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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Mary Bell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary Bell at council meeting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg/220px-An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg/330px-An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/An008038WATCBellCropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Bell at the Women's Air Training Corps in 1941</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Paddy"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1903<br /><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a>, Tasmania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-02-06)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ulverstone,_Tasmania" title="Ulverstone, Tasmania">Ulverstone</a>, Tasmania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Lieutenant">Flight Officer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force">WAAAF</a> (1941–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Farmer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Teston Luis Bell</b> (3 December 1903 – 6 February 1979) was an Australian aviator and founding leader of the Women's Air Training Corps (WATC), a volunteer organisation that provided support to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) during World War II. She later helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force</a> (WAAAF), the country's first and largest women's wartime service, which grew to more than 18,000 members by 1944. </p><p>Born Mary Fernandes in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Bell married a RAAF officer in 1923 and obtained her pilot's licence in 1927. Given temporary command of the WAAAF on its formation in 1941, she was passed over as its inaugural director in favour of corporate executive <a href="/wiki/Clare_Stevenson" title="Clare Stevenson">Clare Stevenson</a>. Bell refused the post of deputy director and resigned, but subsequently rejoined and served until the final months of the war. She and her husband later became farmers. Nicknamed "Paddy",<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.37-39_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_pp.37-39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell died in 1979, aged seventy-five. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_WATC">Early life and WATC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bell_(aviator)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and WATC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mary Teston Luis Bell was born on 3 December 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a>, Tasmania. She was the daughter of Rowland Walker Luis Fernandes, an English-born clerk, and his Australian wife, Emma Dagmar, née Mahony. Her maternal great-great-grandfather was shipwright <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Griffiths_(shipowner)" title="Jonathan Griffiths (shipowner)">Jonathan Griffiths</a>. Mary attended <a href="/wiki/Launceston_Church_Grammar_School" title="Launceston Church Grammar School">Church of England Girls' Grammar School, Launceston</a>, and St Margaret's School, <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport</a>, before commencing work in a solicitor's office aged fourteen. She married John Bell (1889–1973), a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) officer and World War I veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Flying_Corps" title="Australian Flying Corps">Australian Flying Corps</a>, at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Brighton" title="St Andrew's Church, Brighton">St Andrew's Anglican Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Victoria" title="Brighton, Victoria">Brighton</a>, Victoria, on 19 March 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a daughter in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1925 until early 1928, the Bells lived in England while John attended <a href="/wiki/RAF_Staff_College,_Andover" title="RAF Staff College, Andover">RAF Staff College, Andover</a>, and served as RAAF liaison officer to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF). Interested in aviation since her teens, Mary learnt to fly in England and in April 1927 qualified for a <a href="/wiki/Private_pilot_licence" title="Private pilot licence">Grade A private pilot's licence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.335_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.335-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Australia, on 20 March 1928 she became the first female to gain a pilot's licence in Victoria, and the sixth in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson27_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson27-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, she became the first Australian woman to qualify as a ground engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson27_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson27-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bells moved to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> in 1939. John was employed as Queensland manager for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airlines_of_Australia_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airlines of Australia Ltd (page does not exist)">Airlines of Australia Ltd</a>, having left the RAAF in 1929. Mary became leader of forty or so members of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Emergency_Legion" title="Women's National Emergency Legion">Women's National Emergency Legion</a> Air Wing who had volunteered to assist with aircraft maintenance during times of war. Determining that their objectives would not be met in their existing organisation, on 17 July they formed a new volunteer <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> group, the Women's Air Training Corps (WATC), and elected Bell its commander. She soon expanded the WATC into a national organisation, with commandants leading each state's chapter, and herself as Australian Commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.37-39_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_pp.37-39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WATC members trained as drivers, clerks and <a href="/wiki/Telegraphist" title="Telegraphist">telegraphists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wore a uniform of <a href="/wiki/Field_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Field grey">field grey</a> coat and skirt, and <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a> tie and <a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">glengarry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Active membership had grown to 2,000 by October 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell wrote to Air Vice-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Williams_(RAAF_officer)" title="Richard Williams (RAAF officer)">Richard Williams</a>, with whom she was acquainted via her husband and through aviation circles, advocating the establishment of a women's branch of the RAAF similar to the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a> (WAAF). Among other things, she called attention to the female volunteers who had already been supporting the Air Force in transport, nursing and clerical duties.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WATC was one of several women's voluntary organisations whose members were keen to support the military, arguing that their personnel provided a ready-made pool of skilled staff for <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliary services</a>, saving the government time and money training unskilled labour.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_WAAAF">World War II and WAAAF</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bell_(aviator)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II and WAAAF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An008038WATC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bell seated at a council meeting of the Women's Air Training Corps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/An008038WATC.jpg/320px-An008038WATC.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/An008038WATC.jpg/480px-An008038WATC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/An008038WATC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Bell (seated second from right) at a council meeting of the Women's Air Training Corps, June 1941; on Bell's right is her successor as Commandant of the WATC, Countess Bective</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia having declared war</a> on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAAF <a href="/wiki/Air_Board_(Australia)" title="Air Board (Australia)">Air Board</a> met in November to discuss Bell's letter, but postponed taking action. She continued to lobby, as did several other women's groups seeking to support the war effort and free male staff for overseas postings.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.42_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, the new <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of Air Force (Australia)">Chief of the Air Staff</a>, Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(RAF_officer)" title="Charles Burnett (RAF officer)">Sir Charles Burnett</a>, invited Bell to produce a proposal for a women's auxiliary under the supervision of her husband John, who had rejoined the Air Force at the war's outbreak and was now a <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">wing commander</a> in the Directorate of Organisation at RAAF Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Mary recommended forming the new service under the Air Force Act to permit women to enlist for the duration of the war under conditions similar to RAAF members, rather than enrolling on a short-term contractual basis, a radical idea at the time that would not be put in place until 1943. She also suggested a volunteer reserve or citizen force to augment the enlisted women, effectively the existing WATC, though this was seen as placing too much emphasis on her personal command.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some senior Air Force officers, including the recently promoted Air Marshal Williams, and the Director of Personal Services, Group Captain <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hewitt_(RAAF_officer)" title="Joe Hewitt (RAAF officer)">Joe Hewitt</a>, opposed a women's service. Burnett, an RAF member who appreciated how the WAAF proved its worth during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, championed its establishment as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force</a> (WAAAF).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell was appointed to the RAAF's Personnel Branch as Staff Officer (Administrative) with the probationary rank of <a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">section officer</a> (acting <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">flight officer</a>) on 24 February 1941, to lay the groundwork for the new organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.72-77_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_pp.72-77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was succeeded as Australian Commandant of the WATC by the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Headfort" title="Marquess of Headfort">Countess of Bective</a>, previously the State Commandant of South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally established on 25 March, the WAAAF was the first uniformed women's branch of an armed service in Australia, predating <a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Army_Service" title="Australian Women's Army Service">similar organisations in the Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Australian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Australian Naval Service">Navy</a>. Bell led the WAAAF for the first three months of its existence, recruiting approximately two hundred women by June; of the first six officers she appointed, five were former members of the WATC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:26%; ; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I was given an office containing two tables, one chair, one form, one telephone and nothing else and told to get on with it... Luckily I had been associated with the RAAF since its formation when my husband was one of the original officers so knew most of the senior officers and my way about generally. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Mary Bell, on leading the WAAAF in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>On 21 May 1941, <a href="/wiki/Berlei" title="Berlei">Berlei</a> corporate executive <a href="/wiki/Clare_Stevenson" title="Clare Stevenson">Clare Stevenson</a> was appointed Director WAAAF with Bell as her deputy director, effective from 9 June.<sup id="cite_ref-The_WAAAF_in_Wartime_Australia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_WAAAF_in_Wartime_Australia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_Member_for_Personnel_(Australia)" title="Air Member for Personnel (Australia)">Air Member for Personnel</a>, Air Vice-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wrigley" title="Henry Wrigley">Henry Wrigley</a>, chose Stevenson on the basis of her management background and because she was not a "socialite".<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding her aviation experience and familiarity with the RAAF, he considered Bell to be "tangled up with the WATC", where she "waved the flag and obtained a great deal of publicity for herself".<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.72-77_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_pp.72-77-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bell may also have alienated Burnett by not including his daughter Sybil-Jean, a founding member of the WAAF, among the initial intake of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.92-94_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.92-94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bell chose to resign on learning of Stevenson's appointment, rather than stay on and report to someone from outside the service fraternity; she later rejoined at Wrigley's request, but stipulated that she would accept no promotion higher than flight officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of her original officer appointees also resigned when Bell was passed over, later describing her as "a thorough and effective organiser" and the "obvious choice" as director.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.92-94_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.92-94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to the WAAAF on 5 October 1942, Bell served at RAAF Headquarters in several directorates, mainly that of Medical Services.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.363_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAAAF_Recruiting_Poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WAAAF recruiting poster showing a woman in WAAAF uniform with Australian flag and single-engined aircraft in flight in the background, and the captions "Keep them flying!" and "There's a job for YOU in the WAAAF"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WAAAF_Recruiting_Poster.JPG/320px-WAAAF_Recruiting_Poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="320" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/WAAAF_Recruiting_Poster.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>WAAAF recruiting poster, c. 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Bell's recommendation in July 1940 that women be enlisted into the WAAAF as permanent staff, they were at first enrolled only for renewable twelve-month contracts. They did not become part of the Permanent Air Force, with the benefits that entailed, until the Air Force (Women's Services) Regulations were enacted on 24 March 1943;<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson52_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that day, Bell's commission as a section officer, and her temporary rank of flight officer with effect from 1 October 1942, was promulgated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Gazette" title="Commonwealth of Australia Gazette">Commonwealth of Australia Gazette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pay in the WAAAF was only ever two-thirds that of male equivalents. The organisation nevertheless grew rapidly, peaking in strength at over 18,600 members in October 1944, or twelve per cent of all RAAF personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war 27,000 women had served in the WAAAF, at one stage comprising over thirty-one per cent of ground staff and filling sixty-one trades, all previously occupied by men.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bell_(aviator)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranked flight officer, Mary Bell was discharged from the WAAAF at her own request on 11 April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAAF_p.363_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAAF_p.363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her husband John was an acting <a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">air commodore</a> when he left the RAAF on 15 October.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WAAAF, Australia's largest wartime women's service, was disbanded on 30 September 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded in 1950 by the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Royal Australian Air Force">Women's Royal Australian Air Force</a> (WRAAF), which had a separate charter to the RAAF; members achieved a pay scale equal to the male service in 1972, and five years later were integrated with the RAAF.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the military, the Bells became farmers, first in Victoria and then in Tasmania. They retired in 1968. Survived by her daughter, Bell died in <a href="/wiki/Ulverstone,_Tasmania" title="Ulverstone, Tasmania">Ulverstone</a>, Tasmania, on 6 February 1979, and was buried beside her husband, who predeceased her in 1973, at <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Vale_Memorial_Park" title="Mersey Vale Memorial Park">Mersey Vale Memorial Park</a> cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Spreyton,_Tasmania" title="Spreyton, Tasmania">Spreyton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bell_(aviator)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WAAAF_pp.37-39-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.37-39_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAAAF_pp.37-39_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, <i>The WAAAF in Wartime Australia</i>, pp. 37–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+2+Nominal+Roll&rft.atitle=Bell%2C+John+Renison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2roll.gov.au%2FVeteran.aspx%3FserviceId%3DR%26veteranId%3D1040405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, <i>The Royal Australian Air Force</i>, pp. 203–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens, <i>The Royal Australian Air Force</i>, pp. 205–207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720074942/http://www.airforce.gov.au/history/women.htm">"Women in Air Force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.gov.au/history/women.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+Air+Force&rft.pub=Royal+Australian+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforce.gov.au%2Fhistory%2Fwomen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Bell_(aviator)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mary_Bell_(aviator)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mary Bell (aviator)">Mary Bell (aviator)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (2008) [1995]. <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i>. South Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=South+Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillison1962" class="citation book cs1">Gillison, Douglas (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417315"><i>Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942</i></a>. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2000369">2000369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Series+Three+%28Air%29+Volume+I+%E2%80%93+Royal+Australian+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2000369&rft.aulast=Gillison&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Hasluck, Paul</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417319"><i>Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Four (Civil) Volume I – The Government and the People 1939–1941</i></a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459798950">459798950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Series+Four+%28Civil%29+Volume+I+%E2%80%93+The+Government+and+the+People+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459798950&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1986" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Sheila (1986). <i>The Girls Were up There Too: Australian Women in Aviation</i>. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government_Publishing_Service" title="Australian Government Publishing Service">Australian Government Publishing Service</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-644-04154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-644-04154-6"><bdi>978-0-644-04154-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Girls+Were+up+There+Too%3A+Australian+Women+in+Aviation&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-644-04154-6&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. <i>The Royal Australian Air Force: A History</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19555-541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19555-541-7"><bdi>978-0-19555-541-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Air+Force%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19555-541-7&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1991" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Joyce (1991). <i>The WAAAF in Wartime Australia</i>. Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing" title="Melbourne University Publishing">Melbourne University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84525-9"><bdi>978-0-522-84525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WAAAF+in+Wartime+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84525-9&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTramoundanis1996" class="citation book cs1">Tramoundanis, Despina (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/APDC/media/PDF-Files/Conference%20Proceedings/CONF09-RAAF-History-Conference-1995-The-Home-Front-Mainland-Australia-and-the-Southwest-Pacific-Area-1939-1945.pdf">"The WAAAF at war"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Mordike, John (ed.). <i>The Home Front – Mainland Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area 1939–1945: The Proceedings of the 1995 RAAF History Conference</i>. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. pp. 93–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-24551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-24551-9"><bdi>978-0-642-24551-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+WAAAF+at+war&rft.btitle=The+Home+Front+%E2%80%93+Mainland+Australia+and+the+Southwest+Pacific+Area+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+1995+RAAF+History+Conference&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=93-114&rft.pub=Air+Power+Studies+Centre&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-642-24551-9&rft.aulast=Tramoundanis&rft.aufirst=Despina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairpower.airforce.gov.au%2FAPDC%2Fmedia%2FPDF-Files%2FConference%2520Proceedings%2FCONF09-RAAF-History-Conference-1995-The-Home-Front-Mainland-Australia-and-the-Southwest-Pacific-Area-1939-1945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Bell+%28aviator%29" 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