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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geospatial+intelligence&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>In the United States, <b>geospatial intelligence</b> (<b>GEOINT</b>) is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> about the human activity on Earth derived from the exploitation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intelligence_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intelligence analysis">analysis</a> of imagery, signals, or signatures with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_information?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial information">geospatial information</a>. GEOINT describes, assesses, and visually depicts physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. GEOINT, as defined in US Code, consists of imagery, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagery_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imagery intelligence">imagery intelligence</a> (IMINT) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial">geospatial</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NGA-GEOINT.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NGA-GEOINT.png/425px-NGA-GEOINT.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NGA-GEOINT.png/638px-NGA-GEOINT.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/NGA-GEOINT.png/850px-NGA-GEOINT.png 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="995"></a> <figcaption> Graphical depiction of the definition of Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) </figcaption> </figure> <p>GEOINT knowledge and related tradecraft is no longer confined to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Intelligence Community">U.S. government</a>, or even the world's leading military powers. Additionally, countries such as India are holding GEOINT-specific conferences. While other countries may define geospatial intelligence somewhat differently than does the U.S., the use of GEOINT data and services is the same.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Geospatial Intelligence can also be referred to as "Location Intelligence". Although GEOINT is inclusive, HYDROSPATIAL is preferably used to refer and to focus on the aquatic and coastal zones spatial elements.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Amplified_definition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Amplified definition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principles"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Principles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geospatial_data,_information,_and_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geospatial data, information, and knowledge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relationship_to_other_%22INT%22"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship to other "INT"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_factors"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other factors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_facto_definition"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">De facto definition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#GEOINT_agencies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">GEOINT agencies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#US_Service_Fusion/GEOINT_Centers"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">US Service Fusion/GEOINT Centers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#GEOINT_units"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">GEOINT units</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Amplified_definition">Amplified definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Amplified definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <dl> <dd> <i>GEOINT encompasses all aspects of imagery (including capabilities formerly referred to as Advanced Geospatial Intelligence and imagery-derived Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) and geospatial information and services (GIS); formerly referred to as mapping, charting, and geodesy). It includes, but is not limited to, data ranging from the ultraviolet through the microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as information derived from the analysis of literal imagery; geospatial data; georeferenced social media; and information technically derived from the processing, exploitation, literal, and non-literal analysis of spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric, phase history, polarimetric data, fused products (products created out of two or more data sources), and the ancillary data needed for data processing and exploitation, and signature information (to include development, validation, simulation, data archival, and dissemination). These types of data can be collected on stationary and moving targets by electro-optical (to include IR, MWIR, SWIR TIR, Spectral, MSI, HSI, HD), SAR (to include MTI), related sensor programs (both active and passive) and non-technical means (to include geospatial information acquired by personnel in the field).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </dd> </dl> <p>Here Geospatial Intelligence, or the frequently used term <b>GEOINT</b>, is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">intelligence discipline</a> comprising the exploitation and analysis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial">geospatial</a> data and information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features (both natural and constructed) and geographically reference activities on the Earth. Geospatial Intelligence data sources include imagery and mapping data, whether collected by commercial satellite, government satellite, aircraft (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned Aerial Vehicles</a> [UAV] or reconnaissance aircraft), or by other means, such as maps and commercial databases, census information, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GPS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> waypoints, utility schematics, or any discrete data that have locations on earth. There is growing recognition that human geography,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> socio-cultural intelligence,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other aspects of the human domain<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a critical domain of GEOINT data due to the now pervasive geo-referencing of demographic, ethnographic, and political stability data. There is an emerging recognition that "this legal definition paints with a broad brushstroke an idea of the width and depth of GEOINT"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "GEOINT must evolve even further to integrate forms of intelligence and information beyond the traditional sources of geospatial information and imagery, and must move from an emphasis on data and analysis to an emphasis on knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Principles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Key terms, such as GEOINT and NGA, were developed for public policy purposes. The NIMA Act of 1996 establishing the National Imagery and Mapping Agency. This resulted in the integration of multiple sources of information, intelligence and trade crafts into NIMA, which subsequently became NGA. Then Director <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Clapper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Clapper">James Clapper</a> (2001–2006) designated this discipline as GEOINT, in the ilk of IMINT, SIGINT, MASINT, HUMINT.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>The question as to how GEOINT is different from other geospatial analytic activities is occasionally asked. Bacastow<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested the following First Principles as markers that define the professional domain in terms of uniqueness and value. These are:</p> <ul> <li>GEOINT, rooted in the geospatial sciences, geospatial technologies and a tradecraft that seeks knowledge to achieve a decision advantage. Achieving a decision advantage may result in or require information <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denial_and_deception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denial and deception">denial and deception (D&D)</a>.</li> <li>Analysis occurs as a human-machine team.</li> <li>GEOINT reveals how human action is constrained by the physical landscape and human perceptions of Earth.</li> <li>GEOINT seeks to anticipate patterns of life through time.</li> <li>The data and technical systems reflect human biases.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geospatial_data,_information,_and_knowledge"><span id="Geospatial_data.2C_information.2C_and_knowledge"></span>Geospatial data, information, and knowledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geospatial data, information, and knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The definitions and usage of the terms geospatial data, geospatial information, and geospatial knowledge are not consistent or unambiguous, further exacerbating the situation. Geospatial data can (usually) be applied to the output of a collector or collection system before it is processed, i.e., data that was sensed. Geospatial Information is geospatial data that has been processed or had value added to it by a human or machine process. Geospatial knowledge is a structuring of geospatial information, accompanied by an interpretation or analysis. The terms Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DIKW_pyramid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DIKW pyramid">DIKW pyramid</a>) are difficult to define, but cannot be used interchangeably.</p> <p>Generally, geospatial intelligence can be more readily defined as, data, information, and knowledge gathered about entities that can be referenced to a particular location on, above, or below the Earth's surface. The intelligence gathering method can include imagery, signals, measurements and signatures, and human sources, i.e., IMINT, SIGINT, MASINT, and HUMINT, as long as a geo-location can be associated with the intelligence.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Relationship_to_other_"INT""><span id="Relationship_to_other_.22INT.22"></span>Relationship to other "INT"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relationship to other "INT"" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Thus, rather than being a peer to the other "INT", geospatial intelligence might better be viewed as the unifying structure of the Earth's natural and constructed features (including elevations and depths)—whether as individual layers in a GIS or as composited into a map or chart, imagery representations of the Earth, AND, the presentation of the existence of data, information, and knowledge derived from analysis of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SIGINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MASINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MASINT">MASINT</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HUMINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a>, and other intelligence sources and disciplines.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other factors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>It has been suggested that GEOINT is just a new term used to identify a broad range of outputs from intelligence organizations that use a variety of existing spatial skills and disciplines including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photogrammetry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagery_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagery analysis">imagery analysis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remote_sensing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrain_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain analysis">terrain analysis</a>. However, GEOINT is more than the sum of these parts. Spatial thinking as applied in Geospatial Intelligence can synthesize any intelligence or other data that can be conceptualized in a geographic spatial context. Geospatial Intelligence can be derived entirely independent of any satellite or aerial imagery and can be clearly differentiated from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a> (imagery intelligence). Confusion and dissension is caused by Title 10 U.S. Code §467's separation of "imagery" or "satellite information" from "geospatial information" as imagery is generally considered just one of the forms which geospatial information might take or be derived from.</p> <p>It has also been suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2011)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that geospatial intelligence can be described as a product occurring at the point of delivery, i.e., by the amount of analysis which occurs to resolve particular problems, not by the type of data used. For example, a database containing a list of measurements of bridges obtained from imagery is 'information' while the development of an output using analysis to determine those bridges that are able to be utilized for specific purposes could be termed 'intelligence'. Similarly, the simple measurement of beach profiles is a classical geographic information-gathering activity, while the process of selecting a beach that matches a certain profile for a specific purpose is an analytical activity, and the output could be termed an intelligence product. In this form it is considered to be generally used by agencies requiring definitions of their outputs for descriptive and capability development purposes (or, more cynically, as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marketing">marketing</a> strategy).</p> <p>Geospatial intelligence analysis has been light-heartedly defined as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought" or as "anticipating a target's mental map."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these perspectives affirm that creating geospatial knowledge is an effortful cognitive process the analyst undertakes; it is an intellectual endeavor that arrives at a conclusion through reasoning. Geospatial reasoning creates the objective connection between a geospatial problem representation and geospatial evidence. Here one set of activities, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Information_foraging?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Information foraging">information foraging</a>, focuses around finding information while another set of activities, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sensemaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sensemaking">sensemaking</a>, focuses on giving meaning to the information. The activities of foraging and sensemaking in geospatial analysis have been incorporated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Structured_Geospatial_Analytic_Method?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Structured Geospatial Analytic Method">Structured Geospatial Analytic Method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="De_facto_definition">De facto definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: De facto definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_facto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De facto">de facto</a> definition of geospatial intelligence, which is more reflective of the broad international nature of the discipline, is vastly different from the <i>de jure</i> definition expressed in U.S. Code. This <i>de facto</i> definition is:</p> <dl> <dd> <i>Geospatial Intelligence is a field of knowledge, a process, and a profession. As knowledge, it is information integrated in a coherent space-time context that supports descriptions, explanations, or forecasts of human activities with which decision makers take action. As a process, it is the means by which data and information are collected, manipulated, geospatially reasoned, and disseminated to decision-makers. The geospatial intelligence profession establishes the scope of activities, interdisciplinary associations, competencies, and standards in academe, government, and the private sectors.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </dd> </dl> <p>This has been suggested as an operational definition of Geospatial Intelligence which might use the moniker of <b>GeoIntel</b> so as to distinguish it from the more restrictive definition offered in U.S. Code Title 10, §467.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="GEOINT_agencies">GEOINT agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: GEOINT agencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="282"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg/220px-National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg/330px-National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> building at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fort_Belvoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fort Belvoir">Fort Belvoir</a> (North Area) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Springfield, Virginia">Springfield, Virginia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Australia: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_Geospatial-Intelligence_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation">Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation</a> (AGO) formerly known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Imagery_and_Geospatial_Organisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation">Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation</a> (DIGO)</li> <li>Canada: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Forces_Joint_Imagery_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Canadian Forces Joint Imagery Centre (page does not exist)">Canadian Forces Joint Imagery Centre</a>, an element of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Intelligence_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canadian Forces Intelligence Command">Canadian Forces Intelligence Command</a> (CFINTCOM)</li> <li>European Union: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a> (EUSC)</li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=GEOINT_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="GEOINT New Zealand (page does not exist)">GEOINT New Zealand</a> (GNZ) formerly known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Joint_Geospatial_Support_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Joint Geospatial Support Facility (page does not exist)">Joint Geospatial Support Facility</a> (JGSF)</li> <li>Portugal: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centro_de_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Geoespacial_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro de Informação Geoespacial do Exército">Army Geospatial Intelligence Center</a> (CIGeoE)</li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Geographic_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Geographic Centre">Defence Geographic Centre</a> (DGC) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defence_Geospatial_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Geospatial Intelligence Fusion Centre">Defence Geospatial Intelligence Fusion Centre</a> (DGIFC)</li> <li>USA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> (NGA)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="US_Service_Fusion/GEOINT_Centers"><span id="US_Service_Fusion.2FGEOINT_Centers"></span>US Service Fusion/GEOINT Centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: US Service Fusion/GEOINT Centers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>USA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_Geospatial_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army Geospatial Center">Army Geospatial Center</a> (AGC)</li> <li>USA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Intelligence_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Air and Space Intelligence Center">National Air and Space Intelligence Center</a> (NASIC)</li> <li>USA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Ground_Intelligence_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Ground Intelligence Center">National Ground Intelligence Center</a> (NGIC)</li> <li>USA: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Maritime_Intelligence-Integration_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office">National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office</a> (NMIO)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="GEOINT_units">GEOINT units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: GEOINT units" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australian_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Topographic_Survey_Squadron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Topographic Survey Squadron">1st Topographical Survey Squadron</a> (1 TOPO SVY SQN)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Homeland Security: Army Spatial Information Capabilities)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command">United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command</a> – Army Forces Strategic Command – Advanced Geospatial Intelligence (AGI) Node<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Topographic_Platoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Topographic Platoon">1st Topographic Platoon</a> (1st TOPO)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Expeditionary Force">1st Marine Expeditionary Force</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marine_Headquarters_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marine Headquarters Group (page does not exist)">Marine Headquarters Group</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1st_Intelligence_Battalion_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1st Intelligence Battalion (United States)">1st Intelligence Battalion</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Production_and_Analysis_Company&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Production and Analysis Company (page does not exist)">Production and Analysis Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=2nd_Topographic_Platoon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="2nd Topographic Platoon (page does not exist)">2nd Topographic Platoon</a> (2nd TOPO)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Expeditionary Force">2nd Marine Expeditionary Force</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marine_Headquarters_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marine Headquarters Group (page does not exist)">Marine Headquarters Group</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_Intelligence_Battalion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2nd Intelligence Battalion">2nd Intelligence Battalion</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Production_and_Analysis_Company&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Production and Analysis Company (page does not exist)">Production and Analysis Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=3rd_Topographic_Platoon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="3rd Topographic Platoon (page does not exist)">3rd Topographic Platoon</a> (3rd TOPO)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3rd_Marine_Expeditionary_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Marine Expeditionary Force">3rd Marine Expeditionary Force</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marine_Headquarters_Group&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marine Headquarters Group (page does not exist)">Marine Headquarters Group</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3rd_Intelligence_Battalion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3rd Intelligence Battalion">3rd Intelligence Battalion</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Production_and_Analysis_Company&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Production and Analysis Company (page does not exist)">Production and Analysis Company</a>)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All-source_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="All-source intelligence">All-source intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dino_Brugioni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dino Brugioni">Dino A. Brugioni</a> – pioneer of imagery intelligence (now called geospatial intelligence)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ELINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a> – electronic intelligence</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geomatics_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_engineering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial engineering">Geospatial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_Information_Systems_in_Geospatial_Intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information Systems in Geospatial Intelligence">GIS in geospatial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HUMINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HUMINT">HUMINT</a> – human intelligence</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IMINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a> – imagery intelligence</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MASINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MASINT">MASINT</a> – measurement and signature intelligence</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SIGINT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGINT">SIGINT</a> – signals intelligence</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USGIF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USGIF">USGIF</a> – US Geospatial Intelligence Foundation</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/10/A/I/22/IV/467">"10 U.S.C. § 467 : US Code - Section 467: Definitions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+U.S.C.+%C2%A7+467+%3A+US+Code+-+Section+467%3A+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodes.lp.findlaw.com%2Fuscode%2F10%2FA%2FI%2F22%2FIV%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127172804/http://usgif.org/system/uploads/4510/original/2016_SoG_book.pdf">"United States Geospatial Intelligence Foundation (USGIF), 2016 State of GEOINT Report. Feb 2016, p. 16"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://usgif.org/system/uploads/4510/original/2016_SoG_book.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Geospatial+Intelligence+Foundation+%28USGIF%29%2C+2016+State+of+GEOINT+Report.+Feb+2016%2C+p.+16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgif.org%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2F4510%2Foriginal%2F2016_SoG_book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorandum for Principal Director of National Intelligence, Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Collection, from James R. Clapper, Lieutenant General, USAF (Ret.), Director [NGA] 17 October 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gwg.nga.mil/ntb/related/GEOINT_Definitions-Amplification_Memosigned.pdf">gwg.nga.mil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303014713/https://gwg.nga.mil/ntb/related/GEOINT_Definitions-Amplification_Memosigned.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-03 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdockTomesTucker2014" class="citation web cs1">Murdock, Darryl; Tomes, Robert; Tucker, Chris, eds. 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USGIF – via Amazon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Geography%3A+Socio-Cultural+Dynamics+and+Challenges+to+Global+Security&rft.pub=USGIF&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHuman-Geography-Socio-Cultural-Challenges-Monograph-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00NOABP8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130192311/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/Parameters/Issues/Summer_2015/9_Tomes.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Issues/Summer_2015/9_Tomes.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil%2Fpubs%2Fparameters%2FIssues%2FSummer_2015%2F9_Tomes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528160205/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA495025.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA495025.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acq.osd.mil%2Fdsb%2Freports%2FADA495025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masback, Keith (2010) GIF 2010 Volume: 8 Issue: 6 (September)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Priorities for GEOINT Research at the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, The National Academies Press, 2006, P. 9</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nga.mil/MediaRoom/Pathfinder/Pages/Archive.aspx">"Pathfinder Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathfinder+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.mil%2FMediaRoom%2FPathfinder%2FPages%2FArchive.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eijournal.com/print/column/defense-watch/defining-first-principles-of-geospatial-intelligence">"Defining 'First Principles' of Geospatial Intelligence « Earth Imaging Journal: Remote Sensing, Satellite Images, Satellite Imagery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defining+%27First+Principles%27+of+Geospatial+Intelligence+%C2%AB+Earth+Imaging+Journal%3A+Remote+Sensing%2C+Satellite+Images%2C+Satellite+Imagery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feijournal.com%2Fprint%2Fcolumn%2Fdefense-watch%2Fdefining-first-principles-of-geospatial-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bacastow, Todd S. 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Pp 38-40</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830014608/http://events.oesr.qld.gov.au/registrations.nsf/0373ee1284b08ec34a256d510021011d/9561c03a0f15e5644a256d5200031e3e/%2524FILE/1%2520Topo%2520Brief.pdf">"Events.oesr.qld.gov.au"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://events.oesr.qld.gov.au/registrations.nsf/0373ee1284b08ec34a256d510021011d/9561c03a0f15e5644a256d5200031e3e/%2524FILE/1%2520Topo%2520Brief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events.oesr.qld.gov.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.oesr.qld.gov.au%2Fregistrations.nsf%2F0373ee1284b08ec34a256d510021011d%2F9561c03a0f15e5644a256d5200031e3e%2F%24FILE%2F1%2520Topo%2520Brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.smdc.army.mil/FactSheets/MASINTNode.pdf">SMDC.army.mil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104322/http://www.smdc.army.mil/FactSheets/MASINTNode.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.i-mef.usmc.mil/MHG/Intelbn/pna.asp">I-mef.usmc.mil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329203755/http://www.i-mef.usmc.mil/MHG/Intelbn/pna.asp">Archived</a> 2009-03-29 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iimefpublic.usmc.mil/public/iimefpublic.nsf/unitSites/2dIntelBn">Iimefpublic.usmc.mil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207035905/http://www.iimefpublic.usmc.mil/public/iimefpublic.nsf/unitSites/2dIntelBn">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328091249/http://www.iiimef.usmc.mil/3rdintel/index.html">"Iiimef.usmc.mil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iiimef.usmc.mil/3rdintel/index.html">the original</a> on 2009-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iiimef.usmc.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiimef.usmc.mil%2F3rdintel%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeospatial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <p>@52.832005.2.3278</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geospatial_intelligence&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dgieurope.com">DGI – Defence Geospatial Intelligence Conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geoint2008.com">GEOINT Symposium 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518175217/http://geoint2008.com/">Archived</a> 2021-05-18 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geoint2007.com">GEOINT Symposium 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geoint2006.com">GEOINT Symposium 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614025400/https://geoint2006.com/">Archived</a> 2021-06-14 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geoint2005.com">GEOINT Symposium 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610161053/http://geoint2005.com/">Archived</a> 2019-06-10 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nga.mil">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605152011/http://www.rsms.ac.uk/">Defence College of Intelligence Royal School of Military Survey (DCI RSMS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201072651/http://geoint.missouri.edu/">Center for Geospatial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.defence.gov.au/digo/">Australian Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/degrees-and-certificates/geospatial-intelligence-certificate/overview">Penn State Graduate Certificate in Geospatial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109032754/http://www.geog.missouri.edu/?q%3Dgis-certificate-program">University of Missouri - Undergraduate GEOINT Certificate Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fathom.global/academic-papers/a-30-m-global-map-of-elevation-with-forests-and-buildings-removed/">A 30m global map of elevation with forests and buildings removed</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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