CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136c73cedcfce55',cH: 'UsJ3QLoAjCPTcihk4LePJg9lG.Q7ogKdLcQiwv5_wXM-1739805803-1.2.1.1-j1vHUUn9gMq1nzxgVHVkyA63b_Tc2BtG9eF7UFOSu5aCDhDEzKQA75.o_KKL_odz',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=superlattice&__cf_chl_tk=7ppwK4wR_bB9RhB7Z_tvO5RVAh4eih.aPxDaAILwvxY-1739805803-1.0.1.1-iYsrQsj3zkyDUeDQwxB6iTvZA5mDmDMtAcdo2mU_A_M",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739805803',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=superlattice&__cf_chl_f_tk=7ppwK4wR_bB9RhB7Z_tvO5RVAh4eih.aPxDaAILwvxY-1739805803-1.0.1.1-iYsrQsj3zkyDUeDQwxB6iTvZA5mDmDMtAcdo2mU_A_M",md: "cnQOMw2U2AdoZ8ylBUXVeIjbO4CyORkl6OB9CHmt_Dg-1739805803-1.2.1.1-YMK2s3vwZc32EdSkj7OJGhP26Xlycm__a4Qh1GUhRRWOHBkgMvUHHIG4YV39vlyH8E2F1lJ08RJ3ahdUxx.DWGVrLjgl3yC5cd8EvVlkp.P_zUaU1npc6ensLZ3qlAkGi3TZn4aMPp5DJoBfqqEDWul96v1pUb2LZgHq8dZyGd5cTdm_0697B3wa64XR8PbCWbHOamIS5lRHJmOX1bCND5uyR6V53X29wNyGAXBSqJ2Yy0QqnSprYcLLBoEX3vFmS5I0z.K2AoowLbidfr2US3y1SJVyim2pXV5JyNsCBAvCb6QLuTRDD1fjh74mbABi8cHgNb7G11MIXalG1T4v0T5vgmM4pGt_JumuojnHO4KbCVJvm.BFvcACLD2UG.EFteZYbQyADSyAxQwlb.44031zoFVJ.JZHQYoBsv_4n.FopwEA7eVJhvDFisPMdlNcGfEFEVOnQh1jKLV9NY.6seDEWaZxNtyn6xiVoz6riP6IiukCpWbWMyT4mbUvPcRUdRfKypGZfkGTSjOAduW9uTwEF8Eitx_ojo7q_VdYYCKu.x0YogGz0koQkjidpilvgaaLUYgCrbVbKlbcdvuoMlazwLXaUIF1btAUs9k5hzXYKeC_qvhQVeUCbmse_W6xOl.iPEC8ShgjnDJMUTRZgoS0pjyV_xW0w8UaQtxhbhJHsURlrejsgrWf_LRiQBopY9ZbGrwnUaNYbH1nOSbWRIaeJvcpai4MCF2IX4kfQQWYYAxQphsTFo0CBtN_BwX1F.AFrTbf3TBNHh4yAjKCfXzOjLkrYBeYCJgk6Y9_8e2IA7e27SBStuKuUQ.u6vhx6tcdtxCG9VNgPn83tsPtIe92aTAHGly.fhl6h3sSkltRQVVOhcie0XF42KRppl.A9erGDsG8e3TPjf9tpDSfuc6pT4x.q_NKhJ67UkiCXdkwYW1O7xS5mYJBIJsOKmALGZrmzZmKStC7ks_rR0s1xxJHt2sonD4lk3cxzqQEd4VAQ1LHGgW4PfApgjT44EHbW4QLjBv8X4pzolXzIZyhY3fnzCckQizcWjSi5oZuktvuyIAZozP8Y7ViOYB09hTMmR1gtQlm6O9JKZt8NczFOWcwdM2pP0eJ3EbzYdcezV2REH9GxQQV0OY8GzXFdtiiMxBIrGGOH3RFYUGlaxbOeAj_JGgPjf7kn0Akza1vZKZUvj7VNDart6m81EqMA5COi96OCSX77SzPdLZUwVE1yRmj2mqClF4qzzfWBoRsNXqQDP21_jmo0YuCokJBLh1niesxeHO7YJTkxQZL1m3B5hBJwJ0LGUIxIRAOiVTol57XxZw0ol9lbJNHJOWSb5u.chAu9Ygqc_m_k8bGyuijCsWZWa8O6PVnH3mk8VYsI_dNDofJ46qYQjS1JWdzwVV97AMM0Jl2PNfWNXjwG36J0QJMWp7c.j6RVuIfczGmcUjb3n7CxRm.lrE8XJpBlCeif5Ck1XZzhNqeFihFHyjeTgZUNeOBNct5uW6Lo2lLmu5OFZperd94bh0kAfe4KvXX3QDuw.m00fVxX.ldoDUtxf7Z7bB6cqyM9uavMMU5.I1oH6Gc6R1dR85yqZP_LQgqdino51Yf9ZCoYOWQ4YzHwy.iRXzebJdIa6vSiIiYdCj87P7AVsMYIwMflneIs7dS_FYUPyDzlD2O1gBmuOQfv8brhpfnZimbnzdkg9Gs5vSd6bE1Mnbgmg.Enhmc6AnIGKik4UNr8UOJhqYqwC_KqrfX5qYGY7wD91fU1qEkAL1SCls1k5PxZRTspLKQIcD8F3e6l42GWDvIMD3c9KuuvSS2yePw6mXuy22sv7m2Gmj8zxFpz6qNulbT6RciKDqJB9tBigXpDMVLtv1Ok7f62h.lbeFfTs4RbUTxc7LoDH31iLNKRPsQtOf4jfJd7mGy4vYXp0NfPc05KJ02rWcLIg",mdrd: "wviWmlHVAlpWAkd.8AjDuf0LjWaENJv._OQryBicdMk-1739805803-1.2.1.1-hJ8DAvnIVHBPgpE0AkhfIEcWYDdD002BrazaACZoNnQd1jmEd3mKSNd8pouRzleB.dkDl.m3CfUqqPaaGOdKTUg.Nq5cwZrm4uTg5G2eBiiAaH.xwPv7VJs2SFOlXwWMBUsDAt0CSDh.8ATHa9uBo7OsZ0dQ1TIxM06LbQ8YpoqLlAqgtDK0X6T2JGjnwi52K36jqD.hX.Faa2raAWYYWINl2Toqz79BHZLp3MAPtsgjHnpdzgvk8wNR50Wt8lO6htO.Vs5mR2PbRtZwpfOmS.eloK9UW7QSmffgTqCeSuV5V40q8rpNNwphPv.oS09PV8IPv1hmR40nBYTqIryVrYTZzknpDW.LABs.77lXJs3POZ8UUo2SVjozTpUucMeibwxjlBFzC_5nU8LPlpzpX7WJmehTN5pPhaiZRISMrOH4NiLzGMoSnFhvnAxEad3rv0FZ0BVJksHt1aU4AEePGRcBx7QeXw_B0270xCLQJWG7XhJeCu6VNJVJZjc7pzP6WSPE32KXWmH3hJx6e0P1cmhjF_732fKIduD0qCkRch6Hl6xVuEUNdUSVaIMwCsI_ieZNQlmokv185U7SKPiRfUmRZqhh3cWwRaW1.mCnzCLZdhBfiw6Fm3PZMTaidickj.RKqJJMQeF56yQztuFInM0Ui8VhtZ8VxakYbftgttFfEJ3hXClG9j6J06FUVl1AeUkPy1gdukWGLb9pCjK6JOq6T8GtqcGznkQrru1KYbi6c6GFosxeUL05z.z.uL66tvQLApYCstyX_HGwyHI2Zq4DoZOiTlrkD2LS8jRHfKC80J_gUVBKHuKQWcX3S3Q4W2bkBxd92zYXtrBvsHRSTtIu8GHI0cp93CYs9rhCOEm3PzLoVBlgA7VW64VWKXFT0gar3Az5qpVZTccaZ1It3tFYigD5Y_E_.g5HO.g7DQSqSQJl5Xu2gnaCgMlA7YGEOttBZ8Uw4CddViWml9QYX5tF1Xp07_GdfjK6VIcIRELLCVSlS15un.Z47DfHsOBB3HEIpEN_.G5RhW.H.KmPgYcVllXJA8_r03io6Ni3wcBlWREnZQiWcPEJ3FL6APMa4CHIaqGXcbiPwRvTCNtDHa9WPeWwL10mvQNjecgVYxGtYTKs8XsjmOVc2t7Gp55VTlV6PhE58Wp4eFgORATAQ0kc7rNcE0mhlEms5NQE4XjBMdAY4GYXgRy0PoTWWwLBhsErJSBiXUSfeHNESRM5YWdNVXmxGcl_1sTi7.GgF_vqQFawmj9JIMhsrKvlQsecR6QdDOqquLan8zN4LgrYaL8m_qkr94BdqjlaHcnG6fDZTONHzlRlWXmLGldwBix8O05y5Mm6LsHVD0hOY4gBHEx1IwV7mAZ0w6WTo.M1fHGtwMiRUFDWN3vmG3j9pacrt7BjFcZxElAOBzIUm_5oEsoR5lyV4D9QU86vOgexbL63Y1_JtnfOYQf_oRoLjfriPkceWNPuO7iqoTXIjcao0M2nTxMA576gwnEbeD2UTfaq5hE4ZoH.euc4ZjVKxTPWB2SmmC5vwBA6zTKglGRUu.5JNDiNCL0r6lA6LpsJ1UJK_2IG5fkPea964z663Ce4jJ2jmjxkinFUCOZCNh5kadHzL04kxk0ka4H58qHSFNKmSP5tC1VfxYo0Stuz732RR2.G87WpMuGaJJdoIaRJ6t4XGNbfxeP.dMZIFwB50ab_y9mY31E38YDtG_YJ9RhYdWmG8FdxNN46g2U.kW0yeqiRj5Guwe4v4uU2awoQzwMhbegQc.yphQ6ORSwZqLyjCJKbzyWime5DSLiXwK3uPJHQSagmXzLv41RzJVBLFtUqRKpqkiYyyisEltKIaeQ4ArwD5Iis4fctjxQfDSr6E8OdU01VrnGUBTrqHHTXnkr2xdVHOmdnLWXa6BoXqFR0T3y0lbMyTEUKCRP7D06ehEAe_.BQMvmoutY4wm5xhqFYwk4PIfcDe3_uCDDI8jBdHDVxjEKx3tGRbi_bxDTO_g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136c73cedcfce55';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=superlattice&__cf_chl_rt_tk=7ppwK4wR_bB9RhB7Z_tvO5RVAh4eih.aPxDaAILwvxY-1739805803-1.0.1.1-iYsrQsj3zkyDUeDQwxB6iTvZA5mDmDMtAcdo2mU_A_M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>