (apostolic constitution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercoranism" title="Stercoranism">Stercoranism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_sollecitudini" title="Tra le sollecitudini">Tra le sollecitudini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonary&oldid=1224759003">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonary&oldid=1224759003</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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