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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Proposal from Virginia to hold a peace conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_from_Virginia_to_hold_a_peace_conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Peace_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Peace_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Peace Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Peace_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meeting to prevent the impending American Civil War</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg/220px-Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg/330px-Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg/440px-Peace_Conference_of_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Delegates at the opening of the Peace Conference of 1861 from <i>Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</i>, February 16, 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Peace Conference of 1861</b> was a meeting of 131 leading <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> politicians in February 1861, at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The conference's purpose was to avoid, if possible, the secession of the eight slave states from the upper and border South that had not done so as of that date. The seven states that had already seceded did not attend. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1860 election, Republicans were excitedly predicting the end of slavery even in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s election in 1860 led many in the South to conclude that now was the time for their long-discussed secession. Many pro-slavery southerners, especially in the Lower South, were convinced that the new Republican government was determined to abolish slavery where it already existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes201358_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes201358-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In much of the South, elections were held to select delegates to special conventions to consider secession from the Union. In Congress, efforts were made in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to compromise over the issues relating to slavery dividing the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Four_proposals_to_preserve_the_Union">Four proposals to preserve the Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Four proposals to preserve the Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Crittenden_proposal:_six_constitutional_amendments">First Crittenden proposal: six constitutional amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Crittenden proposal: six constitutional amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1860, the final session of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth United States Congress">Thirty-sixth Congress</a> met. In the House, the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Committee of Thirty-Three</a>, with one member from each state, led by <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a>, was formed to reach a compromise to preserve the Union. In the Senate, former Kentucky <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a>, elected as a Unionist candidate, submitted the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>, six proposed constitutional amendments and four resolutions that would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and that Crittenden hoped would address all the outstanding issues. Hopes were high, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Border_States_(American_Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border States (American Civil War)">border states</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> Congress could reach a successful resolution before the new Republican administration took office. </p><p>Crittenden's proposals were debated by a specially selected Committee of Thirteen. The proposals provided for, among other things, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> line dividing the territories to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, bringing his efforts directly in conflict with the 1860 Republican Platform and the personal views of President-elect <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who had made known his objections. The committee rejected the compromise on December 22 by a 7–6 vote. Crittenden later brought the issue to the floor of the Senate as a proposal to make his compromise subject to a national referendum. Still, the Senate rejected it on January 16 by a 25–23.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Crittenden_proposal">Second Crittenden proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Crittenden proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modified version of the Crittenden Plan, believed to be more attractive to Republicans,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was considered by an <i>ad hoc</i> committee of 14 congressmen from the lower North and the upper South, meeting several times between December 28 and January 4. The committee was chaired again by Crittenden and included other Southern Unionists such as Representatives <a href="/wiki/John_A._Gilmer" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Gilmer">John A. Gilmer</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hatton" title="Robert H. Hatton">Robert H. Hatton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Morrison_Harris" title="J. Morrison Harris">J. Morrison Harris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_T._Harris" title="John T. Harris">John T. Harris</a> of Virginia. The House rejected a version of their work on January 7.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_amendment_protecting_slavery">Constitutional amendment protecting slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitutional amendment protecting slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the House, on January 14, the Committee of Thirty-Three reported that it had reached a majority agreement on a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed and the immediate admission of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> as a slave state. This latter proposal would result in a <i>de facto</i> extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal_from_Virginia_to_hold_a_peace_conference">Proposal from Virginia to hold a peace conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposal from Virginia to hold a peace conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fourth attempt came from Virginia, one of the slave states that had not yet seceded. Former President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, now a private citizen of Virginia who was still interested in the fate of the nation, had been appointed as a special Virginia envoy to President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> to urge him to maintain the <i>status quo</i> regarding the seceded states. Later, Tyler was an elected delegate to the Virginia convention called to consider whether or not to follow the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> states out of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler thought a final collective effort should be made to preserve the Union. In a document published on January 17, 1861, he called for a convention of the six free and six slave border states to resolve the sectional split. Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">John Letcher</a> of Virginia had already made a similar request to the state legislature. He agreed to sponsor the convention while the list of attendees to all states was expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corwin agreed to hold off any final vote on his House plan pending the final actions of the peace conference.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Peace_Conference">The Peace Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Peace Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conference convened on February 4, 1861, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C.; all seven Deep South states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) had already passed ordinances of secession, were preparing to form a new government in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, and did not attend the peace conference, not believing it would accomplish anything significant. At the same time that Tyler, selected to head the convention, was making his opening remarks in Washington, his granddaughter was ceremonially hoisting the flag for the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate convention</a> in Montgomery. No delegates were sent by the Deep South states or by <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. Fourteen <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free states</a> and seven slave states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) were represented. Among the representatives to the conference were <a href="/wiki/James_A._Seddon" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William Cabell Rives</a> from Virginia, <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> from Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> from New York, <a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> from Maryland, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Lot M. Morrill</a> from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_O._Butler" title="William O. Butler">William O. Butler</a> from Kentucky, <a href="/wiki/David_S._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Reid">David S. Reid</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Logan" title="Stephen T. Logan">Stephen T. Logan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvan_Cullom" title="Alvan Cullom">Alvan Cullom</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> from Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Louisiana did not send delegates, Rep. <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Bouligny" title="John Edward Bouligny">John Edward Bouligny</a>, the only member of the state's congressional delegation not to resign his seat, did participate in the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Delegates to the 1860 Peace Convention, Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Delegate </th> <th data-sort-type="text">State </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Baldwin"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Baldwin" title="Roger Sherman Baldwin">Roger S. Baldwin</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">Connecticut </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Battell">Robbins Battell </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cleveland"><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_F._Cleveland" title="Chauncey F. Cleveland">Chauncey F. Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="McCurdy"><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._McCurdy" title="Charles J. McCurdy">Charles J. McCurdy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Pratt"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Pratt" title="James T. Pratt">James T. Pratt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Treat">Amos S. Treat </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bates"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Moore_Bates" title="Daniel Moore Bates">Daniel M. Bates</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Delaware </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cannon"><a href="/wiki/William_Cannon" title="William Cannon">William Cannon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Houston"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Houston" title="John W. Houston">John W. Houston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ridgeley">Henry Ridgeley </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Rodney"><a href="/wiki/George_B._Rodney" title="George B. Rodney">George B. Rodney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cook"><a href="/wiki/Burton_C._Cook" title="Burton C. Cook">Burton C. Cook</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Illinois </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Logan"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Logan" title="Stephen T. Logan">Stephen T. Logan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Palmer"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer" title="John M. Palmer">John M. Palmer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Turner"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Turner" title="Thomas J. Turner">Thomas J. Turner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wood"><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_(governor)" title="John Wood (governor)">John Wood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ellis">E. W. H. Ellis </td> <td rowspan="5">Indiana </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hackleman"><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_A._Hackleman" title="Pleasant A. Hackleman">Pleasant A. Hackleman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Orth"><a href="/wiki/Godlove_S._Orth" title="Godlove S. Orth">Godlove S. Orth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Slaughter">Thomas C. Slaughter </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Smith 01"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_B._Smith" title="Caleb B. Smith">Caleb B. Smith</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Curtis"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ryan_Curtis" title="Samuel Ryan Curtis">Samuel R. Curtis</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">Iowa </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Grimes"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Grimes" title="James W. Grimes">James W. Grimes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Harlan"><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Vandever"><a href="/wiki/William_Vandever" title="William Vandever">William Vandever</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Adams">Henry J. Adams </td> <td rowspan="4">Kansas </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Conway"><a href="/wiki/Martin_F._Conway" title="Martin F. Conway">Martin F. Conway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stone">J. C. Stone </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ewing 02"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr." title="Thomas Ewing Jr.">Thomas Ewing Jr.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bell"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_F._Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua F. Bell">Joshua F. Bell</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">Kentucky </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Butler"><a href="/wiki/William_O._Butler" title="William O. Butler">William O. Butler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Clay"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Clay">James B. Clay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Guthrie"><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Morehead 01"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Morehead" title="Charles S. Morehead">Charles S. Morehead</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wickliffe"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Charles A. Wickliffe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Coburn"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Coburn" title="Stephen Coburn">Stephen Coburn</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">Maine </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Fessenden"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Foster"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Clark_Foster_(Maine_politician)" title="Stephen Clark Foster (Maine politician)">Stephen C. Foster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="French"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._French" title="Ezra B. French">Ezra B. French</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Morrell"><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Lot M. Morrill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Morse"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_H._Morse" title="Freeman H. Morse">Freeman H. Morse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Perry"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Perry" title="John J. Perry">John J. Perry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Somes"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Somes" title="Daniel E. Somes">Daniel E. Somes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bradford"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_W._Bradford" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus W. Bradford">Augustus W. Bradford</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">Maryland </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Crisfield"><a href="/wiki/John_Crisfield" class="mw-redirect" title="John Crisfield">John Crisfield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Dent">John F. Dent </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Goldsborough">William T. Goldsborough </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Howard"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_C._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin C. Howard">Benjamin C. Howard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Johnson 01"><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Roman"><a href="/wiki/James_Dixon_Roman" title="James Dixon Roman">James Dixon Roman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Allen"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician)">Charles Allen</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">Massachusetts </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Boutwell"><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Chandler">Theophilus P. Chandler </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Crowninshield">Francis B. Crowninshield </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Forbes"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Forbes" title="John Murray Forbes">John M. Forbes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Goodrich"><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">John Z. Goodrich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Waters">Richard P. Waters </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Buckner"><a href="/wiki/Aylett_H._Buckner" title="Aylett H. Buckner">Aylett H. Buckner</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Missouri </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Coalter">John D. Coalter </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Doniphan"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_William_Doniphan" title="Alexander William Doniphan">Alexander W. Doniphan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hough">Harrison Hough </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Johnson 02"><a href="/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson" title="Waldo P. Johnson">Waldo P. Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Chamberlain">Levi Chamberlain </td> <td rowspan="3">New Hampshire </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Fowler"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Fowler" title="Asa Fowler">Asa Fowler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tuck"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tuck" title="Amos Tuck">Amos Tuck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Alexander"><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper_Alexander" title="William Cowper Alexander">William C. Alexander</a> </td> <td rowspan="9">New Jersey </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Frelinghuysen"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Olden"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Smith_Olden" title="Charles Smith Olden">Charles Smith Olden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Price"><a href="/wiki/Rodman_M._Price" title="Rodman M. Price">Rodman M. Price</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Randolph"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Randolph" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph F. Randolph">Joseph F. Randolph</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stockton"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stryker">Thomas J. Stryker </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Vroom"><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Vroom" title="Peter D. Vroom">Peter D. Vroom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Williamson">Benjamin Williamson </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bronson"><a href="/wiki/Greene_C._Bronson" title="Greene C. Bronson">Greene C. Bronson</a> </td> <td rowspan="12">New York </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Corning"><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Corning" title="Erastus Corning">Erastus Corning</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Dodge"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Dodge" title="William E. Dodge">William E. Dodge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Field"><a href="/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_II" title="David Dudley Field II">David D. Field</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Gardiner"><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Addison Gardiner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Granger"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="James"><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_B._James" title="Amaziah B. James">Amaziah B. James</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="King"><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">John A. King</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Noyes"><a href="/wiki/William_Curtis_Noyes" title="William Curtis Noyes">William Curtis Noyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Smith 02">James C. Smith </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wadsworth"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">James S. Wadsworth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wool"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Barringer"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Barringer" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel M. Barringer">Daniel M. Barringer</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">North Carolina </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Davis"><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_(American_politician)" title="George Davis (American politician)">George Davis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Morehead 02"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Morehead" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Morehead">J. M. Morehead</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Reid"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Reid">David S. Reid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ruffin"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruffin" title="Thomas Ruffin">Thomas Ruffin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Backus"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_T._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin T. Backus">Franklin T. Backus</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">Ohio </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Chase"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ewing 01"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Groesbeck"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">William S. Groesbeck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hitchcock">Reuben Hitchcock </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Horton"><a href="/wiki/Valentine_B._Horton" title="Valentine B. Horton">Valentine B. Horton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wolcott"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Christopher Wolcott</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wright"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wright_(Ohio_politician)" title="John C. Wright (Ohio politician)">John C. Wright</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Franklin"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Franklin_(lawyer)" title="Thomas E. Franklin (lawyer)">Thomas E. Franklin</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">Pennsylvania </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Loomis"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Loomis" title="Andrew W. Loomis">Andrew W. Loomis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="McKennan"><a href="/wiki/William_McKennan" title="William McKennan">William McKennan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Meredith"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Pollock"><a href="/wiki/James_Pollock_(American_politician)" title="James Pollock (American politician)">James Pollock</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="White">Thomas White </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wilmot"><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Ames"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ames_(jurist)" title="Samuel Ames (jurist)">Samuel Ames</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Rhode Island </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Arnold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Arnold" title="Samuel G. Arnold">Samuel G. Arnold</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Browne"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Browne" title="George H. Browne">George H. Browne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Duncan">Alexander Duncan </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hoppin"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hoppin" title="William W. Hoppin">William W. Hoppin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Anderson"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_M._Anderson" title="Josiah M. Anderson">Josiah M. Anderson</a> </td> <td rowspan="12">Tennessee </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Carruthers"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Caruthers" title="Robert L. Caruthers">Robert L. Caruthers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cullom"><a href="/wiki/Alvan_Cullom" title="Alvan Cullom">Alvan Cullom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hawkins"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac R. Hawkins">Isaac R. Hawkins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hickerson">William P. Hickerson </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Jones"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">George W. Jones</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Martin">Thomas Martin </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="McKinney">R. J. McKinney </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Milligan"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Milligan" title="Samuel Milligan">Samuel Milligan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stephens">William H. Stephens </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Totten"><a href="/wiki/A._W._O._Totten" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. O. Totten">A. W. O. Totten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Zollicoffer"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Zollicoffer" title="Felix Zollicoffer">Felix K. Zollicoffer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Baxter"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Henry_Baxter" title="Horace Henry Baxter">H. Henry Baxter</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Vermont </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Chitenden"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_E._Chittenden" title="Lucius E. Chittenden">L. E. Chittenden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hall"><a href="/wiki/Hiland_Hall" title="Hiland Hall">Hiland Hall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Harris"><a href="/wiki/Broughton_Harris" title="Broughton Harris">B. D. Harris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Underwood"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Underwood" title="Levi Underwood">Levi Underwood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Brockenbrough"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Brockenbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Brockenbrough">John W. Brockenbrough</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">Virginia </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Rives"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Rives" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Rives">William C. Rives</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Seddon"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Seddon" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Summers"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Summers" title="George W. Summers">George W. Summers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Tyler"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of the delegates came in the belief that they could be successful, but many others, from both sides of the spectrum, came simply as "watchdogs" for their sectional interests. The 131 delegates included "six former cabinet members, nineteen ex-governors, fourteen former senators, fifty former representatives, twelve <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state supreme court</a> justices, and one former president", and the meeting was frequently referred to derisively as the <i>Old Gentleman's Convention</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 6, a committee was formed, charged with drafting a proposal for the entire convention to consider. The committee consisted of one representative from each state and was headed by James Guthrie of Kentucky. The convention met for three weeks, and its final product was a proposed seven-point constitutional amendment that differed little from the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>. The key issue, slavery in the territories, was addressed simply by extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean, with no provision for newly acquired territory. That section passed by a 9–8 vote of the states, each with one vote.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other features of the proposed constitutional amendment were the requirement for the acquisition of all future territories to be approved by a majority of both the slave states and the free states, a prohibition on Congress passing any legislation that would affect the status of slavery where it currently existed, a prohibition on state legislatures from passing laws that would restrict the ability of officials to apprehend and return fugitive slaves, a permanent prohibition on the foreign slave trade, and 100% compensation to any master whose fugitive slave was freed by illegal mob action or intimidation of officials required to administer the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Act">Fugitive Slave Act</a>. Key sections of this amendment could be further amended only with the unanimous concurrence of all states.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since it did not pledge to limit the expansion of slavery in new territories, the compromise failed to satisfy most Republicans. In not committing to permit and protect slavery in the territories, the compromise failed to address the issue that had divided the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions in the 1860 presidential elections. The convention's work was completed with only a few days left in the final session of Congress. The proposal was rejected in the Senate in a 28–7 vote and never came to a vote in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Committee of Thirty-Three finally submitted the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>, a less-encompassing constitutional amendment, which Congress passed. The proposed amendment protected slavery where it currently existed, which Lincoln and most members of both parties already believed was a state right protected by the existing US Constitution. A bill for New Mexico statehood was tabled by a vote of 115–71, with opposition from Southern Democrats and Republicans. </p><p>With the adjournment of Congress and the inauguration of Lincoln as president, the only avenue for compromise involved informal negotiations between Unionist Southerners and representatives of the incoming Republican government, and Congress was no longer a factor. A final convention of only the slave states in the Union scheduled for June 1861 never occurred because of the events at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hatton" title="Robert H. Hatton">Robert H. Hatton</a>, a Unionist from Tennessee who would later change sides, summed up the feelings of many shortly before Congress adjourned: </p> <dl><dd>We are getting along badly with our work of compromise – badly. We will break, I apprehend, without any thing being done. God will hold some men to a fearful responsibility. My heart is sick.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oakes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOakes2013" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, James (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaVp-YES1F0C&pg=PA51&dq"><i>Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06531-2"><bdi>978-0-393-06531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+National%3A+The+Destruction+of+Slavery+in+the+United+States%2C+1861-1865&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06531-2&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaVp-YES1F0C%26pg%3DPA51%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+Conference+of+1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes201358-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOakes201358_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakes2013">Oakes 2013</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pg. 397–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofts pg. 201. Unlike the Crittenden Compromise, the so-called Border State Plan recommendation on the Missouri Compromise line did not include future acquired territory.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pg. 405–410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crapol pg. 259–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pg. 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofts pg. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pg. 546, Klein pg. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/glasgow-herald-peace-congress/151802069/">"The Southern Secession and the Virginia Conference"</a>. <i>The Glasgow Daily Herald</i>. No. 6586. Glasgow, Scotland. 1861-02-19. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Secession+and+the+Virginia+Conference&rft.issue=6586&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1861-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fglasgow-herald-peace-congress%2F151802069%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+Conference+of+1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiocivilwarcentral.com/washington-peace-conference/">"Washington Peace Conference"</a>. <i>Ohio Civil War</i>. 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Washington+Peace+Conference&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiocivilwarcentral.com%2Fwashington-peace-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+Conference+of+1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pg. 546, Klein pg. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter pg. 547 Potter notes that it passed only when the Illinois delegation shifted its vote, which led some to the false assumption that Lincoln had influenced this change of heart.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/peace.asp">"Avalon Project - Amendments Proposed by the Peace Conference, February 8-27, 1861"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+-+Amendments+Proposed+by+the+Peace+Conference%2C+February+8-27%2C+1861&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fpeace.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+Conference+of+1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevins pg. 411–412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crofts pg. 252</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Crapol, Edward P. <i>John Tyler: The Accidental President</i>. (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3041-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3041-3">978-0-8078-3041-3</a>.</li> <li>Crofts, Daniel W. <i>Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis</i>. (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1809-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1809-7">0-8078-1809-7</a>.</li> <li>Klein, Maury. <i>Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War</i>. (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-44747-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-44747-4">0-679-44747-4</a>.</li> <li>Nevins, Alan. <i>The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859–1861</i>. (1950)</li> <li>Potter, David M. <i>The Impending Crisis 1848–1861</i>. (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131929-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131929-5">0-06-131929-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Conference_of_1861&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Delegate Certificates by John Tyler for 1861 Peace Conference: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/washington-peace-conference-1861/">(1) Charles Allen</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/1861-washington-peace-convention">(2) Lucius Eugene Chittenden</a> – Shapell Manuscript Foundation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Tyler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Tyler" title="Template:John Tyler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Tyler" title="Template talk:John Tyler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Tyler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Tyler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Tyler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1841–1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a> (1827–1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">23rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1825–1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district" title="Virginia's 23rd congressional district">VA–23</a> (1816–1821)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plantation" title="Greenway Plantation">Greenway Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodburn_(Charles_City,_Virginia)" title="Woodburn (Charles City, Virginia)">Woodburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitutional_Convention_of_1829%E2%80%931830" title="Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830">Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too" title="Tippecanoe and Tyler Too">Tippecanoe and Tyler Too</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest_Plantation" title="Sherwood Forest Plantation">Sherwood Forest Plantation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Virginia Secession Convention of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress of the Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)">Hollywood Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Tyler_(cropped_3x4).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/100px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/150px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png/200px-John_Tyler_%28cropped_3x4%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1594" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Tyler" title="Inauguration of John Tyler">Inauguration of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster%E2%80%93Ashburton_Treaty" title="Webster–Ashburton Treaty">Webster–Ashburton Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">Tariff of 1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Tyler" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler">List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Cooper Tyler</a> (acting first lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(1843)" title="USS Princeton (1843)">USS <i>Princeton</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Tyler" title="List of memorials to John Tyler">List of memorials to John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recarving_Rushmore" title="Recarving Rushmore">Recarving Rushmore</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Christian Tyler</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Gardiner Tyler</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Tyler_(Confederate_Register_of_the_Treasury)" title="Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)">Robert Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Semple" title="Letitia Semple">Letitia Semple</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gardiner_Tyler" title="David Gardiner Tyler">David Gardiner Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Tyler" title="John Alexander Tyler">John Alexander Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Lyon Gardiner Tyler">Lyon Gardiner Tyler</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ruffin_Tyler" title="Harrison Ruffin Tyler">Harrison Ruffin Tyler</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">John Tyler Sr.</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_and_slavery" title="John Tyler and slavery">John Tyler and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_General_(horse)" title="The General (horse)">The General (horse)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">← William Henry Harrison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">← Richard Mentor Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. 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