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Quaker — Wikipédia

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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quaker</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> famille de mouvements religieux pacifistes, dissidents de l'anglicanisme </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quakers&amp;redirect=no&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Redirection?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Redirection"><img alt="Page d’aide sur les redirections" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/20px-Arrows-move.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/30px-Arrows-move.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrows-move.svg/40px-Arrows-move.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="88"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>«&nbsp;Quaker&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;Trembleur&nbsp;» redirigent ici. Pour les autres significations, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Quaker (homonymie)">Quaker (homonymie)</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trembleur_(homonymie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Trembleur (homonymie)">Trembleur (homonymie)</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amish?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mennonisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mennonisme">Mennonisme</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hutt%C3%A9risme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huttérisme">Huttérisme</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>La <b>Société religieuse des Amis</b> (en anglais <i>Religious Society of Friends</i>) est un mouvement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion">religieux</a> fondé en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dissidents_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dissidents anglais">dissidents</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">Église anglicane</a>. Les membres de ce mouvement sont communément connus sous le nom de <b>quakers</b> mais ils se nomment entre eux «&nbsp;Amis&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;Amies&nbsp;». Le mouvement est souvent nommé simplement <b>Société des Amis</b>. Le surnom de «&nbsp;quaker&nbsp;» apparaît le plus souvent dans la dénomination officielle, sous la forme <b>Société religieuse des Amis (quakers)</b>. Les historiens s'accordent à désigner <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des débuts du mouvement<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Originaire d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a>, le mouvement s'est d'abord répandu dans les pays de colonisation anglaise. Puis au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, des missionnaires quakers ont propagé leur foi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique latine">Amérique latine</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a>. En 2007, les quakers déclarent être environ 350&nbsp;000 dans le monde<sup id="cite_ref-stats_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stats-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Société des Amis se différencie de la plupart des autres groupes issus du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">christianisme</a> par l'absence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Credo (christianisme)">credo</a> et de toute structure hiérarchique. Pour les quakers, la croyance religieuse appartient à la sphère personnelle et chacun est libre de ses convictions. Le concept de «&nbsp;lumière intérieure&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">inner light</span></i>) est cependant partagé par la plupart d'entre eux, quelle que soit la signification donnée à ces mots. De nombreux quakers reconnaissent le christianisme mais ne ressentent pas leur foi comme entrant dans les catégories chrétiennes traditionnelles.</p> <p>On trouve aujourd'hui dans la Société des Amis des pratiques très diverses allant, à un extrême, d'un large courant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">évangélique</a> et, à l'autre, à un courant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athéisme">non théiste</a>.</p> <div class="toc_niveau_2" style=";"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9nominations_et_statut"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Dénominations et statut</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Appellations"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Appellations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rapport_au_protestantisme"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rapport au protestantisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Secte_ou_religion_?"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Secte ou religion&nbsp;?</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9buts"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Débuts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Schismes"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Schismes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Division_hicksites-orthodoxes"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Division hicksites-orthodoxes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Division_gurneyites-wilburites"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Division gurneyites-wilburites</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Beanites"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Beanites</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Au-del%C3%A0_du_christianisme"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Au-delà du christianisme</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pratiques_et_croyances"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pratiques et croyances</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Intégrité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%B4le_de_la_Bible"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rôle de la Bible</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rejet_d'un_cr%C3%A9do_et_des_sacrements"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rejet d'un crédo et des sacrements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Simplicit%C3%A9_(plainness)"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Simplicité (<i><span>plainness</span></i>)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89galitarisme"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Égalitarisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pacifisme"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Pacifisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminologie_quaker"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Terminologie quaker</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ami,_Amie"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ami, Amie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C2%AB_Clerk_%C2%BB_/kl%C9%9C%CB%90rk/"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">«&nbsp;<span>Clerk</span>&nbsp;» /klɜːrk/</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C2%AB_Concern_%C2%BB_/k%C9%99n's%C9%9C%CB%90n/"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">«&nbsp;<span>Concern</span>&nbsp;» /kən'sɜːn/</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Conseils_et_questions"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Conseils et questions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_quaker"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Culte quaker</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tincelle_divine_(en_chacun)"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Étincelle divine (en chacun)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lumi%C3%A8re_int%C3%A9rieure"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.7</span> <span class="toctext">Lumière intérieure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Maison_quaker"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.8</span> <span class="toctext">Maison quaker</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Minute"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.9</span> <span class="toctext">Minute</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sentiment_de_l'assembl%C3%A9e"><span class="tocnumber">3.7.10</span> <span class="toctext">Sentiment de l'assemblée</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_quaker_2"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Culte quaker</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Faire_l'exp%C3%A9rience_de_Dieu"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Faire l'expérience de Dieu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_%C2%AB_non_programm%C3%A9_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;»</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_%C2%AB_programm%C3%A9_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;»</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mariage_quaker"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mariage quaker</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fun%C3%A9railles"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Funérailles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prise_de_d%C3%A9cision"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Prise de décision</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure_du_mouvement"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Structure du mouvement</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Assembl%C3%A9es"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Assemblées</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dans_le_monde"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dans le monde</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9partition_entre_les_divers_courants"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Répartition entre les divers courants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisations_quakers"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Organisations quakers</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Affiliations"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Affiliations</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Action_humanitaire_et_h%C3%A9ritage_%C3%A9ducatif"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Action humanitaire et héritage éducatif</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notori%C3%A9t%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notoriété</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_quakerisme_dans_les_%C5%93uvres_de_fiction"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Le quakerisme dans les œuvres de fiction</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sites_et_publications_quakers"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sites et publications quakers</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_primaires_en_anglais"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources primaires en anglais</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_primaires_en_fran%C3%A7ais"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources primaires en français</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Litt%C3%A9rature_secondaire"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Littérature secondaire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ouvrages_anciens"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ouvrages anciens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ouvrages_modernes"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ouvrages modernes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Pendle_hill.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pendle_hill.jpg/440px-Pendle_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Pendle_hill.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="245"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendle_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendle Hill">Pendle Hill</a> en Angleterre, où <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> aurait eu une vision l'incitant à valoriser la perception immédiate de Dieu, un concept central pour le quakerisme. </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Dénominations_et_statut"><span id="D.C3.A9nominations_et_statut"></span>Dénominations et statut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dénominations et statut" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Appellations">Appellations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Appellations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Durant les toutes premières années, les quakers se voyaient comme un mouvement de rénovation afin d'établir ce qu'ils considéraient être la vraie Église chrétienne après des siècles d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostasie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostasie">apostasie</a>. Parmi les noms qu'ils se donnaient à l'époque, on trouve&nbsp;: «&nbsp;saints&nbsp;», «&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Children of the Light</span></i>&nbsp;» (Enfants de la Lumière), ou «&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends of the Truth</span></i>&nbsp;» (Amis de la Vérité), appellations qui reflétaient l'importance centrale, dans la théologie quaker d'alors, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Christ</a> comme lumière intérieure qui montre aux personnes leur vraie condition.</p> <p>Le nom de «&nbsp;quaker&nbsp;» (littéralement «&nbsp;trembleur&nbsp;») fut utilisé pour la première fois en 1650, lorsque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> comparut devant un juge sous l'accusation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blasph%C3%A8me?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blasphème">blasphème</a>. Selon le journal de Fox, <span class="citation">«&nbsp;c'est le juge Gervase Benson qui par dérision nous donna ce qualificatif, parce que je lui avais dit de «&nbsp;trembler&nbsp;» au nom du Seigneur&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, une référence aux Écritures (peut-être <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_d%27Isa%C3%AFe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre d'Isaïe">Isaïe</a> 66:2, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_d%27Esdras?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre d'Esdras">Esdras</a> 9:4). Par ailleurs, lors des réunions de culte, la lumière intérieure se manifestait non seulement par des discours improvisés, mais aussi parfois par des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transe">tremblements de ferveur</a>. Entre le jugement ironique et l'expérience vécue, le surnom de «&nbsp;quaker&nbsp;» fut finalement adopté par les adeptes du mouvement.</p> <p>Le nom «&nbsp;Société religieuse des Amis&nbsp;» vint plus tard, au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle.</p> <p>En français, on trouve d'abord la forme «&nbsp;Kouakre&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;Kouaker&nbsp;». Le premier livre traitant des quakers en français porte le titre <i>Histoire du […] Kouakerisme</i>, en 1692, puis dans une nouvelle édition <i>La Religion des Kouakres en Angleterre</i>, en 1699. Sur une gravure de 1723 environ, on peut lire&nbsp;: <i>Assemblée des Quaquers à Londres. Quaqueresse qui prêche</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, dans ses <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettres_philosophiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lettres philosophiques">Lettres philosophiques</a></i> (1734), consacre quatre lettres aux «&nbsp;Quakers&nbsp;». Il précise qu'ils sont aussi appelés <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Qouacre, ou primitif, ou membre de la primitive Église chrétienne, ou Pensilvanien, ou Philadelphien&nbsp;»</span> et ajoute que <span class="citation">«&nbsp;de tous ces titres, celui que j'aime le mieux est celui de Philadelphien, «&nbsp;ami des frères&nbsp;»&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictionnaire de la langue française">Littré</a> (1863-1877), on trouve «&nbsp;quaker&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;quakre&nbsp;», «&nbsp;quakeresse&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;quakerisme&nbsp;», basés sur les écrits de Voltaire<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'encyclopédie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Larousse_encyclop%C3%A9dique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Larousse encyclopédique">Larousse</a> propose encore «&nbsp;quakeresse&nbsp;» en 2008, alors que ce terme n'est plus en usage<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rapport_au_protestantisme">Rapport au protestantisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Rapport au protestantisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le quakerisme est souvent désigné comme appartenant au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a> car il est une «&nbsp;communauté religieuse pour un retour à la spiritualité et à la simplicité du christianisme primitif&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-Poupard_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poupard-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les quakers sont aujourd'hui proches des protestants libéraux, certains ont des pasteurs, et une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Schismes">branche</a> numériquement importante est constituée d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">évangéliques</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Mais, pour une partie des quakers, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> n'est pas reconnue comme l'autorité suprême. Dans les premiers temps, le quakerisme était même très éloigné de l'orthodoxie protestante&nbsp;: le théologien quaker <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a> écrit dans son <i>Apologie</i> que <span class="citation">«&nbsp;[les protestants] ne diffèrent des papistes que par la forme et par quelques cérémonies&nbsp;; étant avec eux dans un état d'apostasie&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et George Fox a pris position contre la doctrine calviniste de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9destination?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prédestination">prédestination</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Secte_ou_religion_?"><span id="Secte_ou_religion_.3F"></span>Secte ou religion&nbsp;?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Secte ou religion&nbsp;?" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Si le qualificatif de «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secte">secte</a>&nbsp;» est communément employé pour les groupes dissidents du <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, dont les quakers<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, le terme a pris aujourd'hui un sens polémique dans le langage commun.</p> <p>Comme le relève <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>, l'optique confessionnelle des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion">religions</a> incite à parler de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secte">sectarisme</a> «&nbsp;dès que quelqu'un prétendra s'en remettre à la perception immédiate qu'il a de la volonté divine&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette attitude est justement centrale dans le message des quakers.</p> <p>Un rapport fait en 1995 à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblée nationale (France)">Assemblée nationale française</a> précise que «&nbsp;tous les mouvements spirituels autres que les religions traditionnelles et communément appelés sectes ne sont pas dangereux, comme les baptistes, les quakers ou les mormons. Leur rôle peut même être, parfois, considéré comme très positif&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Francis Frost, dans le <i>Dictionnaire de la spiritualité ascétique et mystique</i>, affirme d'emblée que la «&nbsp;Société des Amis n'est pas une secte&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Frost-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Universalis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Universalis">Encyclopædia Universalis</a></i> rattache les quakers au thème «&nbsp;sectes protestantes&nbsp;», avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adventisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adventisme">adventistes</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hutt%C3%A9rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huttérite">huttérites</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_moraves?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frères moraves">Frères moraves</a> et quelques autres groupes<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, utilisant ici le mot <i>secte</i> dans un sens «&nbsp;savant&nbsp;», neutre, et désignant des groupes religieux récents et minoritaires. On trouve la même intention dans <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Petit_Robert?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Petit Robert">Le Petit Robert</a></i>, où les quakers sont membres d'une «&nbsp;secte protestante&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-PetitRobert_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PetitRobert-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon les quakers, ce qui les distingue d'une secte, c'est leur fonctionnement décentralisé (pas de leader ni de hiérarchie), l'engagement dans la société (pas d'isolement), la liberté totale laissée aux membres et sympathisants (pas de contrôle), et la transparence des finances (pas de détournement des biens des membres).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:JamesNayler-2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/220px-JamesNayler-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/220px-JamesNayler-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/330px-JamesNayler-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/440px-JamesNayler-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Nayler?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a> (1618-1660) au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pilori?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pilori">pilori</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:William_Penn.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/220px-William_Penn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="894"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/220px-William_Penn.png" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/330px-William_Penn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/440px-William_Penn.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Penn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> (1644-1718), fondateur de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvanie">Pennsylvanie</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronologie_de_l%27histoire_des_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronologie de l'histoire des quakers">Chronologie de l'histoire des quakers</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Débuts"><span id="D.C3.A9buts"></span>Débuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Débuts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La <i>Société des Amis</i> est fondée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a> en 1648 comme étant une dissidence non conformiste au sein du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puritanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puritanisme">puritanisme</a>. Il s'agissait d'aller plus loin encore en direction du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme primitif">christianisme primitif</a> que les autres mouvements de l'époque, en rejetant même le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerg%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clergé">clergé</a> professionnel et la seule autorité de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>. Le mouvement a dû faire face à des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppression?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppression">persécutions</a>, des quakers ont été emprisonnés et maltraités autant en Grande-Bretagne que dans les colonies britanniques.</p> <p>En Angleterre, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Penn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> a été emprisonné plusieurs fois et l'accès au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement du Royaume-Uni">Parlement</a> fut interdit aux quakers de 1698 à 1833. Dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonie_de_la_baie_du_Massachusetts?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonie de la baie du Massachusetts">colonie de la baie du Massachusetts</a>, les quakers étaient bannis, sous <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peine_de_mort?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peine de mort">peine de mort</a>. Une victime célèbre est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Dyer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a>&nbsp;: elle a été <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendaison?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendaison">pendue</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boston?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boston">Boston</a> en 1660&nbsp;; elle est considérée comme la seule femme exécutée pour la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_de_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberté de religion">liberté de religion</a> aux États-Unis.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a> a posé les bases théologiques du mouvement en 1666 dans son <i>Apologie de la véritable théologie chrétienne ainsi qu'elle est soutenue et prêchée par le Peuple, appelée par mépris, les Trembleurs</i>.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvanie">Pennsylvanie</a> a été fondée en 1682 par William Penn, avec une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">constitution</a> qui servit de base à celle des États-Unis. Cet État devait être un refuge pour tout <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothéisme">monothéiste</a> persécuté. Penn était particulièrement touché par la situation pénible des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anabaptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anabaptisme">anabaptistes</a> qui, selon Voltaire, étaient les «&nbsp;pères&nbsp;» des quakers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les quakers se firent connaître à cette époque par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B4le_des_quakers_dans_l%27abolitionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rôle des quakers dans l'abolitionnisme">leur refus de l'esclavage</a>, qui les conduisit individuellement et collectivement à être les précurseurs, puis d'importants soutiens, de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abolitionnisme">abolitionnisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La Pennsylvanie est surnommée l'«&nbsp;État quaker&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker State</span></i>), cependant les quakers n'y sont, depuis longtemps, pas plus nombreux qu'ailleurs.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le mouvement s'est développé essentiellement dans les pays anglophones, dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Britanniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Îles Britanniques">Îles Britanniques</a>, aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG/220px-30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG/220px-30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG/330px-30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG/440px-30111Cong%C3%A9niesMeetingHouse_Door.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Maison quaker de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cong%C3%A9nies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congénies">Congénies</a>, France. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe continentale">Europe continentale</a>, les quakers ont formé des assemblées dès la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> (notamment dans le village de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cong%C3%A9nies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congénies">Congénies</a> dans le Gard, puis renouveau à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle), au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norvège">Norvège</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemark?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemark">Danemark</a>, au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">Suisse</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Su%C3%A8de?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suède">Suède</a>. Ces assemblées sont restées de taille modeste<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La particularité du foyer quaker français de Congénies est qu'il s'agit d'un développement <i>sui generis</i>, sans lien avec les quakers anglais, peut-être issu des «&nbsp;inspirés&nbsp;» réfugiés dans la région après la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_des_C%C3%A9vennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre des Cévennes">guerre des Cévennes</a>. On désignait à l'origine ces non-conformistes sous les noms occitans de <i>couflaïrès</i>, «&nbsp;inspirés&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-CONGENIES_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CONGENIES-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou plus littéralement «&nbsp;gonfleurs&nbsp;», ceux qui se gonflent, ou bien de <i>bouffaïrès</i>, c'est‐à‐dire «&nbsp;souffleurs&nbsp;», par suite des profonds soupirs poussés lors des assemblées par ceux qui «&nbsp;se laissaient remplir de l'esprit saint&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Reconnue depuis 1788 comme une assemblée quaker, cette communauté prospéra pendant tout le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle avant de s'étioler au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_d%27assembl%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maison d'assemblée">maison d'assemblée</a> quaker un temps désaffectée a été rachetée par l'Assemblée de France et est utilisée comme centre de rencontres et d'activités<sup id="cite_ref-CONGENIES_21-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CONGENIES-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>À partir du début du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, des missionnaires quakers des États-Unis, de tendance <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">évangélique</a>, ont exporté leur religion dans certains pays d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique latine">Amérique latine</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolivie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolivie">Bolivie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costa_Rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guatemala?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9rou?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pérou">Pérou</a>) et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> (notamment au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>).</p> <p>Depuis le début du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, il y a quelques assemblées en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">Chine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proche-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Schismes">Schismes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Schismes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Quaker_in_usa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quaker_in_usa.png/220px-Quaker_in_usa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="827"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quaker_in_usa.png/220px-Quaker_in_usa.png" data-width="220" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quaker_in_usa.png/330px-Quaker_in_usa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Quaker_in_usa.png/440px-Quaker_in_usa.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Développement en Amérique du Nord. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Société religieuse des amis a connu de nombreux schismes. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, James et Jane Wardley fondent en Angleterre une branche dissidente, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shakers">shakers</a> ou «&nbsp;shaking quakers&nbsp;», mouvement qui prospérera ensuite aux États-Unis après le départ de plusieurs de ses membres, emmenés par la charismatique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann_Lee_(Shakers)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ann Lee (Shakers)">Ann Lee</a>. Au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, les quakers en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irlande_(%C3%AEle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irlande (île)">Irlande</a> et aux États-Unis vivent aussi plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schisme">schismes</a><sup id="cite_ref-courants_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-courants-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Division_hicksites-orthodoxes">Division hicksites-orthodoxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Division hicksites-orthodoxes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En 1827, les membres de l'Assemblée annuelle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philadelphie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philadelphie">Philadelphie</a> ne purent se mettre d'accord sur le nouveau clerk. Les discours de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elias_Hicks?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitarisme_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitarisme (théologie)">unitarien</a>, furent considérés par certains comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universalisme">universalistes</a> et contraires à la tradition. Cinq assemblées annuelles se divisèrent alors en ce qu'il fut convenu d'appeler les «&nbsp;hicksites&nbsp;» et les «&nbsp;orthodoxes&nbsp;». Trois de ces assemblées dupliquées ont dépassé leurs divisions et ont fusionné leurs deux branches dans les années 1950-1960.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Division_gurneyites-wilburites">Division gurneyites-wilburites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Division gurneyites-wilburites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Joseph John Gurney (Anglais) et John Wilbur (de l'État américain de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhode_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>) étaient en désaccord sur l'autorité des Écritures et le rapprochement avec les autres Églises chrétiennes. Wilbur a été exclu de son Assemblée annuelle en 1842, puis dans les décennies qui suivirent de nombreuses assemblées se divisèrent entre «&nbsp;gurneyites&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;wilburites&nbsp;». Aujourd'hui, la tradition selon Wilbur est représentée par des assemblées de quakers «&nbsp;conservateurs&nbsp;» en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caroline_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caroline du Nord">Caroline du Nord</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Beanites">Beanites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Beanites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Joel_Bean&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Joel Bean (page inexistante)">Joel Bean</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Bean" class="extiw" title="en:Joel Bean"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Joel Bean&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> était un quaker orthodoxe qui s'est opposé au développement du courant évangélique. Il créa une nouvelle branche du quakerisme dans l'ouest des États-Unis. Les «&nbsp;beanites&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;indépendants&nbsp;» ont une pratique qui tient à la fois des hicksites et des wilburites.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Au-delà_du_christianisme"><span id="Au-del.C3.A0_du_christianisme"></span>Au-delà du christianisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Au-delà du christianisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Bien que les quakers considèrent en général le quakerisme comme un mouvement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme">chrétien</a>, certains quakers se considèrent aujourd'hui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universalisme">universalistes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticisme">agnostiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athéisme">athées</a>, non <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théisme">théistes</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou encore <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanisme_(philosophie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanisme (philosophie)">humanistes</a>. La proposition d'admettre des non-chrétiens au sein du quakerisme remonte au moins à 1870<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;; le phénomène s'est développé surtout dans la seconde moitié du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, et demeure un point controversé aujourd'hui. Quelques quakers sont simultanément membres d'une autre religion, comme l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-muslim_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-muslim-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouddhisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouddhisme">bouddhisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-mindfulquaker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mindfulquaker-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pratiques_et_croyances">Pratiques et croyances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Pratiques et croyances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">Témoignages quakers</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les «&nbsp;témoignages quakers&nbsp;» sont des thèmes qui expriment en résumé la foi quaker mise en pratique. Ils sont rédigés en de courts textes qui sont généralement différents d'un groupe à l'autre.</p> <p>La liste de ces témoignages, comme tous les aspects de la théologie quaker, sont en évolution constante.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="2416"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/330px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg/440px-Edward_Hicks_-_Peaceable_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Peaceable Kingdom</span></i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Hicks?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Intégrité"><span id="Int.C3.A9grit.C3.A9"></span>Intégrité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Intégrité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les premiers quakers pensaient qu'un point important de l'enseignement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Jésus</a> concernait le traitement que nous réservons aux autres. Il ne suffit pas d'éviter de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mensonge?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mensonge">mentir</a> pour avoir des relations justes. Les quakers sont aujourd'hui encore convaincus qu'il est important d'éviter toute tromperie. Au début, les quakers refusaient de prêter <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serment?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serment">serment</a>, même devant les tribunaux, car la vérité doit être dite en tous temps et le fait de prêter serment introduit différents niveaux de vérité. Ce principe est attribué à Jésus dans le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sermon_sur_la_montagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sermon sur la montagne">Sermon sur la montagne</a></i> (Matthieu 5:34-37). Certains quakers ont accepté de «&nbsp;promettre&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;affirmer&nbsp;» plutôt que de «&nbsp;prêter serment&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;jurer&nbsp;». C'est le cas du président américain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Hoover?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> qui, lorsqu'il <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inauguration_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inauguration Day">prend ses fonctions</a> en 1929, choisit d'affirmer plutôt que jurer.</p> <p>Aussi connu comme le témoignage de Vérité, son essence est la place centrale de Dieu (ou Vérité) dans la vie de chacun. Les quakers choisissent d'être guidés par l'esprit malgré les pressions ou les inclinations à agir autrement. Ainsi les quakers sont-ils amenés à reconnaître les apports de chacun et à accepter la responsabilité de leurs actes. Ils préfèrent promettre que de prêter serment.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rôle_de_la_Bible"><span id="R.C3.B4le_de_la_Bible"></span>Rôle de la Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Rôle de la Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les premiers quakers ont rejeté l'idée protestante alors majoritaire du <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sola_scriptura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> et pensaient que le Christ et non la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> est la parole de Dieu. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a> a écrit dans son <i>Apologie</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saintes_%C3%89critures?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saintes Écritures">Écritures</a> ne sont «&nbsp;qu'une affirmation de la source, et non la source elle-même, et qu'elles ne peuvent donc être la base principale de toute Vérité et connaissance, ni la règle première de foi et de comportement&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Certains quakers ont remis en avant la Bible, ce qui provoqua une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Schismes">division</a> durable du mouvement quaker au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle</a>. Aujourd'hui les quakers évangéliques (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Evangelical Friends</span></i>) pensent que la Bible fait autorité, une croyance affirmée dans la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_de_Richmond?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déclaration de Richmond">Déclaration de Richmond</a></i>. D'autres quakers, en partie influencés par des mouvements comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme_lib%C3%A9ral?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme libéral">protestantisme libéral</a>, décident qu'il est possible d'être guidé en des chemins différents des Écritures et que dans de telles situations celles-ci deviennent secondaires. D'autres encore rejettent ou ignorent totalement la Bible. C'est pourquoi on rencontre dans de nombreuses assemblées libérales des quakers non chrétiens ou mettant en question tout ou partie des doctrines traditionnelles chrétiennes. Dans tous les cas ou presque, les quakers actuels croient à la nécessité d'être continuellement guidé par Dieu. La révélation divine n'est ainsi pas limitée à la Bible, mais continue encore aujourd'hui, cette doctrine est connue sous le nom de «&nbsp;révélation continue&nbsp;».</p> <p>Un ensemble de pratiques communes a émergé, explicitant les principes et les croyances clés des quakers. Ce sont les «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">Témoignages quakers</a>&nbsp;». Les quakers pensent que ces principes et pratiques importants doivent être affirmés en actes autant qu'en mots. Enracinées dans l'expérience immédiate de la communauté des Amis, ces valeurs sont pour bien des quakers confirmées par la Bible, en particulier dans la vie et l'enseignement de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Jésus</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rejet_d'un_crédo_et_des_sacrements"><span id="Rejet_d.27un_cr.C3.A9do_et_des_sacrements"></span>Rejet d'un crédo et des sacrements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Rejet d'un crédo et des sacrements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Fox-George-LOC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fox-George-LOC.jpg/170px-Fox-George-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="639"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fox-George-LOC.jpg/170px-Fox-George-LOC.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fox-George-LOC.jpg/255px-Fox-George-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fox-George-LOC.jpg/340px-Fox-George-LOC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>De manière générale, le quakerisme ne s'est jamais basé sur des principes. George Fox traitait les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologien?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Théologien">théologiens</a> de «&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">notionists</span></i>&nbsp;» (usant de «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concept_(philosophie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concept (philosophie)">concepts</a>&nbsp;») et les quakers actuels se préoccupent peu de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théologie">théologie</a><sup id="cite_ref-notionists_31-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-notionists-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les quakers ont exprimé au cours de l'histoire leur préférence pour une compréhension venant de l'esprit plutôt que découlant d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logique">logique</a> objective ou de la théologie systématique. Ce renoncement à toute théologie faisant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité">autorité</a> a conduit la Société des Amis à une large tolérance pour les attitudes et les engagements de ses membres, quand ils sont ressentis comme «&nbsp;sincères&nbsp;».</p> <p>La plupart des quakers sont convaincus qu'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo (religion)">credo</a> formel serait un obstacle à l'écoute authentique et à la reconnaissance de nouvelles intuitions. Par ailleurs, certains quakers ont mis sur pied un ensemble de doctrines tels que la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_de_Richmond?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déclaration de Richmond">Déclaration de Richmond</a></i> ou les «&nbsp;Croyances des Amis&nbsp;» des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amis_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liques&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Amis évangéliques (page inexistante)">Amis évangéliques</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_International" class="extiw" title="en:Evangelical Friends International"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Evangelical Friends International&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, qui sont comparables aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profession_de_foi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profession de foi">professions de foi</a> protestantes. Dans une brochure publiée en 2005, Robert Griswold affirme que la position des quakers contre tout credo n'est pas seulement liée à la liberté religieuse individuelle, mais exprime le fait que les Amis, ayant rencontré et fait l'expérience de Dieu, ont jugé la profession de foi inutile<sup id="cite_ref-PH377_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PH377-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'historien et théologien quaker Douglas Gwyn suggère le terme de «&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">narrative theology</span></i>&nbsp;» (théologie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narration?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Narration">narrative</a>), ancrée dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographie">biographies</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_intime?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal intime">journaux intimes</a> qui forment une grande partie de la littérature quaker<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Plusieurs <i>Assemblées annuelles</i> (voir <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure_du_mouvement">Structure du mouvement</a></i>) publient leur version d'une sorte de profession de foi sous la forme d'un livre souvent nommé «&nbsp;Foi et Pratique&nbsp;» (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker_Faith_and_Practice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Quaker Faith and Practice (page inexistante)">Quaker Faith and Practice</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Faith_and_Practice" class="extiw" title="en:Quaker Faith and Practice"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quaker Faith and Practice&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-QFP_34-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-QFP-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces ouvrages, souvent révisés, sont essentiellement des sélections de conseils et de témoignages de quakers de diverses époques.</p> <p>Les premiers quakers ne croyaient pas à la nécessité de pratiquer des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite">rites</a> extérieurs ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement">sacrements</a>, toute la vie étant sacrée. Pour eux, le baptême par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a> était une expérience et une transformation intérieures, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communion">communion</a> avec le Christ se vivait dans la réunion de culte, silencieux et à l'écoute. Ils ne pratiquaient donc pas le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême">baptême</a> comme un rite d'appartenance. Ils pensaient aussi que tout repas partagé était une forme de communion.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Simplicité_(plainness)"><span id="Simplicit.C3.A9_.28plainness.29"></span>Simplicité (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">plainness</span></i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Simplicité (plainness)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le mot anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">plainness</span></i>, qui vient de l'ancien français <i>plain</i>, «&nbsp;plat&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, signifie <i>simple</i>, <i>sobre</i>, <i>sans ornements</i>. Les quakers ont pratiqué jadis cette simplicité dans leur habillement et dans leur langage. On les considéra alors comme des «&nbsp;gens étranges&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Peculiar People</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-peculiar_36-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-peculiar-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). Le logo bien connu des céréales <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaker Oats Company"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker Oats</span></a></i> a poussé à croire que le costume et le grand chapeau noirs étaient obligatoires.</p> <p>La simplicité pour les quakers a généralement concerné les possessions matérielles. Ils ont traditionnellement limité leurs biens à ce qui était nécessaire pour vivre, sans rechercher le luxe. Récemment, ce témoignage est interprété avec une dimension <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écologie">écologique</a>. Une autre conséquence de ce témoignage est l'aménagement sobre et fonctionnel des maisons quakers.</p> <p>Traditionnellement, il s'agissait de contrer l'expression de la vanité et de la supériorité, le conformisme et le gaspillage associés aux changements de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_(habillement)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode (habillement)">mode</a>. Aujourd'hui les quakers tendent à choisir une version «&nbsp;simple&nbsp;» des habits à la mode, ou à n'acheter que les habits dont ils ont besoin, produits dans de justes conditions économiques et environnementales. Ils évitent les articles coûteux.</p> <p>La simplicité de langage concerne l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honn%C3%AAtet%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honnêteté">honnêteté</a>, la différence entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classe_sociale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classe sociale">classes sociales</a>, ainsi que des vestiges de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paganisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paganisme">paganisme</a>. En pratique, les quakers refusaient de prêter <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serment?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serment">serment</a>, décidaient de prix fixes pour les biens à vendre, évitaient l'usage de titres honorifiques et utilisaient le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distinction_T-V?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinction T-V">tutoiement</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les premiers quakers refusèrent également d'utiliser les noms des mois et des jours, car plusieurs font référence à des dieux romains (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mois)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mois)">mars</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeudi">jeudi</a>) ou des empereurs (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juillet">juillet</a>)&nbsp;; on utilisa alors <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">First Day</span></i> (<i>Premier jour</i>) pour le dimanche, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">First Month</span></i> (<i>Premier mois</i>) pour janvier, etc.</p> <p>Comme bien d'autres aspects de la vie quaker, la pratique de la «&nbsp;simplicité&nbsp;» a évolué avec le temps, même si les principes de base sont restés valides. Ces principes sont aujourd'hui exprimés par les «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">témoignages quakers</a>&nbsp;» de simplicité, d'égalité et d'intégrité.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Égalitarisme"><span id=".C3.89galitarisme"></span>Égalitarisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Égalitarisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg/220px-AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="383"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg/220px-AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg/330px-AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg/440px-AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Une femme quaker prêche, gravure de 1723. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les quakers ont un sens aigu de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89galitarisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Égalitarisme">égalitarisme</a> spirituel, en particulier concernant l'égalité des sexes. Déjà du temps de George Fox, femmes et hommes ont eu un même droit de prendre la parole durant les cultes. Par exemple, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Fell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a> (1614-1702) a publié de nombreux textes dans les premiers temps du quakerisme, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucretia_C._Mott?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucretia C. Mott">Lucrecia Mott</a> (1793-1880) est l'une des premières <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9minisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Féminisme">féministes</a> américaines, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alice_Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a> (1885-1977) a contribué à l'obtention du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_de_vote_des_femmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit de vote des femmes">droit de vote des femmes</a> aux États-Unis en 1920.</p> <p>L'attitude égalitaire des quakers s'est aussi exprimée par leur refus de retirer son chapeau ou de s'incliner pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salutation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salutation">saluer</a>&nbsp;; de même ils ont refusé d'utiliser les titres habituels tels que <i>Monsieur</i>, <i>Madame</i>, <i>Votre Majesté</i>. C'est un témoignage de l'idée qu'aux yeux de Dieu, il n'existe aucune <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hi%C3%A9rarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiérarchie">hiérarchie</a> de naissance, de pouvoir politique ou autre. Pour les quakers, il ne s'agit pas d'un refus de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité">autorité</a>, mais d'un avertissement contre la prétention et la domination de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ego?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ego">ego</a>.</p> <p>D'autre part, plusieurs quakers furent parmi les premiers à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiesclavagiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiesclavagiste">s'opposer à l'esclavage</a>, en particulier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoine_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9zet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoine Bénézet">Antoine Bénézet</a> (1713-1784) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Woolman?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a> (1720-1772).</p> <p>De nos jours, les quakers évitent encore les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titre_de_noblesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titre de noblesse">titres de noblesse</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titre_universitaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titre universitaire">universitaires</a>. Voir le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">«&nbsp;témoignage quaker&nbsp;»</a> d'égalité.</p> <p>Les quakers croient que tous ont été créés égaux aux yeux de Dieu. L'étincelle divine étant en chacun, tous doivent être traités avec le même respect. Les quakers furent parmi les premiers à reconnaître les mêmes droits aux femmes, plusieurs ont été des chefs de file dans la lutte contre l'esclavage<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire"><span title="Ce passage nécessite une référence ; voir l'aide.">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</span></a></sup>, ils étaient parmi les premiers à humaniser les traitements pour les malades mentaux et pour les prisonniers.</p> <p>Cependant les Quakers ont souvent recommandé la prudence avec les certificats d'études ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titre_universitaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titre universitaire">titres universitaires</a>, préférant la modestie et gardant les honneurs pour Dieu.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pacifisme">Pacifisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Pacifisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le témoignage de paix est probablement le plus connu des témoignages quakers. La conviction que l'emploi de la violence est une erreur a persisté jusqu'à aujourd'hui et de nombreux quakers sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Objection_de_conscience?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Objection de conscience">objecteurs de conscience</a>, engagés contre la guerre et pour la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-violence">non-violence</a>, ce qui a conduit certains d'entre eux en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prison?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prison">prison</a>. Aujourd'hui certains refusent de payer la part des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%B4t?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impôt">impôts</a> qui finance l'armée. Ce témoignage est à l'origine de l'appartenance de la Société des Amis aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_traditionnellement_pacifistes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Églises traditionnellement pacifistes">Églises traditionnellement pacifistes</a>.</p> <p>En 1947, après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_Guerre_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde Guerre mondiale">Seconde Guerre mondiale</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_la_paix?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix Nobel de la paix">prix Nobel de la paix</a> est attribué à deux comités quakers anglais (le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends Service Council</span></a>) et américain (l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Friends Service Committee"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Friends Service Committee</span></a>) pour leur action en faveur de la paix et de la réconciliation des peuples.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Terminologie_quaker">Terminologie quaker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Terminologie quaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tout un langage propre aux Quakers s'est développé au cours des siècles dans la Société des Amis. En français, outre les termes concernant les groupes quakers (voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure_du_mouvement"><i>Structure du mouvement</i></a>), seules quelques expressions sont particulières<sup id="cite_ref-glossaire_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-glossaire-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ami,_Amie"><span id="Ami.2C_Amie"></span>Ami, Amie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ami, Amie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ainsi se nomment entre eux les quakers, les membres de la Société religieuse des Amis. Les sympathisants qui fréquentent régulièrement ou épisodiquement le culte sont appelés «&nbsp;amis des Amis&nbsp;» (en anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">attender</span></i>). <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence." style="cursor:help;">En français, on utilise par convention la majuscule pour les membres, tout comme en anglais</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[réf.&nbsp;nécessaire]</a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="«_Clerk_»_/klɜːrk/"><span id=".C2.AB_Clerk_.C2.BB_.2Fkl.C9.9C.CB.90rk.2F"></span>«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Clerk</span>&nbsp;» /klɜːrk/</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : «&nbsp;Clerk&nbsp;» /klɜːrk/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Désigne la personne chargée du rôle de modérateur, de secrétaire et de représentant légal d'un groupe quaker. On dit parfois «&nbsp;secrétaire&nbsp;» en français, mais le terme original anglais a un sens plus riche qui n'est pas traduisible. En effet cette personne s'occupe tout à la fois de l'organisation pratique des réunions de travail, de leur agenda et souvent aussi de leur procès-verbal (nommé «&nbsp;minute&nbsp;»). Le mot «&nbsp;président&nbsp;» est à éviter, car Dieu est partout présent et la conviction des quakers est qu'à lui appartient la présidence&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Là où deux ou trois se trouvent réunis en mon nom, je suis au milieu d'eux&nbsp;» (Matthieu 18.20).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="«_Concern_»_/kən'sɜːn/"><span id=".C2.AB_Concern_.C2.BB_.2Fk.C9.99n.27s.C9.9C.CB.90n.2F"></span>«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Concern</span>&nbsp;» /kən'sɜːn/</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : «&nbsp;Concern&nbsp;» /kən'sɜːn/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Utilisé pour «&nbsp;souci&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;préoccupation&nbsp;» dans un sens spécifique à la Société des Amis. Les quakers pensent que tout un chacun peut se sentir appelé par Dieu (ou par un appel intérieur). L'engagement qui en résulte est considéré comme une forme de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8res_eccl%C3%A9siastiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministères ecclésiastiques">ministère</a>. Les quakers qui ressentent un «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">concern</span>&nbsp;» demandent souvent une rencontre de discernement à leur groupe, ensuite de quoi celui-ci peut donner son soutien. Plusieurs organisations mondialement connues sont issues de quakers mettant en pratique leur «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">concern</span>&nbsp;», comme <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Don%27t_Make_a_Wave_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Don't Make a Wave Committee">Don't Make a Wave Committee</a></span> (à l'origine de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxfam_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam International">Oxfam</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg/220px-Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg/220px-Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg/330px-Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg/440px-Friends_Meeting_House_Manchester_20051020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Maison quaker à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg/220px-OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="378"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg/220px-OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg/330px-OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg/440px-OsmotherleyMeetingHouse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Maison quaker à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Osmotherley_Friends_Meeting_House&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Osmotherley Friends Meeting House (page inexistante)">Osmotherley</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotherley_Friends_Meeting_House" class="extiw" title="en:Osmotherley Friends Meeting House"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Osmotherley Friends Meeting House&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, Angleterre. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Conseils_et_questions">Conseils et questions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Conseils et questions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>De l'anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Advices &amp; Queries</span></i>. Ce sont des listes de phrases brèves, sélectionnées pour favoriser la réflexion sur divers thèmes généralement en lien avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">témoignages quakers</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elles font l'objet de révisions régulières.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Culte_quaker">Culte quaker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culte quaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les quakers utilisent l'expression <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">meeting for worship</span></i>. Violette Ansermoz a montré comment la traduction française «&nbsp;culte quaker&nbsp;» est adoptée «&nbsp;parce qu'on ne saurait faire mieux&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Voir plus bas <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Section-culte-quaker"><i>Culte quaker</i></a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Étincelle_divine_(en_chacun)"><span id=".C3.89tincelle_divine_.28en_chacun.29"></span>Étincelle divine (en chacun)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Étincelle divine (en chacun)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>C'est l'expression que les francophones emploient volontiers pour le <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">that of God (in everyone)</span></i> des anglophones (littéralement «&nbsp;la partie de Dieu&nbsp;»).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lumière_intérieure"><span id="Lumi.C3.A8re_int.C3.A9rieure"></span>Lumière intérieure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Lumière intérieure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lumi%C3%A8re_int%C3%A9rieure&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lumière intérieure (page inexistante)">Lumière intérieure</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inward_light" class="extiw" title="en:Inward light"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Inward light&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></li> </ul> <p>Correspond à l'anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">inner light</span></i> ou <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">inward light</span></i> ou encore <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">that of God within</span></i>. L'expression vient de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Jean?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Jean">Évangile selon Jean</a>, 1:9.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Maison_quaker">Maison quaker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Maison quaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>De l'anglais <i>Meeting House</i> ou <i>Quaker House</i>. Là où les quakers disposent d'une maison pour leurs réunions.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Minute">Minute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Minute" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Procès-verbal d'une rencontre de travail. Pour chaque point de l'ordre du jour, le texte de la minute est rédigé par le clerk ou son assistant et accepté ou amendé immédiatement par les personnes présentes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sentiment_de_l'assemblée"><span id="Sentiment_de_l.27assembl.C3.A9e"></span>Sentiment de l'assemblée</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sentiment de l'assemblée" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>De l'anglais <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Sense of the meeting</span></i>. Avant de rédiger une minute, le clerk cherche à sentir l'essentiel de ce qui se dégage des prises de parole.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culte_quaker_2"><span id="Section-culte-quaker"></span> Culte quaker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culte quaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Les quakers traitent toutes leurs rencontres comme des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte">cultes</a>, aussi bien les réunions de travail que les mariages ou les funérailles, en plus des cultes proprement dits. Les deux principales formes de culte quaker sont en général désignées comme étant «&nbsp;programmée&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;non programmée&nbsp;». Cette distinction recouvre partiellement la division théologique entre les groupes dits conservateurs et ceux dits libéraux. Plusieurs groupes proposent les deux modèles de culte<sup id="cite_ref-courants_24-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-courants-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Faire_l'expérience_de_Dieu"><span id="Faire_l.27exp.C3.A9rience_de_Dieu"></span>Faire l'expérience de Dieu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Faire l'expérience de Dieu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> et d'autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Valiant_Sixty" title="Liste de quakers">prédicateurs</a> des débuts du mouvement étaient convaincus que l'expérience de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a> était accessible à tous, sans médiation, c'est-à-dire sans l'intermédiaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerg%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clergé">clergé</a> ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement">sacrements</a>. Les quakers d'aujourd'hui emploient diverses expressions&nbsp;: voir l'«&nbsp;étincelle divine&nbsp;» en chacun<sup id="cite_ref-glossaire_38-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-glossaire-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, trouver et se relier à la «&nbsp;lumière intérieure&nbsp;», ou le «&nbsp;Christ intérieur&nbsp;». Les premiers quakers utilisaient plus volontiers des termes tels que la «&nbsp;Vérité&nbsp;», «&nbsp;la Semence&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;le Pur Principe&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Truth, the Seed, the Pure Principle</span></i>), signifiant par là que chaque personne est transformée par la présence et la croissance de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Christ</a> en elle.</p> <p>Le quakerisme est souvent considéré comme une religion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mysticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticisme">mystique</a> à cause de l'importance donnée à l'expérience personnelle de Dieu. Mais elle diffère d'autres religions mystiques par au moins deux aspects importants.</p> <p>Premièrement, le mysticisme quaker est vécu en groupe. Le culte traditionnel quaker (voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culte_%C2%AB_non_programm%C3%A9_%C2%BB">Culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;»</a> ci-dessous) peut être vu comme une expression de ce mysticisme de groupe, où tous les participants se mettent ensemble à l'écoute de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">esprit</a>. On peut aussi voir les quakers comme un type particulier d'ordre religieux (comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordre_des_fr%C3%A8res_mineurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre des frères mineurs">franciscains</a> qui pratiquent aussi le mysticisme de groupe), vivant à leur manière la tradition mystique.</p> <p>Deuxièmement, le mysticisme quaker, tel qu'il est vécu depuis la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, met plus particulièrement l'accent sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignage?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Témoignage">témoignage</a> vers l'extérieur. Plutôt que de se retirer du monde, le quaker traduit son mysticisme en action. Les quakers croient que cette action mène à une meilleure compréhension spirituelle, pour l'individu et pour le groupe. On peut aussi voir la Société des Amis comme une sorte de religion humaniste dans le sens d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erich_Fromm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, où le mysticisme inclut les activités sociales et politiques.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Culte_«_non_programmé_»"><span id="Culte_.C2.AB_non_programm.C3.A9_.C2.BB"></span>Culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg/220px-CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg/220px-CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg/330px-CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg/440px-CentreFriendsMeetingInterior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Intérieur d'une ancienne maison quaker aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;» est la forme la plus traditionnelle de rencontre de prière au sein de la Société des Amis et reste la norme en Grande-Bretagne et dans le reste de l'Europe, ainsi qu'en Australie, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a> et en partie seulement aux États-Unis et au Canada. Les participants à un tel culte se réunissent dans l'attente silencieuse, dans l'expectative (en anglais <i>expectant waiting</i>).</p> <p>Parfois un culte est entièrement silencieux, parfois plusieurs personnes se sentent appelées à partager un message. Ces messages ou témoignages ne sont pas préparés. Les participants tentent de discerner intérieurement ce qui tient de la «&nbsp;Vérité&nbsp;», de l'inspiration divine, et qui peut faire l'objet d'un «&nbsp;ministère vocal&nbsp;». «&nbsp;Celui qui rompt le silence ne doit le faire que poussé par une force intérieure à laquelle il n'ose résister&nbsp;»<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il doit y avoir des temps de silence entre les prises de parole. En général le culte dure une heure.</p> <p>Le culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;» débute avec la première personne qui pénètre dans la salle, en silence, et se termine lorsqu'une personne (désignée) serre la main de son voisin. Tous saluent alors ainsi leurs voisins, après quoi une personne se lève, accueille tous les présents et dirige les annonces.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Culte_«_programmé_»"><span id="Culte_.C2.AB_programm.C3.A9_.C2.BB"></span>Culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;»</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;» ressemble à un culte protestant typique des États-Unis. Cette tradition est apparue au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle lorsque de nombreuses personnes se sont converties au quakerisme dans le contexte du réveil spirituel de l'époque. Le culte comprend des lectures des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saintes_%C3%89critures?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saintes Écritures">Écritures</a>, des hymnes et un sermon par un pasteur. Parfois il comprend aussi un temps de silence. Les pasteurs sont des membres de la communauté quaker, payés pour cet office. La plupart des quakers du Sud et du Centre des États-Unis pratiquent cette forme de culte.</p> <p>En Afrique et en Amérique latine, la Société des Amis s'est en général développée à partir de quakers issus de cette famille, c'est pourquoi la plupart des quakers de ces régions pratiquent le culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;».</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mariage_quaker">Mariage quaker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mariage quaker" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans un groupe quaker «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;», lorsqu'un couple désire se marier, un groupe de discernement est constitué&nbsp;; il rencontre le couple et s'assure de leurs intentions ainsi que des conditions légales.</p> <p>Une cérémonie de mariage dans un groupe quaker est analogue à toute rencontre de culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;», et donc très différente de ce qui peut être attendu par les participants extérieurs à la Société des Amis. Le mariage n'est pas pratiqué formellement par un pasteur ou prêtre. À un moment du culte silencieux, les époux se font une déclaration réciproquement, devant Dieu et devant les personnes présentes, puis le culte continue. Chacun est libre de s'exprimer s'il ou elle se sent poussé à le faire. Après le culte, tous les présents (y compris les enfants) sont invités à signer une attestation de mariage.</p> <p>Depuis quelques années, quelques groupes en Australie, en Grande-Bretagne et en Amérique du Nord ont célébré des mariages entre personnes du même genre.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Funérailles"><span id="Fun.C3.A9railles"></span>Funérailles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Funérailles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_fun%C3%A9raire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite funéraire">culte à la mémoire d'une personne décédée</a> a aussi lieu comme une variante du culte habituel. Les présents se réunissent en silence et partagent des souvenirs sur la personne décédée. Afin que les participants extérieurs à la Société des Amis ne soient pas surpris, un quaker fait généralement une brève présentation du culte quaker. Ces cultes durent en général plus d'une heure, spécialement si l'assistance est nombreuse. Chacun peut se remémorer la personne décédée à sa manière, ce qui est un réconfort.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prise_de_décision"><span id="Prise_de_d.C3.A9cision"></span>Prise de décision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Prise de décision" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Meeting_in_York.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/220px-Meeting_in_York.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/220px-Meeting_in_York.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/330px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/440px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Une rencontre de l'Assemblée annuelle britannique, 2005. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Au niveau local, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prise_de_d%C3%A9cision?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prise de décision">prises de décision</a> se font lors de «&nbsp;réunions d'affaires&nbsp;», généralement tenues mensuellement (Voir <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structure_du_mouvement">Structure du mouvement</a></i>). Ces rencontres sont considérées comme des réunions de culte particulières, où toutes les décisions qui se prennent sont guidées par l'esprit<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Plutôt que d'avoir recours au vote, l'assemblée cherche à sentir la volonté de Dieu. Chaque participant se met à l'écoute de sa voix intérieure, et contribue aux réflexions du groupe s'il se sent appelé. Chacun est supposé écouter attentivement les autres, dans une attitude de recherche de la vérité, sans chercher à avoir raison ou à argumenter.</p> <p>Une décision est atteinte lorsque l'assemblée, dans son ensemble, sent qu'une unité se dégage, qu'un chemin se discerne ou qu'il y a un consensus. Parfois un quaker seul peut empêcher le groupe de prendre une décision, sentant que cela irait contre la volonté de Dieu, et cela est respecté. Il arrive que des membres ne partagent pas la direction prise par une décision, mais ne veulent pas empêcher le groupe d'aller de l'avant&nbsp;: ils déclarent alors «&nbsp;rester de côté&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">stand aside</span></i>).</p> <p>Ce qui fait la particularité de cette démarche, c'est que les quakers ne cherchent pas une solution qui satisfasse tout le monde, mais un chemin déterminé par la volonté de Dieu. En d'autres termes, si chacun se met à l'écoute de l'esprit, alors ce qui est adéquat pour le groupe apparaît clairement. Le processus peut être frustrant et lent, mais lorsqu'une décision est prise, tous les aspects importants sont censés avoir été évoqués, sans qu'il y ait à proprement parler de «&nbsp;perdants&nbsp;». La même démarche est appliquée dans des assemblées pouvant comporter des centaines de participants<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ce mode de prise de décision est un des éléments à l'origine du concept de <span class="citation">«&nbsp;prise de décision par consentement&nbsp;»</span> de la «&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociocratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociocratie">sociocratie</a>&nbsp;».</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Structure_du_mouvement">Structure du mouvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Structure du mouvement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Assemblées"><span id="Assembl.C3.A9es"></span>Assemblées</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Assemblées" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La Société des Amis est traditionnellement structurée en «&nbsp;Assemblées&nbsp;» dites locales, mensuelles, trimestrielles et annuelles (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Preparative Meeting</span></i>, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Monthly Meeting</span></i>, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quarterly Meeting</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Yearly Meeting</span></i>), qui correspondent à des zones géographiques de tailles croissantes. En 2007, l'<i>Assemblée annuelle britannique</i> a décidé de simplifier le jargon quaker en renommant les trois premiers en <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Local Meeting</span></i>, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Area Meeting</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">General Meeting</span></i>. Les structures véritablement décisionnelles sont les Assemblées mensuelles et annuelles. En français, on distingue le mot «&nbsp;Assemblée&nbsp;», avec majuscule, qui désigne un groupe (nom propre), et le mot «&nbsp;assemblée&nbsp;», avec minuscule, qui s'applique aux événements (p.e. «&nbsp;On se voit à l'assemblée mensuelle&nbsp;») ou à un type d'institution (p.e. «&nbsp;Les assemblées annuelles sont de tailles diverses&nbsp;»)<sup id="cite_ref-glossaire_38-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-glossaire-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Au sein des Assemblées mensuelles, divers rôles sont dévolus à certains membres pour un temps limité. Outre le clerk (voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminologie_quaker">Terminologie quaker</a>), des «&nbsp;anciens&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">elders</span></i>) sont chargés des tâches spirituelles (sans attribution sacerdotale) et des «&nbsp;veilleurs&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">overseers</span></i>) s'occupent plus particulièrement de la vie sociale de groupe, dont le soutien aux personnes âgées ou isolées<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dans_le_monde">Dans le monde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dans le monde" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Me001001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Me001001.jpg/220px-Me001001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="513"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Me001001.jpg/220px-Me001001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Me001001.jpg/330px-Me001001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Me001001.jpg/440px-Me001001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Assemblée annuelle du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, 1922. </figcaption> </figure> <p>C'est en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> que se trouve la plus grande concentration de quakers (plus de 40&nbsp;%)<sup id="cite_ref-stats_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stats-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les quakers de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_de_l%27Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique de l'Est">Afrique de l'Est</a> ont plusieurs Assemblées annuelles, surtout au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, ils sont aussi présents au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rwanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. La plupart de ces assemblées pratiquent le culte «&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;» et emploient des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur protestant">pasteurs</a>.</p> <p>Les quakers en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a> sont environ 25&nbsp;000 et pratiquent le culte «&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;». Ils forment l'<i>Assemblée annuelle britannique</i>.</p> <p>Aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, les quakers ont des pratiques diverses, mais sont unis par de nombreux liens. À part le déroulement du culte (voir <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Section-culte-quaker">culte quaker</a></i> plus haut), il y a plusieurs différences touchant la théologie, le vocabulaire ou la pratique. Un groupe local s'appelle dans la tradition «&nbsp;non programmée&nbsp;» un <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">meeting</span></i> ou <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">monthly meeting</span></i>, ou encore récemment un <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">local meeting</span></i>&nbsp;; on dit souvent, dans la «&nbsp;tradition programmée&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends Church</span></i> («&nbsp;Église des Amis&nbsp;»).</p> <p>La Société des Amis en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe continentale">Europe continentale</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">Australie</a> fut longtemps liée aux quakers de Londres, elle est restée «&nbsp;non programmée&nbsp;».</p> <p>Au niveau mondial, il existe un Comité consultatif mondial des Amis, <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation (page inexistante)">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" class="extiw" title="en:Friends World Committee for Consultation"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Friends World Committee for Consultation&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> – FWCC. Des rencontres triannuelles ont eu lieu de 1994 à 2007. Après celle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nairobi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> en 2012, ces rencontres deviennent quadriannuelles. Le FWCC est membre de la Coordination internationale pour la décennie de la culture de non-violence et de paix (2001-2010).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Répartition_entre_les_divers_courants"><span id="R.C3.A9partition_entre_les_divers_courants"></span>Répartition entre les divers courants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Répartition entre les divers courants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Selon une description publiée par le Comité consultatif mondial des Amis en 2005, les quakers se répartissent en quatre courants<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;:</p> <ul> <li>«&nbsp;non programmé&nbsp;», 11&nbsp;% du total, issu des «&nbsp;hicksites&nbsp;», présent essentiellement sur le Vieux Continent et en Amérique du Nord&nbsp;;</li> <li>«&nbsp;programmé&nbsp;», 49&nbsp;% du total, issu des «&nbsp;orthodoxes&nbsp;», présent essentiellement en Amérique du Nord et en Afrique de l'Est&nbsp;;</li> <li>«&nbsp;évangélique&nbsp;», 40&nbsp;% du total, issu des «&nbsp;gurneyites&nbsp;», présent essentiellement en Amérique du Nord et du Sud&nbsp;;</li> <li>«&nbsp;<i>conservative</i>&nbsp;», extrêmement minoritaire, issu des «&nbsp;wilburites&nbsp;».</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Organisations_quakers">Organisations quakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Organisations quakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Earlham_Cupola.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earlham_Cupola.jpg/220px-Earlham_Cupola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earlham_Cupola.jpg/220px-Earlham_Cupola.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earlham_Cupola.jpg/330px-Earlham_Cupola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Earlham_Cupola.jpg/440px-Earlham_Cupola.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earlham_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a> à Richmond, Indiana. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Au cours de leur histoire, les quakers ont contribué à fonder de nombreuses organisations, que ce soit à titre individuel, en groupe ou en collaboration avec d'autres. Entre autres&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenpeace?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxfam_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam International">OXFAM</a>. De nombreuses écoles de par le monde ont été fondées par des quakers, ainsi que des organisations centrées sur l'éducation. Le Centre quaker international de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a> est à l'origine du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cercle_international_de_jeunesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cercle international de jeunesse">Cercle international de jeunesse (CIJ)</a>, actif dans les années 1930.</p> <p>Plusieurs organisations ont été créées afin de coordonner l'action des assemblées quakers. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation_(FCNL)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) (page inexistante)">Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL)</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" class="extiw" title="en:Friends Committee on National Legislation"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Friends Committee on National Legislation&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> fait du lobbying sur le plan national aux États-Unis. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Friends Service Committee"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)</span></a> aux États-Unis et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</span></a> en Grande-Bretagne s'occupent du «&nbsp;Secours quaker&nbsp;».</p> <p>Par ailleurs, les assemblées annuelles d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a> appartiennent pour la plupart à l'une (parfois à deux) des organisations faîtières suivantes&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_General_Conference_(FGC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends General Conference (FGC) (page inexistante)">Friends General Conference (FGC)</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:Friends General Conference"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Friends General Conference&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_United_Meeting_(FUM)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends United Meeting (FUM) (page inexistante)">Friends United Meeting (FUM)</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" class="extiw" title="en:Friends United Meeting"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Friends United Meeting&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Friends_International_(EFI)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Evangelical Friends International (EFI) (page inexistante)">Evangelical Friends International (EFI)</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_International" class="extiw" title="en:Evangelical Friends International"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Evangelical Friends International&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>.</p> <p>Le Comité consultatif mondial des Amis (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation_(FWCC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC) (page inexistante)">Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC)</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" class="extiw" title="en:Friends World Committee for Consultation"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Friends World Committee for Consultation&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a>) est l'organisation quaker internationale qui met en lien les quakers de toutes tendances. Ce comité a un statut consultatif auprès du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_%C3%A9conomique_et_social_des_Nations_unies?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil économique et social des Nations unies">Conseil économique et social des Nations unies</a> depuis 1948. Il est responsable des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Bureaux quaker auprès des Nations Unies</a> (en anglais <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a> - QUNO) à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genève">Genève</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a>. Le Bureau quaker pour les affaires européennes à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruxelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruxelles">Bruxelles</a> fait un travail analogue auprès de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_europ%C3%A9enne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union européenne">Union européenne</a>. Le <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker International Affairs Programme (QIAP)</span> canadien met l'accent sur le commerce et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propriété intellectuelle">propriété intellectuelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Affiliations">Affiliations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Affiliations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les faîtières américaines FGC et FUM, ainsi que le Canadian Yearly Meeting sont membres du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_des_%C3%89glises?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil œcuménique des Églises">Conseil œcuménique des Églises</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le Comité consultatif mondial (FWCC) est membre de la Coordination internationale pour la décennie (de la promotion d'une culture de la non-violence et de la paix au profit des enfants du monde, 2001-2010).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Action_humanitaire_et_héritage_éducatif"><span id="Action_humanitaire_et_h.C3.A9ritage_.C3.A9ducatif"></span>Action humanitaire et héritage éducatif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Action humanitaire et héritage éducatif" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Les quakers ont fondé de nombreuses écoles, en particulier en Angleterre et aux États-Unis et leur attitude n'est pas anti-intellectualiste.</p> <p>Les Quakers américains ont fondé de nombreuses écoles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Penn_Charter_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Penn Charter School (page inexistante)">William Penn Charter School</a> (1689), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Abington_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Abington Friends School (page inexistante)">Abington Friends School</a> (1697), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wilmington Friends School (page inexistante)">Wilmington Friends School</a> (1748)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Moses_Brown_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Moses Brown School (page inexistante)">Moses Brown School</a> (1784) <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Moorestown_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Moorestown Friends School (page inexistante)">Moorestown Friends School</a> (1785), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Westtown_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Westtown School (page inexistante)">Westtown School</a> (1799), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germantown_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germantown Friends School (page inexistante)">Germantown Friends School</a> (1845), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Scattergood_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Scattergood Friends School (page inexistante)">Scattergood Friends School</a> (1890), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haverford_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> (1833)<sup id="cite_ref-Yount_49-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yount-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guilford_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Guilford College (page inexistante)">Guilford College</a> (1837), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Olney_Friends_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Olney Friends School (page inexistante)">Olney Friends School</a> (1837), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pickering_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pickering College (page inexistante)">Pickering College</a> (1842), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earlham_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a> and <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earlham_School_of_Religion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Earlham School of Religion (page inexistante)">Earlham School of Religion</a> (1847), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swarthmore_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (1864), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_College_(Ohio)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wilmington College (Ohio) (page inexistante)">Wilmington College (Ohio)</a> (1870), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_Penn_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William Penn University (page inexistante)">Penn College (Iowa)</a> (1873), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a> (1885), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friends_Pacific_Academy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friends Pacific Academy (page inexistante)">Friends Pacific Academy</a> (now <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a>, 1885), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Malone_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Malone University (page inexistante)">Cleveland Bible College</a> (now <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Malone_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Malone University (page inexistante)">Malone University</a>, 1892)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=George_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="George School (page inexistante)">George School</a> (1893), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friends_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends University">Friends University</a> (1898), Training School for Christian Workers (now <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Azusa_Pacific_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Azusa Pacific University (page inexistante)">Azusa Pacific University</a>, 1899)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whittier_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> (1901), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barclay_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barclay College (page inexistante)">Friends Bible College</a> (now <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barclay_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barclay College (page inexistante)">Barclay College</a>, 1917) and <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=John_Woolman_School&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="John Woolman School (page inexistante)">John Woolman School</a>(1963)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En ce qui concerne leur action humanitaire, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> ce sont des millions de personnes qui ont reçu l'aide alimentaire organisée après les deux guerres mondiales et nombreux sont ceux qui se souviennent de la «&nbsp;ration quaker&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Quäkerspeise</span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant la grande majorité des bénéficiaires n'ont aucune idée du mouvement à l'origine de cette aide. La situation est la même partout où le «&nbsp;secours quaker&nbsp;» (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker service</span></i>) a apporté une aide d'urgence, les quakers ne faisant pas de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pros%C3%A9lytisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosélytisme">prosélytisme</a>.</p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diplomatie">diplomates</a> connaissent le plus souvent le mouvement quaker, grâce aux organisations créées dans le but de faciliter les contacts informels (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">off-the-record</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) (voir ci-dessus <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organisations_quakers">Organisations quakers</a></i>), et par les actions de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9diation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Médiation">médiation</a> entreprises sur le terrain. Entre 1952 et 1974, plus de 2&nbsp;000 diplomates ont participé à des rencontres organisées à leur intention. La première conférence a eu lieu à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarens_(Vaud)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clarens (Vaud)">Clarens</a> dans le canton de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>, en Suisse<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Q 27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notoriété"><span id="Notori.C3.A9t.C3.A9"></span>Notoriété</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notoriété" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Maison_des_Quakers.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maison_des_Quakers.JPG/220px-Maison_des_Quakers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1898"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maison_des_Quakers.JPG/220px-Maison_des_Quakers.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maison_des_Quakers.JPG/330px-Maison_des_Quakers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maison_des_Quakers.JPG/440px-Maison_des_Quakers.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Maison quaker à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruxelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruxelles">Bruxelles</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le mouvement quaker étant très minoritaire, bien peu de personnes en ont entendu parler. Le public associe généralement les quakers à la marque de céréales <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaker Oats Company"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker Oats</span></a></i>&nbsp;; cette compagnie n'a cependant pas de lien avec la Société des Amis<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> fait connaître le quakerisme dans ses <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettres_philosophiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lettres philosophiques">Lettres philosophiques</a></i> en 1734. <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Case_de_l%27oncle_Tom?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Case de l'oncle Tom">La Case de l'oncle Tom</a></i> sous forme de livre<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dès 1853, ou de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Case_de_l%27oncle_Tom_(film,_1965)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Case de l'oncle Tom (film, 1965)">film</a>, en 1965, a pu contribuer à faire connaître les familles quakers dans le monde francophone. <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Last Runaway</span></i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tracy_Chevalier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tracy Chevalier">Tracy Chevalier</a> a été traduit et largement diffusé en français en 2013 sous le titre <i>La Dernière Fugitive</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les quakers sont cependant surtout connus pour leurs actions.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_quakerisme_dans_les_œuvres_de_fiction"><span id="Le_quakerisme_dans_les_.C5.93uvres_de_fiction"></span>Le quakerisme dans les œuvres de fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Le quakerisme dans les œuvres de fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Personnages_de_fiction" title="Liste de quakers">Liste de quakers#Personnages de fiction</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les quakers sont présents dans la littérature anglaise, mais aussi française déjà au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, au théâtre (à Paris en 1793), au cinéma et à la télévision&nbsp;: <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cat%C3%A9gorie:Quakerisme_au_cin%C3%A9ma&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Catégorie:Quakerisme au cinéma (page inexistante)">quakerisme au cinéma</a>.</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Une_femme_%C3%A0_poigne?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Une femme à poigne">Une femme à poigne</a></i> (<i>The Lady from Cheyenne</i>, 1941), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Lloyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1886-1960)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Friendly_Persuasion?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Friendly Persuasion">The Friendly Persuasion</a></i> (1945), roman de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jessamyn_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jessamyn West">Jessamyn West</a> (1902-1984)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%27Ange_et_le_Mauvais_Gar%C3%A7on?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L'Ange et le Mauvais Garçon">L'Ange et le Mauvais Garçon</a></i> (1947), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Edward_Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Edward Grant">James Edward Grant</a> (1905-1966)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_train_sifflera_trois_fois?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le train sifflera trois fois">Le train sifflera trois fois</a></i> (1952), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e_des_g%C3%A9ants_(film,_1952)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Vallée des géants (film, 1952)">La Vallée des géants</a></i> (1952), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_E._Feist?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix E. Feist">Felix E. Feist</a> (1910-1965)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Loi_du_Seigneur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Loi du Seigneur">La Loi du Seigneur</a></i> (<i>Friendly Persuasion</i>, 1956), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Wyler?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1902-1981), adaptation du roman de 1945</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Days_of_Hope&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Days of Hope (page inexistante)">Days of Hope</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Hope" class="extiw" title="en:Days of Hope"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Days of Hope&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i> (1975), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ken_Loach?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> (1936-)</li> <li><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Winds_of_Autumn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Winds of Autumn (page inexistante)">The Winds of Autumn</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winds_of_Autumn" class="extiw" title="en:The Winds of Autumn"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;The Winds of Autumn&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></i> (1976), film de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Charles_B._Pierce&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Charles B. Pierce (page inexistante)">Charles B. Pierce</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Pierce" class="extiw" title="en:Charles B. Pierce"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Charles B. Pierce&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> (1938-2010)</li> <li><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_(British_TV_series)" class="extiw" title="en:State of the Union (British TV series)">State of the Union</a>, série TV de <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hornby" class="extiw" title="en:Nick Hornby">Nick Hornby</a> (Saison 2, 2022)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers?oldid%3D184332619">Quakers</a>&nbsp;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers?action%3Dhistory">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Par exemple dans <span class="ouvrage" id="Mekeel1943"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_J._Mekeel1943"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arthur J. <span class="nom_auteur">Mekeel</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en"><i>The History of Quakerism</i> by Elbert Russell</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The American Historical Review</span></i>, The University of Chicago Press, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;48, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;2,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1943-01" data-sort-value="1943-01">janvier 1943</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">293-294</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840771">résumé</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27The+History+of+Quakerism%27%27+by+Elbert+Russell&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.aulast=Mekeel&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&amp;rft.date=1943-01&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.pages=293-294&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>, Mekeel approuve l'auteur qui décrit Fox comme <span class="citation">«&nbsp;le meneur plutôt que le fondateur&nbsp;»</span> du mouvement (anglais&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">the leader rather than founder</span>&nbsp;»</span>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fichier:AssemblyOfQuakers.jpg">gravure de Bernard Picard</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Voltaire1734"><span class="nom_auteur"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></span>, <cite class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettres_philosophiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lettres philosophiques">Lettres philosophiques</a></cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&nbsp;43&nbsp;: <span class="italique">Œuvres complètes de Voltaire</span>, Imprimerie de la Société littéraire-typographique, <time>1734</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="réimpression">réimpr.</abbr>&nbsp;1784) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Lettres_philosophiques">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, «&nbsp;article tiré des Lettres philosophiques&nbsp;», <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;20<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lettres+philosophiques&amp;rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+litt%C3%A9raire-typographique&amp;rft.aulast=Voltaire&amp;rft.date=1734&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://littre.reverso.net/dictionnaire-francais/definition/quaker"><cite style="font-style:normal;">quaker</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">littre.reverso.net</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-29" data-sort-value="2024-02-29">29 février 2024</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Larousse"><span class="ouvrage" id="Éditions_Larousse">Éditions <span class="nom_auteur">Larousse</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/quaker/65464"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Définitions&nbsp;: quaker</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">larousse.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-29" data-sort-value="2024-02-29">29 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Séguy2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Séguy2007">Jean <span class="nom_auteur">Séguy</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal">Jeanne-Henriette Louis, La Société religieuse des Amis (Quakers)</cite>&nbsp;», <i>Archives de sciences sociales des religions</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;138,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-06-01" data-sort-value="2007-06-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juin 2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">97–251</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0335-5985">0335-5985</a></span>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.6672">10.4000/assr.6672</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://journals.openedition.org/assr/6672">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-29" data-sort-value="2024-02-29">29 février 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Jeanne-Henriette+Louis%2C+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+religieuse+des+Amis+%28Quakers%29&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&amp;rft.issue=138&amp;rft.aulast=S%C3%A9guy&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean&amp;rft.date=2007-06-01&amp;rft.pages=97%E2%80%93251&amp;rft.issn=0335-5985&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fassr.6672&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jean Séguy l'emploie cependant en 2007, au sujet de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_Henriette_Louis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeanne Henriette Louis">Jeanne Henriette Louis</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Poupard-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poupard_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Yves de Gibon, «&nbsp;Quakers&nbsp;», dans Paul Poupard (dir.), <i>Dictionnaire des religions</i>, éditions PUF, 1984, 1838 p.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jung1962"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carl_G._Jung1962">Carl G. Jung, <cite class="italique">Présent et avenir</cite>, Buchet/Chastel, <time>1962</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">38–39</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9sent+et+avenir&amp;rft.pub=Buchet%2FChastel&amp;rft.aulast=Jung&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+G.&amp;rft.date=1962&amp;rft.pages=38%E2%80%9339&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>. La confession de foi est pour Jung une «&nbsp;affaire temporelle&nbsp;». Voir aussi <span class="ouvrage" id="Wallis1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jack_Wallis1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jack Wallis, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Jung and the Quaker way</cite>, Londres, Quaker Home Service, <time>1988</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jung+and+the+Quaker+way&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Quaker+Home+Service&amp;rft.aulast=Wallis&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GestGuyard1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_GestJacques_Guyard1995">Alain <span class="nom_auteur">Gest</span> (président) et Jacques <span class="nom_auteur">Guyard</span> (rapporteur), <cite class="italique">Rapport fait au nom de la commission d'enquête sur les sectes, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;2468</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-12-22" data-sort-value="1995-12-22">22 décembre 1995</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rapport+fait+au+nom+de+la+commission+d%27enqu%C3%AAte+sur+les+sectes%2C+no%26nbsp%3B2468&amp;rft.aulast=Gest&amp;rft.aufirst=Alain&amp;rft.au=Guyard%2C+Jacques&amp;rft.date=1995-12-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Frost-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Frost_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionnaire de la spiritualité ascétique et mystique</i>, Paris, Beauchêne, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&nbsp;XII</span>, 3, 1986. Article «&nbsp;Quakers (Quakérisme)&nbsp;», signé Francis Frost.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Séguy1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Séguy1999">Jean Séguy, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/quakers/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Quakers</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">Encyclopædia Universalis</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-01-19" data-sort-value="1999-01-19">19 janvier 1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-07-22" data-sort-value="2024-07-22">22 juillet 2024</time>)</small></span></span>. .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-PetitRobert-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PetitRobert_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Le Petit Robert – Dictionnaire (…) de la langue française</i>, Paul Robert, 1967 (1970).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Voltaire1756"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, <cite class="italique">Essai sur les mœurs</cite>, <time>1756</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Essai_sur_les_m%25C5%2593urs/Chapitre_136">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, «&nbsp;Chapitre 136&nbsp;: Suite de la religion d’Angleterre&nbsp;»<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essai+sur+les+m%C5%93urs&amp;rft.au=Voltaire&amp;rft.date=1756&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carey2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brycchan_Carey2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brycchan <span class="nom_auteur">Carey</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">From Peace to Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric and the Birth of American Antislavery, 1658-1761</cite>, New Haven, Yale University Press, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780300180770?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780300180770"><span class="nowrap">9780300180770</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Peace+to+Freedom%3A+Quaker+Rhetoric+and+the+Birth+of+American+Antislavery%2C+1658-1761&amp;rft.place=New+Haven&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Carey&amp;rft.aufirst=Brycchan&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780300180770&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-CONGENIES-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CONGENIES_21-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CONGENIES_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2016">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.maison-quaker-congenies.org/fr/histoire-de-la-maison-quaker"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Origines de la Maison quaker</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">maison-quaker-congenies.org</span>, <time>2016</time></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Liens2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Liens2008">Georges Liens, <cite style="font-style:normal">«&nbsp;Aux origines du quakerisme français et de l'édit de Tolérance de 1787 dont il bénéficia&nbsp;»</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Aux origines du mouvement quaker français à Congénies</cite>, Maison quaker de Congénies, <time>2008</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Aux+origines+du+mouvement+quaker+fran%C3%A7ais+%C3%A0+Cong%C3%A9nies&amp;rft.atitle=Aux+origines+du+quakerisme+fran%C3%A7ais+et+de+l%27%C3%A9dit+de+Tol%C3%A9rance+de+1787+dont+il+b%C3%A9n%C3%A9ficia&amp;rft.pub=Maison+quaker+de+Cong%C3%A9nies&amp;rft.aulast=Liens&amp;rft.aufirst=Georges&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> (colloque au Centre quaker de Congénies du 18 au 19 octobre 2008).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jeanne Henriette Louis, <i>Les Quakers</i>, éd. Brepols, 2005, p. 36-38.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir par exemple <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/tapis-plain" class="extiw" title="wikt:tapis-plain">tapis-plain</a> en Belgique.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-peculiar-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-peculiar_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pour une discussion sur ce surnom, voir <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.neym.org/fandp/staticpages/index.php?page%3DA_Peculiar_People">«&nbsp;A Peculiar People&nbsp;»</a>, 2003.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En anglais, une distinction entre «&nbsp;tu&nbsp;» et «&nbsp;vous&nbsp;» existait jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;siècle, les quakers ont prolongé l'emploi du «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Thou</span>&nbsp;», progressivement démodé. Voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distinction_T-V?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_anglais" class="mw-redirect" title="Distinction T-V">Tutoiement, en anglais</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">En anglais elles sont parfois nommées «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Meeting for Worship with a Concern for Business</span>&nbsp;» ou «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Meeting for Worship for Business</span>&nbsp;», et plus souvent «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Business Meeting</span>&nbsp;».</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Sur le mode de prise de décision des quakers, voir en particulier l'ouvrage du prêtre jésuite M. Sheeran&nbsp;: <span class="ouvrage" id="Sheeran1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_J._Sheeran1983"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Michael J. <span class="nom_auteur">Sheeran</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Beyond majority rule&nbsp;: voteless decisions in the Religious Society of Friends</span></cite>, Philadelphie, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, <time>1983</time>, 153&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+majority+rule+%3A+voteless+decisions+in+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends&amp;rft.place=Philadelphie&amp;rft.pub=Philadelphia+Yearly+Meeting&amp;rft.aulast=Sheeran&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.tpages=153&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1917"><cite class="italique">Friends' Intelligencer, Volume 74</cite>, Philadelphia, Friends Intelligencer Association, Limited, <time>1917</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;613<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Friends%27+Intelligencer%2C+Volume+74&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=Friends+Intelligencer+Association%2C+Limited&amp;rft.date=1917&amp;rft.pages=613&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Yount-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Yount_49-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yount2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Yount2007">David Yount, <cite class="italique">How the Quakers invented America</cite>, <time>2007</time>, 83–84&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+the+Quakers+invented+America&amp;rft.aulast=Yount&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.tpages=83%E2%80%9384&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.malone.edu/about-malone/history-of-malone.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">History of Malone</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218082438/http://www.malone.edu/about-malone/history-of-malone.php">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12-18" data-sort-value="2011-12-18">18 décembre 2011</time></a>]</small></span>, Malone University <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-26" data-sort-value="2011-11-26">26 novembre 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.apu.edu/friendscenter/history/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">History of Friends at APU</cite></a>&nbsp;», Azusa Pacific University</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://barclaycollege.edu/index.php?id%3Dabout-bc"><cite style="font-style:normal;">About Barclay, 1885</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small class="plainlinks cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207231139/http://barclaycollege.edu/index.php?id%3Dabout-bc">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12-07" data-sort-value="2011-12-07">7 décembre 2011</time></a>]</small></span>, Barclay College <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-11-26" data-sort-value="2011-11-26">26 novembre 2011</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le nom a été enregistré en 1877, sur la base des qualités décrites dans un article encyclopédique sur les quakers&nbsp;: «&nbsp;intégrité, honnêteté, pureté&nbsp;» <span class="ouvrage" id="Adams"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cecil_Adams"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cecil Adams, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mquaker.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Strait Dope Mailbag</cite></a>&nbsp;» <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-08-15" data-sort-value="2007-08-15">15 août 2007</time>)</small></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">«&nbsp;[…] Le succès mondial du roman de Harriet Beecher-Stowe «&nbsp;La case de l'Oncle Tom&nbsp;» (1852) renforce le courant abolitionniste&nbsp;»</span>, dans <i>Atlas historique</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Stock?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Stock">Stock</a>, 1968, chap. «&nbsp;Les impérialismes/États-Unis I (1817-1865)&nbsp;», <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;371.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Tracy Chevalier, <i>La Dernière Fugitive</i>, Quai Voltaire, 2013 (éd. française). Écouter l'émission <i>Laissez-vous tenter</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RTL?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RTL">RTL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/laissez-vous-tenter-apres-la-jeune-fille-a-la-perle-tracy-chevalier-publie-la-derniere-fugitive-7771223680">«&nbsp;Après <i>La jeune fille à la perle</i>, Tracy Chevalier publie <i>La dernière fugitive</i>&nbsp;»</a>, 26 novembre 2013, dont un entretien avec Tracy Chevalier (en français).</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sites_et_publications_quakers">Sites et publications quakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sites et publications quakers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stats-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stats_2-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stats_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fwcc.world/resources_cpt/map-finding-quakers-around-the-world/">Finding Quakers Around the World, FWCC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fwcc.world/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/fwccworldmap2017.pdf">Carte du monde 2007 de FWCC</a> et <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.quakerinfo.org/resources/worldstats.html">Quaker Information Center</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Traduction selon <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_van_Etten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry van Etten">Henry van Etten</a>, <i>Le Quakerisme</i>, Paris, 1953&nbsp;: <span class="citation not_fr_quote" lang="en">«&nbsp;<span class="italique">[The judge] called us Quakers because we bid them tremble at the word of God</span>&nbsp;»</span>, citation du <i>Journal</i> de George Fox <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch04.html">Chapitre 4</a>. Voir en particulier la <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch04.html%23fn58">note 58</a>&nbsp;: le terme de «&nbsp;quaker&nbsp;» semblait déjà usité à l'époque à l'adresse des sectes. Ce terme apparaît pour la première fois au Parlement, dans <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journals of the House of Commons</span></i>, en 1654.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">William J. Whalen, <i>Les Quakers&nbsp;: nos voisins</i>, les Amis, Paris, 1976, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;4. Original en anglais <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Our Neighbors, the Friends</span></i>, Chicago (Illinois), 1966.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Robert Barclay, <i>Apologie de la vraie théologie chrétienne… (première édition en latin en 1676)</i>, édition de 1797, Londres, Jaques Phillips et fils, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;301 (Proposition X, § 5).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pour les dates de création des nouvelles assemblées, voir la chronologie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_van_Etten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry van Etten">Henry van Etten</a>, <i>Le Quakerisme</i>, Paris, 1953.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-courants-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-courants_24-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-courants_24-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://fwccworld.org/kinds_of_friends/">Courants actuels présentés par FWCC</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rush2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Rush2002"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David <span class="nom_auteur">Rush</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">They Too Are Quakers&nbsp;: A Survey of 199 Nontheist Friends (Eux aussi sont des quakers&nbsp;: sondage après de 199 amis non théistes)</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Woodbrooke Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;11,‎ <time>2002</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.universalistfriends.org/rush.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=They+Too+Are+Quakers&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Woodbrooke+Journal&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.stitle=A+Survey+of+199+Nontheist+Friends+%28Eux+aussi+sont+des+quakers+%3A+sondage+apr%C3%A8s+de+199+amis+non+th%C3%A9istes%29&amp;rft.aulast=Rush&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.<br> Voir aussi <span class="ouvrage" id="Boulton2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Boulton2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David Boulton, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Godless for God's Sake&nbsp;: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism, Dales Historical Monographs</cite>, Cumbria, <time>2006</time>, 146&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-9511578-6-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-9511578-6-8"><span class="nowrap">0-9511578-6-8</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Godless+for+God%27s+Sake+%3A+Nontheism+in+Contemporary+Quakerism%2C+Dales+Historical+Monographs&amp;rft.pub=Cumbria&amp;rft.aulast=Boulton&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.tpages=146&amp;rft.isbn=0-9511578-6-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir par exemple <span class="ouvrage" id="Hallowell1870"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_Price_Hallowell1870"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richard Price <span class="nom_auteur">Hallowell</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Quakers in New England&nbsp;: An Essay</cite>, Merrihew &amp; Son, <time>1870</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6IOQcwb7xTYC">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;26<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Quakers+in+New+England&amp;rft.pub=Merrihew+%26+Son&amp;rft.stitle=An+Essay&amp;rft.aulast=Hallowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+Price&amp;rft.date=1870&amp;rft.pages=26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-muslim-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-muslim_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Miller-White2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brett_Miller-White2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brett <span class="nom_auteur">Miller-White</span>, «&nbsp;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Journeyman – The Making of a Muslim Quaker</cite>&nbsp;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker Theology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;10,‎ <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1526-7482">1526-7482</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.quaker.org/quest/issue-10-muslim-white-01.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Journeyman+%E2%80%93+The+Making+of+a+Muslim+Quaker&amp;rft.jtitle=Quaker+Theology&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.aulast=Miller-White&amp;rft.aufirst=Brett&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.issn=1526-7482&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-mindfulquaker-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mindfulquaker_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brown2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Valerie_Brown2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Valerie <span class="nom_auteur">Brown</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Mindful Quaker</cite>, <time>2006</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mindful+Quaker&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Valerie&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Apologie de la véritable théologie chrétienne, telle que la professent ceux que par dérision on appelle Quakers</i>, publiée à Amsterdam, en latin, en 1676, et traduite en français en 1702.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">the scriptures "are only a declaration of the fountain, and not the fountain itself, therefore they are not to be esteemed the principal ground of all Truth and knowledge, nor yet the adequate primary rule of faith and manners"</span>&nbsp;». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/apology/prop3.html">La troisième proposition</a> de l'<i>Apologie de Barclay</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-notionists-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-notionists_31-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Il y a plusieurs exemples de Fox utilisant ce terme de «&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">notionist</span>&nbsp;» dans son <i>Journal</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/ch05.html">un exemple</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-PH377-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PH377_32-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pendle Hill Pamphlet, #377, 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://quakerspeak.com/narrative-theology-quaker-histories-biographies/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Narrative Theology: The Importance of Quaker Histories and Biographies</cite></a>&nbsp;», <span class="italique">Quaker Speak</span>, sur <span class="italique">quakerspeak.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-07-20" data-sort-value="2017-07-20">20 juillet 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-07-21" data-sort-value="2017-07-21">21 juillet 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-QFP-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-QFP_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker faith and practice, Britain Yearly Meeting</span></i>, 1994, rev. 2006 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/085245306X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/085245306X"><span class="nowrap">085245306X</span></a>)</small> <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://quakersfp.live.poptech.coop/qfp/index.html">lire en ligne</a>]</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-glossaire-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-glossaire_38-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-glossaire_38-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-glossaire_38-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir le <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.simongrant.org/quaker/gloss/index.html">Glossaire <i>Quaker Glossary</i></a> proposé par Edward Dommen.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir par exemple une liste proposée par <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://home.earthlink.net/~imym-faith-and-practice/id39.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Intermountain Yearly Meeting</span></a> aux États-Unis.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Violette Ansermoz-Dubois, <i>Le culte quaker</i>, Paris, 1952, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;7.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Edward B. Rawson, <i>Le christianisme tel que les quakers le comprennent</i>, Société religieuse des Amis, Paris et Genève, 1944 (<abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr>&nbsp;éd.), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;12.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_van_Etten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry van Etten">Henry van Etten</a> emploie les termes de «&nbsp;conseillers&nbsp;» pour les «&nbsp;anciens&nbsp;» et de «&nbsp;visiteurs&nbsp;» pour les «&nbsp;veilleurs&nbsp;». (<i>Le Quakerisme</i>, Paris, 1953).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://fwccworld.org/kinds_of_friends/">«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">Kind of Friends</span>&nbsp;»</a>, sur le site de FWCC.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.qiap.ca/index.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker International Affairs Programme</span></a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Lors de son adhésion en 1940, la FGC affirme toutefois <span class="citation">«&nbsp;qu'il soit bien entendu que nous n'acceptons aucune déclaration doctrinale comme un dogme fixe. Aucun credo ne peut contenir la vérité en ce qui concerne le sens de la révélation divine en Jésus-Christ, car cette vérité est une vérité vivante, basée non sur des mots, mais sur une expérience intérieure et sera inévitablement interprétée par différents hommes en des temps différents, selon leur intelligence et leurs lumières.&nbsp;»</span> Citation et traduction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edmond_Privat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edmond Privat">Edmond Privat</a> dans <i>Liberté doctrinale et sincérité</i>, Berne, 1940.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">«&nbsp;Un million de repas par jour furent servis à des enfants et à des étudiants dans la plupart des grandes villes allemandes&nbsp;»</span> en 1923 et 1924 (Henry van Etten, <i>Le Quakerisme</i>, 1953, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&nbsp;51).<br> Témoignages sur le site de la fondation <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.quaeker-stiftung.de/main/static_pages.php?page_Id%3D204">Quäker-Hilfe</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir la description de cette pratique sur le site du <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.qiap.ca/pages/ways.html"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Quaker International Affairs Programme</span></a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Programme dont l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> a eu l’initiative&nbsp;: <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.afsc.org/ht/d/ContentDetails/i/5228"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Conferences for Diplomats</span></a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&nbsp;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quaker?uselang%3Dfr">Quaker</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/quaker" class="extiw" title="wikt:quaker">quaker</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Quakerisme <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moignages_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoignages quakers">Témoignages quakers</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de quakers">Liste de quakers</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chronologie_des_quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chronologie des quakers">Chronologie des quakers</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Histoire_des_Quakers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Histoire des Quakers (page inexistante)">Histoire des Quakers</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Quakers"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;History of the Quakers&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> (AFSC) – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a> (QPSW) - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a> (QUNO)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B4le_des_quakers_dans_l%27abolitionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rôle des quakers dans l'abolitionnisme">Rôle des quakers dans l'abolitionnisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Glossaire_du_quakerisme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Glossaire du quakerisme (page inexistante)">Glossaire du quakerisme</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossar_Qu%25C3%25A4kertum" class="extiw" title="de:Glossar Quäkertum"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Glossar Quäkertum&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9ologie_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Théologie quaker (page inexistante)">Théologie quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25C3%25A4kertheologie" class="extiw" title="de:Quäkertheologie"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quäkertheologie&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eccl%C3%A9siologie_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ecclésiologie quaker (page inexistante)">Ecclésiologie quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekklesiologie_(Qu%25C3%25A4kertum)" class="extiw" title="de:Ekklesiologie (Quäkertum)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Ekklesiologie (Quäkertum)&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Organisations_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Organisations quaker (page inexistante)">Organisations quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25C3%25A4kerorganisationen" class="extiw" title="de:Quäkerorganisationen"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quäkerorganisationen&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Coutumes_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Coutumes quaker (page inexistante)">Coutumes quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25C3%25A4kergebr%25C3%25A4uche" class="extiw" title="de:Quäkergebräuche"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quäkergebräuche&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Musique_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Musique quaker (page inexistante)">Musique quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_music" class="extiw" title="en:Quaker music"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quaker music&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Broderie_quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Broderie quaker (page inexistante)">Broderie quaker</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" class="extiw" title="en:Quaker Tapestry"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Quaker Tapestry&nbsp;»">(en)</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li>Églises proches et pacifistes <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_traditionnellement_pacifistes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Églises traditionnellement pacifistes">Églises traditionnellement pacifistes</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mennonisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mennonisme">Mennonites</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_des_Fr%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église des Frères">Église des Frères</a> (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Brethren</span></i>) - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9es_de_Fr%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assemblées de Frères">Assemblées de Frères</a> (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Plymouth Brethren</span></i>)</li> <li>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seekers_(Christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seekers (Christianisme)">seekers</a> (1620)</li> <li>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shakers">shakers</a> (1747)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C5%92cum%C3%A9nisme_quaker_mennonite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Œcuménisme quaker mennonite (page inexistante)">Œcuménisme quaker mennonite</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonitisch-qu%25C3%25A4kerische_%25C3%2596kumene" class="extiw" title="de:Mennonitisch-quäkerische Ökumene"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Mennonitisch-quäkerische Ökumene&nbsp;»">(de)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muky%C5%8Dkai?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mukyōkai">Mukyōkai</a> (1901), mouvement chrétien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">japonais</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Autres articles <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacifisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacifisme">Pacifisme</a> – <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-violence">Non-violence</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Objection_de_conscience?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Objection de conscience">Objection de conscience</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qui%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quiétisme">Quiétisme</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sources_primaires_en_anglais">Sources primaires en anglais</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sources primaires en anglais" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg/220px-Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1047"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 340px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg/220px-Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="340" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg/330px-Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg/440px-Barclay-Apologie-1797-Title_page.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> L'<i>Apologie</i> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a> (1797). </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Auteurs quakers classiques <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Barclay1797"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Barclay1797">Robert Barclay (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais), <cite class="italique">La lumière intérieure, source de vie&nbsp;: apologie de la vraie théologie chrétienne telle qu'elle est professée et prêchée par ce peuple appelé par mépris les Quakers</cite>, Londres, <time>1797</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr>&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1675)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+lumi%C3%A8re+int%C3%A9rieure%2C+source+de+vie&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.stitle=apologie+de+la+vraie+th%C3%A9ologie+chr%C3%A9tienne+telle+qu%27elle+est+profess%C3%A9e+et+pr%C3%AAch%C3%A9e+par+ce+peuple+appel%C3%A9+par+m%C3%A9pris+les+Quakers&amp;rft.aulast=Barclay&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.date=1797&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BarclayLien1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_BarclayGeorges_Lien1992"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Barclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Barclay">Robert <span class="nom_auteur">Barclay</span></a> et Georges <span class="nom_auteur">Lien</span> (introduction, traduction, notes), <cite class="italique">La lumière intérieure, source de vie&nbsp;: apologie de la vraie théologie chrétienne telle qu'elle est professée et prêchée par ce peuple appelé par mépris les Quakers (1675)</cite>, Paris, Dervy, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Mystiques et religions&nbsp;», 1992 (dépôt légal 1993), 415&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2850765414?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2850765414"><span class="nowrap">2850765414</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+lumi%C3%A8re+int%C3%A9rieure%2C+source+de+vie&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Dervy&amp;rft.stitle=apologie+de+la+vraie+th%C3%A9ologie+chr%C3%A9tienne+telle+qu%27elle+est+profess%C3%A9e+et+pr%C3%AAch%C3%A9e+par+ce+peuple+appel%C3%A9+par+m%C3%A9pris+les+Quakers+%281675%29&amp;rft.aulast=Barclay&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.au=Lien%2C+Georges&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.tpages=415&amp;rft.isbn=2850765414&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Penn1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Penn1988"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Penn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Penn">William <span class="nom_auteur">Penn</span></a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais), <cite class="italique">Sans croix, point de couronne&nbsp;: Discours sur la nature et la discipline de la Sainte Croix du Christ…</cite> [«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">No cross, no crown […]</span>&nbsp;»], Paris, Dervy-Livres, <time>1988</time>, 296&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2850762822?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2850762822"><span class="nowrap">2850762822</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sans+croix%2C+point+de+couronne&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Dervy-Livres&amp;rft.stitle=Discours+sur+la+nature+et+la+discipline+de+la+Sainte+Croix+du+Christ%E2%80%A6&amp;rft.aulast=Penn&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.tpages=296&amp;rft.isbn=2850762822&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Fox1935"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_Fox1935"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Fox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Fox">George <span class="nom_auteur">Fox</span></a> (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr>&nbsp;de l'anglais par Pierre Bovet et abrégé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_van_Etten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry van Etten">Henry van Etten</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="préface">préf.</abbr>&nbsp;Wilfred Monod), <cite class="italique">Journal de George Fox, 1624-1691, fondateur de la Société des Amis (Quakers)&nbsp;: Récit historique de sa vie, de ses voyages, de ses souffrances et de ses expériences chrétiennes</cite> [«&nbsp;<span class="lang-en" lang="en">The journal of George Fox</span>&nbsp;»], Paris, Genève, Je sers&nbsp;; Labor, <time>1935</time>, 270&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Journal+de+George+Fox%2C+1624-1691%2C+fondateur+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Amis+%28Quakers%29&amp;rft.place=Paris%2C+Gen%C3%A8ve&amp;rft.pub=Je+sers+%3B+Labor&amp;rft.stitle=R%C3%A9cit+historique+de+sa+vie%2C+de+ses+voyages%2C+de+ses+souffrances+et+de+ses+exp%C3%A9riences+chr%C3%A9tiennes&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft.date=1935&amp;rft.tpages=270&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> Réédité par la Société des Amis en 1962 </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tuke1823"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_Tuke1823">Henry <span class="nom_auteur">Tuke</span>, <cite class="italique">Exposition succincte des principes religieux que professe la société de chrétiens, communément appelés Amis ou quakers</cite> [«&nbsp;The principles of religion, as professed by the society of Christians, called Friends (…)&nbsp;»], Londres, W. Phillips, <time>1823</time>, 206&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Exposition+succincte+des+principes+religieux+que+professe+la+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+chr%C3%A9tiens%2C+commun%C3%A9ment+appel%C3%A9s+Amis+ou+quakers&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=W.+Phillips&amp;rft.aulast=Tuke&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft.date=1823&amp;rft.tpages=206&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> «&nbsp;Traduit de l'anglois sur la <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition&nbsp;» </div></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Sources_primaires_en_français"><span id="Sources_primaires_en_fran.C3.A7ais"></span>Sources primaires en français</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sources primaires en français" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Eric Callcut, <i>Foi de Quaker à l'huile d'olive - divagations théologiques d'un chrétien primitif</i>, Luc Éditions, 2015, 158 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-1091859097?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-1091859097"><span class="nowrap">979-1091859097</span></a>)</small></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Louis2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jeanne_Henriette_Louis2005"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeanne_Henriette_Louis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeanne Henriette Louis">Jeanne Henriette <span class="nom_auteur">Louis</span></a>, <cite class="italique">La Société religieuse des Amis (Quakers)</cite>, Brepols, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Fils d'Abraham&nbsp;», <time>2005</time>, 166&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2503520391?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2503520391"><span class="nowrap">2503520391</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+religieuse+des+Amis+%28Quakers%29&amp;rft.pub=Brepols&amp;rft.aulast=Louis&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeanne+Henriette&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=166&amp;rft.isbn=2503520391&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dommen1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edouard_Dommen1990">Edouard <span class="nom_auteur">Dommen</span>, <cite class="italique">Les Quakers</cite>, Paris, Cerf, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Bref&nbsp;» (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;29), <time>1990</time>, 125&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/220404136X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/220404136X"><span class="nowrap">220404136X</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Quakers&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Cerf&amp;rft.aulast=Dommen&amp;rft.aufirst=Edouard&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.tpages=125&amp;rft.isbn=220404136X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="LouisHéron1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jeanne_Henriette_LouisJean-Olivier_Héron1990">Jeanne Henriette <span class="nom_auteur">Louis</span> et Jean-Olivier <span class="nom_auteur">Héron</span>, <cite class="italique">William Penn et les Quakers&nbsp;: Ils inventèrent le Nouveau Monde</cite>, Paris, Gallimard, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Découvertes Gallimard&nbsp;» (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&nbsp;90), <time>1990</time>, 176&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2070530965?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2070530965"><span class="nowrap">2070530965</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=William+Penn+et+les+Quakers&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Gallimard&amp;rft.stitle=Ils+invent%C3%A8rent+le+Nouveau+Monde&amp;rft.aulast=Louis&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeanne+Henriette&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A9ron%2C+Jean-Olivier&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.tpages=176&amp;rft.isbn=2070530965&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Ansermoz-Dubois1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Violette_Ansermoz-Dubois1977">Violette <span class="nom_auteur">Ansermoz-Dubois</span>, <cite class="italique">Aux sources du quakerisme avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Fell?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell-Fox</a></cite>, Genève, Labor et Fides, <time>1977</time>, 78&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aux+sources+du+quakerisme+avec+Margaret+Fell-Fox&amp;rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&amp;rft.pub=Labor+et+Fides&amp;rft.aulast=Ansermoz-Dubois&amp;rft.aufirst=Violette&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.tpages=78&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Lacout1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Lacout1969">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Lacout</span>, <cite class="italique">Dieu est silence</cite>, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Ouverture, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Espace libre&nbsp;», <time>1969</time>, 37&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dieu+est+silence&amp;rft.place=Le+Mont-sur-Lausanne&amp;rft.pub=Ouverture&amp;rft.aulast=Lacout&amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.tpages=37&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition en 1992 </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="van_Etten1953"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_van_Etten1953"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_van_Etten?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry van Etten">Henry <span class="nom_auteur">van Etten</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Le Quakerisme&nbsp;: Aperçus sur l'histoire, les principes et les pratiques de la Société religieuse des Amis</cite>, Paris, Société des Amis, <time>1953</time>, 98&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Quakerisme&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Amis&amp;rft.stitle=Aper%C3%A7us+sur+l%27histoire%2C+les+principes+et+les+pratiques+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+religieuse+des+Amis&amp;rft.aulast=van+Etten&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft.tpages=98&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://quakerstrongrooms.org/2015/06/15/the-french-revolution-quakers-and-cockades/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The French Revolution: Quakers and cockades</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">quakerstrongrooms.org</span>, Library of the Society of Friends, Quakers in Britain, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-02-13" data-sort-value="2018-02-13">13 février 2018</time>)</small></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Littérature_secondaire"><span id="Litt.C3.A9rature_secondaire"></span>Littérature secondaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Littérature secondaire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ouvrages_anciens">Ouvrages anciens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ouvrages anciens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Voltaire1784"><span class="nom_auteur"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></span>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire philosophique</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr>&nbsp;43, Kehl, de l'imprimerie de la Société littéraire-typographique, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Œuvres complètes de Voltaire&nbsp;», <time>1784</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+philosophique&amp;rft.place=Kehl&amp;rft.pub=de+l%27imprimerie+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+litt%C3%A9raire-typographique&amp;rft.aulast=Voltaire&amp;rft.date=1784&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> Article sur les Quakers tiré des <i>Lettres philosophiques</i>, 1734 </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kubler1950"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francis_Kubler1950">Francis <span class="nom_auteur">Kubler</span>, <cite class="italique">La pensée, l'action et l'organisation de la «&nbsp;Société des Amis&nbsp;» (Quakers)</cite>, Neuchâtel, <time>1950</time>, 142&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+pens%C3%A9e%2C+l%27action+et+l%27organisation+de+la+%C2%AB+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Amis+%C2%BB+%28Quakers%29&amp;rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel&amp;rft.aulast=Kubler&amp;rft.aufirst=Francis&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft.tpages=142&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> Thèse de licence présentée à la faculté de théologie de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Neuch%C3%A2tel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Neuchâtel">université de Neuchâtel</a> </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Naude1692"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Naude1692">Philippe <span class="nom_auteur">Naude</span>, <cite class="italique">Histoire Abrégée de la Naissance et du Progrez du Kouakerisme avec celle de ses dogmes</cite>, Cologne, Pierre Marteau, <time>1692</time>, 110&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Histoire+Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9e+de+la+Naissance+et+du+Progrez+du+Kouakerisme+avec+celle+de+ses+dogmes&amp;rft.place=Cologne&amp;rft.pub=Pierre+Marteau&amp;rft.aulast=Naude&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft.date=1692&amp;rft.tpages=110&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> Premier ouvrage en français sur les quakers, il leur est violemment hostile. Reprise en 1699 sous le titre <i>La Religion des Kouakres en Angleterre</i> (Jean Petit, Paris) </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Ouvrages_modernes">Ouvrages modernes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ouvrages modernes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li>Francis Frost, article «&nbsp;Quakers (Quakérisme)&nbsp;» dans le <i>Dictionnaire de la spiritualité ascétique et mystique</i>, Paris, Beauchêne, Tome XII, 3, 1986.</li> <li>Yves de Gibon, article «&nbsp;Quakers&nbsp;» dans le <i>Dictionnaire des religions</i>, sous la dir. de Paul Poupard, éditions PUF, 1984.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Foucault2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Foucault2013"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Foucault?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>, <cite class="italique">La Société punitive&nbsp;: Cours au Collège de France, 1972-1973</cite>, Seuil/Gallimard, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Hautes Études&nbsp;», <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782021038033?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782021038033"><span class="nowrap">9782021038033</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://archive.org/stream/michel-foucault-la-societe-punitive-cours-au-college-de-france-19721973-2013/michel-foucault-la-societe-punitive-cours-au-college-de-france-19721973-2013_djvu.txt">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, «&nbsp;Leçon du 31 janvier 1973&nbsp;»<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+punitive&amp;rft.atitle=Le%C3%A7on+du+31+janvier+1973&amp;rft.pub=Seuil%2FGallimard&amp;rft.stitle=Cours+au+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1972-1973&amp;rft.aulast=Foucault&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9782021038033&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span> <div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"> «&nbsp;Les Quakers&nbsp;: rejet du code pénal anglais et de la peine de mort&nbsp;» </div></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dandelion2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pink_Dandelion2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Pink <span class="nom_auteur">Dandelion</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">An introduction to Quakerism</cite>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, <time>2007</time>, 277&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780521841115?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780521841115"><span class="nowrap">9780521841115</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Quakerism&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Dandelion&amp;rft.aufirst=Pink&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.tpages=277&amp;rft.isbn=9780521841115&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="1984"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John Punshon, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Portrait in grey: a short history of the Quakers</cite>, Londres, Quaker Home Service, <time>1984</time>, 293&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0852451806?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0852451806"><span class="nowrap">0852451806</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Portrait+in+grey%3A+a+short+history+of+the+Quakers&amp;rft.place=Londres&amp;rft.pub=Quaker+Home+Service&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.tpages=293&amp;rft.isbn=0852451806&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dandelion2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pink_Dandelion2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Pink <span class="nom_auteur">Dandelion</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The liturgies of Quakerism</cite>, Aldershot, Hants, Angleterre&nbsp;; Burlington, VT, Ashgate, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&nbsp;«&nbsp;Liturgy, worship, and society series&nbsp;», <time>2005</time>, 138&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0754631281?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0754631281"><span class="nowrap">0754631281</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+liturgies+of+Quakerism&amp;rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hants%2C+Angleterre+%3B+Burlington%2C+VT&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate&amp;rft.aulast=Dandelion&amp;rft.aufirst=Pink&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=138&amp;rft.isbn=0754631281&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Emilie_GriffinDouglas_V._Steere2005"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">Emilie Griffin</span> et <span class="nom_auteur">Douglas V. Steere</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Quaker Spirituality&nbsp;: Selected Writings</cite>, New York, HarperSanFrancisco, <time>2005</time>, 164&nbsp;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0060578726?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0060578726"><span class="nowrap">0060578726</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Quaker+Spirituality&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&amp;rft.stitle=Selected+Writings&amp;rft.aulast=Emilie+Griffin&amp;rft.au=Douglas+V.+Steere&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.tpages=164&amp;rft.isbn=0060578726&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AQuaker"></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="site_officiel" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="wd_p856"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : norvégien">(no)</abbr>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kveker.org">Site officiel</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208?uselang%3Dfr%23P856" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span></span></cite></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressource relative aux beaux-arts<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span></span>&nbsp;: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T029971"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Grove Art Online</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span></span>&nbsp;: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Society-of-Friends"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//kv%25C3%25A6ker/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/organisation/religious_society_of_friends"><i>Dictionary of Sydney</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3929560"><i>Internetowa encyklopedia PWN</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/les_Quakers/182674"><i>Larousse</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/quakers"><i>New Georgia Encyclopedia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://snl.no/kvekere"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/quaccheri"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/quakers/"><i>Universalis</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span></span>&nbsp;: <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://viaf.org/viaf/167782622">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://isni.org/isni/0000000121597932">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118665342">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118665342">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.idref.fr/026413914">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066083">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/1162588810">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566943">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987008729884405171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://aut.nkp.cz/ph535726">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-066083">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li>Organisations faîtières <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://fwccworld.org/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC)</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.fgcquaker.org/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends General Conference (FGC)</span></a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.fum.org/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Friends United Meeting (FUM)</span></a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.efcer.org/"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Evangelical Friends Church-Eastern Region</span> (EFC-ER)</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>)</li> </ul></li> <li>Francophonie <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.quakersenfrance.org/">Assemblée Annuelle de France</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://quakersnantes.org">Groupe quaker de Nantes</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://quakers-paris.fr">Groupe quaker de Paris</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.toulousequakers.org">Groupe quaker de Toulouse</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.maison-quaker-congenies.org/">Maison quaker de Congénies</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.swiss-quakers.ch/">Assemblée Annuelle de Suisse</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.be-lux.quaker.org//">Réunion Mensuelle Belgique et Luxembourg</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://montreal.quaker.ca/">Assemblée Mensuelle de Montréal</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li>Liste de liens <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.quaker.org/">Liste de liens de Russell Nelson</a>.</li> </ul></li> <li>Bibliographie <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.non-violence.ch/catalogue/index.php?lvl%3Dcateg_see%26id%3D512">Bibliographie et documentation</a> concernant «&nbsp;Quakerisme&nbsp;» dans le catalogue du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_pour_l%27action_non_violente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centre pour l'action non violente">Centre pour l'action non violente</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Religions_et_croyances?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des religions et croyances"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" 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religions et croyances</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du christianisme"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/17px-Latin_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/17px-Latin_Cross.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="17" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Latin_Cross.svg/25px-Latin_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, 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<noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg/32px-Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg/32px-Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg/48px-Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg/64px-Nymphaea_pubescens1MTFL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.034 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de «&nbsp;<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DQuaker%26oldid%3D218890679">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;oldid=218890679</a>&nbsp;». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Quaker&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="MHM55" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1727185868"> <span>Dernière modification le 24 septembre 2024, à 14:51</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B2" title="الكويكرز&nbsp;–&nbsp;arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكويكرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socied%25C3%25A1_Relixosa_de_los_Amigos" title="Sociedá Relixosa de los Amigos&nbsp;–&nbsp;asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sociedá Relixosa de los Amigos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B" title="Квакеры&nbsp;–&nbsp;biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B" title="Квакеры&nbsp;–&nbsp;Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Квакери&nbsp;–&nbsp;bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квакери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevredigezh_relijius_ar_Vignoned" title="Kevredigezh relijius ar Vignoned&nbsp;–&nbsp;breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevredigezh relijius ar Vignoned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri&nbsp;–&nbsp;bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_Religiosa_d%2527Amics" title="Societat Religiosa d'Amics&nbsp;–&nbsp;catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat Religiosa d'Amics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvake%25C5%2599i" title="Kvakeři&nbsp;–&nbsp;tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvakeři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crynwyr" title="Crynwyr&nbsp;–&nbsp;gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crynwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%25C3%25A6ker" title="Kvæker&nbsp;–&nbsp;danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvæker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25C3%25A4kertum" title="Quäkertum&nbsp;–&nbsp;allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quäkertum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9" title="Κουάκεροι&nbsp;–&nbsp;grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουάκεροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers&nbsp;–&nbsp;anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakerismo" title="Kvakerismo&nbsp;–&nbsp;espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvakerismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Religiosa_de_los_Amigos" title="Sociedad Religiosa de los Amigos&nbsp;–&nbsp;espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Religiosa de los Amigos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveekerid" title="Kveekerid&nbsp;–&nbsp;estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kveekerid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiskideen_Erlijiozko_Elkartea" title="Adiskideen Erlijiozko Elkartea&nbsp;–&nbsp;basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adiskideen Erlijiozko Elkartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7" title="کوئیکرها&nbsp;–&nbsp;persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوئیکرها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveekarit" title="Kveekarit&nbsp;–&nbsp;finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kveekarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589gll%25C3%25A9se_Quaker" title="Égllése Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése Quaker" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_gCarad" title="Cumann na gCarad&nbsp;–&nbsp;irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumann na gCarad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaigearan" title="Cuaigearan&nbsp;–&nbsp;gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuaigearan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Relixiosa_dos_Amigos" title="Sociedade Relixiosa dos Amigos&nbsp;–&nbsp;galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sociedade Relixiosa dos Amigos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="קווייקרים&nbsp;–&nbsp;hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווייקרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri&nbsp;–&nbsp;croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%25C3%25A9kerek" title="Kvékerek&nbsp;–&nbsp;hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvékerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Քվակերներ&nbsp;–&nbsp;arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվակերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_Quaker" title="Kaum Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaum Quaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakero" title="Quakero&nbsp;–&nbsp;ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quakero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekarar" title="Kvekarar&nbsp;–&nbsp;islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvekarar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaccherismo" title="Quaccherismo&nbsp;–&nbsp;italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quaccherismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC" title="クエーカー&nbsp;–&nbsp;japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クエーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="კვაკერები&nbsp;–&nbsp;géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვაკერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers&nbsp;–&nbsp;Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2580%2598%25EC%259D%25B4%25EC%25BB%25A4" title="퀘이커&nbsp;–&nbsp;coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘이커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosa_Amicorum_Sodalitas" title="Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas&nbsp;–&nbsp;latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosia_Relijiosa_de_Amis" title="Sosia Relijiosa de Amis&nbsp;–&nbsp;lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sosia Relijiosa de Amis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakeriai" title="Kvakeriai&nbsp;–&nbsp;lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvakeriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%25C4%2593kerisms" title="Kvēkerisms&nbsp;–&nbsp;letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvēkerisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koakerisma" title="Koakerisma&nbsp;–&nbsp;malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Koakerisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaccheresimo" title="Quaccheresimo&nbsp;–&nbsp;napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Quaccheresimo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25C3%25A4kers" title="Quäkers&nbsp;–&nbsp;bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quäkers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers&nbsp;–&nbsp;néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekarane" title="Kvekarane&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvekarane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennenes_samfunn" title="Vennenes samfunn&nbsp;–&nbsp;norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vennenes samfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakrzy" title="Kwakrzy&nbsp;–&nbsp;polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwakrzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker&nbsp;–&nbsp;roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B" title="Квакеры&nbsp;–&nbsp;russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucit%25C3%25A0_Riliggiusa_di_l%2527Amici" title="Sucità Riliggiusa di l'Amici&nbsp;–&nbsp;sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sucità Riliggiusa di l'Amici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaiker" title="Quaiker&nbsp;–&nbsp;écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quaiker" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers&nbsp;–&nbsp;Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakeri" title="Kvakeri&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvakeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekerji" title="Kvekerji&nbsp;–&nbsp;slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvekerji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaker%25C3%25ABt" title="Kuakerët&nbsp;–&nbsp;albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuakerët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8" title="Квекери&nbsp;–&nbsp;serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квекери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%25C3%25A4karna" title="Kväkarna&nbsp;–&nbsp;suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kväkarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii_ya_Marafiki" title="Jamii ya Marafiki&nbsp;–&nbsp;swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamii ya Marafiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25AF_%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2582%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="நண்பர்களின் சமய சமூகம்&nbsp;–&nbsp;tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நண்பர்களின் சமய சமூகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveyk%25C4%25B1rlar" title="Kuveykırlar&nbsp;–&nbsp;turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuveykırlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Квакерство&nbsp;–&nbsp;ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квакерство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A6%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1" title="کوئکر&nbsp;–&nbsp;ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakerlar" title="Kvakerlar&nbsp;–&nbsp;ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvakerlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers&nbsp;–&nbsp;vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25B4%25B5%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E4%25BC%259A" title="贵格会&nbsp;–&nbsp;wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贵格会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A2%25D7%2596%25D7%25A2%25D7%259C%25D7%25A9%25D7%2590%25D7%25A4%25D7%2598_%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598" title="געזעלשאפט פון פריינט&nbsp;–&nbsp;yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזעלשאפט פון פריינט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25B2%25B4%25E6%25A0%25BC%25E6%259C%2583" title="貴格會&nbsp;–&nbsp;chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貴格會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%25AC%25E8%25AA%25BC%25E6%259C%2583" title="公誼會&nbsp;–&nbsp;cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公誼會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 24 septembre 2024 à 14:51.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf mention contraire.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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