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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchess_of_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Duchess of York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchess_of_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_consort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_consort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Queen consort </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Queen_consort-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Queen consort subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Queen_consort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overseas_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Overseas visits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Post-war years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_mother" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_mother"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Queen mother </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Queen_mother-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Queen mother subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Queen_mother-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Widowhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widowhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Widowhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widowhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centenarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centenarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Centenarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centenarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Titles, honours and arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cw%C4%93n_Elisabe%C3%BE_S%C4%93o_Cw%C4%93nem%C5%8Ddor" title="Cwēn Elisabeþ Sēo Cwēnemōdor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cwēn Elisabeþ Sēo Cwēnemōdor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إليزابيث باوز ليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليزابيث باوز ليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bowes-Lyon" title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabet_Bouz-Layon" title="Elizabet Bouz-Layon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elizabet Bouz-Layon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Лізавета Боўз-Лаян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лізавета Боўз-Лаян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_Elizabeth_An_Ina_kan_mga_Reyna" title="Reyna Elizabeth An Ina kan mga Reyna – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reyna Elizabeth An Ina kan mga Reyna" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Елизабет Боуз-Лайън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елизабет Боуз-Лайън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elisabet Bowes-Lyon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elisabet Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βασιλομήτωρ Ελισάβετ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασιλομήτωρ Ελισάβετ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bowes-Lyon" title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%8C_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="الیزابت، ملکه مادر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الیزابت، ملکه مادر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banr%C3%ADon_Elizabeth_An_R%C3%ADonmh%C3%A1thair" title="Banríon Elizabeth An Ríonmháthair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banríon Elizabeth An Ríonmháthair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bowes-Lyon" title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8" title="엘리자베스 보우스라이언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘리자베스 보우스라이언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6-%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Եղիսաբեթ Բոուզ-Լայոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եղիսաբեթ Բոուզ-Լայոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="राजमाता रानी एलिज़ाबेथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजमाता रानी एलिज़ाबेथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mother" title="Queen Mother – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Queen Mother" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Elisabeth_le_Regina_Matre" title="Regina Elisabeth le Regina Matre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regina Elisabeth le Regina Matre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADsabet_drottningarm%C3%B3%C3%B0ir" title="Elísabet drottningarmóðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elísabet drottningarmóðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%91%D7%AA,_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אליזבת, המלכה האם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליזבת, המלכה האם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელისაბედ ბოუზ-ლაიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელისაბედ ბოუზ-ლაიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Елизавета Боуз-Лайон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Елизавета Боуз-Лайон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetha_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elisabetha Bowes-Lyon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elisabetha Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabete_Bousa-Laiona" title="Elizabete Bousa-Laiona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elizabete Bousa-Laiona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowes-Lyon_Erzs%C3%A9bet_brit_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9" title="Bowes-Lyon Erzsébet brit királyné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bowes-Lyon Erzsébet brit királyné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Елизабета Боуз-Лајон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елизабета Боуз-Лајон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="എലിസബത്ത് ആംഗല മാർഗരറ്റ് ബൗവ്സ്-ലിയോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എലിസബത്ത് ആംഗല മാർഗരറ്റ് ബൗവ്സ്-ലിയോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88)" title="राणी एलिझाबेथ (राणीची आई) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राणी एलिझाबेथ (राणीची आई)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="اليزابيث باوز ليون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليزابيث باوز ليون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaisuri_Elizabeth_Permaisuri_Bonda" title="Permaisuri Elizabeth Permaisuri Bonda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permaisuri Elizabeth Permaisuri Bonda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B6%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="エリザベス・ボーズ＝ライアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリザベス・ボーズ＝ライアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81" title="ملکہ ایلزبتھ مادر ملکہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ملکہ ایلزبتھ مادر ملکہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%8C_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ملکه الېزابېت، د ملکه مور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ملکه الېزابېت، د ملکه مور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elżbieta Bowes-Lyon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elżbieta Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Bowes-Lyon" title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isabel Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Боуз-Лайон, Елизавета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боуз-Лайон, Елизавета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofumahadi_Elizabeth_Mofumahadi_mme" title="Mofumahadi Elizabeth Mofumahadi mme – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mofumahadi Elizabeth Mofumahadi mme" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Mma_Kgosi_Ya_Mosadi" title="Queen Elizabeth Mma Kgosi Ya Mosadi – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Queen Elizabeth Mma Kgosi Ya Mosadi" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1" title="එලිසබෙත් මව් රැජින – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එලිසබෙත් මව් රැජින" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEbeta,_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovn%C3%A1_matka" title="Alžbeta, kráľovná matka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alžbeta, kráľovná matka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئێلیزابێت شاژنی دایک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیزابێت شاژنی دایک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Елизабет Боуз Лајон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елизабет Боуз Лајон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabet_(Yhdistyneen_kuningaskunnan_kuningatar)" title="Elisabet (Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan kuningatar) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elisabet (Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan kuningatar)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottning_Elizabeth,_drottningmodern" title="Drottning Elizabeth, drottningmodern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drottning Elizabeth, drottningmodern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="எலிசபெத் போவ்சு-லயோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலிசபெத் போவ்சு-லயோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%98_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="สมเด็จพระราชินีเอลิซาเบธ พระราชชนนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชินีเอลิซาเบธ พระราชชนนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Єлизавета Боуз-Лайон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлизавета Боуз-Лайон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81" title="ملکہ ایلزبتھ مادر ملکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملکہ ایلزبتھ مادر ملکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elizabeth 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"Elizabeth the Queen Mother" and "The Queen Mother" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elizabeth the Queen Mother (disambiguation)">Elizabeth the Queen Mother (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_Mother_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Queen Mother (disambiguation)">The Queen Mother (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil portrait of Queen Elizabeth at half length" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="2825" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone_(painter)" title="Richard Stone (painter)">Richard Stone</a>, 1986</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of the United Kingdom">Queen consort of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth" title="Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1937</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of India">Empress consort of India</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon<a href="#cite_note-hyphen-3">[b]</a> (1900-08-04)4 August 1900 <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a> or <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 2002(2002-03-30) (aged 101) <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a>, Windsor, Berkshire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 2002 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Memorial_Chapel" title="King George VI Memorial Chapel">King George VI Memorial Chapel</a>, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1923; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1952)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Noble family</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowes-Lyon">Bowes-Lyon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Cavendish-Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck">Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon's signature"><img alt="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg/125px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg/188px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg/250px-Queen_Elizabeth_the_Queen_Mother_signature_1960.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="226" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon<a href="#cite_note-hyphen-3">[b]</a> (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a>. She was also the last <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> from 1936 until the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> was dissolved on 15 August 1947. After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI" title="Death and state funeral of George VI">her husband died</a>, she was officially known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother,<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> to avoid confusion with her daughter <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. Born into a family of <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">British nobility</a>, Elizabeth came to prominence in 1923 when <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">she married Prince Albert, Duke of York</a>, the second son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>. The couple and their daughters, Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Margaret</a>, embodied traditional ideas of family and public service.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> The Duchess undertook a variety of public engagements and became known for her consistently cheerful countenance.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> In 1936, Elizabeth's husband unexpectedly <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_George_VI" title="Proclamation of accession of George VI">ascended the throne as George VI</a> when his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdicated</a> in order to marry American divorcée <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>. Elizabeth then became <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. She accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. During the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public. After the war, her husband's health deteriorated, and she was widowed at the age of 51. Her elder daughter, aged 25, <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II">became the new queen</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Mary_of_Teck" title="Death and funeral of Mary of Teck">death of Queen Mary</a> in 1953, Elizabeth was viewed as the matriarch of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>. In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the family, even at times when other royals were suffering from low levels of public approval.<a href="#cite_note-moore-7">[5]</a> She continued an active public life until just a few months before <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">her death</a> at the age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter, Princess Margaret. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_costume_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth in 1909</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Glamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Glamis">Lord Glamis</a> (later the 14th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a>), and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Cavendish-Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck">Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck</a>. Her mother was descended from British prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a>, and Governor-General of India <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley</a>, who was the elder brother of another prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-campbell-10">[c]</a> The location of Elizabeth's birth remains uncertain, but reputedly she was born either in her parents' <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> home at <a href="/wiki/Belgrave_Mansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrave Mansions">Belgrave Mansions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Gardens" title="Grosvenor Gardens">Grosvenor Gardens</a>, or in a horse-drawn ambulance on the way to a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> Other possible locations include Forbes House in <a href="/wiki/Ham,_London" title="Ham, London">Ham, London</a>, the home of her maternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish-Bentinck" title="Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck">Louisa Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Her birth was registered at <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, Hertfordshire,<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> near the Strathmores' <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Walden_Bury" title="St Paul's Walden Bury">St Paul's Walden Bury</a>, which was also given as her birthplace in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 1901">1901</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 1911">1911</a> censuses.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> She was christened there on 23 September 1900, in the local parish church, All Saints. Elizabeth spent much of her childhood at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Walden" title="St Paul's Walden">St Paul's Walden</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Glamis_Castle" title="Glamis Castle">Glamis Castle</a>, the Earl's ancestral home in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. She was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words from <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a>. Her best subjects were literature and scripture. After returning to private education under a German Jewish governess, Käthe Kübler, she passed the <a href="/wiki/OCR_(examination_board)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCR (examination board)">Oxford Local Examination</a> with distinction at age thirteen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg/170px-Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg/255px-Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg/340px-Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>At a charity sale event in 1915</figcaption></figure> On Elizabeth's fourteenth birthday, Britain <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. Four of her brothers served in the army. Her elder brother <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Bowes-Lyon" title="Fergus Bowes-Lyon">Fergus</a>, an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Watch Regiment">Black Watch Regiment</a>, was killed in action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> in 1915. Another brother, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bowes-Lyon_(British_Army_officer)" title="Michael Bowes-Lyon (British Army officer)">Michael</a>, was reported missing in action on 28 April 1917.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Three weeks later, the family discovered he had been captured after being wounded. He remained in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camp for the rest of the war. Glamis was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers, which Elizabeth helped to run. She was particularly instrumental in organising the rescue of the castle's contents during a serious fire on 16 September 1916.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she was to be "Hung, drawn, & quartered ... Hung in diamonds, drawn in a coach and four, and quartered in the best house in the land."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes199974-19">[16]</a> On 5 November 1916, she was <a href="/wiki/Confirmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmed">confirmed</a> at St John's <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Forfar" title="Forfar">Forfar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png/170px-Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png/255px-Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png/340px-Wedding_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.png 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth and Albert on their wedding day, 26 April 1923</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert, Duke of York">Prince Albert, Duke of York</a>—"Bertie" to the family—was the second son of <a href="/wiki/King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a>. He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921, but she turned him down, being "afraid never, never again to be free to think, speak and act as I feel I really ought to".<a href="#cite_note-ezard-21">[18]</a> When he declared he would marry no other, Queen Mary visited Glamis to see for herself the girl who had stolen her son's heart. She became convinced that Elizabeth was "the one girl who could make Bertie happy", but refused to interfere.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> At the same time, Elizabeth was courted by <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_1st_Viscount_Stuart_of_Findhorn" title="James Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn">James Stuart</a>, Albert's <a href="/wiki/Equerry" title="Equerry">equerry</a>, until he left the prince's service for a better-paid job in the American oil business.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> In February 1922, Elizabeth was a bridesmaid at <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Mary_and_Henry_Lascelles" title="Wedding of Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles">the wedding</a> of Albert's sister, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Countess_of_Harewood" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood">Princess Mary</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">Viscount Lascelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The following month, Albert proposed again, but she refused him once more.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Eventually in January 1923, Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert, despite her misgivings about royal life.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Albert's freedom in choosing Elizabeth, not a member of a royal family, though the daughter of a peer, was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation; previously, princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> They selected a platinum engagement ring featuring a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> sapphire with two diamonds adorning its sides.<a href="#cite_note-Vintage_Royal_Wedding-28">[25]</a> The couple married on 26 April 1923, at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Unexpectedly,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Elizabeth laid her bouquet at the Tomb of <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">the Unknown Warrior</a> on her way into the abbey,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> in memory of her brother Fergus.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> Elizabeth became styled <a href="/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Royal Highness">Her Royal Highness</a> The <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_York" title="Duchess of York">Duchess of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Following a wedding breakfast at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> prepared by chef <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Tschumi" title="Gabriel Tschumi">Gabriel Tschumi</a>, Elizabeth and Albert honeymooned at <a href="/wiki/Polesden_Lacey" title="Polesden Lacey">Polesden Lacey</a>, a manor house in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> owned by the wealthy socialite and friend <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Greville" title="Margaret Greville">Margaret Greville</a>. They then went to Scotland, where she caught "unromantic" <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duchess_of_York">Duchess of York</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg/170px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg/255px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg/340px-Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_-_Elizabeth_Angela_Marguerite_Bowes-Lyon_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Philip de László">Philip de László</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> After a successful royal visit to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in July 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government agreed that Albert and Elizabeth could tour East Africa from December 1924 to April 1925.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The Labour government was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> in November (which Elizabeth described as "marvellous" to her mother)<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Lee_Stack" title="Lee Stack">Lee Stack</a>, was assassinated three weeks later. Despite this, the tour went ahead, and they visited <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a>, and Sudan, but Egypt was avoided because of political tensions.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, 1927</figcaption></figure> Albert had a stammer, which affected his ability to deliver speeches, and after October 1925, Elizabeth assisted in helping him through the therapy devised by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Logue" title="Lionel Logue">Lionel Logue</a>, an episode portrayed in the 2010 film <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a>. In 1926, the couple had their first child, Princess Elizabeth—"Lilibet" to the family—who would later become <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. Albert and Elizabeth, without their child, <a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Australia" title="Royal tours of Australia">travelled to Australia</a> to open <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> She was, in her own words, "very miserable at leaving the baby".<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Their journey by sea took them via Jamaica, the Panama Canal and the Pacific; Elizabeth fretted constantly over her baby back in Britain, but their journey was a public relations success.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> She charmed the public in Fiji when, as she was shaking hands with a long line of official guests, a stray dog walked in on the ceremony; she shook its paw as well.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> In New Zealand she fell ill with a cold and missed some engagements, but enjoyed the local fishing<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> accompanied by Australian sports fisherman <a href="/wiki/Harry_Andreas" title="Harry Andreas">Harry Andreas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> On the return journey, via Mauritius, the Suez Canal, Malta and Gibraltar, their transport, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)" title="HMS Renown (1916)">HMS Renown</a>, caught fire and they prepared to abandon ship before the fire was brought under control.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The couple's second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret">Princess Margaret</a>, was born at Glamis Castle in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The couple initially lived at <a href="/wiki/White_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="White Lodge, Richmond Park">White Lodge, Richmond Park</a>, before moving to 145 <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_consort">Queen consort</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg/170px-Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg/255px-Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg/340px-Queen_Elizabeth_Bowes_Lyon_in_Coronation_Robes_by_Sir_Gerald_Kelly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Kelly" title="Gerald Kelly">Gerald Kelly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Her crown</a> is on the left.</figcaption></figure> On 20 January 1936, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_V" title="Death and state funeral of George V">George V died</a> and his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, became <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a>. Elizabeth's husband, Albert, became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>. Just months into Edward's reign, the King's decision to marry the American divorcée <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> caused a constitutional crisis that resulted in <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">his abdication</a>. Albert reluctantly became king of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">emperor of India</a> on 11 December 1936 under the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of George VI. Elizabeth became queen and empress. <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth" title="Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth">Their coronation</a> took place in Westminster Abbey on 12 May 1937, the date previously scheduled for <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII%27s_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII's coronation">Edward VIII's coronation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth's crown</a> was made of platinum and was set with the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> diamond.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Edward married Wallis Simpson, and they became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, but while Edward was a Royal Highness, George VI withheld the style from Wallis, a decision that Elizabeth supported.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to Wallis as "that woman",<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> and Wallis referred to Elizabeth as "Cookie", because of her supposed resemblance to a fat Scots cook.<a href="#cite_note-moore-7">[5]</a> Claims that Elizabeth remained embittered towards Wallis were denied by her close friends; the <a href="/wiki/Hugh_FitzRoy,_11th_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton">Duke of Grafton</a> wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with".<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_visits">Overseas visits</h3></div> In summer 1938, a state visit to France by the King and Queen was postponed for three weeks because of the death of Elizabeth's mother. In two weeks, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hartnell" title="Norman Hartnell">Norman Hartnell</a> created an all-white trousseau for Elizabeth, who could not wear colours as she was still in <a href="/wiki/Mourning#White_mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> The visit was designed to bolster Anglo-French solidarity in the face of aggression from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The French press praised the demeanour and charm of the royal couple during the delayed but successful visit, augmented by Hartnell's wardrobe.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> Nevertheless, Nazi aggression continued, and the government prepared for war. After the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> of 1938 appeared to forestall the advent of armed conflict, the British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> was invited onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace with the King and Queen to receive acclamation from a crowd of well-wishers.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> While broadly popular among the general public, <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler</a> was the subject of some opposition in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, which led historian <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> to describe George VI's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> However, historians argue that the King only ever followed ministerial advice and acted as he was constitutionally bound to do.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg/220px-King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg/330px-King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg/440px-King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_acknowledge_the_crowds_at_Toronto_City_Hall_during_the_1939_Royal_Tour_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at <a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Toronto)" title="Old City Hall (Toronto)">Toronto City Hall</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> In May and June 1939, Elizabeth and her husband <a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">toured Canada</a> from coast to coast and back, the first time a reigning monarch had toured Canada.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> They also visited the United States, spending time with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">estate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> First Lady <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal".<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The tour was designed to bolster trans-Atlantic support in the event of war, and to affirm Canada's status as an independent kingdom sharing with Britain the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">same person as monarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> According to an often-told story, during one of the earliest of the royal couple's repeated encounters with the crowds, a <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> veteran asked Elizabeth, "Are you <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> or are you English?" She replied, "I am a Canadian!"<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Their reception by the Canadian and U.S. public was extremely enthusiastic,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> and largely dissipated any residual feeling that they were a lesser substitute for Edward VIII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford1989298–299-69">[66]</a> Elizabeth told Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, "that tour made us",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford1989281-70">[67]</a> and she <a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada#Other_royal_family_members" title="Royal tours of Canada">returned to Canada</a> frequently both on official tours and privately.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt,_King_George_VI,_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London,_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt%2C_King_George_VI%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_in_London%2C_England_-_NARA_-_195320.png 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="2020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (centre), King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in London, 23 October 1942</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the royal couple became symbols of the fight against fascism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Shortly after the declaration of war, <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Book_of_the_Red_Cross" title="The Queen's Book of the Red Cross">The Queen's Book of the Red Cross</a> was conceived. Fifty authors and artists contributed to the book, which was fronted by <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a>'s portrait of Elizabeth and was sold in aid of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> She also broadcast to the nation in an attempt to comfort families during the <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">evacuation of children</a> and the mobilisation of fighting-age men.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Elizabeth publicly refused to leave London or send the children to Canada, even during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a> advised her to do so. She declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave."<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Elizabeth visited troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> near <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London's docks</a>. Her visits initially provoked hostility; rubbish was thrown at her and the crowds jeered, in part because she wore expensive clothes that served to alienate her from people suffering the deprivations of war.<a href="#cite_note-moore-7">[5]</a> She explained that if the public came to see her they would wear their best clothes, so she should reciprocate in kind; Norman Hartnell dressed her in gentle colours and avoided black to represent "the rainbow of hope".<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> When Buckingham Palace itself took several hits during the height of the bombing, Elizabeth said, "I'm glad we've been bombed. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face."<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_and_Princess_Elizabeth_talk_to_paratroopers_in_front_of_a_Halifax_aircraft_during_a_tour_of_airborne_forces_preparing_for_D-Day,_19_May_1944._H38612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Queen_and_Princess_Elizabeth_talk_to_paratroopers_in_front_of_a_Halifax_aircraft_during_a_tour_of_airborne_forces_preparing_for_D-Day%2C_19_May_1944._H38612.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Queen_and_Princess_Elizabeth_talk_to_paratroopers_in_front_of_a_Halifax_aircraft_during_a_tour_of_airborne_forces_preparing_for_D-Day%2C_19_May_1944._H38612.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Queen_and_Princess_Elizabeth_talk_to_paratroopers_in_front_of_a_Halifax_aircraft_during_a_tour_of_airborne_forces_preparing_for_D-Day%2C_19_May_1944._H38612.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>The Queen and Princess Elizabeth talk to <a href="/wiki/Paratroopers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratroopers">paratroopers</a> preparing for <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, 19 May 1944</figcaption></figure> Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace, partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> about 20 miles (32 km) west of central London with their daughters. The palace had lost much of its staff to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">army</a>, and most of the rooms were shut.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The windows were shattered by bomb blasts, and had to be boarded up.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> During the "<a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>" the Queen was given revolver training because of fears of imminent invasion.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> French prime minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> characterised Elizabeth as "an excessively ambitious young woman who would be ready to sacrifice every other country in the world so that she may remain Queen."<a href="#cite_note-moore-7">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> is said to have called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because he viewed her popularity as a threat to German interests.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> However, before the war both she and her husband, like most of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> and the British public, had supported appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs. After the resignation of Chamberlain, the King asked <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to form a government. Although the King was initially suspicious of Churchill's character and motives, in due course the royal couple came to respect and admire him.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg/220px-Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg/330px-Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg/440px-Rhodesie_Sud_timbre_1drouge_041947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesian</a> stamp celebrating the 1947 royal tour of Southern Africa</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/1945_British_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 British general election">1945 British general election</a>, Churchill's Conservative Party was soundly defeated by the Labour Party of <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. Elizabeth's political views were rarely disclosed,<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> but a letter she wrote in 1947 described Attlee's "high hopes of a socialist heaven on earth" as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as "poor people, so many half-educated and bemused. I do love them."<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt" title="Woodrow Wyatt">Woodrow Wyatt</a> thought her "much more pro-Conservative" than other members of the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> but she later told him, "I like the dear old Labour Party."<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> She also told the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_FitzRoy,_Duchess_of_Grafton" title="Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton">Duchess of Grafton</a>, "I love communists."<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> During the 1947 royal tour of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, Elizabeth's serene public behaviour was broken, exceptionally, when she rose from the royal car to strike an admirer with her umbrella because she had mistaken his enthusiasm for hostility.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The 1948 royal tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed because of the King's declining health. In March 1949, he had a successful operation to improve the circulation in his right leg.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In summer 1951, Elizabeth and her daughters fulfilled the King's public engagements in his place. In September, he was diagnosed with lung cancer.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> After a lung resection, he appeared to recover, but the delayed trip to Australia and New Zealand was altered so that Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a>, went in the King and Queen's place in January 1952.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_VI" title="Death and state funeral of George VI">George VI died</a> in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya on a Commonwealth tour, and with George's death his daughter immediately became Queen Elizabeth II.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_mother">Queen mother</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widowhood">Widowhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg/220px-QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg/330px-QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/QueenMotherCharterDay.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>As guest of honour at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Bicentennial" title="Columbia University Bicentennial">Columbia University Bicentennial</a> in New York City, October 1954</figcaption></figure> Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother because the normal style for the widow of a king, "Queen Elizabeth", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, Queen Elizabeth II.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> Popularly, she became the "Queen Mother" or the "Queen Mum".<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> She was devastated by her husband's death and retired to Scotland. However, after a meeting with Prime Minister Winston Churchill, she broke her retirement and resumed her public duties.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> Eventually, she became just as busy as <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">queen mother</a> as she had been as queen consort. In July 1953, she undertook her first overseas visit since the funeral when she visited the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> with Princess Margaret. She laid the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation stone">foundation stone</a> of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland—the current <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Upon her return to the region in 1957, Elizabeth was inaugurated as the college's president, and attended other events that were deliberately designed to be multi-racial.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> During her daughter's extensive tour of the Commonwealth over 1953–54, Elizabeth acted as a <a href="/wiki/Counsellor_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Counsellor of state">counsellor of state</a> and looked after her grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> In February 1959, she visited Kenya and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_(26833808960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg/220px-The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg/330px-The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg/440px-The_Queen_Mother_arriving_at_Walker_Naval_Yard_%2826833808960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>The Queen Mother arriving at <a href="/wiki/Walker,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne">Walker</a> Naval Yard, June 1961</figcaption></figure> Elizabeth oversaw the restoration of the remote <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Mey" title="Castle of Mey">Castle of Mey</a>, on the north coast of Scotland, which she used to "get away from everything"<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> for three weeks in August and ten days in October each year.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> She developed her interest in horse racing, particularly <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasing</a>, which had been inspired by the amateur jockey <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mildmay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mildmay">Lord Mildmay of Flete</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> She owned the winners of approximately 500 races. Although (contrary to rumour) she never placed bets, she did have the racing commentaries piped direct to her London residence, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a>, so she could follow the races.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> As an art collector, she purchased works by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_John" title="Augustus John">Augustus John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9" title="Peter Carl Fabergé">Peter Carl Fabergé</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> In February 1964, Elizabeth had an emergency appendectomy, which led to the postponement of a planned tour of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji until 1966.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> She recuperated during a Caribbean cruise aboard the royal yacht, <a href="/wiki/HMY_Britannia" title="HMY Britannia">Britannia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In December 1966, she underwent an operation to remove a tumour, after she was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>. Contrary to rumours which subsequently spread, she did not have a <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1984 and a lump was removed from her breast. Her bouts with cancer were never made public during her lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-H.M._The_Queen_Mother_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4378" data-file-height="6751" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a>, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Warren" title="Allan Warren">Allan Warren</a></figcaption></figure> During her widowhood, Elizabeth continued to travel extensively, including on over forty official visits overseas.<a href="#cite_note-royal.uk-112">[109]</a> In 1975, she visited Iran at the invitation of Shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. The British ambassador and his wife, Anthony and Sheila Parsons, noted how the Iranians were bemused by her habit of speaking to everyone regardless of status or importance, and hoped the Shah's entourage would learn from the visit to pay more attention to ordinary people.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Between 1976 and 1984, she made annual summer visits to France,<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> which were among 22 private trips to continental Europe between 1963 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> In 1982, Elizabeth was rushed to hospital when a fish bone became stuck in her throat, and had an operation to remove it. Being a keen <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angler</a>, she calmly joked afterwards, "The salmon have got their own back."<a href="#cite_note-straits-116">[113]</a> Similar incidents occurred at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral</a> in August 1986, when she was hospitalised at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Royal_Infirmary" title="Aberdeen Royal Infirmary">Aberdeen Royal Infirmary</a> overnight but no operation was needed,<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> and in May 1993, when she was admitted to the Infirmary for surgery under <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">general anaesthetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> In 1987, Elizabeth was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces, <a href="/wiki/Nerissa_and_Katherine_Bowes-Lyon" title="Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon">Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon</a>, had been committed to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Earlswood_Hospital" title="Royal Earlswood Hospital">a psychiatric hospital in Redhill, Surrey</a>, in 1941 because they had severe learning disabilities.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage">Burke's Peerage</a> had listed the sisters as dead, apparently because their mother, Fenella (Elizabeth's sister-in-law), "was 'extremely vague' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly".<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> When Nerissa died in 1986, her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number. Elizabeth said that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centenarian">Centenarian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg/220px-Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg/330px-Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg/440px-Queen_Mum_Flame_July_7_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1979" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Banting_House" title="Banting House">Banting House</a> during a royal visit to Canada, 1989</figcaption></figure> In her later years, Elizabeth became known for her longevity. Her 90th birthday—4 August 1990—was celebrated by a parade on 27 June that involved many of the 300 organisations of which she was a patron.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In 1995, she attended events commemorating the end of the war fifty years before, and had two operations: one to remove a cataract in her left eye, and one to replace her right hip.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> In 1998, her left hip was replaced after it was broken when she slipped and fell during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham</a> stables.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Elizabeth's 100th birthday was celebrated in a number of ways: a parade that celebrated the highlights of her life included contributions from Sir <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wisdom" title="Norman Wisdom">Norman Wisdom</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</a>;<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> her image appeared on a special commemorative £20 note issued by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a>;<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and she attended a lunch at the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall, London</a>, at which <a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine. Her quick admonition of "That's mine!" caused widespread amusement.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In November 2000, she broke her collarbone in a fall that kept her recuperating at home over Christmas and the New Year.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> On 1 August 2001, Elizabeth had a blood transfusion for anaemia after suffering from mild heat exhaustion, though she was well enough to make her traditional appearance outside Clarence House three days later to celebrate her 101st birthday.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Her final public engagements included planting a cross at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Remembrance" title="Field of Remembrance">Field of Remembrance</a> on 8 November 2001;<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> a reception at the Guildhall, London, for the reformation of the <a href="/wiki/No._600_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 600 Squadron RAF">600 Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force</a> on 15 November;<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> and attending the re-commissioning of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">HMS Ark Royal</a> on 22 November.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-135">[132]</a> In December 2001, aged 101, Elizabeth fractured her <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> in a fall. Even so, she insisted on standing for the national anthem during the memorial service for her husband on 6 February the following year.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Just three days later, their second daughter Princess Margaret died. On 13 February 2002, Elizabeth fell and cut her arm in her sitting room at Sandringham House; an ambulance and doctor were called, and the wound was dressed.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-137">[134]</a> She was still determined to attend Margaret's funeral at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, two days later on the Friday of that week,<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> even though the Queen and the rest of the royal family were concerned about the journey the Queen Mother would face to get from Norfolk to Windsor;<a href="#cite_note-fall-139">[136]</a> she was also rumoured to be hardly eating. Nevertheless, she flew to Windsor by helicopter, and so that no photographs of her in a wheelchair (which she hated being seen in) could be taken—she insisted that she be shielded from the press<a href="#cite_note-fall-139">[136]</a>—she travelled to the service in a <a href="/wiki/People_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="People carrier">people carrier</a> with blacked-out windows,<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> which had been previously used by Margaret.<a href="#cite_note-fall-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Telegraph-142">[139]</a> On 5 March 2002, Elizabeth was present at the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles, and watched the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Races">Cheltenham Races</a> on television; however, her health began to deteriorate precipitously during her last weeks, after retreating to <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a> for the final time.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg/200px-Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg/300px-Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg/400px-Queen_Mother_Carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Queen Mother's funeral carriage. The coffin was draped with her personal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom#Consorts_of_the_British_monarch" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">standard</a>, shown below.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth,_The_Queen_Mother.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/400px-Royal_Standard_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> On 30 March 2002, at 15:15 <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>, Elizabeth died at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, at the age of 101. Her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, was by her side.<a href="#cite_note-:0-135">[132]</a> The Queen Mother had been suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Chest_cold" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest cold">chest cold</a> since Christmas 2001.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-137">[134]</a> At 101 years and 238 days old she was the first member of the British royal family to <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_members_of_the_British_royal_family" title="List of longest-living members of the British royal family">live past the age of 100</a>. She was the longest-living member of the British royal family at the time of her death. Her surviving sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester">Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> exceeded that, dying at the age of 102 on 29 October 2004.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> She was one of the longest-lived members of any royal family.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Elizabeth grew <a href="/wiki/Camellia" title="Camellia">camellias</a> in each of her gardens, and before her flag-draped coffin was taken from Windsor to <a href="/wiki/Lie_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie in state">lie in state</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, an arrangement of camellias from her own gardens was placed on top.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> An estimated 200,000 people over three days filed past as she lay in state in Westminster Hall at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Household_Cavalry" title="Household Cavalry">Household Cavalry</a> and other branches of the armed forces stood guard at the four corners of the <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">catafalque</a>. At one point, her four grandsons–Prince Charles, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Andrew">Prince Andrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones,_2nd_Earl_of_Snowdon" title="David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon">Viscount Linley</a>–mounted the guard as a mark of respect, an honour similar to the <a href="/wiki/Vigil_of_the_Princes" title="Vigil of the Princes">Vigil of the Princes</a> at the lying in state of King George V.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> On the day of Elizabeth's funeral, 9 April, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-general of Canada">governor-general of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a>, issued a proclamation asking Canadians to honour Elizabeth's memory that day.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> In Australia, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hollingworth" title="Peter Hollingworth">Peter Hollingworth</a> read the <a href="/wiki/Lection" title="Lection">lesson</a> at a memorial service held in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> In London, more than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place in the <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Memorial_Chapel" title="King George VI Memorial Chapel">King George VI Memorial Chapel</a> beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> At her request, after her funeral the <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, in a gesture that echoed her wedding-day tribute 79 years before.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> Known for her personal and public charm,<a href="#cite_note-ezard-21">[18]</a> Elizabeth was one of the most popular members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> and helped to stabilise the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">monarchy</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-lawrence-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Elizabeth's critics included <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kelley" title="Kitty Kelley">Kitty Kelley</a>, who falsely alleged that she did not abide by the <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">rationing regulations</a> during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-kelley-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> This, however, was contradicted by the official records,<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> and Eleanor Roosevelt during her wartime stay at Buckingham Palace reported expressly on the rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Claims that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people<a href="#cite_note-kelley-158">[155]</a> were strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> the husband of Elizabeth Burgess, a mixed-race secretary who accused members of Prince Charles's household of racial abuse.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Elizabeth made no public comments on race, but according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Robert Rhodes James</a>, in private she "abhorred racial discrimination" and decried <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> as "dreadful".<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wyatt" title="Woodrow Wyatt">Woodrow Wyatt</a> records in his diary that when he expressed the view that non-white countries have nothing in common with "us", she told him, "I am very keen on the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. They're all like us."<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> However, she did distrust Germans; she told Wyatt, "Never trust them, never trust them."<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> While she may have held such views, it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing, who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg/170px-London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg/255px-London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg/340px-London_England_Victor_Grigas_2011-31_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial" title="King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial">King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial</a>: A bronze statue of Elizabeth on <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall, London</a>, overlooked by the statue of her husband George VI</figcaption></figure> In his official biography, <a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">William Shawcross</a> portrays Elizabeth as a person whose indomitable optimism, zest for life, good manners, mischievous sense of humour, and interest in people and subjects of all kinds contributed to her exceptional popularity and to her longevity. Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Casson" title="Hugh Casson">Hugh Casson</a> said Elizabeth was like "a wave breaking on a rock, because although she is sweet and pretty and charming, she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity. ... when a wave breaks on a rock, it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun, yet beneath is really hard, tough rock, fused, in her case, from strong principles, physical courage and a sense of duty."<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> described her during a student demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a> in 1968:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. They kept hold of one end, like streamers at a ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a></blockquote> Elizabeth was well known for her dry witticisms. On hearing that <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwina Mountbatten">Edwina Mountbatten</a> was buried at sea, she said: "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash."<a href="#cite_note-straits-116">[113]</a> Accompanied by the gay writer Sir <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> at a gala, she mounted a staircase lined with guards. Noticing Coward's eyes flicker momentarily across the soldiers, she murmured to him: "I wouldn't if I were you, Noël; they count them before they put them out."<a href="#cite_note-blaikie-172">[169]</a> After being advised by a Conservative minister in the 1970s not to employ homosexuals, Elizabeth observed that without them, "we'd have to go self-service".<a href="#cite_note-blaikie-172">[169]</a> On the fate of a gift of a <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar (wine)">nebuchadnezzar</a> of champagne (20 bottles' worth) even if her family did not come for the holidays, she said, "I'll polish it off myself."<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Emine Saner of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> suggests that with a <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a> at noon, red wine with lunch, a <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martini</a> at 6 pm and two glasses of champagne at dinner, "a conservative estimate puts the number of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol units">alcohol units</a> she drank at 70 a week".<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Her lifestyle amused journalists, particularly when it was revealed she had a multi-million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound</a> overdraft with <a href="/wiki/Coutts" title="Coutts">Coutts</a> Bank.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Elizabeth's habits were parodied by the satirical 1980s <a href="/wiki/British_television" class="mw-redirect" title="British television">television</a> programme <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> This was the first satirical depiction on television; the makers initially demurred from featuring her, fearing that it would be considered off-limits by most of the viewing public.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> In the end, she was portrayed as a perpetually tipsy <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Reid" title="Beryl Reid">Beryl Reid</a> soundalike.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> She was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Aubrey" title="Juliet Aubrey">Juliet Aubrey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bertie_and_Elizabeth" title="Bertie and Elizabeth">Bertie and Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Syms" title="Sylvia Syms">Sylvia Syms</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)">The Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Dormer" title="Natalie Dormer">Natalie Dormer</a> in <a href="/wiki/W.E." title="W.E.">W.E.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Colman" title="Olivia Colman">Olivia Colman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson">Hyde Park on Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Hamilton" title="Victoria Hamilton">Victoria Hamilton</a> (Seasons 1 and 2), <a href="/wiki/Marion_Bailey" title="Marion Bailey">Marion Bailey</a> (Seasons 3 and 4) and <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Warren" title="Marcia Warren">Marcia Warren</a> (Season 5 and 6)<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> and in The King's Speech by <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</a>, who was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a> and won a <a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Supporting_Role" title="BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role">BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role</a> for her portrayal.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qew-lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Qew-lg.jpg/220px-Qew-lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Qew-lg.jpg/330px-Qew-lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Qew-lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Way_Monument" title="Queen Elizabeth Way Monument">Queen Elizabeth Way Monument</a> in Toronto, with a <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">bas-relief</a> of Queen Elizabeth and King George VI</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cunard_Line" title="Cunard Line">Cunard White Star Line's</a> <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth" title="RMS Queen Elizabeth">RMS Queen Elizabeth</a> was named after her. She launched the ship on 27 September 1938 in <a href="/wiki/Clydebank" title="Clydebank">Clydebank</a>, Scotland. Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before Elizabeth could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the liner's bow just before it slid out of reach.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In 1954, Elizabeth sailed to New York on her namesake.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> A statue of Elizabeth by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jackson_(sculptor)" title="Philip Jackson (sculptor)">Philip Jackson</a> was unveiled in front of the George VI Memorial, off <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall, London</a>, on 24 February 2009, creating the <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial" title="King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial">King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> In March 2011, Elizabeth's eclectic musical taste was revealed when details of her small record collection kept at the Castle of Mey were made public. Her records included <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, local folk, Scottish reels and the musicals <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I" title="The King and I">The King and I</a>, and artists such as yodeller <a href="/wiki/Montana_Slim" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Slim">Montana Slim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hancock" title="Tony Hancock">Tony Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Goons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Goons">The Goons</a> and Noël Coward.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Eight years before her death, Elizabeth had reportedly placed two-thirds of her money (an estimated £19 million)<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Overdraft-186">[183]</a> into <a href="/wiki/Trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusts">trusts</a>, for the benefit of her great-grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-Queen_Inherits-187">[184]</a> In her lifetime, she received £643,000 a year from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil List">Civil List</a>, and spent an estimated £1–2 million annually to run <a href="/wiki/Household_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Household of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">her household</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tel-Estate-188">[185]</a> By the end of the 1990s, her overdraft was said to be around £4 million.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Overdraft-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tel-Estate-188">[185]</a> She left the bulk of her estate, estimated to be worth between £50 and £70 million, including paintings, <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg" title="Fabergé egg">Fabergé eggs</a>, jewellery, and horses, to her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II.<a href="#cite_note-Queen_Inherits-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Estate-189">[186]</a> Under an agreement reached in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> property passing from monarch to monarch is exempt from <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_Tax_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance Tax in the United Kingdom">inheritance tax</a>, as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch, so a tax liability estimated at £28 million (40 percent of the value of the estate) was not incurred.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> The most important pieces of art were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a> by Elizabeth II.<a href="#cite_note-Queen_Inherits-187">[184]</a> Following her death, the Queen successfully applied to the High Court so that details of her mother's will would be kept secret.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> This brought criticism from Labour politicians and segments of the public, and the Queen eventually released the outlines of her mother's will.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Estate-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_honours_and_arms">Titles, honours and arms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></div> Elizabeth's coat of arms was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> (in either the English or the Scottish version) <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaled</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">canting arms</a> of her father, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Strathmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Strathmore">Earl of Strathmore</a>; the latter being: 1st and 4th <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quarters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a>, a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, armed and langued <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a>, within a double <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory-counter-flory of the second (Lyon); 2nd and 3rd quarters, <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a>, three bows stringed <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">paleways</a> proper (Bowes).<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown, and supported by the crowned lion of England and a lion rampant per <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fess</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> and Gules.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <table border="0" align="center" width="80%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_as_Duchess_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg/400px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_(Scotland)_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon_%28Scotland%29_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th> <th width="25%"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth,_The_Queen_Mother.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/150px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/225px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg/300px-Royal_Cypher_of_Queen_Elizabeth%2C_The_Queen_Mother.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of arms of Elizabeth, Duchess of York (1923–1936) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth (Scotland) </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a> of Queen Elizabeth </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name</th> <th rowspan="2">Birth</th> <th rowspan="2">Death</th> <th colspan="2">Marriage</th> <th rowspan="2">Children</th> <th rowspan="2">Grandchildren </th></tr> <tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Spouse </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td> <td rowspan="4">21 April 1926</td> <td rowspan="4">8 September 2022</td> <td rowspan="4">20 November 1947</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips" title="Peter Phillips">Peter Phillips</a> <a href="/wiki/Zara_Tindall" title="Zara Tindall">Zara Tindall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice" title="Princess Beatrice">Princess Beatrice</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Eugenie" title="Princess Eugenie">Princess Eugenie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_Louise_Mountbatten-Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor">Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Mountbatten-Windsor,_Earl_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret">Princess Margaret</a></td> <td rowspan="2">21 August 1930</td> <td rowspan="2">9 February 2002</td> <td rowspan="2">6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Armstrong-Jones,_1st_Earl_of_Snowdon" title="Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon">Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Armstrong-Jones,_2nd_Earl_of_Snowdon" title="David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon">David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon</a></td> <td>Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margarita_Armstrong-Jones" title="Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones">Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_Sarah_Chatto" title="Lady Sarah Chatto">Lady Sarah Chatto</a></td> <td>Samuel Chatto Arthur Chatto </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_13th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Charlotte Grimstead</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Oswald Smith</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Bowes-Lyon,_Countess_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Frances Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Frances Smith</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Mildred_Hodgson" title="Henrietta Mildred Hodgson">Henrietta Mildred Hodgson</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Elizabeth, Queen of the United Kingdom</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Bentinck" title="Lord Charles Bentinck">Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cavendish-Bentinck_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cavendish-Bentinck (priest)">Charles Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Charles_Bentinck" title="Lady Charles Bentinck">Anne Wellesley</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Cavendish-Bentinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck">Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Edwyn_Burnaby_(courtier)" title="Edwyn Burnaby (courtier)">Edwyn Burnaby</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Cavendish-Bentinck" title="Louisa Cavendish-Bentinck">Louisa Burnaby</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Caroline_Salisbury" title="Anne Caroline Salisbury">Anne Caroline Salisbury</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Household of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Household of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1930s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)">List of covers of Time magazine (1930s)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From the accession of her husband to the abolition of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>. The title was abandoned on 22 June 1948. </li> <li id="cite_note-hyphen-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyphen_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyphen_3-1">b</a> The hyphenated version of the surname was used in official documents at the time of her marriage, but the family itself tends to omit the hyphen.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell-10"><a href="#cite_ref-campbell_10-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Colin_Campbell" title="Lady Colin Campbell">Lady Colin Campbell</a> claims Elizabeth's biological mother was the family cook, Marguerite Rodiere, by means of a surrogacy arrangement that was not uncommon in aristocratic families at the time. This theory is dismissed by royal biographers such as Michael Thornton and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vickers" title="Hugo Vickers">Hugo Vickers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> In an earlier allegation, published by <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kelley" title="Kitty Kelley">Kitty Kelley</a> in 1997, Elizabeth's mother is said to have been a Welsh maid.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Shawcross, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette55932" 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Gazette</a> (Supplement). 5 August 2002. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+56653&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F56653%2Fsupplement%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette56969" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56969/page/7439">"No. 56969"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 16 June 2003. p. 7439.</cite><span 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F76927">10.1093/ref:odnb/76927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+%281900%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F76927&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F76927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1981), The Queen Mother, Weidenfeld & Nicolson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+Mother&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (ed.), The House of Windsor, Cassell and Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35406-1"><bdi>978-0-304-35406-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Windsor&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35406-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">Shawcross, William</a> (2009), Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4859-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4859-0"><bdi>978-1-4050-4859-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother%3A+The+Official+Biography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-4859-0&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vickers" title="Hugo Vickers">Vickers, Hugo</a> (2006), Elizabeth, The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947662-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947662-7"><bdi>978-0-09-947662-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%2C+The+Queen+Mother&rft.pub=Arrow+Books%2FRandom+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-09-947662-7&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Shawcross" title="William Shawcross">Shawcross, William</a> (2012), Counting One's Blessings: Selected Letters of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75496-6"><bdi>978-0-230-75496-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+One%27s+Blessings%3A+Selected+Letters+of+Queen+Elizabeth+the+Queen+Mother&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-75496-6&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="extiw" title="q:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Queen_Elizabeth,_The_Queen_Mother" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> at the official website of the Royal Family</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/queen-elizabeth-of-the-united-kingdom-1900-2002#/">Queen Elizabeth</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/004655">Newspaper clippings about Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01453">Portraits of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10633#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of the United Kingdom">Queen consort of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a> 1936–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Greece_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Greece and Denmark">Philip of Greece and Denmark</a></div>as consort </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of India">Empress consort of India</a> 1936–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Title abandoned on 22 June 19481 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Visitor of <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a> 1948–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Baroness_Hale_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baroness Hale of Richmond">The Baroness Hale of Richmond</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">The Princess Elizabeth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">President of the Royal College of Music</a> 1953–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">The Prince of Wales</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Earl_of_Athlone" class="mw-redirect" title="The Earl of Athlone">The Earl of Athlone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">Chancellor of the University of London</a> 1955–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princess Anne">The Princess Anne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New institution </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">Chancellor of the University of Dundee</a> 1967–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramsay,_16th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="Simon Ramsay, 16th Earl of Dalhousie">The Earl of Dalhousie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order">Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order</a> 1937–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">The Princess Royal</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> 1978–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Boyce,_Baron_Boyce" title="Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce">The Lord Boyce</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Notes and references </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette38330" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38330/page/3647">"No. 38330"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 22 June 1948. p. 3647.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+38330&rft.pages=3647&rft.date=1948-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38330%2Fpage%2F3647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+Elizabeth+The+Queen+Mother" class="Z3988"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Template:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Template talk:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen consort of the United Kingdom">Queen consort of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion#Dominions" title="Dominion">British Dominions</a> (1936–1952), <a href="/wiki/Empress_consort_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress consort of India">Empress consort of India</a> (1936–1947)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bowes-Lyon,_Countess_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elphinstone,_Lady_Elphinstone" title="Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone">Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bowes-Lyon,_15th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowes-Lyon" title="John Bowes-Lyon">John Bowes-Lyon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Bowes-Lyon" title="Fergus Bowes-Lyon">Fergus Bowes-Lyon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Leveson-Gower,_Countess_Granville" title="Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville">Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bowes-Lyon" title="David Bowes-Lyon">David Bowes-Lyon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowes-Lyon_family" title="Bowes-Lyon family">Bowes-Lyon family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_and_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" title="Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI_and_Elizabeth" title="Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_coronation_processions_of_George_VI" title="List of participants in the coronation processions of George VI">Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Coronation_Honours" title="1937 Coronation Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_Coronation_Medal" title="King George VI Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">1939 royal tour of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">Spitting Image (1984–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_and_Elizabeth" title="Bertie and Elizabeth">Bertie and Elizabeth (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_%26_Edward" title="Wallis & Edward">Wallis & Edward (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)">The Queen (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E." title="W.E.">W.E. (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson">Hyde Park on Hudson (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Royal_Night_Out" title="A Royal Night Out">A Royal Night Out (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown (2016–23)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech_(play)" title="The King's Speech (play)">The King's Speech (2012)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_Piece_at_the_Royal_Lodge,_Windsor" title="Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor">Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Memorial" title="King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial">King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Titles and honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Household of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Household</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piper_to_the_Queen_Mother" title="Piper to the Queen Mother">Piper to the Queen Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Book_of_the_Red_Cross" title="The Queen's Book of the Red Cross">The Queen's Book of the Red Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Birthday_Hansel" title="A Birthday Hansel">A Birthday Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(Ashton)" title="Rhapsody (Ashton)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Birthday_Honours_(Queen_Mother)" title="1990 Birthday Honours (Queen Mother)">1990 Birthday Honours (Queen Mother)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eponyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_Stakes" title="King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes">King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_High_School_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia)">Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_High_School,_Carmarthen" title="Queen Elizabeth High School, Carmarthen">Queen Elizabeth High School, Carmarthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth House">Queen Elizabeth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_King%27s_Lynn" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn">Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Scholarship_Trust" title="Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust">Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Foundation_for_Disabled_People" title="Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People">Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth" title="RMS Queen Elizabeth">RMS Queen Elizabeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_consort" title="Template:British consort"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_consort" title="Template talk:British consort"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_consort" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British consort"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts" title="List of Scottish royal consorts">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">British</a> royal consorts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham" title="Æthelflæd of Damerham">Æthelflæd of Damerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_(wife_of_Eadwig)" title="Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)">Ælfgifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_(wife_of_Edmund_Ironside)" title="Ealdgyth (wife of Edmund Ironside)">Ealdgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Mercia" title="Edith of Mercia">Edith of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeliza_of_Louvain" title="Adeliza of Louvain">Adeliza of Louvain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne">Matilda of Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Guildford Dudley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy" title="Sybilla of Normandy">Sybilla of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Maud, Countess of Huntingdon">Maud of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_de_Beaumont" title="Ermengarde de Beaumont">Ermengarde de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy" title="Marie de Coucy">Marie de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande de Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh" title="Elizabeth de Burgh">Elizabeth de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland">Margaret Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Royal_consorts_in_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li>Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_royal_consorts_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li>British royal consorts after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip of Greece and Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchesses_of_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchesses_of_York" title="Template:Duchesses of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchesses_of_York" title="Template talk:Duchesses of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchesses of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchesses_of_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_York" title="Duchess of York">Duchesses of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_York" title="Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York">Infanta Isabella of Castile</a> (1372–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Holland" title="Joan Holland">Lady Joan Holland</a> (1393–1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_de_Mohun" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippa de Mohun">Philippa de Mohun</a> (1402–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Lady Cecily Neville</a> (1425–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mowbray,_8th_Countess_of_Norfolk" title="Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk">Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk</a> (1478–1481)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a> (1660–1671)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Princess Mary of Modena</a> (1673–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia">Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia</a>* (1791–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria Mary of Teck</a> (1893–1910)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a> (1923–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah Ferguson</a> (1986–1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* titled <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Duchess of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princesses_by_marriage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princesses_by_marriage" title="Template:British princesses by marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princesses_by_marriage" title="Template talk:British princesses by marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princesses_by_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princesses by marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princesses_by_marriage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_princess#List_of_princesses_by_marriage_since_1714" title="British princess">British princesses by marriage</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations include wives of princes descended from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Walpole" title="Maria Walpole">Maria Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Horton" title="Anne Horton">Anne Luttrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Duchess Caroline of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Frederica_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia">Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh">The Princess Mary</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Marie of Saxe-Altenburg">Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia">Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Thyra_of_Denmark" title="Princess Thyra of Denmark">Princess Thyra of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria Mary of Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife" title="Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife">Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Adelaide_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein">Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_Louise_of_Prussia" title="Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia">Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester">Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark">Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birgitte,_Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester">Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine,_Duchess_of_Kent" title="Katharine, Duchess of Kent">Katharine Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Michael_of_Kent" title="Princess Michael of Kent">Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York" title="Sarah, Duchess of York">Sarah Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh">Sophie Rhys-Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Meghan Markle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>*also a <a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">British princess</a> in her own right Princesses whose titles were removed due to loss of husband's eligibility or divorce are shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Order of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Order_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_New_Zealand" title="Order of New Zealand">Members of the Order of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Te_Kanawa" title="Kiri Te Kanawa">Kiri Te Kanawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Geering" title="Lloyd Geering">Lloyd Geering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Keith" title="Kenneth Keith">Kenneth Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_McKinnon" title="Don McKinnon">Don McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Charles_(golfer)" title="Bob Charles (golfer)">Bob Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wendt" title="Albert Wendt">Albert Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Carter_(businessman)" title="Ron Carter (businessman)">Ron Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gluckman" title="Peter Gluckman">Peter Gluckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_McCaw" title="Richie McCaw">Richie McCaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Cowley" title="Joy Cowley">Joy Cowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Durie_(psychiatrist)" title="Mason Durie (psychiatrist)">Mason Durie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Salmond" title="Anne Salmond">Anne Salmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Additional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" title="Michael Duffy (Australian politician)">Michael Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Stead" title="C. K. Stead">C. K. Stead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bazley" title="Margaret Bazley">Margaret Bazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvina_Major" title="Malvina Major">Malvina Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Cartwright" title="Silvia Cartwright">Silvia Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipene_O%27Regan" title="Tipene O'Regan">Tipene O'Regan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceased</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Nordmeyer" title="Arnold Nordmeyer">Arnold Nordmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Beeby" title="C. E. Beeby">C. E. Beeby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Atairangikaahu" title="Te Atairangikaahu">Te Atairangikaahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Davies" title="Sonja Davies">Sonja Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Knox" title="Jim Knox">Jim Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Turnovsky" title="Frederick Turnovsky">Frederick Turnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Matthews_(microbiologist)" title="Richard Matthews (microbiologist)">Richard Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lilburn" title="Douglas Lilburn">Douglas Lilburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Blundell" title="June Blundell">June Blundell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuhuia_Bennett" title="Manuhuia Bennett">Manuhuia Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lang_(public_servant)" title="Henry Lang (public servant)">Henry Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whina_Cooper" title="Whina Cooper">Whina Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Somerville" title="Jack Somerville">Jack Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetu_Tirikatene-Sullivan" title="Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan">Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mahy" title="Margaret Mahy">Margaret Mahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Dell" title="Miriam Dell">Miriam Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCarthy_(judge)" title="Thaddeus McCarthy (judge)">Thaddeus McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McKenzie" title="Roy McKenzie">Roy McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Warren" title="Miles Warren">Miles Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fletcher_Jnr" title="James Fletcher Jnr">James Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lichter" title="Ivan Lichter">Ivan Lichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Whiting" title="Cliff Whiting">Cliff Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Douglas" title="Ken Douglas">Ken Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Moore_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)">Mike Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Williams (cardinal)">Thomas Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hunt_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Jonathan Hunt (New Zealand politician)">Jonathan Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Blumhardt" title="Doreen Blumhardt">Doreen Blumhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Halberg" title="Murray Halberg">Murray Halberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hotere" title="Ralph Hotere">Ralph Hotere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Additional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Powles" title="Guy Powles">Guy Powles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Curnow" title="Allen Curnow">Allen Curnow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Frame" title="Janet Frame">Janet Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lydiard" title="Arthur Lydiard">Arthur Lydiard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Ballin" title="Ann Ballin">Ann Ballin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cooke,_Baron_Cooke_of_Thorndon" title="Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon">Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_K%C4%81wharu" title="Hugh Kāwharu">Hugh Kāwharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reeves" title="Paul Reeves">Paul Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Woodhouse" title="Owen Woodhouse">Owen Woodhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lochore" title="Brian Lochore">Brian Lochore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tizard" title="Catherine Tizard">Catherine Tizard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Honorary members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">Bill Pickering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122770864">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18018901">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46646/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwddpywW3rdBPPd8k94bd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118816896">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139628">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12503666m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12503666m">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TSAV611523">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36152484">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2009551194&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072787473">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6032571">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000239591&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx15vk42w40dmw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655491605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/272863">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260873505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060734824106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500281556">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5a3baa65-13ae-4cb8-ab12-3a766c7b5923">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1220908">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118816896.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118816896">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034263683">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582494">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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