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War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Before 1985</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Addis_Ababa_Agreement_ended" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addis_Ababa_Agreement_ended"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Addis Ababa Agreement ended</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addis_Ababa_Agreement_ended-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army_(SPLA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army_(SPLA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army_(SPLA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1985–1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negotiation_and_escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiation_and_escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Negotiation and escalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiation_and_escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_Act_of_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_Act_of_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Criminal Act of 1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_Act_of_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct_of_the_war:_1991–2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct_of_the_war:_1991–2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conduct of the war: 1991–2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct_of_the_war:_1991–2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SPLA_infighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPLA_infighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>SPLA infighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPLA_infighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudanese_alignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudanese_alignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Sudanese alignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudanese_alignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SPLA_alignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPLA_alignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>SPLA alignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPLA_alignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_operations_and_peace_agreement_of_2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_operations_and_peace_agreement_of_2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Later operations and peace agreement of 2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_operations_and_peace_agreement_of_2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Civil_War_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Civil_War_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-Civil War effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Civil_War_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Civil War effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Civil_War_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>In Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>In South Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugees_and_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugees_and_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Refugees and displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugees_and_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Women's experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_suppliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_suppliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arms suppliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_suppliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Child soldiers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Child soldiers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notable literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revival of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Sudanese Civil War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Civil_Sudanesa" title="Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی سودان ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی سودان ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-j%C4%AB-chh%C3%B9_Sudan_L%C5%8De-chi%C3%A0n" title="Tē-jī-chhù Sudan Lōe-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-jī-chhù Sudan Lōe-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Другая грамадзянская вайна ў Судане – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другая грамадзянская вайна ў Судане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_Guerra_Civil_sudanesa" title="Segona Guerra Civil sudanesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona Guerra Civil sudanesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_s%C3%BAd%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Druhá súdánská občanská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá súdánská občanská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._sudanske_borgerkrig" title="2. sudanske borgerkrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2. sudanske borgerkrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Β΄ εμφύλιος πόλεμος στο Σουδάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Β΄ εμφύλιος πόλεμος στο Σουδάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_sudanesa_(1983-2005)" title="Guerra civil sudanesa (1983-2005) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil sudanesa (1983-2005)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Sudana_Enlanda_Milito" title="Dua Sudana Enlanda Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Sudana Enlanda Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudango_Bigarren_Gerra_Zibila" title="Sudango Bigarren Gerra Zibila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sudango Bigarren Gerra Zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دومین جنگ داخلی سودان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین جنگ داخلی سودان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_civile_soudanaise" title="Seconde guerre civile soudanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre civile soudanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="제2차 수단 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 수단 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Sudan_Kedua" 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data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_Sudano_pilietinis_karas" title="Antrasis Sudano pilietinis karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antrasis Sudano pilietinis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Soedanese_Burgeroorlog" title="Tweede Soedanese Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Soedanese Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="第二次スーダン内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次スーダン内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_andre_borgerkrigen_i_Sudan" title="Den andre borgerkrigen i Sudan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den andre borgerkrigen i Sudan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_domowa_w_Sudanie" title="II wojna domowa w Sudanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II wojna domowa w Sudanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Civil_Sudanesa" title="Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Guerra Civil Sudanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Вторая гражданская война в Судане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вторая гражданская война в Судане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Sudanese Civil War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други судански грађански рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други судански грађански рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li 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lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Rɛɛnken Tɔŋbaai ë Thudään" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Sudan_%C4%B0%C3%A7_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İkinci Sudan İç Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci Sudan İç Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Друга громадянська війна в Судані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга громадянська війна в Судані" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conflict from 1983 to 2005 for South Sudanese independence</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Sudanese Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Civil_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Civil War (disambiguation)">Sudanese civil wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_wars_of_independence" title="South Sudanese wars of independence">South Sudanese wars of independence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SPLA_Second_Sudan_Civil_War_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/SPLA_Second_Sudan_Civil_War_01.png/220px-SPLA_Second_Sudan_Civil_War_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/SPLA_Second_Sudan_Civil_War_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="214" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA) guerrillas celebrate around a disabled <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tank.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005 <br />(21 years, 7 months and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>, Southern Sudan</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Stalemate<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudan_Peace_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement">Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement</a></li> <li>Independence of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Sudan">Republic of South Sudan</a> following a <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011">2011 referendum</a></li> <li>Unresolved issues result in the <a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93SPLM-N_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan–SPLM-N conflict">Sudan–SPLM-N conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Defence_Forces" title="Popular Defence Forces">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Peace" title="Army of Peace">Army of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraheleen" title="Muraheleen">Muraheleen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Ex-<a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Armed Forces">FAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="270" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Defence_Forces_(militia)" title="South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)">SSDF</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> SPLA dissidents </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPLA-Nasir" title="SPLA-Nasir">SPLA-Nasir</a></li> <li>SPLA-United<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SSIM/A</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg/22px-Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg/33px-Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg/44px-Nuer_White_Army_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nuer_White_Army" title="Nuer White Army">Nuer White Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Ugandan insurgents: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">LRA</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier200982_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200982-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_Bank_Front" title="West Nile Bank Front">WNBF</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Rescue_Front" title="Uganda National Rescue Front">UNRF (II)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–<a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">1997</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier200974,_82_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200974,_82-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–1996)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell199855_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell199855-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Verification of this source citation failed to find it supporting or even relevant to the material that cites it (January 2024)">irrelevant citation</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /><b>Combat aid:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986–1991)</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassil2013169_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassil2013169-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%281997%E2%80%932003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2003)</span><hr /><b>Non-combat aid:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281995%E2%80%932012%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1996)</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">SPLA</a> </p> <ul><li>SPLA-Mainstream<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">SPLA-Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Defense_Forces/Democratic_Front" title="Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front">SPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_Liberation_Front" title="Abyei Liberation Front">ALF</a></li> <li><i>Titweng</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_SSLM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_SSLM.svg/22px-Flag_of_SSLM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_SSLM.svg/33px-Flag_of_SSLM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Flag_of_SSLM.svg/44px-Flag_of_SSLM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Liberation_Movement" title="South Sudan Liberation Movement">SSLM</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">NDA</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_Alliance_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudanese Alliance Forces (page does not exist)">Sudanese Alliance Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sn_anyaanya1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sn_anyaanya1.PNG/22px-Sn_anyaanya1.PNG" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sn_anyaanya1.PNG/33px-Sn_anyaanya1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sn_anyaanya1.PNG/44px-Sn_anyaanya1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Anyanya_II" title="Anyanya II">Anyanya II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Eastern_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="270" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)" title="Eastern Front (Sudan)">Eastern Coalition</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1987)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuylsteke20186_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuylsteke20186-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">PDR Ethiopia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1991)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVuylsteke20186_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVuylsteke20186-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">FDR Ethiopia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1998)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1998, 2002–2005)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677–78_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut201677–78-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1993)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier200975_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200975-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Non-combat aid:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1985)</span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1991)</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Swar_al-Dahab" title="Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab">Suwar al-Dahab</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_South_Sudan_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="270" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Matip_Nhial" title="Paulino Matip Nhial">Paulino Matip Nhial</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda_%281961%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tharcisse_Renzaho" title="Tharcisse Renzaho">Tharcisse Renzaho</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lam_Akol" title="Lam Akol">Lam Akol</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerubino_Kuanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerubino Kuanyin">Kerubino Kuanyin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Par_Jiek" title="Peter Par Jiek">Peter Par Jiek</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juma_Oris" title="Juma Oris">Juma Oris</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kony" title="Joseph Kony">Joseph Kony</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire"><img alt="Zaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zaire_%281971%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Dim_Deng" title="Dominic Dim Deng">Dominic Dim Deng</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Lam Akol<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kerubino_Kuanyin_Bol" title="Kerubino Kuanyin Bol">Kerubino Kuanyin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hoth_Mai" title="James Hoth Mai">James Hoth Mai</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Peter Par Jiek<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gadet" title="Peter Gadet">Peter Gadet</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Sudan_%282011%E2%80%932023%2C_tilted_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Tens of thousands </p> <ul><li>Ex-FAR: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Tens of thousands</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 1–2 million dead (mostly civilians, due to starvation and drought)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Template:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Sudan internal conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conflicts_in_Sudan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torit_mutiny" title="Torit mutiny">Torit mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Sudanese coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)#October_1964_Revolution" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">1964 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">1985 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)"><i>Thunderbolt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Peters" title="War of the Peters">War of the Peters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_Lou_Nuer" title="Disarmament of the Lou Nuer">Disarmament of the Lou Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakal" title="Battle of Malakal">Battle of Malakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 attack on Omdurman and Khartoum">Omdurman and Khartoum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Athor%27s_rebellion" title="George Athor's rebellion">George Athor's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Sudan coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war (2023–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Sudanese peace process</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Second Sudanese Civil War</b> was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a>. It was largely a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a> of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba mountains">Nuba mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a>. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> 6 years after the war ended. </p><p>Roughly two million people died as a result of war, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> caused by the conflict. Four million people in southern Sudan were <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">displaced</a> at least once, normally repeatedly during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was marked by numerous <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights violations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_causes">Background and causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1956–1969)">History of Sudan (1956–1969)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1969%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1969–1985)">History of Sudan (1969–1985)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></div> <p>Wars in Sudan are often characterized as fights between the central government expanding and dominating peoples of the periphery, raising allegations of <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a>. Kingdoms and great powers based along the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> have fought against the people of inland Sudan for centuries. Since at least the 18th century, central governments have attempted to regulate and exploit the undeveloped southern and inland regions of Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources describe the conflict as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnoreligious">ethnoreligious</a> one where the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> central government's pursuits to <a href="/wiki/September_1983_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1983 Laws">impose Sharia law in 1983</a> on non-Muslim southerners led to violence, and eventually to the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas Johnson has pointed to exploitative governance as the root cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the British governed <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan as a colony</a> they administered the northern and southern provinces separately. The south was held to be more similar to the other <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">east-African</a> colonies – <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Uganda" title="Protectorate of Uganda">Uganda</a> – while northern Sudan was more similar to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Northern Arabs were prevented from holding positions of power in the south with its African traditions, and trade was discouraged between the two areas. However, in 1946, the British gave in to northern pressure to integrate the two areas. Arabic was made the language of administration in the south, and northerners began to hold positions there. The southern elite, trained in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, resented the change as they were kept out of government.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> most power was given to the northern elites based in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, causing unrest in the south. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> moved towards granting <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> independence, but did not invite southern Sudanese leaders to participate in negotiations during the transitional period in the 1950s. In the post-colonial government of 1953, the Sudanization Committee had only six southerners in its 800 senior administrative positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second war was partially about natural resources. Between the north and the south lie significant <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> fields and thus significant foreign interests<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the oil revenue is privatized to Western interests as in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>). The northerners wanted to control these resources because they live on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert, which is unsuitable for agricultural development. Oil revenues make up about 70% of Sudan's export earnings. Due to the numerous tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> river and heavier <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> in the south of Sudan, it has superior water access and more fertile land. </p><p>There has also been a significant amount of death from warring tribes in the south. Most of the conflict has been between <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> but other ethnic groups have also been involved. These tribal conflicts continued after <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudanese</a> independence. </p><p>The first civil war ended in 1972, with the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)" title="Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)">Addis Ababa Agreement</a>. Part of this agreement gave <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007744_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007744-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this a number of mutinies by former <a href="/wiki/Anyanya" title="Anyanya">Anyanya</a> took place in 1974, 1975, and February 1976 with the March 1975 mutiny at <a href="/wiki/Akobo,_South_Sudan" title="Akobo, South Sudan">Akobo</a> seeing 200 killed, 150 soldiers executed, and 48 more sentenced to imprisonment for up to 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1985">Before 1985</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1985"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Addis_Ababa_Agreement_ended">Addis Ababa Agreement ended</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Addis Ababa Agreement ended"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg/260px-Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg/390px-Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Sudan_political_map_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sudan at the time of the civil war</figcaption></figure> <p>The accords of the Addis Ababa Agreement had been incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">Constitution of Sudan</a>; the violation of the agreement led to the second civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafto_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafto-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first violations occurred when President <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a> attempted to take control of <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> straddling the north–south border. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> had been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bentiu" title="Bentiu">Bentiu</a> in 1978, in southern <a href="/wiki/Kurdufan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdufan">Kurdufan</a> and Upper <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue Nile</a> in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Unity_oilfield" title="Unity oilfield">Unity oilfields</a> in 1980 and <a href="/wiki/Adar_oilfield" title="Adar oilfield">Adar oilfields</a> in 1981, and in <a href="/wiki/Heglig" title="Heglig">Heglig</a> in 1982. Access to the oil fields meant significant economic benefit to whoever controlled them.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafto_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafto-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamic fundamentalists</a> in the north had been discontented with the Addis Ababa Agreement, which gave relative autonomy to the non-Islamic majority <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_autonomous_region_(1972%E2%80%931983)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sudan autonomous region (1972–1983)">Southern Sudan Autonomous Region</a>. The fundamentalists continued to grow in power, and in 1983 President Nimeiry declared all of Sudan an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>, terminating the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region and starting the Second Sudanese Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army_(SPLA)"><span id="Sudan_People.27s_Liberation_Army_.28SPLA.29"></span>Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May of 1983, the 1st Division's 105th Battalion in the Sudanese military mutinied in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor, South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pibor" title="Pibor">Pibor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government soldiers moved to suppress the mutiny but were repulsed by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007209_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="South Sudan People's Defence Forces">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA) was founded in 1983 as a <a href="/wiki/Rebel_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebel groups">rebel group</a>, to reestablish an autonomous southern Sudan by fighting against the central government. While based in southern Sudan, it identified itself as a movement for all oppressed Sudanese citizens, and was led by <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a>. Initially, the SPLA campaigned for a united Sudan, criticizing the central government for policies that were leading to national "disintegration".<sup id="cite_ref-Rafto_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafto-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1985 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sudan" title="Government of Sudan">Government of Sudan</a> announced the end of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and dismantled the emergency courts but soon promulgated a new judiciary act, which continued many of the practices of the emergency courts. Despite Nimeiry's public assurances that the rights of non-Muslims would be respected, southerners and other non-Muslims remained deeply suspicious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985–1991"><span id="1985.E2.80.931991"></span>1985–1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1985–1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(1985)" title="Transitional Military Council (1985)">Transitional Military Council (1985)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1986%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1986–present)">History of Sudan (1986–present)</a></div> <p>On 6 April 1985, senior military officers led by General <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Swar_al-Dahab" title="Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab">Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab</a> mounted a coup. Among the first acts of the new government was to suspend the 1983 constitution, rescind the decree declaring Sudan's intent to become an Islamic state, and disband Nimeiry's <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Socialist_Union" title="Sudanese Socialist Union">Sudanese Socialist Union</a>. However, the "<a href="/wiki/September_1983_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="September 1983 Laws">September laws</a>" instituting Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law were not suspended. </p><p>A 15-member transitional military council was named, chaired by al-Dahab, in 1985. In consultation with an informal conference of political parties, unions, and professional organizations—known as the "Gathering"—the military council appointed an interim civilian cabinet, headed by Prime Minister Dr. <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazuli_Daf%27allah" title="Al-Jazuli Daf'allah">Al-Jazuli Daf'allah</a>. <a href="/wiki/1986_Sudanese_parliamentary_election" title="1986 Sudanese parliamentary election">Elections</a> were held in April 1986, and the transitional military council turned over power to a civilian government as promised. The government was headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Umma_Party_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Umma Party Sudan">Umma Party</a>. It consisted of a coalition of the Umma Party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party_(Sudan)" title="Democratic Unionist Party (Sudan)">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) (formerly the National Unionist Party), the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> (NIF) of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a>, and several southern region parties. This coalition dissolved and reformed several times over the next few years, with Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and his Umma Party always in a central role. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negotiation_and_escalation">Negotiation and escalation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negotiation and escalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1986, the Sadiq al-Mahdi government coalition began peace negotiations with the SPLA led by Col. <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a>. In that year the SPLA and a number of Sudanese political parties met in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and agreed to the "<a href="/wiki/Koka_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Koka Dam">Koka Dam</a>" declaration, which called for abolishing Islamic Sharia law and convening a constitutional conference. In 1988, the SPLA and the DUP agreed on a peace plan calling for the abolition of military pacts with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, freezing of Sharia law, an end to the state of emergency, and a cease-fire. However, during this period the second civil war intensified in lethality, and the national economy continued to deteriorate. When prices of basic goods were increased in 1988, riots ensued, and the price increases were cancelled. When Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi refused to approve a peace plan reached by the DUP and the SPLA in November 1988, the DUP left the government. The new government consisted essentially of the Umma Party and the Islamic fundamentalist NIF. In February 1989, the army presented Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi with an ultimatum: he could move toward peace or be removed. He chose to form a new government with the DUP, and approved the SPLA/DUP peace plan. A constitutional conference was tentatively planned for September 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation">Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 Sudanese coup d'état</a></div> <p>On 30 June 1989, however, military officers under Col. <a href="/wiki/Omar_Hassan_al-Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Hassan al-Bashir">Omar Hassan al-Bashir</a>, with alleged NIF instigation and support,<sup id="cite_ref-GSNIF-1989_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSNIF-1989-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaced Sadiq al-Mahdi's government with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> of 15 military officers (reduced to 12 in 1991) assisted by a civilian cabinet. Now a General al-Bashir became: president, chief of state, prime minister, and chief of the armed forces. </p><p>The RCC banned trade unions, political parties, and other "non-religious" institutions. About 78,000 members of the army, police, and civil administration were purged in order to reshape the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_Act_of_1991">Criminal Act of 1991</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criminal Act of 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1991, a new penal code, the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Act_1991_(Sudan)" title="Criminal Act 1991 (Sudan)">Criminal Act of 1991</a>, instituted harsh punishments nationwide, including amputations and <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a>. Although the southern states were officially exempt from these Islamic prohibitions and penalties, the 1991 act provided for a possible future application of Islamic Sharia law in the south. In 1993, the government transferred most non-Muslim judges from the south to the north, replacing them with Muslim judges in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Order_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Order Police (page does not exist)">Public Order Police</a> to enforce Sharia law resulted in the arrest, and treatment under Sharia penalties, of southerners and other non-Muslims living in the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conduct_of_the_war:_1991–2001"><span id="Conduct_of_the_war:_1991.E2.80.932001"></span>Conduct of the war: 1991–2001</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conduct of the war: 1991–2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was in control of large areas of <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr al Ghazal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nile, Sudan">Upper Nile</a> provinces and also operated in the southern portions of <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_State" title="Blue Nile State">Blue Nile</a> provinces. The government controlled a number of the major southern towns and cities, including <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>. An informal cease-fire in May broke down in October 1989. </p><p>In July 1992, a government offensive seized many parts of southern Sudan, and captured the SPLA headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Torit" title="Torit">Torit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007748_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007748-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the government regular armed forces and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Defence_Forces" title="Popular Defence Forces">Popular Defense Forces</a> (PDF) were used to attack and raid villages in the south and in the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan's governments have a long history of using proxies in southern Sudan, and the north–south border areas, to fight their wars and preserve their regular forces. These militias were recruited locally, and with covert ties to the national government. Many of the Khartoum-aligned groups were created and then armed by the NIF in a deliberate 'divide and rule' strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-HSBA2010_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSBA2010-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread activity of insurgent and pro-government militants and increasing lawlessness in southern Sudan resulted in the militarization of many communities. Ethnic violence became widespread, and all sides targeted civilians to destroy the power bases and recruitment centers of their rivals. Those who could formed <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> groups, and these were often based on familial and tribal links as these were the only ones most southern people could still rely on. In this way, groups like the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_White_Army" title="Nuer White Army">Nuer White Army</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinka_Titweng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinka Titweng (page does not exist)">Dinka <i>Titweng</i></a> ("cattle guard") militias came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013101_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though they were originally intended to just defend civilian communities, they often became brutal gangs which targeted civilians of other ethnicities. The government and rebel groups exploited these tensions and self-defense groups, using them to destabilize their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018133–134_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018133–134-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> became infamous for brutally suppressing all civil dissidents. People suspected of disloyalty or rebel sympathies were arrested and taken to prisons and barracks, where they were tortured and executed. Hundreds, perhaps even thousands of people were murdered at the infamous "White House" – the <i>Giada</i> barracks in Juba – alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018xv–xvii_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018xv–xvii-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the SPLA ruthlessly crushed all internal and external opposition as far as possible, including other rebel factions such as the <a href="/wiki/Anyanya_II" title="Anyanya II">Anyanya II</a> insurgents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018113_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and critics in its own ranks. Garang became infamous for his authoritarian leadership style, and ordered the torture and execution of several dissenting SPLA commanders. Over time, a growing number of SPLA members became wary of his rule, and began to conspire against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018129–132_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018129–132-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SPLA_infighting">SPLA infighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SPLA infighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1991, internal dissent among the rebels led opponents of Garang's leadership, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lam_Akol" title="Lam Akol">Lam Akol</a>, to attempt a coup against him. It failed, and the dissidents split off to form their own SPLA faction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018132–133_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018132–133-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/SPLA-Nasir" title="SPLA-Nasir">SPLA-Nasir</a>. On 15 November 1991, Machar's SPLA-Nasir alongside the Nuer White Army carried out the <a href="/wiki/Bor_massacre" title="Bor massacre">Bor massacre</a>, killing an estimated 2000 <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> civilians. In September 1992, <a href="/wiki/William_Nyuon_Bany" title="William Nyuon Bany">William Nyuon Bany</a> formed a second rebel faction, and in February 1993, <a href="/wiki/Kerubino_Kuanyin_Bol" title="Kerubino Kuanyin Bol">Kerubino Kuanyin Bol</a> formed a third rebel faction. On 5 April 1993, the three dissident rebel factions announced a coalition of their groups called <a href="/wiki/SPLA_United" class="mw-redirect" title="SPLA United">SPLA United</a> at a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudanese_alignments">Sudanese alignments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sudanese alignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1990 and 1991, the Sudanese government supported <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. This changed American attitudes toward the country. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s administration prohibited American investment in the country and supplied money to neighbouring countries to repel Sudanese incursions. The US also began attempts to "isolate" Sudan and began referring to it as a <a href="/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">rogue state</a>. </p><p>Since 1993, the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and Kenya have pursued a peace initiative for Sudan under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development" title="Intergovernmental Authority on Development">Intergovernmental Authority on Development</a> (IGAD), but results have been mixed. Despite that record, the IGAD initiative promulgated the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Principles">Declaration of Principles</a> (DOP) that aimed to identify the essential elements necessary to a just and comprehensive peace settlement; i.e. the relationship between religion and the state, power-sharing, wealth-sharing, and the right of self-determination for the south. The Sudanese Government did not sign the DOP until 1997 after major battlefield losses to the SPLA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SPLA_alignments">SPLA alignments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: SPLA alignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Peace_Agreement_of_1997" title="Khartoum Peace Agreement of 1997">Khartoum Peace Agreement of 1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Operation Thunderbolt (1997)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Peters" title="War of the Peters">War of the Peters</a></div> <p>In 1995, the opposition in the north united with parties from the south to create a coalition of opposition parties called the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(Sudan)" title="National Democratic Alliance (Sudan)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA). This development opened a northeastern front to the civil war, making it a Sudan wide conflict rather than simply a north–south conflict. The SPLA, DUP, and Umma Parties were the key groups forming the NDA, along with several smaller parties and northern ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda stepped up their military assistance to the SPLA to the point of sending active troops into Sudan. Eritrean and Ethiopian military involvement weakened when the two countries entered a border conflict in 1998. Uganda's support weakened when it shifted its attention to the conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafto2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg/240px-Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg/360px-Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg/480px-Southern_Sudan_Frontlines_June_2001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Frontlines in Southern Sudan, June 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1997, seven groups in the government camp, led by former Garang lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Peace_Agreement_of_1997" title="Khartoum Peace Agreement of 1997">Khartoum Peace Agreement</a> with the NIF, thereby forming the largely symbolic <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan Defence Forces">South Sudan Defence Forces</a> (SSDF) umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-HSBA2010_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HSBA2010-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the government signed the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a> agreements with rebel factions. These included the Khartoum agreements that ended military conflict between the government and significant rebel factions. Many of those leaders then moved to Khartoum where they assumed marginal roles in the central government, or collaborated with the government in military engagements against the SPLA. These three agreements paralleled the terms and conditions of the IGAD agreement, calling for a degree of autonomy for the south and the right of self-determination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, the SPLA made major advances in 1997 due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1997)">Operation Thunderbolt</a>, an offensive during which the southern Sudanese separatists seized most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a> from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007209_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2007209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009133_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009133-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013104_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeRicheArnold2013104-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2000, the Libyan/Egyptian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Initiative_on_the_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Initiative on the Sudan (page does not exist)">Joint Initiative on the Sudan</a> called for the establishment of an interim government, power-sharing, constitutional reform, and new elections. Southern critics objected to the joint initiative because it neglected to address issues of the relationship between religion and the state and failed to mention the right of self-determination. Some critics viewed it as more aimed at a resolution among northern political parties and protecting the perceived security interests of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> over the unity of Sudan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_operations_and_peace_agreement_of_2005">Later operations and peace agreement of 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later operations and peace agreement of 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peace talks between the southern rebels and the government made substantial progress in 2003 and early 2004, although skirmishes in parts of the south continued. A <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> was signed on 9 January 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>. The terms of the peace treaty were:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The south had autonomy for six years, followed by a referendum on independence (the <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">2011 South Sudanese independence referendum</a>).</li> <li>Both sides of the conflict would have merged portions of their armed forces into a 39,000-strong force after six years (the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Integrated_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Integrated Units">Joint Integrated Units</a>), if the southern Sudanese independence referendum had turned out against secession.</li> <li>Oil revenues were divided equally between the government and SPLA during the six-year autonomy period.</li> <li>Jobs were split according to varying ratios (central administration: 70 to 30, <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Nile (state)">Blue Nile State</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>: 55 to 45, both in favour of the government).</li> <li>Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law was applied in the north, while terms of use of Sharia in the south were decided by the elected assembly.</li></ul> <p>The status of three central and eastern provinces was a point of contention in the negotiations. </p><p>According to the SPLA, about 2 million people had died in southern Sudan alone due to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201814_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201814-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Civil_War_effects">Post-Civil War effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Sudanese Civil War destroyed many sectors of economic activity. The sector with the most damage is the agriculture sector. The conflict forced many farmers to escape the violence and abandon their farmland. Agriculture projects that were meant to improve cultivation methods, some that were funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, were terminated because they were destroyed or people stopped working; such projects include a pump-irrigation system. Additionally, the "animal wealth" of the farmers significantly decreased. Over six million <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cows</a>, two million <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and one million <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> were killed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017238_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017238-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different sector that was affected by the conflict was the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industrial sector</a>, which consists of manufacturing and processing. Manufacturing facilities were unable to produce essential materials, including <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">processed foods</a>. Processed-foods facilities include the <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preservation of foods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> fruits and vegetables, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017238–239_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017238–239-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poverty continued to climb and significantly impacted people in rural areas. The destroyed agriculture sector was the primary source of income for about 8 out of 10 households. Living in a rural region is also associated with a lower quality of life because residents lack access to basic services and economic opportunities and job opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the war, Sudan did not have a comprehensive infrastructure system. It lacked roads, bridges, and communications, and led to the existing infrastructure being destroyed. Critical infrastructure, like waterways and canals, were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017239–240_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017239–240-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Sudan">In Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Sudan entered war, education funding was reduced and reallocated to military and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007278_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007278-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan's military spending increased from 10 percent to 20 percent, while reducing education spending and other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007280_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007280-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the war, education was less likely to be funded, less educators were available due to death or injury, and education facilities were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007278–280_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaiThyne2007278–280-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_South_Sudan">In South Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In South Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2015 42 percent of South Sudan's budget is allocated to military and security expenditures. In the same year, only 35 percent of the teachers in South Sudan had a primary-level of education.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional obstacles students face is the forced recruitment into armed militias and state military. According to a United Nations report, 50 percent of South Sudanese children do not attend school. Boys and girls, who are in schools, are abducted by soldiers and forced to join the military or armed rebel groups. When they are taken, most girls are raped by their captors and those who resist are killed. Boys are "castrated and sexually mutilated". According to a United Nations report, an estimated 430 children were victims of sexual violence through military recruitment in South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a> continues to work on educational initiatives, including granting 9,000 scholarships to boys and girls. They also have over a dozen educational projects and have constructed 140 primary-level schools and four secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1.4 million students attend or are involved in USAID educational programs in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, disputes in Sudan have been over fertile land and water. Oil became a point of dispute following its discovery in Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the availability of oil, Sudan experiences the <a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">paradox of the plenty</a>, a phenomenon that occurs when a country has plentiful natural resources—in this case, oil—but struggles to fully compete economically. </p><p>Because of displacement, refugees who fled their destroyed homes cut down forests to survive. They used the wood for fuel, building materials, and to find food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017240–241_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017240–241-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refugees_and_displacement">Refugees and displacement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Refugees and displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war destroyed towns that were once centers of culture and economic activity. Much of the culture of the southern Sudanese was lost when they fled north as refugees. Tribes and groups that remained in the area fortified their claim on territory and entered into conflict with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017241_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauerGissy2017241-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2019 article in <i>Ethnopolitics</i>, Jana Krouse goes over how violence and instability leads to the outward flow of displaced people. Specifically, Krouse's article explains how communal violence in South Sudan is intensified and prolonged by the broader instability and regional crises.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refugee flow continues well past 2012, when "South Sudan–Sudan: State of Emergency" was published. Tensions between the North Sudanese government and the SPLA continued decades after the first wave of displaced peoples fled from South Sudan. Refugees who relocated to other parts of South Sudan soon after faced threats of violence and oftentimes became displaced again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The continuity of violence across South Sudan has defined the attitudes of South Sudanese living in Khartoum. A University of Khartoum article describes these displaced people as "angry, sad, and disappointed" with the status of South Sudan. The author describes the South Sudanese people as "transnational" and "diasporic"; referring to how widespread displaced people moved as a result of the Second Sudanese Civil War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_experience"><span id="Women.27s_experience"></span>Women's experience</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Women's experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war, women were heavily supporting the communities and people impacted by the war. Women organized food drives, cooked meals, delivered supplies, cared for the wounded, parented orphans, and assisted the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While male-leaders limited the type of work women to traditional societal roles, the male-leaders promised to change the gender relations during peacetime and after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the war ended, women engaged in their own organizing, coalition-building, and advocacy—as they had done during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women advocated for social change and issues directly impacting women, such as "sexual and gender-based abuse", education, healthcare, and "access to law and justice".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased political involvement enabled the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Government of South Sudan</a> to implement an affirmative action policy, in which 25 percent of representation in all levels of government must be allocated to women.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women involved in state affairs led to the founding of multiple advocacy organizations, including the South Sudanese Women Empowerment Network and South Sudanese Women United.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups have projects around the world, including the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_interventions">Foreign interventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Foreign interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> initiated the Egypt-Libya Initiative (ELI). By this time the peace process of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) had reached a stalemate. The ELI's main purpose had been to bring members of the non-southern opposition (especially opposition in the north) aboard the talks. However, as the ELI avoided contentious issues, such as secession, it lacked support from the SPLA, but the NDA leadership accepted it. By 2001, the ELI had been unable to bring about any agreement between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafto2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2001, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a> was appointed Special Envoy to the Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His role was to explore the prospects of the US playing a role in ending Sudan's civil war and to enhance humanitarian services delivery that could help reduce the suffering of the Sudanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1989, following internal outcry, the government of Sadiq al-Mahdi agreed with the United Nations and donor nations (including the US) on a plan called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lifeline_Sudan" title="Operation Lifeline Sudan">Operation Lifeline Sudan</a> (OLS), under which some 100,000 tons of food was moved into both government and SPLA-held areas of Sudan. The OLS helped avert widespread starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 Sudan faced the start of a 2-year drought and <a href="/wiki/Economic_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic shortage">food shortage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to Phase II of the OLS being approved by both the Government of Sudan and the SPLA.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US, UN, and other donors attempted to mount a coordinated international relief effort in both north and south Sudan to prevent a catastrophe. However, due to Sudan's human rights abuses and its pro-Iraqi stance during the Gulf War, many donors cut much of their aid to the Sudan. In a similar drought in 2000 and 2001, the international community again attempted to avert mass starvation in Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US government's <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Peace_Act" title="Sudan Peace Act">Sudan Peace Act</a> of 21 October 2002 accused Sudan of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> for killing more than 2 million civilians in the south during the civil war since 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms_suppliers">Arms suppliers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arms suppliers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the start of the war, the United States had been a major supplier of arms to Sudan but after the start of the war, American assistance dropped, and was eventually cancelled in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, East Germany supplied the SPLA with AK-47s.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1993, Iran was reported to have financed Sudan's purchase of some 20 Chinese ground-attack aircraft. Iran pledged $17 million in financial aid to the Sudanese government, and arranged for $300 million in Chinese arms to be delivered to the Sudanese army.<sup id="cite_ref-weekly_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weekly-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the rebel SPLA was supplied weapons via <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. The Israeli embassy in Kenya also supplied <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">anti-tank missiles</a> to the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Child soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armies from all sides enlisted children in their ranks. The 2005 agreement required that child soldiers be demobilized and sent home. The SPLA claimed to have let go 16,000 of its child soldiers between 2001 and 2004. However, international observers (UN and Global Report 2004) have found demobilized children have often been re-recruited by the SPLA. As of 2004, there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA. The SPLA promised to demobilize all children by the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuer_White_Army" title="Nuer White Army">Nuer White Army</a>, a minor participant in the war in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Upper_Nile" title="Greater Upper Nile">Greater Upper Nile</a> region, consisted largely of armed <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> youths, but it was principally self-organised and often operated autonomously of both elders' authority and the dictates of the major factions.<sup id="cite_ref-sas_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sas-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_literary_works">Notable literary works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, the Second Sudanese Civil War uprooted around 20,000 South Sudanese boys. They walked thousands of miles through Ethiopia to the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. Some estimates claim that nearly half of the refugees died along the way due to starvation, dehydration and disease. Once in Kenya, the South Sudanese refugees were accepted into various foreign countries, roughly 4,000 of whom came to the United States. These 4,000 young men pursued higher education and eventually became scholars and authors in their own rights. In 2004, James Disco and Susan Clark created the graphic novel "Echoes of the Lost Boys", which tells the story of four South Sudanese young men as they integrate into American society.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Dave Eggers published <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_What" title="What Is the What">What Is the What</a></i>, a fictional autobiography written from the perspective of Valentino Achak Deng. Valentino Achak Deng is a fictionalized South Sudanese refugee that came to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan Program. The book was a finalist for National Book of the Year. </p><p>These works highlight the continued struggles of people affected by the Second Sudanese Civil War as they attempt to integrate themselves in foreign societies. The main characters in both works struggled against racism, poverty and trauma as they attempted to construct new lives in the United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Jal" title="Emmanuel Jal">Emmanuel Jal</a>'s autobiography <i>War Child: A Child Soldier's</i> revolves around Jal's experience as a child soldier during the civil war. It also reveals the internal conflicts of the SPLA that are overlooked. <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_of_slavery">Revival of slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Revival of slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> revived the use of enslavement as a weapon against the south,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201032_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201032-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> prisoners of war,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis that Islamic law purportedly allowed it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli201553_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli201553-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muraheleen" title="Muraheleen">Muraheleen</a>, armed <a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Baggara</a> herders, were enlisted as militia by the Sudanese government as a low cost part of its counterinsurgency war against the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), which was identified with the Dinka tribe of southern Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These militias often destroyed Christian villages, executed all their males and then took the women and children as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first slave raid on the <a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a> took place in February 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201025_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201025-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thousand women and children were taken. In a second raid, in February 1987, one thousand women and children were taken. Once the raiders acquired enough booty they would distribute the captives between themselves and their families. The raids continued every year after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201026_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201026-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a> girls kept in northern Sudanese households were used as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201035_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201035-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them were sold in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Western visitors noted that at slave markets, five or even more slaves could be bought for one rifle. Near the peak of the civil war in 1989, female black slaves were sold for 90 dollars at the slave markets. Several years later, the price of an average female black slave had dropped to $15. Many Western organisations traveled to Sudan with funds to purchase and emancipate these enslaved captives.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Boys_of_Sudan" title="Lost Boys of Sudan">Lost Boys of Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Boys_of_Sudan_(film)" title="Lost Boys of Sudan (film)">Lost Boys of Sudan (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Poured_Fire_on_Us_From_the_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky">They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Long_Walk_to_Water" title="A Long Walk to Water">A Long Walk to Water</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassil2013168–169_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassil2013168–169-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018147_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018147-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004377_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrunier2004">Prunier (2004)</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018137_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200982-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier200982_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrunier2009">Prunier (2009)</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeopold200199–100_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeopold2001">Leopold (2001)</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2004376–377_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrunier2004">Prunier (2004)</a>, pp. 376–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200974,_82-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier200974,_82_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrunier2009">Prunier (2009)</a>, pp. 74, 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnell199855-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnell199855_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnell1998">Connell (1998)</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal200712_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2007">de Waal (2007)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassil2013168–169-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassil2013168–169_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassil2013">Bassil (2013)</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018147-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018147_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalid2010348_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalid2010">Khalid (2010)</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. 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Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/sudan/Sudarm988-03.htm">"SUDAN GLOBAL TRADE, LOCAL IMPACT Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUDAN+GLOBAL+TRADE%2C+LOCAL+IMPACT+Arms+Transfers+to+all+Sides+in+the+Civil+War+in+Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Freports98%2Fsudan%2FSudarm988-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007742_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007">DeRouen & Heo (2007)</a>, p. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occasionalwitness.com/Articles/20010426.htm">"Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Yousif+Kuwa+Mekki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occasionalwitness.com%2FArticles%2F20010426.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadhim, Abbas K. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. London: Routledge, 2013, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041210024759/http://www.refugees.org/news/crisis/sudan.htm">Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war</a>, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived 10 December 2004 on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour2003" class="citation cs2">Seymour, Lee J. M. 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Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsudan%2F63.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/facts.html">"PBS Frontline: "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to "Islamicize" all of Sudan."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PBS+Frontline%3A+%22Civil+war+was+sparked+in+1983+when+the+military+regime+tried+to+impose+sharia+law+as+part+of+its+overall+policy+to+%22Islamicize%22+all+of+Sudan.%22&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Fsudan%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515104053/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/pdf/darfur_040707.pdf">"Sudan at War With Itself"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/pdf/darfur_040707.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2008. <q>The war flared again in 1983 after then-President Jaafar Nimeri abrogated the peace accord and announced he would turn Sudan into a Muslim Arab state, where Islamic law, or sharia, would prevail, including in the southern provinces. Sharia can include amputation of limbs for theft, public flogging and stoning. The war, fought between the government and several rebel groups, continued for two decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sudan+at+War+With+Itself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fworld%2Fpdf%2Fdarfur_040707.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Tibi, Bassam</a> (2008). <i>Political Islam, World Politics and Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007743_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007">DeRouen & Heo (2007)</a>, p. 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227024857/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~sail/insudan.htm">What's happening in Sudan?</a>, Sudanese Australian Integrated Learning (SAIL) Program. Archived 27 December 2005 on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCascão2017" class="citation book cs1">Cascão, Ana Elisa (4 August 2017). Magnólia Dias, Alexandra (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/cei/295"><i>State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa : Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration</i></a>. ebook'IS. Lisboa: Centro de Estudos Internacionais. pp. 143–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789898862471" title="Special:BookSources/9789898862471"><bdi>9789898862471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Societal+Challenges+in+the+Horn+of+Africa+%3A+Conflict+and+processes+of+state+formation%2C+reconfiguration+and+disintegration&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.series=ebook%27IS&rft.pages=143-165&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudos+Internacionais&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.isbn=9789898862471&rft.aulast=Casc%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Ana+Elisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcei%2F295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007744-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007744_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007">DeRouen & Heo (2007)</a>, p. 744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarir,_SharifTvedt,_Terje1994" class="citation book cs1">Harir, Sharif; Tvedt, Terje (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:273412/FULLTEXT02.pdf"><i>Short Cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+Cut+to+Decay%3A+The+Case+of+the+Sudan&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Nordiska+Afrikainstitutet&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Harir%2C+Sharif&rft.au=Tvedt%2C+Terje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A273412%2FFULLTEXT02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafto-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafto_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafto_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafto_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Raftopoulos_and_Karin_Alexander2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Raftopoulos and Karin Alexander (2006). <i>Peace in the balance: the crisis in the Sudan</i>. African Minds. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+in+the+balance%3A+the+crisis+in+the+Sudan&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=African+Minds&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Brian+Raftopoulos+and+Karin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeRouenHeo2007745_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007">DeRouen & Heo (2007)</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/05/19/Sudanese-army-smashes-attempted-mutiny/9956422164800/">"Sudanese army smashes attempted mutiny - UPI Archives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Paper originally delivered at "The 19th Annual Holocaust and Genocide Program: Learning Through Experience" hosted by the Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raritan_Valley_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raritan Valley College (page does not exist)">Raritan Valley College</a> in New Jersey on 17 March 2001. Archived 21 December 2005 on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike" class="citation web cs1">John Pike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/sudan/pdf.htm">"Sudan - Popular Defense Force"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+-+Popular+Defense+Force&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fsudan%2Fpdf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HSBA2010-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HSBA2010_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HSBA2010_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Mc Evoy and Emile LeBrun, Uncertain Future: Armed Violence in Southern Sudan, HSBA Working Paper No. 20, April 2010, p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018133–134-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018133–134_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018xv–xvii-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018xv–xvii_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, pp. xv–xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018113-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018113_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018129–132-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018129–132_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, pp. 129–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell2018132–133-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell2018132–133_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell (2018)</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafto2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafto2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafto2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaftopoulosAlexander2006" class="citation book cs1">Raftopoulos, Brian; Alexander, Karin (2006). <i>Peace in the balance: the crisis in the Sudan</i>. 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BrownBooks.ORM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61254-884-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61254-884-5"><bdi>978-1-61254-884-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+the+Lost+Boys+of+Sudan&rft.pub=BrownBooks.ORM&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.isbn=978-1-61254-884-5&rft.aulast=Disco&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Clark%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdtBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJal2010" class="citation book cs1">Jal, Emmanuel (2 February 2010). <i>War Child: A Child Soldier's Story</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312602970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312602970"><bdi>978-0312602970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Child%3A+A+Child+Soldier%27s+Story&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0312602970&rft.aulast=Jal&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201032-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201032_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJok2010">Jok (2010)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i326191">"Review: Black Slavery in the Twenty-First Century"</a>. <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> (31): 138. 2001 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Black+Slavery+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=138&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi326191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli201553-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli201553_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAli2015">Ali (2015)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/africa/sudanupdate.htm">"Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan (Human Rights Watch Backgroudner, March, 2002)"</a>. <i>www.hrw.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrw.org&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+Slave+Redemption+in+the+Sudan+%28Human+Rights+Watch+Backgroudner%2C+March%2C+2002%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Fbackgrounder%2Fafrica%2Fsudanupdate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201025-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201025_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJok2010">Jok (2010)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201026-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201026_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJok2010">Jok (2010)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJok201035-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJok201035_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJok2010">Jok (2010)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2015" class="citation book cs1">Kecia Ali (21 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=my4XCwAAQBAJ"><i>Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith and Jurisprudence</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-853-5"><bdi>978-1-78074-853-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Ethics+and+Islam%3A+Feminist+Reflections+on+Qur%27an%2C+Hadith+and+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2015-12-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-853-5&rft.au=Kecia+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmy4XCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassil2013" class="citation book cs1">Bassil, Noah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGUhbENElWsC&q=iraq"><i>The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur</i></a>. London; New York City: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760858" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760858"><bdi>978-1780760858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Colonial+State+and+Civil+War+in+Sudan%3A+The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Darfur&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780760858&rft.aulast=Bassil&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGUhbENElWsC%26q%3Diraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauerGissy2017" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, Jurgen; Gissy, William G. (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEQrDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Economics of Conflict and Peace</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89114-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-89114-1"><bdi>978-1-351-89114-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Conflict+and+Peace&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-89114-1&rft.aulast=Brauer&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft.au=Gissy%2C+William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEQrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Connell, Dan (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sudan0898%20Report.pdf">"Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact. Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. <b>10</b> (4 (A)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+Global+Trade%2C+Local+Impact.+Arms+Transfers+to+all+Sides+in+the+Civil+War+in+Sudan&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4+%28A%29&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fsudan0898%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2007) [1st pub. 2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC"><i>The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars</i></a> (4th ed.). Oxford, Kampala, Nairobi: International African Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852553923" title="Special:BookSources/9780852553923"><bdi>9780852553923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Root+Causes+of+Sudan%27s+Civil+Wars&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Kampala%2C+Nairobi&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=International+African+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780852553923&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-PuCbRr4tcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJok2010" class="citation book cs1">Jok Madut Jok (3 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqzvlWdxThwC"><i>War and Slavery in Sudan</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0058-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0058-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-0058-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0058-4&rft.au=Jok+Madut+Jok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqzvlWdxThwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2010" class="citation book cs1">Khalid, Mansour (2010) [1st pub. 2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quYrBgAAQBAJ"><i>War & Peace in the Sudan</i></a>. London; New York City: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0663-0"><bdi>978-0-7103-0663-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+%26+Peace+in+the+Sudan&rft.place=London%3B+New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0663-0&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquYrBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiThyne2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lai, Brian; Thyne, Clayton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343307076631">"The Effect of Civil War on Education, 1980—97"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 277–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343307076631">10.1177/0022343307076631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14066368">14066368</a> – via SAGE Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Civil+War+on+Education%2C+1980%E2%80%9497&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-292&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14066368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343307076631&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Thyne%2C+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343307076631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeRicheArnold2013" class="citation book cs1">LeRiche, Matthew; Arnold, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAQqBgAAQBAJ"><i>South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933340-0"><bdi>978-0-19-933340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Sudan%3A+From+Revolution+to+Independence&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933340-0&rft.aulast=LeRiche&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAQqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopold2001" class="citation book cs1">Leopold, Mark (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Trying to Hold Things Together?' International NGOs caught up in an Emergency in North-Western Uganda, 1996–97". In Ondine Barrow; Michael Jennings (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=We7L5DWKYeoC"><i>The Charitable Impulse: NGOs & Development in East & North-East Africa</i></a>. Oxford, Bloomfield: James Curry Ltd; <a href="/wiki/Kumarian_Press" title="Kumarian Press">Kumarian Press</a>. pp. 94–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565491373" title="Special:BookSources/9781565491373"><bdi>9781565491373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Trying+to+Hold+Things+Together%3F%27+International+NGOs+caught+up+in+an+Emergency+in+North-Western+Uganda%2C+1996%E2%80%9397&rft.btitle=The+Charitable+Impulse%3A+NGOs+%26+Development+in+East+%26+North-East+Africa&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Bloomfield&rft.pages=94-108&rft.pub=James+Curry+Ltd%3B+Kumarian+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781565491373&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWe7L5DWKYeoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartell2018" class="citation book cs1">Martell, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrSXDwAAQBAJ&q=First+Raise+a+Flag"><i>First Raise a Flag</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849049597" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849049597"><bdi>978-1849049597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Raise+a+Flag&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1849049597&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrSXDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFirst%2BRaise%2Ba%2BFlag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunier2004" class="citation journal cs1">Prunier, Gérard (July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986-99)". <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>103</b> (412): 359–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadh050">10.1093/afraf/adh050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518562">3518562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=Rebel+Movements+and+Proxy+Warfare%3A+Uganda%2C+Sudan+and+the+Congo+%281986-99%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=412&rft.pages=359-383&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadh050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunier2009" class="citation book cs1">Prunier, Gérard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kp93kUfdhC0C"><i>Africa's World War : Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970583-2"><bdi>978-0-19-970583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+World+War+%3A+Congo%2C+the+Rwandan+Genocide%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Continental+Catastrophe%3A+Congo%2C+the+Rwandan+Genocide%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Continental+Catastrophe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970583-2&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkp93kUfdhC0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut2016" class="citation book cs1">Plaut, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8jDgAAQBAJ"><i>Understanding Eritrea: Inside Africa's Most Repressive State</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190669591" title="Special:BookSources/9780190669591"><bdi>9780190669591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Eritrea%3A+Inside+Africa%27s+Most+Repressive+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190669591&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvk8jDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuylsteke2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vuylsteke, Sarah (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/briefing-papers/HSBA-BP-Fertit.pdf">"Identity and Self-determination: The Fertit Opposition in South Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>HSBA Briefing Paper</i>. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HSBA+Briefing+Paper&rft.atitle=Identity+and+Self-determination%3A+The+Fertit+Opposition+in+South+Sudan&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Vuylsteke&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs%2Fbriefing-papers%2FHSBA-BP-Fertit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2007" class="citation journal cs1">de Waal, Alex (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-occasional-papers/OP3-Sudan-International-Dimensions-to-the-State-and-its-Crisis.pdf">"Sudan: international dimensions to the state and its crisis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occasional Papers (Crisis States Research Centre)</i> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-3082">1753-3082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+%28Crisis+States+Research+Centre%29&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+international+dimensions+to+the+state+and+its+crisis&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-04&rft.issn=1753-3082&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Finternational-development%2FAssets%2FDocuments%2FPDFs%2Fcsrc-occasional-papers%2FOP3-Sudan-International-Dimensions-to-the-State-and-its-Crisis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam's_Black_Slaves2001" class="citation journal cs1">"Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora by Ronald Segal- Book Review". <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> (31). 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Islam%27s+Black+Slaves%3A+The+Other+Black+Diaspora+by+Ronald+Segal-+Book+Review&rft.issue=31&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007" class="citation book cs1">DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). <i>Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+wars+of+the+world%3A+major+conflicts+since+World+War+II&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=DeRouen&rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&rft.au=Heo%2C+Uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2021" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Sharath (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/peace-kills-politics/"><i>When Peace Kills Politics: International Intervention and Unending Wars in the Sudans</i></a>. London: Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197602720" title="Special:BookSources/9780197602720"><bdi>9780197602720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Peace+Kills+Politics%3A+International+Intervention+and+Unending+Wars+in+the+Sudans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780197602720&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Sharath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurstpublishers.com%2Fbook%2Fpeace-kills-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeswick1991" class="citation journal cs1">Beswick, Stephanie F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660097">"The Addis Ababa Agreement: 1972-1983 Harbinger of the Second Civil War in the Sudan"</a>. <i>Northeast African Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (2/3): 191–215. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-9133">0740-9133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660097">43660097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Addis+Ababa+Agreement%3A+1972-1983+Harbinger+of+the+Second+Civil+War+in+the+Sudan&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=191-215&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43660097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0740-9133&rft.aulast=Beswick&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43660097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Sudanese+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sudanese_Civil_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719012357/http://www.cfr.org/publication/7714/africa.html">Background Q & A: The Darfur Crisis</a>, Esther Pan, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, cfr.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725230358/http://www.globalpolitician.com/articles.asp?ID=340">Price of Peace in Africa: Agreement in Sudan Between Government and Rebel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ryanspencerreed.com/">Photojournalist's Account</a> – Displacement of Sudan's second civil war</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_sudan_trek/html/1.stm">In pictures: Sudan trek – of returning refugees after the war</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 14 June 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/30/AR2005073000653.html">With Peace, Sudan Faces Hard Choices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, 28 July 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nubamountains.com/">The Nuba Mountains Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2011/6/21/ACNS4883">Bishop calls for Churchwide day of prayer and fasting for an end to Sudan violence on 26 June 2011</a> – leading up to 9 July expected day of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_independence_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011">new independence for the Southern Sudan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sudan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sudan_topics" title="Template talk:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sudan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sudanese_history" title="Timeline of Sudanese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Pre-independence governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Prehistory" title="History of Sudan">Pre and early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Medieval_history" title="History of Sudan">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Sudan">Turkish occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">Independent Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Sudanese coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Nimeiry Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">Communist coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_(Sudan)" title="National Reconciliation (Sudan)">National Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">1985 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(1985)" title="Transitional Military Council (1985)">First Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)" title="Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)">Coalitions/Bashir Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">RCCNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Second Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021)" title="Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)">2019–2021 transition to democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October 2021 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">2023 Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sudan" title="Geology of Sudan">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakes_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakes of Sudan (page does not exist)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountains_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountains of Sudan (page does not exist)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sudan" title="List of rivers of Sudan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Sudan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sudan" title="Wildlife of Sudan">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of fauna of Sudan and South Sudan">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sudan" title="List of mammals of Sudan">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Sudan" title="List of birds of Sudan">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan" title="Horses in Sudan">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of butterflies of Sudan and South Sudan">Butterflies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moths_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of moths of Sudan and South Sudan">Moths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Sudan and South Sudan">Non-marine molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Sudan" title="List of reptiles of Sudan">Reptiles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Natural_disasters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_disasters_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural disasters in Sudan (page does not exist)">Natural disasters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan" title="Climate change in Sudan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudan_floods" title="List of Sudan floods">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gezira_State" title="Gezira State">Gezira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qadarif_State" title="Al Qadarif State">Al Qadarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_State" title="Blue Nile State">Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Darfur" title="Central Darfur">Central Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Darfur" title="East Darfur">East Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassala_State" title="Kassala State">Kassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_State" title="Khartoum State">Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Darfur" title="North Darfur">North Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_State_(Sudan)" title="Northern State (Sudan)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_State" title="Red Sea State">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nile_State" title="River Nile State">River Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennar_State" title="Sennar State">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Darfur" title="South Darfur">South Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Darfur" title="West Darfur">West Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kordofan" title="West Kordofan">West Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_State" title="White Nile State">White Nile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan" title="Districts of Sudan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan" title="List of cities in Sudan">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambassadors_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambassadors of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1956 Transitional Constitution of Sudan">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1973 Constitution of Sudan">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 Transitional Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Sudan" title="Coups d'état in Sudan">Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan" title="Elections in Sudan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of Sudan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sudan">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)" title="September Laws (Sudan)">September Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Act_1991_(Sudan)" title="Criminal Act 1991 (Sudan)">Criminal Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_administration" title="Native administration">Native administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan" title="Vice President of Sudan">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan" title="List of current state governors in Sudan">State Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan" title="Economy of Sudan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan" title="Agriculture in Sudan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sudan" title="Banking in Sudan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan" title="Central Bank of Sudan">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sudan" title="List of companies of Sudan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_dinar" title="Sudanese dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(former currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan" title="Energy in Sudan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Sudan (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sudan" title="Transport in Sudan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_society" title="Sudanese society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Sudan" title="Marriage in Sudan">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sudan" title="Polygamy in Sudan">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan" title="Child marriage in Sudan">Child marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Demographics of Sudan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minorities_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic minorities of Sudan">minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sudan" title="Health in Sudan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Sudan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Sudan" title="Refugees of Sudan">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan" title="Squatting in Sudan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toilets_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toilets in Sudan (page does not exist)">Toilets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Sudan" title="Public toilets in Sudan">Public toilets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan" title="Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan" title="Visual arts of Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Sudan" title="Clothing in Sudan">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sudan" title="Emblem of Sudan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan" title="Flag of Sudan">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags" title="List of Sudanese flags">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan" title="Media of Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Sudan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sudan" title="Outline of Sudan">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudan" title="Category:Sudan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Sudan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Sudan_topics" title="Template:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Sudan_topics" title="Template talk:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Sudan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Sudan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyanya" title="Anyanya">Anyanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)" title="Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)">Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li>Southern Sudan Autonomous Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)">1972–83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">2005–11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">2011 independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_South_Sudan_famine" title="2017 South Sudan famine">Famine (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Sudan" title="List of cities in South Sudan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_South_Sudan" title="List of ecoregions in South Sudan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Sudan" title="List of rivers of South Sudan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Sudan" title="Climate change in South Sudan">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Sudan" title="Elections in South Sudan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Sudan" title="Constitution of South Sudan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of South Sudan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Sudan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Sudan" title="Judiciary of South Sudan">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Police_Service" title="South Sudan Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="South Sudan People's Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of South Sudan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Sudan" title="Vice President of South Sudan">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Sudan" title="Economy of South Sudan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Sudan" title="Banking in South Sudan">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_South_Sudan" title="Bank of South Sudan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Sudan" title="List of companies of South Sudan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Sudan" title="Trade unions in South Sudan">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Transport in South Sudan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Sudan" title="Tourism in South Sudan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Sudan" title="Category:Society of South Sudan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Child marriage in South Sudan">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Sudan" title="Demographics of South Sudan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Sudan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in South Sudan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Sudan" title="Health in South Sudan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_South_Sudan" title="Prostitution in South Sudan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_South_Sudan" title="Water supply in South Sudan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Oyee!" title="South Sudan Oyee!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan" title="Coat of arms of South Sudan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Sudan" title="Flag of South Sudan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of South Sudan">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Sudan" title="Mass media in South Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Sudan" title="Public holidays in South Sudan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Sudan" title="Sport in South Sudan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Sudan" title="Outline of South Sudan">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Sudan" title="Category:South Sudan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_groups_in_the_Sudanese_wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Sudanese_wars" title="Template:Armed groups in the Sudanese wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Sudanese_wars" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Sudanese wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Sudanese_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Sudanese wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_Sudanese_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed groups in the Sudanese wars</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan People's Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force" title="Sudan Defence Force">Sudan Defence Force</a> (SDF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (First)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania_Liberation_Front" title="Azania Liberation Front">Azania Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanya" title="Anyanya">Anyanya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force" title="Sudan Defence Force">Equatorial Corps of the Sudan Defence Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan People's Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPLA-Nasir" title="SPLA-Nasir">Sudan People's Liberation Army-Nasir</a> (SPLA-Nasir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan Defence Forces">South Sudan Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA-Torit and SPLA-United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanya_II" title="Anyanya II">Anyanya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(Sudan)" title="Eastern Front (Sudan)">Eastern Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beja_Congress" title="Beja Congress">Beja Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashaida_Free_Lions" title="Rashaida Free Lions">Rashaida Free Lions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darfur_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur Conflict">Darfur Conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan People's Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur Liberation Front">Darfur Liberation Front</a> (DLF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Liberation Movement">Sudan Liberation Movement</a> (SLM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> (JEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Justice_Movement" title="Liberation and Justice Movement">Liberation and Justice Movement</a> (LJM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan internal conflict (2011–)">In Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front" title="Sudan Revolutionary Front">Sudan Revolutionary Front</a> (SRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North</a> (SPLM-N)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement" title="Justice and Equality Movement">Justice and Equality Movement</a> (JEM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan internal conflict (2011–)">In South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan Liberation Army">South Sudan Liberation Army</a> (SSLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Democratic_Movement" title="South Sudan Democratic Movement">South Sudan Democratic Movement</a> (SSDM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Sudan">United Nations Mission in the Sudan</a> (UNMIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</a> (UNMISS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei</a> (UNISFA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Alliances often changed over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic<br />of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African<br />Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Sudan_(1956–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Sudan" title="Template:Years in Sudan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Sudan" title="Template talk:Years in Sudan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Sudan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Sudan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Sudan_(1956–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Years in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (1956–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Sudan" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Sudan">Pre-1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Sudan (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Sudan" title="1998 in Sudan">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Sudan" title="1999 in Sudan">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Sudan" title="2003 in Sudan">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Sudan" title="2006 in Sudan">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Sudan" title="2007 in Sudan">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Sudan" title="2009 in Sudan">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Sudan" title="2011 in Sudan">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Sudan (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Sudan" title="2013 in Sudan">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Sudan" title="2014 in Sudan">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Sudan" title="2015 in Sudan">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Sudan" title="2016 in Sudan">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Sudan" title="2017 in Sudan">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Sudan" title="2018 in Sudan">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Sudan" title="2019 in Sudan">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Sudan" title="2020 in Sudan">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Sudan" title="2021 in Sudan">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Sudan" title="2022 in Sudan">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Sudan" title="2023 in Sudan">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Sudan" title="2024 in Sudan">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Sudan" title="2025 in Sudan">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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