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意大利 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-國名來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國名來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>國名來源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-國名來源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关國名來源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-國名來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>中譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-史前時代至羅馬帝國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史前時代至羅馬帝國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>史前時代至羅馬帝國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史前時代至羅馬帝國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中古時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中古時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>中古時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中古時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝復興" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝復興"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>文藝復興</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝復興-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外國統治與啟蒙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外國統治與啟蒙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>外國統治與啟蒙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外國統治與啟蒙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-王國時期:1861年-1946年" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#王國時期:1861年-1946年"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>王國時期:1861年-1946年</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-王國時期:1861年-1946年-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-共和國時期:1946年至今" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共和國時期:1946年至今"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>共和國時期:1946年至今</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共和國時期:1946年至今-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>地理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关地理子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-地形" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地形"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>地形</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地形-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>氣候</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>生態</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>政治</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-国内政治" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#国内政治"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>国内政治</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-国内政治-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外交" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外交"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>外交</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外交-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政区划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政区划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>行政区划</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軍事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軍事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>軍事</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-軍事-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关軍事子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-軍事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-陸軍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陸軍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>陸軍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陸軍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海軍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海軍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>海軍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海軍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-空軍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#空軍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>空軍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-空軍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-憲兵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#憲兵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>憲兵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-憲兵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>經濟</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关經濟子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-综述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#综述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>综述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-综述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>工业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旅游业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>旅游业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-进出口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进出口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>进出口</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进出口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>社会</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社会-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关社会子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-社会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>人口</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-城市人口" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城市人口"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>城市人口</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城市人口-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外來移民" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外來移民"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>外來移民</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外來移民-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意大利海外僑民" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意大利海外僑民"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>意大利海外僑民</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意大利海外僑民-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-意大利語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意大利語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>意大利語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意大利語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會階級" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會階級"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>社會階級</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會階級-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-羅馬天主教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#羅馬天主教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>羅馬天主教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-羅馬天主教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他基督教派" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他基督教派"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>其他基督教派</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他基督教派-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>其他宗教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>交通</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公共服務" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公共服務"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>公共服務</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公共服務-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-醫療保健" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫療保健"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>醫療保健</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫療保健-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通訊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通訊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>通訊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通訊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-媒體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#媒體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>媒體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-媒體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-女權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#女權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>女權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-女權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT權利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT權利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>LGBT權利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT權利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日常生活" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日常生活"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>日常生活</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日常生活-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-禮儀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禮儀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>禮儀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禮儀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-犯罪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#犯罪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>犯罪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-犯罪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公共假日" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公共假日"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>公共假日</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公共假日-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-環境" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#環境"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>環境</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-環境-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17</span> <span>文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-建築" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建築"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1</span> <span>建築</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建築-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-從古典到哥德風格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#從古典到哥德風格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1.1</span> <span>從古典到哥德風格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-從古典到哥德風格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝復興至現代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝復興至現代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1.2</span> <span>文藝復興至現代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝復興至現代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宮殿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宮殿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1.3</span> <span>宮殿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宮殿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-花園" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#花園"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.1.4</span> <span>花園</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-花園-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-視覺藝術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#視覺藝術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.2</span> <span>視覺藝術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-視覺藝術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.3</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-戲劇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#戲劇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.4</span> <span>戲劇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-戲劇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學技术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學技术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.5</span> <span>科學技术</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學技术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音樂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音樂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.6</span> <span>音樂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音樂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電影" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電影"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.7</span> <span>電影</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電影-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-體育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.8</span> <span>體育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時裝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時裝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.9</span> <span>時裝</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時裝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-設計" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#設計"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.10</span> <span>設計</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-設計-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-飲食" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#飲食"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17.11</span> <span>飲食</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-飲食-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各項國際排名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各項國際排名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>各項國際排名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-各項國際排名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">意大利</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。315种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-315" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">315种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Италиа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Италиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Италие – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Италие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 南阿尔泰语" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="南阿尔泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ጣልያን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጣልያን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 奥博洛语" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奥博洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إيطاليا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܝܛܠܝܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܛܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الطاليان – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الطاليان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايطاليا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايطاليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="ইটালী – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইটালী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 阿提卡米克语" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Italėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Italėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 巴塔克托巴文" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="巴塔克托巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီတလီခမ်းထီ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီတလီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ইতালি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতালি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་ཏ་ལི། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་ཏ་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="ইতালি – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইতালি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨗᨈᨒᨗᨕ – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨈᨒᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89-d%C3%A2i-l%C3%A9" title="É-dâi-lé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="É-dâi-lé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 查莫罗语" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎢᏔᎵ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏔᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیتاڵیا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتاڵیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lie" title="Itálie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Itálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%B4" title="Italskô – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Italskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їталїꙗ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їталїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Eidal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya" title="İtalya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İtalya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italska" title="Italska – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Italska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="އިޓަލީވިލާތް – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިޓަލީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BE%80%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨྀཊ་ལི་ – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨྀཊ་ལི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 埃维语" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="埃维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιταλία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A2glia" title="Itâglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Itâglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italio" title="Italio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalia" title="Itaalia – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Itaalia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalien" title="Itaalien – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Itaalien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalje" title="Itaalje – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Itaalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iod%C3%A1il" title="An Iodáil – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iodáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0taliya" title="İtaliya – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İtaliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eadailt" title="An Eadailt – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Eadailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="ઈટલી – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈટલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Iddaal" title="Yn Iddaal – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Iddaal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi-thai-li" title="Yi-thai-li – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yi-thai-li" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAk%C4%81lia" title="ʻĪkālia – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĪkālia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="איטליה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italska" title="Italska – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Italska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaszorsz%C3%A1g" title="Olaszország – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olaszország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իտալիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իտալիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իտալիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtal%C3%ADa" title="Ítalía – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ítalía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="イタリア – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/italias" title="italias – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="italias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იტალია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADelyan" title="Ṭṭelyan – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭṭelyan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Италэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Италэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaalii" title="Itaalii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Itaalii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itari" title="Itari – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Itari" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="អ៊ីតាលី – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីតាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಟಲಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="이탈리아 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Италья – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Италья" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اِٹَلی – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِٹَلی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Etalya" title="Îtalya – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îtalya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitale" title="Yitale – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Yitale" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia" title="Talia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Talia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ອີຕາລີ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອີຕາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italeja" title="Italeja – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Italeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81lija" title="Itālija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Италий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Италий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81ria" title="Itāria – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Itāria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇറ്റലി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറ്റലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italja" title="Italja – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Italja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eit%C3%A1lia" title="Eitália – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eitália" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီတလီနိုင်ငံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီတလီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Италия Мастор – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Италия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایتالیا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%ABn" title="Italiën – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Italiën" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटाली – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इटाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߌߕߊߟߌ߫ – 西非书面文字" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߕߊߟߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="西非书面文字" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doohats%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%AD_Y%C3%A1ti%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Doohatsʼíí Yátiʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Doohatsʼíí Yátiʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itualii" title="Itualii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Itualii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaaliyaanii" title="Xaaliyaanii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xaaliyaanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80" title="ଇଟାଲୀ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଟାଲୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Итали – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Итали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਟਲੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਟਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italie" title="Italie – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Italie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idali" title="Idali – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Idali" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 普法爾茨德文" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="普法爾茨德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italii" title="Italii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Italii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82ochy" title="Włochy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włochy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اٹلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιταλία – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιταλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اېټاليا – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېټاليا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubutariyano" title="Ubutariyano – 隆迪语" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubutariyano" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="隆迪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaglie" title="Itaglie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Itaglie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubutaliyani" title="Ubutaliyani – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubutaliyani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="इटली – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इटली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%84%D9%8A" title="اٽلي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اٽلي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ital%C3%AFi" title="Italïi – 桑戈语" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Italïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="桑戈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%E1%B9%ADalyan" title="Ṭṭalyan – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṭṭalyan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉතාලිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතාලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliansko" title="Taliansko – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taliansko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اٹلی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اٹلی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italija" title="Italija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itari" title="Itari – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Itari" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talyaaniga" title="Talyaaniga – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Talyaaniga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Италија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiyanikondre" title="Italiyanikondre – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Italiyanikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INtaliyane" title="INtaliyane – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INtaliyane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithali" title="Ithali – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ithali" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien" title="Italien – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijo" title="Italijo – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Italijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="இத்தாலி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இத்தாலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಇಟಲಿ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಟಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="ఇటలీ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇటలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lia" title="Itália – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Itália" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Итолиё – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Итолиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศอิตาลี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="ኢጣልያ – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢጣልያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali%C3%BDa" title="Italiýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Italiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italij%C9%99" title="Italijə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Italijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia" title="Italia – 茨瓦纳语" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Italia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="茨瓦纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%AAtali" title="ʻĪtali – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻĪtali" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itali" title="Itali – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Itali" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya" title="İtalya – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithali" title="Ithali – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ithali" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99It%C4%81ria" title="’Itāria – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Itāria" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Италия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىتالىيە – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتالىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Італія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اطالیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy – 文达语" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Italy" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="文达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目、​优良条目"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A0%C5%82ia" title="Itàłia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Itàłia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italii" title="Italii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Italii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itoali%C3%AB" title="Itoalië – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Itoalië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litaliy%C3%A4n" title="Litaliyän – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Litaliyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A5leye" title="Itåleye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Itåleye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italya" title="Italya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Italya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaali" title="Itaali – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Itaali" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Италмудин Орн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Италмудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IItaly" title="IItaly – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IItaly" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იტალია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იტალია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="איטאליע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטאליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1l%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Itálíà – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Itálíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiqdaihleih" title="Eiqdaihleih – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Eiqdaihleih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A2li%C3%AB" title="Itâlië – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Itâlië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="義大利" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-t%C4%81i-l%C4%AB" title="Í-tāi-lī – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Í-tāi-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITaliya" title="ITaliya – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITaliya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;oldid=85075483" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&amp;page=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;id=85075483&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2588%25A9"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2588%25A9"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Italia" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" hreflang="zh"><span>维基新闻</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f8a918de" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" 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zh-hant:達文西;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:维瓦尔第; zh-hant:韋華第; zh-tw:韋瓦第;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh:鲁契亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂;zh-hans:鲁契亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂;zh-hk:盧奇亞諾·巴伐洛堤;zh-tw:盧奇亞諾·帕華洛帝;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:朱塞佩; zh-hant:朱塞佩; zh-hk:朱斯卑;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-tw:義國;zh-cn:意国;zh-hk:意國;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">義大利共和國</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span lang="it" title="義大利語文本">Repubblica Italiana</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; padding:0 2px 0 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="義大利国旗"><img alt="義大利国旗" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利国徽"> 国徽</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem" style=""><b>国歌:</b><span lang="it" title="義大利語文本">"Il Canto degli Italiani"</span><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>)</span><br /><small>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" title="意大利人之歌">義大利人之歌</a>》</small> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Italy_-_U.S._Navy_Band_(long_version).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source 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title="File:EU-Italy.svg">圖例放大</a></span>&#93;</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">首都<div class="ib-country-largest">暨最大城市</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/33px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/44px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a><sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">宗教<div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">83.3% <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">12.4% <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="無宗教">無宗教</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.7% <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="義大利伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.2% <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.1% <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.3% 其他宗教<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="義大利政治">政府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="單一制">單一制</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="內閣制">內閣制</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会民主制">議會民主制</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利總統">總統</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%84%A6%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%94%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89" title="塞尔焦·马塔雷拉">塞爾焦·馬塔雷拉</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利部长会议主席">總理</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="喬治亞·梅洛尼">焦尔吉娅·梅洛尼</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">立法机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="意大利议会">議會</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="上议院">上议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="共和国参议院 (意大利)">參議院</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="下议院">下议院</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="众议院 (意大利)">眾議院</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利军事">现役军人</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">165,500人<br /> 18,300人(預備役)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="義大利歷史">建立</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马王政时代">罗马王政时代</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">西元前753年-西元前509年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">西元前509年-西元前27年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">西元前27年-公元476年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%9B%BC" title="查理曼">查理曼</a>征服義大利 </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">774年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利統一">義大利統一</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1859年-1870年</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%8F%E4%BE%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="萨伏依王朝">萨伏依王朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利王國 (1861年-1946年)">義大利王国</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1861年3月17日-1946年6月12日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/1946%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="1946年意大利政体公投">意大利共和国成立</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1946年6月2日</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7" title="欧洲联盟扩大">加入</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(即现今的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a>)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1958年1月1日</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="義大利地理">面积</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">309,338平方公里(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界各国和地区面积列表">第71名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;水域率</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="意大利人口">人口</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;2022年估计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">58,853,482<span style="color:red; font-size:larger">▼</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口列表">第25名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;密度</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">201.3/平方公里(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国家和地区人口密度列表">第63名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2023年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3.195萬億美元<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国实质国内生产总值列表">第12名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">54,216美元<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%AE%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均实质国内生产总值列表">第32名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a><span style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">(国际汇率)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2023年估计</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;总计</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.169萬億美元<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国名义国内生产总值列表">第8名</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;人均</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">36,812美元<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%90%8D%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国人均名义国内生产总值列表">第26名</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.324<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span style="font-weight:normal;">(2015年)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83933911">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">中</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="人类发展指数">人类发展指数</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="color: #0c0; font-size:larger">▲</span>&#160;0.873<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap">(2018年)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732967">html:not(.skin-theme-clientpref-night) .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.isdarkmode{display:none}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.nodarkmode{display:none}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ifdarkmode>.nodarkmode{display:none}}</style><span class="ifdarkmode"><span class="nodarkmode"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">极高</span></span><span class="isdarkmode"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">极高</span></span></span></span>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國人類發展指數列表">第29名</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">货币</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="歐元">歐元</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>)<sup>b</sup>(<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">时区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%B6" title="协调世界时">UTC</a>+1</span>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="欧洲中部时间">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="ib-country-fake-li">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%88%B6" title="夏时制">夏令时</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%B6" title="协调世界时">UTC</a>+2</span>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%8F%E4%BB%A4%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲中部夏令時間">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">日期格式</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">dd/mm/yyyy&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" title="基督纪年">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" title="道路通行方向">行驶方位</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">靠右行駛</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">电话区号</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">+39<sup>c</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IT" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:IT">IT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E9%A0%82%E7%B4%9A%E5%9F%9F" title="國家和地區頂級域">互联网顶级域</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/.it" title=".it">.it</a><sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-website"><b>网站</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italia.it/">www<wbr />.italia<wbr />.it</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38#P856" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博尔扎诺自治省">南蒂罗尔</a>的共同官方语言;<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="瓦莱达奥斯塔大区">奥斯塔谷</a>的共同官方语言;<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%9C%81" title="的里雅斯特省">的里雅斯特省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%E7%9C%81" title="戈里齊亞省">戈里齐亚省</a>的共同官方语言;<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%99%BB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="拉登语">拉登语</a>是南蒂罗尔、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" title="特倫托自治省">特伦托自治省</a>和其他北方地区的共同官方语言。</span></li><li value="2"><span style="font-size:100%;">2002年之前为義大利里拉。 歐元在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%87%91%E7%9A%AE%E5%BA%B8" title="意大利金皮庸">義大利金皮庸</a>通用,但该镇官方貨幣為瑞士法郎。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></li><li value="3"><span style="font-size:100%;">要撥打到義大利金皮庸,必須使用瑞士代碼+41。</span></li><li value="4"><span style="font-size:100%;">.eu網域也被使用,因為它與其他歐盟成員國共享。</span></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>義大利共和國</b>(義大利語:<span lang="it">Repubblica Italiana</span>),简稱<b>意大利</b>(義大利語:<span lang="it">Italia</span>,台湾作<b>義大利</b>),是一個位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>的主權國家。主要由位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="南歐">南歐</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>邊的靴型<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%A7%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="亞平寧半島">亞平寧半島</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">西西里島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="撒丁岛">撒丁島</a>和一些較小島嶼组成。意大利北方的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾卑斯山">阿爾卑斯山</a>地區與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛維尼亞">斯洛維尼亞</a>接壤,其領土包圍著兩個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="微型國家">微型國家</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="聖馬利諾">聖馬利諾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂岡">梵蒂岡</a>及一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="主权实体">主權實體</a> ——<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98" title="馬爾他騎士團">馬爾他騎士團</a>,而在瑞士擁有座落於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%8A%A0%E8%AB%BE%E6%B9%96" title="盧加諾湖">盧加諾湖</a>湖畔的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%8E%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利坎波內">意大利坎波內</a>這個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A3%9B%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="外飛地">外飛地</a>。全國<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利行政區劃">行政上劃分</a>為20個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利行政區劃">大區</a>(其中5個為自治區)、110個省與8,100個城市。首都為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>。根据2022年统计,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="意大利人口">意大利人口</a>為5900萬,目前人口处于负增长,但仍是歐洲人口第5多的國家,在世界上排名第25位。領土面積為301,338平方公里,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">人口密度</a>约每平方公里201.1人,屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫帶">溫帶</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9E%8B%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海型氣候">地中海型氣候</a>。意大利即將滅亡。 </p><p>意大利地區是以前<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>民族及文化的搖籃,曾孕育出<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="伊特鲁里亚">伊特鲁里亚</a>等古文明,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>人的擴張使得<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>數個世紀以來成爲地中海和歐洲的政治中心,更在後邊的一個千年成爲西方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">宗教中心</a>。羅馬人吸收並發展了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">希臘文化</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬文化">羅馬文化</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="公曆">公曆</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬法">羅馬法</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="參議院">參議院</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B5%B4%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="公共浴室">公共浴室</a>,城市自來水,路橋和地暖等影響了西方甚至全世界。當<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>在西部的統治瓦解後,意大利遭受了多次外族入侵,包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴底人">倫巴底人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="東哥德人">東哥德人</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼民族</a>,之後還有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人">諾曼人</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>曾一度重新占領意大利地區。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>時,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">意大利城邦</a>產生了近代<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D" title="金融">金融</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="會計">會計</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>等事物。14世紀後,它們成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>的發源地<sup id="cite_ref-immaculateheartacademy.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-immaculateheartacademy.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" title="現代性">現代</a>。 </p><p>1861年,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利王國 (1861年-1946年)">意大利王國</a>統一了半島列國<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1942年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>時期,首相<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="墨索里尼">墨索里尼</a>統治下的意大利王國變成一個地中海帝國,把勢力範圍延伸到北非和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次世界大戰義大利軍事占領法國(页面不存在)">法國南部</a>,而且擁有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="北洋政府">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="天津">天津</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E7%95%8C" title="租界">租界</a><sup id="cite_ref-allempires.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allempires.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1945年,墨索里尼建立的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利社會共和國">意大利社會共和國</a>被盟軍擊垮。二戰後,意大利廢除了君主制,建立了現在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利共和國">意大利共和國</a>。戰後根據1947年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="巴黎和平條約">巴黎和平條約</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="意大利殖民帝国">意大利殖民帝国</a>終結。 </p><p>意大利也在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業">工業</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療衛生">醫療衛生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动">體育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術">藝術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="時尚">時尚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="料理">料理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電影">電影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="建築">建築</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂">音樂</a>等方面具有重要的影響力。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>是意大利的經濟及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業">工業</a>中心,根據2009年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球語言監察組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global Language Monitor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="全球語言監察組織(页面不存在)">全球語言監察組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" class="extiw" title="en:Global Language Monitor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global Language Monitor</span></a></span>)</span></span>的資料<sup id="cite_ref-languagemonitor.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagemonitor.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,它也是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A%E4%B9%8B%E9%83%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="世界時尚之都(页面不存在)">世界時尚之都</a>。首都<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>因爲它在西方文化中不可取代的地位,擁有意大利最多的游客。水城<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>則被認為是世界上最美麗的城市,《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報">紐約時報</a>》形容它「無疑是世界上最美麗的人造城市」<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%88%87%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="美國新聞與世界報導">美國新聞與世界報導</a>》在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A5%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="最好國家指數(页面不存在)">最好國家指數</a>中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="文化影響力(页面不存在)">文化影響力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="時尚">時尚</a>兩個領域將意大利排在全球第一的位置<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利共和國是一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a>民主共和國,是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达國家</a>,也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七大工業國</a>之一,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="最佳出生地指数">最佳出生地指數</a>則在世界排名第8名<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利在2017年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數列表">人類發展指數列表</a>中則名列第28位<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,並擁有高度<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国人均国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">人均國內生產總額</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8C%AF%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各國國內生產總值列表 (國際匯率)">國內生產總額</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E5%83%B9)" class="mw-redirect" title="各國國內生產總值列表 (購買力平價)">購買力平價國內生產總值</a>的數據,意大利分別是世界第8大與第10大<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟體">經濟體</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A2%84%E7%AE%97" title="政府预算">政府預算</a>金額則是位居世界第5位<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="北大西洋公约">北大西洋公約</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>的創始會員國,也是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="七國集團">七大工業國集團</a>、<a href="/wiki/20%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="20國集團">20國集團</a>的成員之一。意大利也參與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%9A%A8%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟合作暨發展組織">經濟合作暨發展組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界貿易組織">世界貿易組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲議會">歐洲議會</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="西歐聯盟">西歐聯盟</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲創新中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central European Initiative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲創新中心(页面不存在)">歐洲創新中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" class="extiw" title="en:Central European Initiative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central European Initiative</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Central European Initiative)。意大利也參加<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E6%A0%B9%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="申根協議">申根協議</a>,也是世界<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="各國國防預算列表">世界國防預算</a>金額第9高的國家且分享北約的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>。 </p><p>意大利在歐洲及全球的軍事、文化和外交事務扮演重要的角色,首都羅馬則是世界上對於政治及文化具有重要影響力的城市,世界上許多著名的機構,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="国际农业发展基金会">國際農業發展基金會</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87" title="全球在地論壇">全球在地論壇</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E7%BD%B2" title="世界糧食計劃署">世界糧食計劃署</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國糧食及農業組織">聯合國糧食及農業組織</a>的總部都設在羅馬。意大利也擁有较高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="教育指数">教育指數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国劳动力人数列表">勞動力人口</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%85%88%E5%96%84%E6%8D%90%E5%8A%A9%E9%87%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="各國慈善捐助金列表(页面不存在)">慈善捐助金額</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。人均<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="預期壽命">預期壽命</a>排名世界第11位<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。醫療保健系統在2000年被世界衛生組織評比為世界第2。意大利也是一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a>的國家<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%93%81%E7%89%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國家品牌(页面不存在)">國家品牌</a>價值在2009年名列世界第6位<sup id="cite_ref-nation-branding1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nation-branding1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利有著繁多的古老建築,至2017年共有53處世界遺產,是擁有最多世界遺產的西方國家<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,除此之外還擁有多樣的地形地貌與自然風光,被稱為<b>美麗的國度</b>(Belpaese)。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56805754">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國名來源"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E5.90.8D.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>國名來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:國名來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一般認為意大利 Italia 這個名稱是源自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>化的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E8%AF%AD" title="奥斯坎语">奧斯坎語</a><i><span class="Unicode">Víteliú</span></i>,即擁有幼牛之地的意思<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(比较<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>vitulus“牛犊”,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="翁布里亚语">翁布里亚语</a>vitlo“牛犊”)。“意大利”這個名詞第一次出現在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>作家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a>的作品中,根據當時一位叫安條克的歷史學家,Italia從前只有用來稱呼現在南意大利部分的地區,本指<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="亚平宁半岛">亞平寧半岛</a>南部古布鲁蒂姆地區(<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>:<span lang="la">Bruttium</span>,現在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉布里亚">卡拉布里亚</a>),再不久,Italia已經可以視為意大利部落Oenotria的同義詞了,也可以適用於其他地區。希臘人逐漸使用“意大利”這個名稱來稱呼一個更廣大的地區,而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="奧古斯都">奧古斯都</a>皇帝統治時期,意大利這個名詞的含義包括了整個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="亚平宁半岛">亞平寧半岛</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中譯"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E8.AD.AF"></span>中譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:中譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9B%E5%AF%B0%E5%BF%97%E7%95%A5" title="瀛寰志略">瀛寰志略</a>》按照<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利語</a>發音譯作「意大里亞」。<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>多作「義大利」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利历史">意大利歷史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史前時代至羅馬帝國"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.89.8D.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3.E8.87.B3.E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E5.B8.9D.E5.9C.8B"></span>史前時代至羅馬帝國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:史前時代至羅馬帝國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg/220px-Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg/330px-Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg/440px-Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬競技場">羅馬競技場</a>可說是羅馬最著名的象徵</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利的歷史,不論從文化或社會發展角度都在地中海地區占據著最重要的地位。從意大利境內多地進行的考古活動得知本區的歷史可以追溯至大約200,000年前的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的人文相當深厚,意大利許多地區都有著重要的考古遺址,例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%A7%86" title="拉丁姆">拉丁姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="托斯卡納">托斯卡納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="翁布里亞">翁布里亞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="巴西利卡塔">巴西利卡塔</a>等。希臘人在前8至7世紀時曾在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>及意大利半島南部地區進行殖民活動,所以這些古希臘人在意大利半島南部建立的殖民城邦被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="大希臘">大希臘</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。古羅馬從前8世紀時的一個小型農業社會逐漸發展成一個環繞<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>的龐大帝國。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>文化也跟古羅馬文化逐漸融合為一體,並對現代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術">藝術</a>產生直接的影響。而古羅馬文化則從<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬王國">王制</a>發展成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬共和">共和國</a>,最後成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="獨裁">獨裁</a>政治。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>則從2世紀後逐漸衰弱,最後在395年分裂成兩個部分:西方的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>及東方的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>。西羅馬帝國後來因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德人">哥德人</a>的侵略而滅亡,造成意大利半島在接下來的十四個世紀都是分裂的狀態。而拜占庭帝國則繼續傳承古羅馬的文化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中古時代"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.8F.A4.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>中古時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:中古時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="中世纪的意大利">中世纪的意大利</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/220px-Iron_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/330px-Iron_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron_Crown.JPG/440px-Iron_Crown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>倫巴第<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%8E%8B%E5%86%A0" title="鐵王冠">鐵王冠</a>,第一頂意大利王冠</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%E5%8A%AA%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="尤斯丁努安一世">尤斯丁努安一世</a>於6世紀從<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德人">哥德人</a>的手中短暫復興意大利半島後,一波新的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴底人">倫巴底人</a>從北方抵達意大利。幾個世紀以來,拜占庭帝國的軍隊足以驅逐<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>的勢力建立一個意大利王國。但是當時拜占庭帝國面忙於倫巴底人對亞平寧半島的入侵,控制的區域僅包括了北部<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E7%BA%B3%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%8C%BA" title="拉文纳总督区">拉文納總督區</a>的狹長地帶,以及南意地區一些零星的城市。意大利在中古時代早期同時受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡洛林王朝">卡洛林王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%A8%E6%96%AF%E9%99%B6%E8%8A%AC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="霍亨斯陶芬王朝">霍亨斯陶芬王朝</a>勢力的影響,也成為了各個政治勢力角力的場域。 </p><p>中古時代的意大利地區戰爭頻繁,直到19世紀都還無法成為統一國家。為了填補這些政治權力的真空,城市的人民試圖透過支持勢力堅強的君主來尋求和平,於是許多名門望族來主導政治的情況紛紛出現,最著名的例子包括:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫萨</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="梅第奇家族">梅第奇家族</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%94%E8%92%82%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="維斯孔蒂家族">維斯孔蒂家族</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史卡拉家族" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="House of Scaliger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="史卡拉家族(页面不存在)">史卡拉家族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Scaliger" class="extiw" title="en:House of Scaliger"><span lang="en" dir="auto">House of Scaliger</span></a></span>)</span></span>。 </p><p>這個時期的意大利也因為開放商業活動而聞名於世。一些實際上實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="寡頭政治">寡頭政治</a>的城市完全主導商業活動的進行,雖然他們具有寬鬆的學術自由及藝術創作環境。意大利著名的四個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="海上共和国">海上共和國</a>分別是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿马尔菲共和国">阿馬爾菲共和國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="比薩共和國">比薩共和國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱那亞共和國">熱那亞共和國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="威尼斯共和國">威尼斯共和國</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png/220px-Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png/330px-Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png/440px-Zh_Italy_1494_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>現在的意大利地區在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中古時代後期(页面不存在)">中古時代後期</a>是由許多城邦及不同的獨立國家所構成的</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱那亞">熱那亞</a>是歐洲與亞洲之間重要的港市和金融業重鎮。威尼斯盛產玻璃和裝飾花邊。佛羅倫萨則是皮革、絲、羊毛、及珠寶中心。米蘭則出產優質武器和鎧甲。這些海上共和國與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a>有著密切的關連,並因此獲得政治利益及貿易機會,特別是占領<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="札達爾">札達爾</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>的資金都是由威尼斯所提供的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文藝復興"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88"></span>文藝復興</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:文藝復興"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利文藝復興</a></div> <p>意大利半島在中古時代後期分裂成許多<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">意大利城邦</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="那不勒斯王國">那不勒斯王國</a>占據半島南部,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="佛罗伦萨共和国">佛羅倫萨共和國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗國">教宗國</a>位在半島中部,<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱內亞">熱內亞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>分別位在北部及西部,而東部則是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>的勢力範圍。意大利在15世紀時是歐洲最進步的地區之一,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>運動也發源於此。其中位在意大利中部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a>則被認為是這次文化運動的中心,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="但丁">但丁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗切斯科·彼特拉克">弗朗切斯科·彼特拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">喬萬尼·薄伽丘</a>的文學作品及<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="喬托·迪·邦多納">喬托·迪·邦多納</a>的畫作舉世聞名。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%88%A9" title="尼科利">尼科利</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%84%A6%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%96%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="波焦·布拉喬利尼">波焦·布拉喬利尼</a>等學者的著作也包含許多歷史上重要的作家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德">亞里斯多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里德">歐幾里德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="西塞羅">西塞羅</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E5%A8%81%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾庫斯·維特魯威·波利奧">馬爾庫斯·維特魯威·波利奧</a>。文藝復興在意大利與歐洲歷史上是一個極為重要的時期,帶來了許多政治、哲學、文學、文化、社會及宗教上的改革<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/250px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/375px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg/500px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_nascita_di_Venere_-_Google_Art_Project_-_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="18840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="桑德羅·波提切利">桑德羅·波提切利</a>的繪畫作品<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F_(%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="維納斯的誕生 (波提切利)">維納斯的誕生</a>,現藏於佛羅倫萨<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%B2%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="烏菲茲美術館">烏菲茲美術館</a></figcaption></figure> <p>文藝復興這個名稱是因為它是代表埋藏在古代經典篇章中許多經典思想的「重生」。有些人認為,重生的來源是重新發現西方文明已經幾乎遺忘,但是仍然保存在寺院圖書館或強盛及富裕家族的私人圖書館的(例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="美第奇家族">美第奇家族</a>)古代典籍。有些人則認是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教國家">伊斯蘭教國家</a>將<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>被翻譯成<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>後傳入意大利,因此幫助意大利/歐洲文藝復興。不過,大部分的手稿在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興時期">文藝復興時期</a>開始之前,不是已經出現在意大利半島就是已經從希臘傳入意大利(經由定期前往地中海東部的交易商,包括希臘在內),居住在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭希腊人">拜占庭希臘人</a>在1400年代遭受<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧斯曼帝國">奧斯曼帝國</a>威脅後進入意大利,特別是在1453年奧斯曼帝國征服拜占庭首都<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>之後。這些拜占庭人逃離<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="土耳其人">土耳其人</a>的統治,有時帶著珍貴的手稿與自希臘與古羅馬所傳承下來的知識,在對意大利的文藝復興運動作出重要的貢獻。 </p><p>文藝復興時期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="学者">學者</a>,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%88%A9" title="尼科利">尼科利</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%84%A6%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%96%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="波焦·布拉喬利尼">波焦·布拉喬利尼</a>在圖書館內搜索<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="西塞羅">西塞羅</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E5%A8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="維特魯威">維特魯威</a>的經典作品。古希臘與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="希臘化文明">希臘化文明</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家">作家</a>(例如柏拉圖、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里德">歐幾里德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>科學家作品瀰漫整個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="基督教世界">基督教世界</a>,提供歐洲學者新的研究材料。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E5%83%8F" title="大衛像">大衛像</a>是文藝復興時期的著名雕塑,目前置放於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="佛罗伦萨美术学院">佛罗伦萨美术学院</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病仅</a>在1348年的流行就使意大利的人口減少了1/3<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,意大利的城市從這次災難中復甦也促成經濟及貿易活動的興盛,並帶動<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>的發展。意大利再次成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="西方文化">西方文化</a>的中心,強烈影響其他歐洲國家與皇室,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="費拉拉">費拉拉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="埃斯特家族">埃斯特家族</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫萨</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="美第奇家族">美第奇家族</a>。 </p><p>佛羅倫斯成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利文藝復興</a>的主要中心。許多藝術家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅">米開朗基羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="達文西">達文西</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="桑德羅·波提切利">桑德羅·波提切利</a>都在城市中進行創作<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。佛羅倫斯的經濟蓬勃發展,並根據《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书">大英百科全書</a>》的資料,佛羅倫萨從14世紀至16世紀之間都是歐洲最大的城市,眾多的博物館、宮殿與教堂,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%AB" title="彼提宫">彼提宮</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8F%B2%E8%8C%B2%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="烏菲茲美術館">烏菲茲美術館</a>被大英百科全書視為藝術品<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>羅馬也是一個特別受到文藝復興影響的城市。這個時期的改革大幅改變城市的面貌,例如米開朗基羅的作品<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E6%85%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="聖母慟子像">聖母恸子像</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E%E5%AF%93%E6%89%80" title="波吉亞寓所">波吉亞寓所</a>的壁畫。羅馬的輝煌在教宗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利烏斯二世">尤利烏斯二世</a>(1503至1513年)和他的後繼者<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="利奧十世">利奧十世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%89%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="克勉七世">克勉七世</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="美第奇家族">美第奇家族</a>時期達到頂點。羅馬在這20年間成為世界上最大的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術">藝術</a>中心之一。由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>建造的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="老聖伯多祿大殿">老聖伯多祿大殿</a>由米開朗基羅進行重新設計<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,他在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>成為意大利最有名的畫家,並創造<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%88%BE%E5%85%A7%E8%A5%BF%E7%B4%8D%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="法爾內西納別墅">法爾內西納別墅</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE%E6%88%BF%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斐爾房間">拉斐爾房間</a>等壁畫與許多其他著名的作品。米開朗基羅也開始裝修西斯廷教堂的天花板,並為教宗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利烏斯二世">尤利烏斯二世</a>墳墓創造著名的雕像<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF" title="摩西">摩西</a>。羅馬失去了一部分宗教色彩,成為一個真正的文藝復興城市,並擁有大量的流行節慶、賽馬、政黨、陰謀和淫亂事件。羅馬興盛的經濟孕育出一些托斯卡納<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="銀行家">銀行家</a>,包括拉斐爾的朋友與藝術贊助人<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%90%89" title="阿戈斯蒂诺·基吉">阿戈斯蒂诺·基吉</a>。在拉斐爾去世之前,他還推動了第一次古代遺址的保存運動。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外國統治與啟蒙"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.9C.8B.E7.B5.B1.E6.B2.BB.E8.88.87.E5.95.9F.E8.92.99"></span>外國統治與啟蒙</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:外國統治與啟蒙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg/250px-Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg/375px-Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg/500px-Western_Europe_Utrecht_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="烏得勒支和約">烏得勒支和約</a>簽訂後的歐洲國界</figcaption></figure> <p>亞平寧半島上的國家和公國在經過一個世紀保持相對的獨立性與權力制衡的分散狀態後,法國國王<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="查理八世 (法兰西)">查理八世</a>在1494年開始一系列的侵略活動,並一直持續到16世紀,演變成法國及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>之間的競爭。西班牙最終以1559年<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98-%E5%BA%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%BD%90%E5%92%8C%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="卡托-康布雷齐和约">卡托-康布雷齊和約</a>獲得<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="米蘭公國">米蘭公國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="那不勒斯王國">那不勒斯王國</a>的控制權。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西班牙哈布斯堡王朝">西班牙哈布斯堡王朝</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>組成神聖同盟,並對於境內的反抗運動給予有系統的嚴厲鎮壓,導致在意大利,新教的存在遭到邊緣化。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a>長期統治下,對意大利課徵重稅並干擾教廷的運作。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利">奧地利</a>後來在<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84" title="烏得勒支和約">烏得勒支和約</a>(1713年)的規範下取代西班牙來主宰意大利,取得米蘭王國和那不勒斯王國的控制權。由於哈布斯堡王朝皇帝所接受<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙運動</a>的思想,所以奧地利的統治比西班牙帝國較佳。意大利的北部地區直接由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a>來控制,獲得經濟成長動力並保持學術的蓬勃發展。意大利主要城市,例如米蘭、羅馬、杜林、威尼斯、佛羅倫斯及那不勒斯成為知識分子討論與思考的沃土,一些意大利哲學家和文學人物當時十分活躍,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="西萨尔·贝卡里亚">西萨尔·贝卡里亚</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安東尼·杰諾韋西" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antonio Genovesi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E8%AB%BE%E9%9F%8B%E8%A5%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安東尼·杰諾韋西(页面不存在)">安東尼·杰諾韋西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" class="extiw" title="en:Antonio Genovesi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antonio Genovesi</span></a></span>)</span></span>與利奧波德一世托斯卡納大公(或者稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="利奥波德二世 (神圣罗马帝国)">利奧波德二世</a>,在托斯卡納大公國廢除了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91" title="死刑">死刑</a>和酷刑<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5803" data-file-height="4606" /></a><figcaption>意大利是18世紀盛行的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%9A%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="修业旅行">修業旅行</a>一個重要目的地,許多外國文學家及藝術家都曾造訪這裡</figcaption></figure> <p>1700年代的意大利是當時人們遊歷歐洲一個重要的站點,這個時期有許多外國人,主要來自英國的貴族,他們造訪法國、意大利和希臘並欣賞他們的藝術、文化以及紀念物。而龐貝和赫庫蘭尼姆的遺址在1748年被發現,羅馬的古代遺蹟也受到修復,許多著名人物例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德">歌德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="雪萊">雪萊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%9F%E6%85%88" class="mw-redirect" title="濟慈">濟慈</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="拜倫">拜倫</a>都曾周遊全意大利。一些城市,例如威尼斯及羅馬也成為主要景點,那不勒斯、佛羅倫萨、杜林、西西里島吸引許多遊客,而米蘭在某些方面也受到觀迎<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。雪萊曾說過一句名言:「意大利是流亡者的天堂」<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1796.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/220px-Italy_1796.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/330px-Italy_1796.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italy_1796.svg/440px-Italy_1796.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>1796</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法國大革命">法國大革命</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a>(1796年至1815年)將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主權">人民主權</a>、及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族國家</a>等概念帶進意大利。鼠疫從14至17世紀之間多次出現,影響整個意大利<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的最後一個大規模的疫情是發生在1656年的那不勒斯<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。1767年的一份報告指出意大利北部在之前316年間有111年發生<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%A2%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="飢荒">飢荒</a>,其中只有16年得以豐收<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而意大利的人口也在1700年至1800年之間成長1/3,達到1,800萬<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="王國時期:1861年-1946年"><span id=".E7.8E.8B.E5.9C.8B.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.9A1861.E5.B9.B4.EF.BC.8D1946.E5.B9.B4"></span>王國時期:1861年-1946年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:王國時期:1861年-1946年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1843.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/220px-Italy_1843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/330px-Italy_1843.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Italy_1843.svg/440px-Italy_1843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>1843</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%931946%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利王國 (1861年–1946年)">意大利王國</a>的建立歸功於許多民族主義者及<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%BC%8F%E4%BE%9D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="薩伏依王朝">薩伏依王朝</a>王室的擁護者的努力,因此可以建立一個環繞<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="意大利半島">意大利半島</a>的國家。起始於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>的<a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a>影響整個歐洲地區,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="奧地利帝國">奧地利帝國</a>也與<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="薩丁尼亞王國">薩丁尼亞王國</a>爆發<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一">第一次意大利獨立戰爭</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg/220px-Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg/330px-Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg/440px-Partenza_da_Quarto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="朱塞佩·加里波底">朱塞佩·加里波底</a>對意大利統一貢獻巨大</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="朱塞佩·加里波底">朱塞佩·加里波底</a>在意大利南部相當受到歡迎,並促使意大利南部團結一致<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而當時意大利北部的薩丁尼亞王國是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E5%A5%94%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%8C%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="卡米洛·奔索,加富爾伯爵">卡米洛·奔索,加富爾伯爵</a>所統治,也有統一意大利的野心。後來薩丁尼亞王國受到法國皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>的幫助,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第二次意大利獨立戰爭">第二次意大利獨立戰爭</a>中擊敗奧地利帝國,成功解放<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC-%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="伦巴第-威尼斯王国">倫巴第-威尼斯王國</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利王國 (1861–1946)">意大利王國</a>於是在1861年成立,首都為<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="都靈">都靈</a>,1864年遷都<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%90%8A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="維托里奧·埃馬努埃萊二世">維托里奧·埃馬努埃萊二世</a>國王於1866年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普奧戰爭">普奧戰爭</a>中與<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普魯士">普魯士</a>結盟,並且發動<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第三次義大利獨立戰爭">第三次意大利獨立戰爭</a>,順利併吞<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>因為在1870年爆發的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="普法戰爭">普法戰爭</a>中損失慘重,於是撤回駐紮在羅馬的軍隊。而意大利國王維托里奧·埃馬努埃萊二世認為不必再顧忌法國的威脅,企圖將<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="教宗國">教宗國</a>納入意大利版圖之內。教宗國幾乎在無法抵抗的情形下遭到滅亡,意大利統一正式完成,隨後首都也遷到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬市">羅馬市</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_1843-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Italia_1843-fr.png/220px-Italia_1843-fr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Italia_1843-fr.png/330px-Italia_1843-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Italia_1843-fr.png/440px-Italia_1843-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>1860</figcaption></figure> <p>當<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利北部">意大利北部</a>逐漸<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="現代化">現代化</a>後,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利南部">意大利南部</a>與意大利北部其他農業地區相對落後,促使數以百萬計的人民遷移到意大利北部工業發達的區域或國外。意大利國王<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%9D%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="卡洛·阿爾貝托">卡洛·阿爾貝托</a>所主導的<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法">憲法</a>在1861年意大利統一後適用範圍擴大到意大利全國,並保障人民基本的自由,但排除了無產階級及未受教育人民的投票權。男性投票權在1913年已經廣泛的被認可。同年社會黨成為意大利主要的政黨,遠勝於傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="保守派">保守派</a>政黨。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="義大利人">意大利人</a>外移於1913年達到高峰,當年總共有872,598人離開意大利<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利從19世紀最後20年開始發展<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="殖民">殖民</a>勢力,侵略<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="索馬利亞">索馬利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%88%A9%E5%9E%82%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="厄利垂亞">厄利垂亞</a>及後來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="利比亞">利比亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="十二群島">十二群島</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>期間,意大利原本保持中立,不過後來在1915年簽訂<a href="/wiki/1915%E5%B9%B4%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="1915年倫敦條約">1915年倫敦條約</a>,並在戰後獲得<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="特倫托省">特倫托省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="第里雅斯特">第里雅斯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="伊斯特拉半島">伊斯特拉半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E" title="達爾馬提亞">達爾馬提亞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄂圖曼帝國">鄂圖曼帝國</a>部分地區的承諾後,加入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" title="三國協約">三國協約</a>。在這次戰爭中,超過600,000意大利人喪生,並造成經濟衰退。在1919年簽訂的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="聖日耳曼條約">聖日耳曼條約</a>中,意大利只獲得<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博尔扎诺省">博尔扎诺省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="特倫托省">特倫托省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="第里雅斯特">第里雅斯特</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="伊斯特拉半島">伊斯特拉半島</a>等地。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg/220px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg/330px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg/440px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="貝尼托·墨索里尼">貝尼托·墨索里尼</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9B%E5%86%9B" title="向罗马进军">向羅馬進軍</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png/220px-Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png/330px-Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png/440px-Italy%27s_colonial_empire.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>1941年的意大利殖民帝國最大範圍</figcaption></figure> <p>受到<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1917年俄羅斯革命">1917年俄羅斯革命</a>的影響,革命在第一次世界大戰結束後接踵而來。不少傳統右翼及保守派的人士因為害怕共產黨及社會主義者會發起革命推翻君主制,建立共產主義政權,所以擁護一個小型右翼政黨-由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="墨索里尼">墨索里尼</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%9A" title="国家法西斯党">國家法西斯黨</a>。墨索里尼在1922年10月28日<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%BF%9B%E5%86%9B" title="向罗马进军">向羅馬進軍</a>,意圖夺取意大利政权。而當時國王卻命令軍隊不准介入,並隨即委任墨索里尼成為意大利總理,並與其密切合作。在接下來的幾年內,墨索里尼通過脅迫國會修改選舉法,禁止其他政黨成立及限制言論及出版自由,由此成為一位獨裁者。他在1935年突然入侵<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E7%B4%A2%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="衣索比亞">衣索比亞</a>,並在戰場上使用毒氣,招致國際上的批評,意大利也因此退出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="國際聯盟">國際聯盟</a>。意大利後來在1936年及1938年與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>簽訂<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E9%90%B5%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="鋼鐵條約">鋼鐵條約</a>,並支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%93%A5" title="弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥">法蘭西斯科·佛朗哥</a>的法西斯政權進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙內戰">西班牙內戰</a>,更派出远征軍助战,最終佛朗哥在內战勝出。雖然意大利政府反對<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="阿道夫·希特勒">阿道夫·希特勒</a>推行<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5" title="德奧合併">德奧合併</a>的計畫,但是同意納粹德國併吞<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8F%B0%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏台德区">蘇臺德區</a>。 </p><p>意大利在1939年4月7日占領<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞">阿爾巴尼亞</a>,企圖以此為入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="南歐">南歐</a>的前哨,並在1940年英法於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="法國戰役">法國戰役</a>中被德國擊潰時欲取得領土,對英法宣戰。墨索里尼想要像希特勒採取的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="閃電戰">閃電戰</a>一樣成功,於是在1940年10月經由阿爾巴尼亞入侵<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>,但是經過幾個月的戰爭後遭受到嚴重的失敗。1941年,意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%B1%9E%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E" title="意属东非">意屬東非</a>的部隊被英軍擊溃並趕出東非,雖然意大利失去了東非,但在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="軸心國">軸心国</a>發动的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="入侵南斯拉夫之戰">南斯拉夫戰役</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="希臘戰役">希臘戰役</a>中意大利獲得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a>、斯洛文尼亞地區的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%AF%94%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="盧比安納">盧比安纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>大部分地區。1943年5月,<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="突尼西亞戰役">突尼西亞戰役</a>中德意联軍被盟軍打敗,並向盟軍投降,二戰<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4" title="北非戰場">北非戰場</a>結束。同盟國在1943年7月攻入西西里島,導致法西斯政權毀滅,墨索里尼被捕。意大利王國於1943年9月<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E5%81%9C%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利與盟國停戰">向盟國投降</a>,被德軍救出的墨索里尼在北部成立名為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利社會共和國">意大利社會共和國</a>」的傀儡政權。當盟軍<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2%E6%88%B0_(%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%B0)" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利攻防戰 (二戰)">從意大利南部推進</a>時,意大利北部仍然是納粹黨及法西斯黨的勢力範圍。納粹的勢力在1945年4月25日撤離意大利,法西斯勢力瓦解,意大利抵抗活動結束。1946年,意大利人民通過公投廢除君主制,王國結束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="共和國時期:1946年至今"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.8B.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.EF.BC.9A1946.E5.B9.B4.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A"></span>共和國時期:1946年至今</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:共和國時期:1946年至今"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png/220px-Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png/330px-Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png/440px-Italian_Republic_Referendum_1946.png 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1946%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="1946年意大利政体公投">1946年意大利政體公民投票</a>結果</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/220px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/330px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_Franco-Italian_border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>1860年以来法国與意大利的邊界變化</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利在1946年6月2日舉行的<a href="/wiki/1946%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="1946年意大利政体公投">公民投票</a>,結果人民投票廢除君主制,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世">维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世</a>的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="翁贝托二世">翁贝托二世</a>後於1946年被迫退位,之後正式成為意大利共和國,而舉行公投的當天後來成為國慶日<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%A5" title="義大利共和國日">意大利共和國日</a>,這也是意大利女性第一次有權力參加投票<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利憲法在1948年1月1日正式生效。意大利在1947年巴黎和平條約生效後,意大利政府承認阿爾巴尼亞及衣索比亞等地的獨立性、放棄所有非洲及海外所有殖民地及租界並且大幅裁減曾經能和英國海軍抗衡的意大利海軍和禁止發展核武,此和平條約標誌著意大利長達65年的殖民帝國亦正式終結。東邊的伊斯特里亞領土歸屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國">南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國</a>,第里雅斯特的未定區域則被分配給兩個不同的國家。意大利在1950年加入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北大西洋公約組織">北大西洋公約組織</a>。而美國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="馬歇爾計劃">馬歇爾計劃</a>則幫助意大利經濟復甦直到1960年代,這段期間意大利持續的經濟成長也被稱為「經濟奇蹟」。意大利在1957年成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲經濟共同體">歐洲經濟共同體</a>的成員,然後在1993年進一步成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a>的成員。 </p><p>戰後的意大利長期由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利天主教民主党">意大利天主教民主黨</a>執政,但政府更替頻繁,內閣經常改組。1960年代末至1980年代末之間,意大利經歷嚴重的經濟危機及社會動盪,左翼組織的恐怖活動也時有所聞。1978年,代表<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利天主教民主党">意大利天主教民主黨</a>、中間偏左的意大利總理<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾多·莫羅">阿爾多·莫羅</a>更被左翼恐怖組織行刺身亡,更導致<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利天主教民主党">意大利天主教民主黨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="意大利共产党">意大利共產黨</a>徹底決裂。 </p><p>1981年至1987年,意大利出現兩位非天主教民主黨的總理,分別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%85%9A" title="意大利共和党">意大利共和黨</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" title="乔瓦尼·斯帕多利尼">喬瓦尼·斯帕多利尼</a>與社會黨的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF" title="贝蒂诺·克拉克西">貝蒂諾·克拉克西</a>來擔任,這是1945年來的第一次,惟天主教民主黨仍然是第一大黨。克拉克西雖然是社會黨籍,但他對<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>的抨擊十分激烈,他更促使<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="美國總統">美國總統</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9" title="罗纳德·里根">罗纳德·里根</a>在意大利境內部署MGM-31潘興彈道導彈,以應對蘇聯的強大威脅。 </p><p>1992年後,意大利面臨巨大的挑戰,人民對於過去政治的紛爭感到厭煩,國家則背負龐大的負債,貪污事件也時有所聞(在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E6%89%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="淨手運動">肅貪</a>行動後被統稱為Tangentopoli)。意大利人民則要求政治、經濟與道德的改革。這些政治醜聞涉及所有的主要政黨,尤其是政府人士。天主教民主黨在1993年遭遇嚴重的政治紛爭,加上陸續被揭發貪污腐敗的醜聞,並因此於1994年下台和解散,而社會黨與其他較小的左翼政黨也是如此。不少前天民黨及社會黨成員加入現今意大利兩大政治陣營,分別是由原意共改組、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="民主黨 (義大利)">左派民主黨</a>為首的左翼聯盟,和媒體大亨<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC" title="西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼">西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼</a>領導的右翼聯盟。 </p><p>1994年3月的國會選舉,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E9%BB%A8" title="意大利力量黨">意大利力量黨</a>為首的中間偏右聯盟勝出,<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="贝卢斯科尼">贝卢斯科尼</a>首次出任<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="意大利总理">意大利總理</a>,不過<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="北方聯盟 (義大利)">北方聯盟</a>在當年12月結束對貝盧斯科尼的支持,導致貝盧斯科尼第一次下台。1996年4月舉行的國會選舉,中間偏左聯盟的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="普罗迪">普羅迪</a>成為新一任的意大利總理,首次執政。1998年10月21日,由於國會眾議院通過對普羅迪政府的不信任動議,普羅迪辭職,<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E8%90%8A%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="馬西莫·達萊馬">馬西莫·達萊馬</a>接任成為新總理直至2000年4月25日辭職為止,達萊馬是首位前<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="意大利共产党">意大利共產黨</a>出身的總理。 </p><p>領導中間偏右聯盟的貝盧斯科尼在2001年的選舉中再度獲勝,第二度成為意大利總理。他成為二戰後第一位完成5年完整任期的總理,僅於2005年改組過政府內閣。2001年至2005年的這屆貝盧斯科尼政府內閣是意大利歷史上第3長的政府,並曾派遣意大利士兵參加<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉克戰爭">伊拉克戰爭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89)" class="mw-redirect" title="多国部队 (伊拉克战争)">多國部隊</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="2006年意大利國會選舉">2006年意大利國會選舉</a>,以<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="普罗迪">普羅迪</a>為首中間偏左聯盟在眾議院630個議席中獲得348席,以微弱優勢擊敗貝盧斯科尼的中間偏右聯盟。但在參議院,中左聯盟獲得158席,中右聯盟獲得156席,兩大陣營拉成均勢。5月10日,中間偏左聯盟推出的候選人、前眾議院議長、終身參議員<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治·納波利塔諾">喬治·納波利塔諾</a>當選新一屆總統。5月17日,普羅迪第二度成為意大利總理。 </p><p>2008年1月24日,參議院通過對普羅迪政府的不信任動議,普羅迪辭職,總統<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治·納波利塔諾">喬治·納波利塔諾</a>解散國會,4月14日舉行國會大選。結果貝盧斯科尼領導的中右翼聯盟取得勝利,貝盧斯科尼第3次成為意大利總理。 </p><p>2011年,意大利債務危機爆發,貝盧斯科尼雖然多次避過國會反對派對其政府提出的不信任動議,惟在國會眾議院失去多數支持後,貝盧斯科尼宣布國會通過其政府的財政預算案後辭職。11月12日,在預算案通過後,貝盧斯科尼向意大利總統<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA" title="乔治·纳波利塔诺">乔治·纳波利塔诺</a>遞交辭呈,11月16日正式辭職,由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E8%92%82" title="马里奥·蒙蒂">马里奥·蒙蒂</a>組成無黨派的技術官僚政府過渡至2013年國會選舉,但貝盧斯科尼的政治聯盟仍左右著政府的決定。 </p><p>2013年2月,貝爾薩尼領導的中間偏左聯盟以微弱優勢擊敗貝盧斯科尼的中間偏右聯盟。在參議院,沒有政黨取得過半議席。其後<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%BB%A8_(%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="民主黨 (義大利)">民主黨</a>成為第一大黨,聯合中右黨及中間派組成聯合政府。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利地理">意大利地理</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地形"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.BD.A2"></span>地形</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:地形"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="衛星">衛星</a>照片</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利領土以自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐洲大陸">歐洲大陸</a>延伸入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>的靴子型的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%AF%A7%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="亞平寧半島">亞平寧半島</a>為主,和兩個主要島嶼—<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="薩丁島">薩丁島</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>組成(分別為地中海第一和第二大島嶼)。以此三部分意大利水域分為:東北方的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞得里亞海">亞得里亞海</a>,東南方為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="伊奧尼亞海">伊奧尼亞海</a>,西南方為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E6%B5%B7" title="第勒尼安海">第勒尼安海</a>,西北方則是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利古里亞海">利古里亞海</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="亚平宁山脉">亞平寧山脈</a>構成半島的主幹,並向西北方向綿延約1,000公里與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾卑斯山">阿爾卑斯山</a>脈相接。弧形的阿爾卑斯山則環抱意大利的北部。意大利北部有一個面積廣大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%A9%8D%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="沖積平原">沖積平原</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="波河平原">波河平原</a>,它是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B2%B3" title="波河">波河</a>及其源自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾卑斯山脈">阿爾卑斯山脈</a>、亞平寧山脈及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%B4%9B%E7%B1%B3%E8%92%82%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="多洛米蒂山脉">多洛米蒂山脉</a>的眾多支流沖積而成。其他著名河流諸如:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E4%BC%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="台伯河">台伯河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E5%82%91%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿迪傑河">阿迪傑河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="阿爾諾河">阿爾諾河</a>等。 </p><p>意大利的最高點是海拔4,810公尺的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E6%9C%97%E5%B3%B0" title="勃朗峰">勃朗峰</a>,超過4,000公尺的山峰還有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%8E%8E%E5%B3%B0" title="罗莎峰">罗莎峰</a>(4,637公尺)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%BA%E5%B3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="切尔维诺峰">切爾維諾峰</a>(4,476公尺)。意大利擁有14座<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>,其中有3座仍有爆發的可能,分別是靠近<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>,目前休眠中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E8%98%87%E5%A8%81%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="維蘇威火山">維蘇威火山</a>、位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="卡塔尼亞">卡塔尼亞</a>附近,至今仍在活躍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="埃特纳火山">埃特納火山</a>(3,323公尺,它也是歐洲最高的火山)與第勒尼安海南部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特龙博利岛">斯特龍博利島</a>。 </p><p>意大利前5大<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>分別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%B9%96" title="加尔达湖">加爾達湖</a>(367.94平方公里)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%84%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%B9%96" title="馬焦雷湖">馬焦雷湖</a>(212.51平方公里)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E6%B9%96" title="科莫湖">科莫湖</a>(145.9平方公里)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%A2%85%E8%AF%BA%E6%B9%96" title="特拉西梅诺湖">特拉西梅諾湖</a>(124.29平方公里)與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%B5%9B%E7%BA%B3%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="博赛纳湖">博賽納湖</a>(113.55平方公里)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg/250px-IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg/375px-IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg/500px-IT_Pforzheimer_Huette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>意大利斯靈吉亞山谷中已荒廢的普福爾茨海姆房舍</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氣候"><span id=".E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99"></span>氣候</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:氣候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利氣候(页面不存在)">意大利氣候</a></div> <p>意大利的氣候相當多樣,有些地區的氣候可能會與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9E%8B%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海型氣候">地中海型氣候</a>相去甚遠。意大利北部地區屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" title="大陆性气候">大陸性氣候</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%95%E6%BD%A4%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="濕潤副熱帶氣候(页面不存在)">濕潤副熱帶氣候</a>(根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="柯本氣候分類法">柯本氣候分類法</a>),例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5" title="都灵">都灵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9A%86%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="波隆納">波隆納</a>等地。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="利古里亞">利古里亞</a>的沿海地區及大部分<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫萨</a>南方的意大利半島地區都是屬於地中海型氣候。半島沿海地區的氣候會隨著海拔及地勢的改變而大幅變化。高海拔地區在冬季時呈現寒冷、濕潤及多雪的氣候。海岸地區冬季溫暖,而夏季通常是相當乾燥,地勢較低的谷地在夏季是相當炎熱的。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg/220px-Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg/330px-Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg/440px-Collage_fauna_italiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>4種棲息在意大利的動物</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生態"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.85.8B"></span>生態</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:生態"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利動物(页面不存在)">意大利動物</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利植物(页面不存在)">意大利植物</a></div> <p>意大利是歐洲與地中海盆地地區<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a>最高的國家之一。意大利傳統估計約有5,500種<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%AE%A1%E6%9D%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="維管束植物">維管束植物</a>。然而截至2004年為止,意大利維管束<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>資料銀行總共有6,759種的記錄<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。(如果包括非維管束植物則有9,000種植物,占歐洲植物種類的一半)。意大利在歐洲的動物生物多樣性屬於最高級,共有超過57,000種動物(超過歐洲所有動物種類的三分之一)。這是由於意大利偏南的地理位置所致,並且被地中海所環繞。意大利擁有8,000公里長的海岸線,且位於地中海中心的亞平寧半島,形成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中歐">中歐</a>和北非之間的走廊。意大利也有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾幹半島">巴爾幹半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">歐亞大陸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>的物種。 </p><p>意大利目前的動物種類有86%是陸地動物、14%是水生動物。<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="昆蟲">昆蟲</a>約占意大利所有動物種類的3分之2。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>政治</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="義大利政治">意大利政治</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/250px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/375px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/500px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6965" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="奎里纳尔宫">奎里纳尔宫</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利總統">意大利總統</a>的官邸</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_29-Mar-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg/220px-8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg/330px-8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg/440px-8125_-_Roma_-_Piazza_Colonna_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_29-Mar-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>凱薩宮是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="意大利总理">意大利總理</a>府</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="国内政治"><span id=".E5.9B.BD.E5.86.85.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>国内政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:国内政治"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>意大利<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="義大利憲法">現行憲法</a>於1947年12月22日由立憲大會通過。憲法規定意大利是一個建立在勞動基礎上的民主共和國。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利國會">意大利國會</a>是最高立法和監督機構,採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6" title="兩院制">兩院制</a>議會形式,由共和國<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利参议院">參議院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利众议院">眾議院</a>組成。兩院權力相等,可各自通過決議,但兩院決議相互關聯。參、眾兩院分別有315個和630個席位,參、眾議員均由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="普選">普選</a>產生(意大利公民年滿18歲即可享有選舉權,但年滿25歲方可有權參選議員<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>),兩院議員任期最長為5年,但總理有權向總統要求提前解散國會。国会议员的选举实行比例代表制,各政党和政治组织按所获选票的比例分配议席。为了防止权力过于分散,法律规定了获得议席的最低选票限额。全国有32个众议员选区,按多名选举制选出630名众议员,即一个选区内可选举2名以上众议员。参议院选举以大区为单位,按单名选举制产生315名参议员,即按选区内应选参议员名额划分选举分区,每个分区只选1名参议员。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利總統">意大利總統</a>每七年由議會選舉選出,權力屬象徵性。總統可以任命國會的人事,是法院的首長,也是意大利軍隊的總指揮官。總統可以任命總理,而總理則可以任命其他部長的人事。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="意大利总理">意大利总理</a>正式名稱為「部長會議主席」(<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">意大利語</a>:<span lang="it">Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri</span>),是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利共和國">意大利共和國</a>的最高行政首長,也是意大利實際的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政府首腦">政府首腦</a>,領導各行政機關運作。其產生方式,為國會議員之中擇一提名,經意大利國會兩院議決指名,再依此由<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利總統列表">意大利總統</a>任命。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="義大利憲法法院">義大利憲法法院</a>主要是檢查和監督法律條文是否符合憲法,由15名法官組成,任期9年,不得兼職,享有豁免權。此外,還依次設有地方調解法官、初審法院(輕罪)、法庭、初審法院(負責民事和刑事案件)、上訴法院、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="義大利最高法院">最高上訴法院</a>、審計院(主管公共帳目及養老金)等。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2014年8月8日,意大利政府提出改革法案,屆議會參議員人數將從現行的315人削減至100人,參議院將不再具有與眾議院同樣的立法權,參議院將無權對被法院定罪的參議員進行赦免。政府年度預算是否通過將完全由眾議院簡單多數決定,參議院也將無權發起政府不信任案投票。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>该法案在2015年10月13日与2016年1月11日分别由参、众两院首次通过,于2016年12月4日进行<a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2016年意大利宪法公投">修宪公投</a>。2016年12月5日,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%A8%E7%AB%99%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="票站調查">票站调查</a>结果显示公投不获通过后,意大利总理<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E9%BD%90" title="马泰奥·伦齐">马泰奥·伦齐</a>宣布辞职。<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外交"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4"></span>外交</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:外交"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="義大利外交">意大利外交</a></div> <p>意大利是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲共同體">歐洲共同體</a>-現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a>的創始成員之一。意大利在1955年加入<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>,也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="北大西洋公約組織">北大西洋公約組織</a>(NATO)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟合作與發展組織">經濟合作與發展組織</a>(OECD)、關稅與貿易總協定/<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界貿易組織">世界貿易組織</a>(GATT/WTO)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%88%87%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲安全與合作組織">歐洲安全與合作組織</a>(OSCE)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲委員會">歐洲委員會</a>與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中歐倡議組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central European Initiative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B0%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中歐倡議組織(页面不存在)">中歐倡議組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" class="extiw" title="en:Central European Initiative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central European Initiative</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Central European Initiative)的成員與主要擁護者。意大利最近也輪流擔任國際組織的主席,包括1994年擔任歐安組織的前身-<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%88%87%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲安全與合作組織">歐洲安全與合作組織</a>(CSCE)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="八國集團">八大工業國集團</a>及歐盟的輪任主席。 </p><p>意大利支持聯合國與國際安全活動。意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="索馬利亞">索馬利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="莫三比克">莫三比克</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="東帝汶">東帝汶</a>等國部署部隊支持聯合國維和任務,並支持北約與聯合國在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波士尼亞">波士尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞">阿爾巴尼亞</a>的行動。意大利在2003年2月於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>部署2,000名士兵支持<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E4%B9%85%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="持久自由军事行动">持久自由軍事行動</a>(OEF)。意大利仍然支持國際共同努力來重建與穩定<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>,但是在2006年11月已撤出軍事特遣隊約3,200名士兵,只留下<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人道主義">人道主義</a>工作人員和其他文職人員。意大利在2006年8月派出大約2,450名士兵抵達<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a>,支援聯合國維和任務的聯合國黎巴嫩臨時部隊(UNIFIL)<sup id="cite_ref-NewsMax_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsMax-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外意大利自2007年2月2日,派遣克勞迪奧·格拉奇亞諾(Claudio Graziano)擔任意大利在聯合國維和部隊的司令。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政区划"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.92"></span>行政区划</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:行政区划"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利行政區劃">意大利行政區劃</a></div> <p>意大利分为20个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="大区 (意大利)">大区</a>(regione,含5个<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="自治行政區劃">特殊地位大区</a>)、14个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%9F%9F%E5%B8%82_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="广域市 (意大利)">广域市</a>(città metropolitana)、80个<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="省 (意大利)">省</a>(provincia)、2个自治省(provincia autonoma)、6个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="自由市镇联合体(页面不存在)">自由市镇联合体</a>(libero consorzio comunale)和7903个<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="市镇 (意大利)">市镇</a>(comune)(截至2020年1月)。 </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:45%; float:left;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th>地圖</th> <th>大區</th> <th>首府</th> <th>面積 (km²)</th> <th>面積 (sq mi)</th> <th>人口 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20" style="background: white"><div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-family:Cambria, Georgia, Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;"> <div role="img" class="floatleft nounderlines noresize" style="width: 455px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#ffffff); color:inherit; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/455px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="455" height="569" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/683px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg/910px-Italian_regions_provinces_white_no_labels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:307px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="普利亚大区">普利亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:340.5px; top:338.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="巴西利卡塔大区">巴西利卡塔</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:332.8px; top:379.2px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="卡拉布里亚大区">卡拉布里亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:256.3px; top:447.8px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C" title="西西里">西西里</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:277.5px; top:275.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="莫利塞大区">莫利塞</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:275.6px; top:308.8px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="坎帕尼亚大区">坎帕尼亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:255px; top:239.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="阿布鲁佐大区">阿布鲁佐</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="拉齐奥大区">拉齐奥</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:205.5px; top:212.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="翁布里亚大区">翁布里亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:232.5px; top:185.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="马尔凯大区">马尔凯</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:160.5px; top:194.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="托斯卡纳大区">托斯卡纳</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:84px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81" title="撒丁">撒丁</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:142.5px; top:140.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="艾米利亚-罗马涅大区">艾米利亚-罗马涅</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:79.5px; top:153.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="利古里亚大区">利古里亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:34.5px; top:118px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="皮埃蒙特大区">皮埃蒙特</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:226.5px; top:52.45px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9-%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚大区">弗留利<br />威尼斯朱利亚</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:32.4px; top:78.4px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="瓦莱达奥斯塔大区">瓦莱达<br />奥斯塔</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.885px; top:37.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA-%E4%B8%8A%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%9D%B0%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" title="博尔扎诺-上阿迪杰自治省">南蒂罗尔</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:155.525px; top:64.8px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" title="特倫托自治省">特伦托</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:187.5px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="威尼托大区">威尼托</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:86.5px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伦巴第大区">伦巴第</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:294px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="亚得里亚海"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">亚得里亚海</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386px; top:428px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="伊奥尼亚海"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">伊奥尼亚海</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:468px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">地中海</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146px; top:348px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E6%B5%B7" title="第勒尼安海"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">第勒尼安海</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:68.8px; top:190px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利古里亞海"><span style="font-style: italic; color: #48A3B5;">利古里亚海</span></a></div> </div> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E4%BD%90%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="阿布鲁佐大区">阿布鲁佐</a><small>(Abruzzo)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%8E%E6%8B%89" title="拉奎拉">拉奎拉</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">10,763 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,156 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,331,574 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="瓦莱达奥斯塔大区">瓦莱达奥斯塔</a><small>(Vallée d'Aoste)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94" title="奥斯塔">奥斯塔</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,263 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,260 </td> <td style="text-align:right">128,298 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="普利亚大区">普利亚</a><small>(Puglia)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="巴里">巴里</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">19,358 </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,474 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,090,105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="巴西利卡塔大区">巴西利卡塔</a><small>(Basilicata)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="波坦察">波坦察</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,995 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,859 </td> <td style="text-align:right">576,619 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="卡拉布里亚大区">卡拉布里亚</a><small>(Calabria)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%9D%A6%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97" title="卡坦扎罗">卡坦扎罗</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">15,080 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,822 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,976,631 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="坎帕尼亚大区">坎帕尼亚</a><small>(Campania)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E5%9D%A1%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="拿坡里">拿坡里</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,590 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,247 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,861,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="艾米利亚-罗马涅大区">艾米利亚-罗马涅</a><small>(Emilia-Romagna)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="博洛尼亚">博洛尼亚</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22,446 </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,666 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,450,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9-%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚大区">弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚</a><small>(Friuli-Venezia Giulia)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="的里雅斯特">的里雅斯特</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,858 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,034 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,227,122 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="拉齐奥大区">拉齐奥</a><small>(Lazio)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">17,236 </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,655 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,892,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="利古里亚大区">利古里亚</a><small>(Liguria)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A" title="热那亚">热那亚</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,422 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,093 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,583,263 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伦巴第大区">伦巴第</a><small>(Lombardia)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">23,844 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,206 </td> <td style="text-align:right">10,002,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="马尔凯大区">马尔凯</a><small>(Marche)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%A7%91%E7%BA%B3" title="安科纳">安科纳</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,366 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,616 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,550,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="莫利塞大区">莫利塞</a><small>(Molise)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%B3%A2%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2" title="坎波巴索">坎波巴索</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,438 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,713 </td> <td style="text-align:right">313,348 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="皮埃蒙特大区">皮埃蒙特</a><small>(Piemonte)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5" title="都灵">都灵</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">25,402 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,808 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,424,467 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="撒丁岛">撒丁</a><small>(Sardegna)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C" title="卡利亚里">卡利亚里</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">24,090 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,301 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,663,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">西西里</a><small>(Sicilia)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E8%8E%AB" title="巴勒莫">巴勒莫</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">25,711 </td> <td style="text-align:right">9,927 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,092,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="托斯卡纳大区">托斯卡纳</a><small>(Toscana)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">22,993 </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,878 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,752,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA-%E4%B8%8A%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E6%9D%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰大区">特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰</a><small>(Trentino-Alto Adige)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%A6%E6%89%98" title="特伦托">特伦托</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">13,607 </td> <td style="text-align:right">5,254 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,055,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="翁布里亚大区">翁布里亚</a><small>(Umbria)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%B4%BE" title="佩鲁贾">佩鲁贾</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,456 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,265 </td> <td style="text-align:right">894,762 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="威尼托大区">威尼托</a><small>(Veneto)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">18,399 </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,104 </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,927,596 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="軍事"><span id=".E8.BB.8D.E4.BA.8B"></span>軍事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:軍事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利军事">意大利军事</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol,_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Sassari_Brigade_on_patrol%2C_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>參與攻打阿富汗的意大利軍</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利武裝部隊隸屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利總統">意大利總統</a>領導的最高國防委員會。意大利在2008年時可以即動員186, 798名現役軍人及114,778名憲兵<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的國防費用在2007年為331億美元,占<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a>1.8%<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因為意大利是北大西洋公約組織的成員,所以在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="共有核武器">核武器共有</a>的政策下,意大利也擁有90枚美軍核武器,存放在格迪托里與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="阿维亚诺空军基地">阿維亞諾空軍基地</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利武裝部隊分成四個組成部分:陸軍、海軍、空軍以及憲兵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="陸軍"><span id=".E9.99.B8.E8.BB.8D"></span>陸軍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:陸軍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利陸軍">意大利陸軍</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利陸軍">意大利陸軍</a>是意大利共和國的地面武裝部隊。2008年時意大利陸軍總共擁有109,703名職業軍人。在參與聯合國維持和平行動中,意大利陸軍比較知名的裝備有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%BA%BA%E9%A6%AC%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E8%BB%8A" title="半人馬裝甲車">半人馬裝甲車</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%BE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="公羊主戰坦克">C1公羊坦克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%81%89%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%ADA129%E9%87%8E%E9%A6%AC%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="奧古斯塔偉士蘭A129野馬直升機">阿古斯塔A129貓鼬型直升機</a>武裝<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%A9%9F" title="直升機">直升機</a>,最近也參與聯合國任務。意大利陸軍還裝備著大量的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%B91%E5%9E%8B%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="豹1型坦克">豹1型坦克</a>和<a href="/wiki/M113%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E9%81%8B%E5%85%B5%E8%BB%8A" title="M113裝甲運兵車">M113裝甲運兵車</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardo_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dardo_2.jpg/220px-Dardo_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dardo_2.jpg/330px-Dardo_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dardo_2.jpg/440px-Dardo_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E6%9E%AA%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E6%88%98%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="标枪步兵战车">VCC-80 標槍步兵戰車</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海軍"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E8.BB.8D"></span>海軍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:海軍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="意大利海军">意大利海军</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavour_(550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/220px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/330px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cavour_%28550%29.jpg/440px-Cavour_%28550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%B7%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%B0" title="加富尔号航空母舰">加富爾號航空母艦</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="意大利海军">意大利海軍</a>是意大利武裝部分四個組成部分之一,成立於1946年,前身是意大利皇家海軍(Regia Marina)。意大利海軍目前擁有43,882人和各種艦種,包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="航空母艦">航空母艦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="驅逐艦">驅逐艦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="護衛艦">護衛艦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E8%89%87" title="潛艇">潛艇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="兩棲攻擊艦">兩棲攻擊艦</a>及其他小型船艦,例如海洋研究船等<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利海軍裝備有大型的航空母艦(例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%B7%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%B0" title="加富尔号航空母舰">加富爾號</a>)、新的驅逐艦、潛艇和多功能<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E8%89%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="護衛艦">護衛艦</a>。意大利海軍為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="北大西洋公约">北大西洋公約</a>的一部分,參加了許多維持和平的聯合行動。意大利海軍被認為是世界第7強大的海軍。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="空軍"><span id=".E7.A9.BA.E8.BB.8D"></span>空軍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:空軍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="意大利空军">意大利空軍</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_(32765109225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg/220px-Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg/330px-Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg/440px-Ejercicio_Dissimilar_Air_Combat_Training_-_DACT_2017_-_Base_A%C3%A9rea_de_Gando_%2832765109225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E6%A9%9F" title="颱風戰鬥機">颱風戰鬥機</a>是由意大利以及其他3個國家共同聯合研發完成</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B" title="意大利空军">意大利空軍</a>由意大利國王<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世">維托裏奧·埃馬努埃萊三世</a>以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利皇家空軍(页面不存在)">意大利皇家空軍</a>(Regia Aeronautica)的名稱,作為一個獨立的軍種創立於1923年3月28日。第二次世界大戰結束後,經過公民投票,意大利空軍被改成現在這個名字。意大利空軍在2008年總兵力為43,882人,擁有585架飛機,其中包括219架<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="戰鬥機">戰鬥機</a>和114架<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%8D%87%E6%A9%9F" title="直升機">直升機</a>。為了取代租借<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="龍捲風戰鬥轟炸機">龍捲風戰鬥轟炸機</a>的計畫,意大利空軍已經租用30架<a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>A批次15戰鬥機和4架F-16B批次10戰鬥機,而且擁有租用更多飛機的選擇權。意大利空軍近年來也計畫採購121架颱風戰鬥機以取代F-16戰鬥機。意大利空軍也預計針對龍捲風戰鬥轟炸機及<a href="/w/index.php?title=AMX%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E6%A9%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="AMX攻擊機(页面不存在)">AMX攻擊機</a>進行現代化升級。意大利空軍運輸由22架<a href="/wiki/C-130" class="mw-redirect" title="C-130">C-130</a>J與<a href="/wiki/G.222%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="G.222運輸機">G.222運輸機</a>所組成(其中12架將由G.222運輸機新型改良機種<a href="/wiki/C-27J%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94%E4%BA%BA%E6%88%B0%E8%A1%93%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="C-27J斯巴達人戰術運輸機">C-27J斯巴達人戰術運輸機</a>來替換G222運輸機)。意大利空軍也正在計畫向美國購買<a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,雖然目前還沒有很多國家使用這種飛機。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="憲兵"><span id=".E6.86.B2.E5.85.B5"></span>憲兵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:憲兵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B3%93%E6%A7%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="卡賓槍騎兵">卡賓槍騎兵</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B3%93%E6%A7%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="卡賓槍騎兵">意大利憲兵</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%86%B2%E5%85%B5" title="國家憲兵">國家憲兵</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="憲兵">憲兵</a>部隊,遵照意大利法律負責來監督軍隊及公民。意大利憲兵的各個部門擁有不同的功能,分別向不同的部會負責。當憲兵負責維持公眾秩序及安全時則須向內政部門負責<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在2004年的第30屆G8會議中,意大利憲兵奉命建立一個優秀的憲兵中心以培訓參與國際維和行動的民事員警<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"></span>經濟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:經濟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利经济">意大利經濟</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利企業列表(页面不存在)">意大利企業列表</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="综述"><span id=".E7.BB.BC.E8.BF.B0"></span>综述</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:综述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="國際貨幣基金">國際貨幣基金</a>的GDP資料,意大利在2022年是世界第8大經濟體,僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>。意大利是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94" title="歐洲四大經濟體">歐洲四大經濟體</a>之一,也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="八國集團">八國集團</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a>的成員。 </p><p>在第二次世界大戰結束後,意大利是從一個以農業為基礎的虛弱經濟體,成為高度工業化國家<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="國際貿易">國際貿易</a>與出口金額位居世界領先地位的國家。不仅如此,<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利经济">意大利經濟</a>規模與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="英國經濟">英國經濟</a>相當。 </p><p>意大利擁有高度的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數列表">人類發展指數</a>,位居世界第28位,超過希臘<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E5%84%B2%E5%82%99" title="黃金儲備">黃金儲備</a>數量為2,451.8<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%99%B8" title="公噸">公噸</a>,位居世界第4位,僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">國際貨幣基金組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>,超過法國與中國<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的資本主義經濟由北部的發達的大型私人<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業">工業</a>和南部傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a>所組成。意大利也以具影響力及創新的商業<sup id="cite_ref-dev.prenhall.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev.prenhall.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、勤勞及競爭力十足的農業<sup id="cite_ref-dev.prenhall.com_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev.prenhall.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、具有創意及高品質汽車與電器工業及服裝設計聞名於世<sup id="cite_ref-dev.prenhall.com_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dev.prenhall.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentino_black_dresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valentino_black_dresses.jpg/170px-Valentino_black_dresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valentino_black_dresses.jpg/255px-Valentino_black_dresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Valentino_black_dresses.jpg/340px-Valentino_black_dresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%80%AB%E9%90%B5%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="范倫鐵諾">范倫鐵諾</a>服飾</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利平均成長率從1964年開始曾經達到8%以上<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但是在過去10年之間,平均成長率下降到1.23%,低於歐盟的平均成長率2.28%<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利也常被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%97%85%E5%A4%AB" title="歐洲病夫">歐洲病夫</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,主要是因為它的經濟發展遲緩、政治鬆散及改革計畫問題叢生所致。意大利南北生活水準有相當大的鴻溝。意大利北部人均國內生產總值遠遠超過歐盟平均水準(例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博尔扎诺自治省">博尔扎诺自治省</a>在2006年的每人GDP平均可達32,900歐元(約43,861美元),是歐洲聯盟平均值的135.5%)。但是一些地區及意大利南部省份則低於歐盟平均水準(例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坎帕尼亞">坎帕尼亞</a>,它每人GDP平均僅為16,294歐元,約21,722美元<sup id="cite_ref-europa.eu_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa.eu-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。 </p><p>因為意大利缺乏天然資源及能源,而且領土過於崎嶇,導致大部分的地區都不適合精細農業發展,運輸也不發達。能源極為依賴外國進口,2006年有超過86%的能源是國外進口,包括99.7%的固態燃料、92.5%的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>、91.2%<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>及15%的電力<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利也是世界第6大<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="风力">風力</a>生產國,位居<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>之後,優於法國與英國,2008年的產能為373,610億<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">瓦特</a><sup id="cite_ref-gwec_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwec-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利目前沒有使用核發電,意大利大部分的電力是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力發電</a>來提供的。 </p><p>意大利的經濟也缺乏基礎建設、市場改革及研究經費。意大利每年從歐洲聯盟收取<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9" title="发展援助">發展援助</a>經費,從2000年至2006年之間總共收取274億歐元的經費<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在2008年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟自由度指數">經濟自由度指數</a>排行中,意大利名列世界第64位,歐洲第29位,也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA" title="欧元区">歐元區</a>的最後1名。根據<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="世界銀行">世界銀行</a>的資料,意大利擁有高度自由的投資、貿易及商業活動。然而無效率的官僚政治、低資產權保護及高度的腐敗都是不利因素<sup id="cite_ref-economicfreedom_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economicfreedom-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。除此之外,最新的資料顯示意大利的2006年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>費用只占1.14%,低於歐盟的平均水準1.84%及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本政策(页面不存在)">里斯本政策</a>預計的3%<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%B1%80" title="歐盟統計局">歐盟統計局</a>的資料,意大利2008年的購買力水準大約與歐盟的平均水準差不多<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/250px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/375px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/500px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="意大利银行">意大利銀行</a>是意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="中央銀行">中央銀行</a></figcaption></figure> <p>與其他規模相當的經濟體相比,意大利擁有的世界級跨國公司數量較少。取而代之的是,這個國家主要的經濟實力建立在中小型企業上。其中一些中小型企業所生產的產品技術要求並不高,焦點放在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="利基市场">利基市場</a>的輸出及昂貴的產品上,因此面臨著來自中國和其他新興亞洲國家的競爭,它們能以低廉的勞動力成本廉價來出售同類產品<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這些意大利中小型企業正提升自己的產品的技術含量予以應對,同時也把一些低階技術的製造產業轉移到那些勞動力更便宜的國家。這種企業平均規模較小的狀況是一個制約因素,而政府已經致力於鼓勵兼併重組,並改革那些限制這個國家大企業發展的既有規章制度。 </p><p>世界500大企業中設立於意大利的公司則包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%BC" title="埃尼">埃尼石油集團</a>、忠利保險(Assicurazioni Generali)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%95%E4%BF%A1%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="裕信銀行">意大利聯合信貸銀行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="意大利國家電力公司">意大利國家電力公司</a>(Enel)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="菲亚特">菲亚特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9C%A3%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="意大利联合圣保罗银行">意大利聯合聖保羅銀行</a>(Intesa Sanpaolo)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1" title="義大利電信">意大利電信集團</a>(Telecom Italia)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E6%A2%85%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="芬梅卡尼卡">芬梅卡尼卡集團</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%B2%E5%BE%97" title="好利獲得">好利獲得</a>、<a href="/wiki/E.ON" class="mw-redirect" title="E.ON">歐翁</a>與愛迪生(Edison)等。 </p><p>意大利的汽車工業規模相當龐大,全國有超過196,000名勞工(2004年)從事相關企業。意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="汽车工业">汽車工業</a>貢獻國內生產總額約8.5%<sup id="cite_ref-acea.thisconnect.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acea.thisconnect.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oica.net_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oica.net-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,也是歐洲第5大汽車製造國(2006年)<sup id="cite_ref-acea.be_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acea.be-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工业"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.B8.9A"></span>工业</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:工业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>意大利工业十分发达,生产技术较为先进,且规模庞大,为西方七大工业国之一。与大多数国家不同,中小企业对意大利经济运行起着极其重要的作用。意中小企业创造的产值超过国内生产总值的三分之二,因而享有“中小企业王国”的美誉。意大利的年原油加工能力达1亿吨,有“欧洲炼油厂”之称。钢铁产量居欧洲第二位。塑料、拖拉机、汽车、电力等工业的生产技术及规模均居世界前列。此外,意大利的制革、制鞋、纺织、首饰、酿酒、机械、大理石开采、电子工业、造船、化工、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="军火">军火</a>等工业也相当发达。 </p><p>意大利有多样化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="造船业">造船业</a>,可以制造适应于各种功能的船舶,包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="游轮">游轮</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E6%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="轮渡">轮渡</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="游艇">游艇</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="旅游业"><span id=".E6.97.85.E6.B8.B8.E4.B8.9A"></span>旅游业</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:旅游业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_(9704341704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg/250px-Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg/375px-Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg/500px-Vista_da_Villa_Rufolo_-_1_%289704341704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%8F%B2%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" title="阿马尔菲海岸">阿馬爾菲海岸</a>是意大利最多遊客造訪的景點之一</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89" title="義大利觀光">義大利觀光</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="旅游业">旅游业</a>是意大利成長最快且最具經濟利益的產業,估計每年有4,370萬遊客造訪意大利,並帶來4,270億觀光收入。意大利也是世界第5多最多遊客造訪的國家,旅游收入則排名世界第4位<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利旅游业即使在1980年代中期與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%81%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯灣戰爭">波斯灣戰爭</a>期間下滑,在1990年代中期之後即逐漸恢復<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利最多遊客造訪的旅游景點是羅馬競技場(每年吸引4,000,000人次造訪,位居世界第39位)與<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%B2%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="龐貝">龐貝</a>遺址(每年吸引2,500,000人次造訪,位居世界第48位)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2008年意大利最多遊客造訪的城市分別是:羅馬(世界排名第6,總共6,123,000人次造訪)、米蘭(世界排名第52,總共1,914,000人次造訪)、威尼斯(世界排名第57,總共1,798,000人次造訪)、佛羅倫萨(世界排名第59,總共1,729,000人次造訪)、那不勒斯(世界排名第166,總共381,000人次造訪)、巴勒莫(世界排名第183,總共316,000人次造訪)、維羅納(世界排名第188,總共289,000人次造訪)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC" title="里米尼">里米尼</a>(世界排名第189,總共284,000人次造訪)、波隆納(世界排名第191,總共279,000人次造訪)、熱內亞(世界排名第200,總共243,000人次造訪)、杜林(世界排名第203,總共240,000人次造訪)及錫耶納(世界排名第229,總共163,000人次造訪)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 意大利旅游业非常的发达,旅游收入是意大利弥补国家收支逆差的第二大来源,其中罗马、佛罗伦萨、米兰、威尼斯等都是意大利的重要旅游景点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="进出口"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E5.87.BA.E5.8F.A3"></span>进出口</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:进出口"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利出口(页面不存在)">意大利出口</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG/220px-SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG/330px-SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG/440px-SAG2004_213_Ferrari_G12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>一輛法拉利612跑車,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉利">法拉利</a>是意大利規模最大的跑車製造商之一</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利主要进口商品为石油、原料和食品等。 </p><p>出口方面,意大利是世界第8大出口國<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界貿易組織">世界貿易組織</a>的資料,意大利商品出口總額在2007年是491,507,000,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%83" title="美元">美元</a>,商業與服務業為118,261,000,000美元<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利的主要出口產品是精密機械、車輛(包括工程車、豪華轎車、摩托車與滑板車,例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉利">法拉利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%AF%B6%E5%A0%85%E5%B0%BC" title="藍寶堅尼">藍寶堅尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%BC" title="帕加尼">帕加尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%8E%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82" title="瑪莎拉蒂">瑪莎拉蒂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BF%AB%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="愛快·羅密歐">愛快·羅密歐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%9B%85%E7%89%B9%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="飛雅特汽車集團">菲亞特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA" title="杜卡迪">杜卡迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A_(%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E8%BD%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8)" title="阿普利亚 (摩托车公司)">艾普利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Agusta">奧古斯塔</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡吉瓦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cagiva"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%90%89%E7%93%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡吉瓦(页面不存在)">卡吉瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagiva" class="extiw" title="en:Cagiva"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cagiva</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="畢摩塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bimota"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%A2%E6%91%A9%E5%A1%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="畢摩塔(页面不存在)">畢摩塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimota" class="extiw" title="en:Bimota"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bimota</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="倍力尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Benelli"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="倍力尼(页面不存在)">倍力尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelli" class="extiw" title="en:Benelli"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Benelli</span></a></span>)</span></span>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%85%E4%B9%85" title="比雅久">比雅久</a>等)、化工(<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%BC" title="埃尼">埃尼</a>)與電子產品(例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利國家電力">意大利國家電力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="愛迪生">愛迪生</a>)、家庭用品(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英迪新" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indesit Company"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="英迪新(页面不存在)">英迪新</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indesit_Company" class="extiw" title="en:Indesit Company"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indesit Company</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="卡迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Candy (company)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-disambig" title="卡迪">卡迪</a></span></span>(Candy)),但是意大利更著名的出口產品其實是食品(例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%88%97%E7%BE%85" title="費列羅">費列羅</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="百味來" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Barilla (company)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E5%91%B3%E4%BE%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="百味來(页面不存在)">百味來</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barilla_(company)" class="extiw" title="en:Barilla (company)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Barilla (company)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(Barilla)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E8%88%87%E7%BE%85%E8%A5%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="馬提尼與羅西(页面不存在)">馬提尼與羅西</a>(Martini &amp; Rossi)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9" title="金巴利">金巴利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%8E%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="帕玛拉特">帕瑪拉特</a>(Parmalat))與服飾(例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%BC" title="乔治·阿玛尼">喬治·阿瑪尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%A9%E5%A5%B4" title="华伦天奴">华伦天奴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E6%80%9D%E5%93%B2" title="范思哲">範思哲</a>、<a href="/wiki/Dolce%26Gabbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolce&amp;Gabbana">Dolce&amp;Gabbana</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%B4%8D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="貝納通">貝納通</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94" title="普拉達">普拉達</a>與<a href="/wiki/Luxottica" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxottica">Luxottica</a>等)。航空及防衛產品(例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿莱尼亚">阿萊尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/MV_Agusta" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Agusta">奧古斯塔</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E6%A2%85%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="芬梅卡尼卡">芬梅卡尼卡</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E8%89%87" title="遊艇">遊艇</a>(例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="法拉帝(页面不存在)">法拉帝</a>(Ferretti)與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%85%95%E7%89%B9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿茲慕特(页面不存在)">阿茲慕特</a>(Azimut))與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8D%E6%A2%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="槍械">槍械</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%91%9E%E5%A1%94" title="貝瑞塔">貝瑞塔</a>)也是意大利著名的出口產品。 </p><p>意大利是一個重要的農業出口國,也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E6%9E%9C" title="奇異果">奇異果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄">葡萄</a>(8,519,418噸)與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%96%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮薊">朝鮮薊</a>(469,980噸)世界上最大的出口與生產國。意大利在2005年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>產量大約是全球的五分之一。 </p><p>意大利最密切的貿易夥伴是歐洲聯盟其他國家,大約占59%的貿易總額。以百分比來看的話,意大利在歐盟最大的貿易夥伴是德國(12.9%)、法國(11.4%)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>(7.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社会"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A"></span>社会</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:社会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg/220px-Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg/330px-Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg/440px-Italian_Soldier_Olypmic_Games_Turin_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>意大利女兵</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg/220px-SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg/330px-SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg/440px-SophiaLorenAAFeb09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="2053" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%9D%9E%E5%A8%85%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="索非娅·罗兰">索非娅·罗兰</a>是世界上最著名的意大利女演員之一</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利的國家品牌價值在2009年名列世界第6位(僅次於法國、德國、英國、加拿大和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>,超越美國、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亞">澳大利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>),也比2008年位居世界第9名進步。意大利在2009年的旅遊品牌為第1名,文化品牌第2名,人民品牌第3名,而移民品牌則是第9名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人口"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3"></span>人口</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:人口"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="意大利人口">意大利人口</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy-demography2006est.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Italy-demography2006est.png/220px-Italy-demography2006est.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Italy-demography2006est.png/330px-Italy-demography2006est.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Italy-demography2006est.png/440px-Italy-demography2006est.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>意大利人口從1960年至2006年間的變化</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利人口在2008年結束時已經超過6,000萬人<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,目前是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">歐盟</a>排名第4,也是世界上人口第23多的國家。意大利的人口密度为每平方公里199.2人,位居欧盟第5位。意大利北部的密度最高,面積占全國1/3,而人口則幾乎有全國的50%。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大戰</a>後,意大利因為長期的經濟衰弱,所以鄉村的人口紛紛遷移到城市。在這同時,許多外國移民也紛紛移居到意大利境內。高出生率一直持續到1970年代為止,然後逐漸下降,所以到2008年,有5分之1的意大利人超過65歲<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。即使如此,因為眾多的移民在20年內移入意大利,所以意大利的出生率在2000年卻是上升的<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%87" title="总和生育率">總和生育率</a>在過去幾年大幅上升(因為外來移民及本地人的生育率皆上升),所以每名婦女在2008年時平均扶養1.41名子女,比2005年的1.32名更多<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="城市人口"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E5.B8.82.E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3"></span>城市人口</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:城市人口"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="意大利城市列表">意大利城市列表</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82943465">.mw-parser-output .mw-stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .mw-stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:721px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="mw-stack"><div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:left; width:97%; margin-right:15px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="11"> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="意大利城市列表">排名</a> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市">城市</a> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="地區">地區</a> </th> <th style="background:#f5f5f5;"><a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Italy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities of Italy(页面不存在)"><span title="查看该模板">查看</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Italy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Italy(页面不存在)"><span title="讨论该模板">讨论</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Largest_cities_of_Italy" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Largest cities of Italy"><span title="编辑该模板">编辑</span></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">1 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%8A%E5%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齊奧">拉齊奧</a> </td> <td align="right">2,724,347 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">11 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="威尼托">威尼托</a> </td> <td align="right">270,098 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">2 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴底">倫巴底</a> </td> <td align="right">1,295,705 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">12 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="維羅納">維羅納</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="威尼托">威尼托</a> </td> <td align="right">265,368 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">3 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坎帕尼亞">坎帕尼亞</a> </td> <td align="right">963,661 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">13 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF" title="墨西拿">墨西拿</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a> </td> <td align="right">243,381 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">4 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="都靈">都靈</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="皮埃蒙特">皮埃蒙特</a> </td> <td align="right">908,825 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">14 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="帕多瓦">帕多瓦</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="威尼托">威尼托</a> </td> <td align="right">211,936 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">5 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E8%8E%AB" title="巴勒莫">巴勒莫</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a> </td> <td align="right">659,433 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">15 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="第里雅斯特">第里雅斯特</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9-%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="弗留利-威尼斯朱利亞">弗留利-威尼斯朱利亞</a></span> </td> <td align="right">205,341 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">6 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱內亞">熱內亞</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="利古里亞">利古里亞</a> </td> <td align="right">611,171 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">16 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%98%AD%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="塔蘭托">塔蘭托</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="普利亞">普利亞</a> </td> <td align="right">194,021 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">7 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9A%86%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="波隆納">波隆納</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="艾米利亞-羅馬涅">艾米利亞-羅馬涅</a></span> </td> <td align="right">374,944 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">17 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="布雷西亚">布雷西亞</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="倫巴底">倫巴底</a> </td> <td align="right">190,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">8 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫萨</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="托斯卡尼">托斯卡尼</a> </td> <td align="right">365,659 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">18 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%84%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="雷焦卡拉布里亞">雷焦卡拉布里亞</a></b></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉布里亞">卡拉布里亞</a> </td> <td align="right">185,621 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">9 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="巴里">巴里</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="普利亞">普利亞</a> </td> <td align="right">320,677 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">19 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98" title="普拉托">普拉托</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="托斯卡尼">托斯卡尼</a> </td> <td align="right">185,091 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">10 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="卡塔尼亞">卡塔尼亞</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a> </td> <td align="right">296,469 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#f0f0f0;">20 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="帕爾馬 (意大利)">帕爾馬</a></b> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E-%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="艾米利亞-羅馬涅">艾米利亞-羅馬涅</a></span> </td> <td align="right">182,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#e5e5e5;">數據是由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利國立統計機構(页面不存在)">義大利國立統計機構</a>於2008年12月31日所估計的,採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="市镇 (意大利)">市鎮</a>人口來計算而非都會區人口 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="外來移民"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E7.A7.BB.E6.B0.91"></span>外來移民</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:外來移民"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B7%E5%B1%85%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="遷居意大利(页面不存在)">遷居意大利</a></div> <p>意大利的外來<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="移民">移民</a>仍然持續上升,直到2010年已經有4,279,000人<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,占總人口的7.1%,每年以388,000人的速度增加<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最近一年的移民增加率是16.8%,而6年內的增加率則是122%<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這些數字包括超過50萬的兒童,他們是出生在意大利的外國僑民-第二代移民正在成為人口組成一個重要的部分,但不包括後來獲得意大利國籍的外籍人士(在2008年總共有53,696人)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,不包括數量難以確定的所謂的非法移民。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A0%B1" title="波士頓環球報">波士頓環球報</a>》(The Boston Globe)在2008年5月估計為有670,000人<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自從<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a>的範圍擴張之後,其他附近地區的人民不斷遷入意大利境內,尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐">東歐</a>地區及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞洲</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,並取代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>成為主要的移民來源地區。目前意大利約有950,000羅馬尼亞人,其中10%是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="羅姆人">羅姆人</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。羅馬尼亞人取代<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞">阿爾巴尼亞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>成為意大利最大的少數民族<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不過根據官方估計,羅馬尼亞人實際的人口起碼是這個數字的2倍<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>截至2009年,意大利境內的外國人細分如下:歐洲(53.5%)、非洲(22.3%)、亞洲(15.8%)、美洲(8.1%)與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a>(0.06%)。外國人在意大利的分布並不均衡:87.3%的移民居住在北部和中部地區(經濟最發達的地區),只有12.8%居住在半島的南部。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="意大利海外僑民"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E5.A4.A7.E5.88.A9.E6.B5.B7.E5.A4.96.E5.83.91.E6.B0.91"></span>意大利海外僑民</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:意大利海外僑民"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="義大利人">意大利人</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg/220px-NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg/330px-NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg/440px-NYC_Mulberry_Street_3g04637u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4222" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約">紐約</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93" title="曼哈頓">曼哈頓</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="小義大利">小意大利</a>,攝於1900年</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利在1860年代末期國家統一後不久成為一個大規模移民的國家。1898年至1914年之間是意大利人外移的高峰年,每年大約有750,000意大利人移居外地<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利人以前曾興盛的社區包括前非洲殖民地的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="厄立特里亚">厄利垂亞</a>(在第二次世界大戰開始時約有近10萬人<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索馬利亞</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亞</a>(有150,000意大利人定居在利比亞,占約總人口的18%<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。所有居住在利比亞的意大利人在1970年<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94%E8%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="格達費">格達費</a>上台後被逐出北非<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在第二次世界大戰結束後的10年間,最多意大利人居住的國家是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫</a>(350,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。許多祖先具有意大利血統的居民則分布在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>(25,000,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a>(20,000,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、美國(17,800,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、法國(5,000,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉圭">烏拉圭</a>(1,500,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>(1,400,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a>(900,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亞</a>(800,000人)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/220px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/330px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg/440px-Linguistic_map_of_the_Italian_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>意大利語使用地區分布圖。深藍色為官方語言地區,綠色為廣泛居民使用地區,淡藍色為部分居民使用地區</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="意大利語"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E5.A4.A7.E5.88.A9.E8.AA.9E"></span>意大利語</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:意大利語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利語歷史(页面不存在)">意大利語歷史</a></div> <p>意大利的官方語言是<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">意大利語</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="民族語">民族語</a>估計,意大利大約有5500萬人使用這種語言,其他國家則有670萬人使用意大利語<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue.com_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。然而世界各地使用意大利語當作第二語言或文化語言則有1億2000萬至1億5000萬人<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利語在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80" title="意大利統一">意大利統一</a>完成後開始改變,以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛羅倫萨</a>各種<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%B4%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="托斯卡納語">托斯卡納語</a>為基礎,有些介於南方的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="義大利-達爾馬提亞語支">意大利-達爾馬提亞語</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="加洛羅曼語(页面不存在)">加洛羅曼語</a>(Gallo-Romance languages)<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北意大利語(页面不存在)">北意大利語</a>之間。意大利語的發展也受到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="欧洲民族大迁徙">民族大遷徙</a>時傳入的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日爾曼語">日爾曼語</a>影響。 </p><p>不像大多數其他的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼語">羅曼語</a>,意大利語保留了存在於拉丁語中的短和長<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="子音">子音</a>。意大利語就像大多數羅曼語中,重音是獨特的。在羅曼語族中,意大利語的詞彙被認為是最接近<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="方言"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>方言</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利方言(页面不存在)">意大利方言</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利語言列表(页面不存在)">意大利語言列表</a></div> <p>意大利全國各地擁有許多方言,有一些意大利人並不會講意大利語<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但是國民教育體系的建立,導致講遍布全國各地的語言變化減少。標準化在1950年代和60年代由於經濟成長及傳播媒介和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>崛起(國家廣播公司幫助標準意大利語的形成)。 </p><p>少數民族語言包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾巴尼亞語">阿爾巴尼亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加泰隆尼亞語">加泰隆尼亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="克羅地亞語">克羅地亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E6%97%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭克-普羅旺斯語">法蘭克-普羅旺斯語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="弗留利語">弗留利語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%99%BB%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉登語">拉登語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="奧克語">奧克語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="薩丁尼亞語">薩丁尼亞語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯洛維尼亞語">斯洛維尼亞語</a>。1999年頒布的一項法律承認這12種少數語言的存在,且對他們進行保護。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社會階級"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E9.9A.8E.E7.B4.9A"></span>社會階級</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="编辑章节:社會階級"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>意大利社會經常分為不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="社會階級">社會階級</a>。意大利社會可以分為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A0%98" title="白領">白領</a>中產階級,小資產階級,農村小資產階級,城市工人階級及農村工人階級。<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="编辑章节:宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利宗教(页面不存在)">意大利宗教</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg/250px-Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg/375px-Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg/500px-Collage_chiese_italiane_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>羅馬天主教教堂,分別是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="米蘭大教堂">米蘭大教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="聖母百花大教堂">聖母百花大教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%B0%B7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-disambig" title="圣马尔谷教堂">聖馬爾谷教堂</a>與錫拉庫薩教堂</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然意大利政府並沒有正式將羅馬天主教明定為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">國教</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教">羅馬天主教</a>為意大利第一大宗教。大約有87.8%的意大利人信仰<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,當中約有1/3的人(36.8%)是虔誠教徒。根據Eurobarometer在2005年進行的調查顯示<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>74%:相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-disambig" title="天主">天主</a>存在</li> <li>16%:相信某種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" class="mw-redirect" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>或生命力存在</li> <li>6%:不相信天主、靈魂或生命力存在</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="羅馬天主教"><span id=".E7.BE.85.E9.A6.AC.E5.A4.A9.E4.B8.BB.E6.95.99"></span>羅馬天主教</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="编辑章节:羅馬天主教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教会">天主教会</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教罗马教区">天主教罗马教区</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="意大利天主教教区列表">意大利天主教教区列表</a></div> <p>意大利天主教會是全球羅馬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>(在罗马主教即天主教会<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>與意大利<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98" title="主教團">主教团</a>的精神領導之下)的<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E5%88%A5%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="個別教會">一部分</a>。除了意大利共和国以外,<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="聖馬力諾">聖馬力諾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂岡">梵蒂岡</a>這兩個主權國家都包括在意大利的教區之內。意大利天主教會擁有225個教區。儘管梵蒂岡不屬於意大利,但因為它位在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>城內,所以意大利語和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" title="羅馬教廷">羅馬教廷</a>最常使用的語言,也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88%E5%9F%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="梵蒂冈城国">梵蒂冈城国</a>的第二語言<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利擁有豐富的天主教文化,特別是許多天主教<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E4%BA%BA" title="基督教聖人">聖人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E9%81%93%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="殉道者">殉道者</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>都是意大利人。意大利的天主教藝術,特別在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興時期">文藝復興時期</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="巴洛克时期">巴洛克時期</a>蓬勃發展,出現許多意大利藝術家,例如米開朗基羅、達文西、拉斐爾、卡拉瓦喬、濟安·貝尼尼、波提切利、提香與<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="喬托">喬托</a>等。意大利的羅馬天主教建築同樣豐富,且令人印象深刻,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" title="聖伯多祿大殿">聖伯多祿大殿</a>、聖母百花聖殿與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%B0%B7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-disambig" title="圣马尔谷教堂">聖馬爾谷教堂</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>為意大利第一大宗教,大約有87.8%的意大利人为天主教<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>。意大利還擁有世界上最多<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9E%E6%A9%9F" title="樞機">樞機</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而且也是世界上擁有最多<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教堂">天主教堂</a>的國家<sup id="cite_ref-kwintessential.co.uk_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwintessential.co.uk-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他基督教派"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.9F.BA.E7.9D.A3.E6.95.99.E6.B4.BE"></span>其他基督教派</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="编辑章节:其他基督教派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="瓦勒度派">瓦勒度派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="東正教">東正教</a></div> <p>儘管意大利主要的基督教派是羅馬天主教,也有一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="瓦勒度派">瓦勒度派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="東正教">東正教</a>與其他基督教宗派存在。 </p><p>20世紀,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="五旬宗">五旬宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="福音派">福音派</a>是信徒增加最快的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="基督新教">基督新教</a>教派,另外還有<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E4%BA%BA" title="耶和華見證人">耶和華見證人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="摩門教">摩門教</a>。21世紀初從<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部非洲">中非</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%9D%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東非">東非</a>移入的居民造成意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E4%BF%A1%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="浸信宗">浸信宗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%97" title="聖公宗">聖公宗</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="五旬宗">五旬宗</a>及新教社區增加,而從東歐移入的居民則組成大型東正教社區。 </p><p>2006年,新教徒占意大利的人口2.1%,東正教教徒則占1.2%。意大利有超過700,000人是正教會信徒(包括180,000的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="希臘正教會">希臘正教</a>教徒)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、550,000人信仰<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%AC%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="五旬宗">五旬宗</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="福音派">福音派</a>(其中有400,000<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%8F%AC%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="神召會">神召會</a>信徒)、30,000名<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="瓦勒度派">瓦勒度派</a>信徒<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、25,000名<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%A9%E8%87%A8%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%83" title="基督復臨安息日會">基督復臨安息日會</a>信徒、15,000名<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E4%BF%A1%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="浸信宗">浸信宗</a>信徒(包括大約5,000名非正式信徒)、7,000名<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%AE%97" title="信義宗">信義宗</a>信徒及4,000名<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%90%86%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="衛理宗">衛理宗</a>信徒<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。類似基督教的教會當中,有235,685名<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%92%8C%E8%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E4%BA%BA" title="耶和華見證人">耶和華見證人</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、22,000名摩門教信徒。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他宗教"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>其他宗教</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="编辑章节:其他宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></div> <p>而意大利最古老的宗教少數民族則是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太人">猶太人</a>社區,猶太人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>基督教出現之前就已經居住在這裡。意大利也曾經出現許多具有影響的猶太人。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太人大屠殺">猶太人大屠殺</a>中,意大利接納了許多逃離<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>的猶太難民。然而意大利社會共和國是由納粹支持的傀儡政權所控制,所以大約有15%的意大利猶太人被殺害,儘管法西斯政府拒絕將猶太人送進納粹<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="集中營">集中營</a>。目前猶太人大約有45,000人,不過他們並不是最大的非基督信仰的族群,因為世界各地有許多人移民到意大利,包括大約1,000,000名<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>(占總人口的1.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,雖然只有50,000人是意大利公民。其他獨立機構則估計意大利的穆斯林人口介於800,000<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>至1,500,000人之間<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除此之外,意大利大約有50,000名<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>徒<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、70,000名<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="锡克教徒">錫克教徒</a><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>及70,000名<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>徒。2005年時意大利大約有4,900名是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊信仰</a>的信徒<sup id="cite_ref-WCE-05_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCE-05-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="交通"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A"></span>交通</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="编辑章节:交通"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="義大利交通">意大利交通</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(Fiumicino)_Airport_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG/220px-Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG/330px-Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG/440px-Rome_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Fiumicino%29_Airport_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%EF%BC%8D%E8%8F%B2%E7%83%8F%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%AB%BE%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬-菲烏米奇諾機場">羅馬-菲烏米奇諾機場</a>在2008年是歐洲第6繁忙的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="機場">機場</a></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="交通運輸">交通運輸</a>收入在2004年為1,194億歐元,153,700間企業總共僱用935,700名員工。意大利的國家交通網在2002年總長為668,721<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" title="公里">公里</a>,包括6,487公里由私人營運的國有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="公路">公路</a>系統。在2005年,大約34,667,000輛<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汽車">汽車</a>(每1,000人有590輛汽車)與4,015,000輛其他交通工具在國家交通網上通行。 </p><p>意大利的國家<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="鐵路">鐵路</a>網路是由Ferrovie dello Stato所管理的,2003年的總長為16,287公里,其中69%為電氣化鐵路,而火車頭則有4,937輛。國家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B7%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="水路(页面不存在)">水路</a>網路(包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="運河">運河</a>及河道在內)在2002年時則有1,477公里長。在2004年,意大利的主要機場大約有30座(包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%8D%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BD%AD%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰-马尔彭萨机场">米蘭-馬爾彭薩機場</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%EF%BC%8D%E8%8F%B2%E7%83%8F%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%AB%BE%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬-菲烏米奇諾機場">羅馬-菲烏米奇諾機場</a>這2座<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9E%E7%B4%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="樞紐機場">樞紐機場</a>)及43座主要港口,包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熱內亞">熱內亞</a>海港在內(它是意大利最大的港口,也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>第2大港,僅次於法國<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="馬賽">馬賽</a>)。在2005年,意大利民間船隻有389,000艘,而商船則有581艘<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利城市老城部分往往設有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E8%A1%8C%E5%8D%80_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="限行區 (意大利)">限行區</a>,如果沒有購買通行權則需進入後半小時内在tabacchi,<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97" title="酒店">酒店</a>或收費車庫繳費,許多游客因爲不知道而被罰款。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公共服務"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E5.85.B1.E6.9C.8D.E5.8B.99"></span>公共服務</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="编辑章节:公共服務"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="醫療保健"><span id=".E9.86.AB.E7.99.82.E4.BF.9D.E5.81.A5"></span>醫療保健</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="编辑章节:醫療保健"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利醫療保健(页面不存在)">意大利醫療保健</a></div> <p>意大利全國醫療系統是成立於1978年<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。醫療保健支出占意大利<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="國內生產總值">國內生產總值</a>高過9.0%,略高於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟合作與發展組織">經濟合作與發展組織</a>國家的平均8.9%。然而這也導致意大利擁有世界上第二好的醫療體系<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-photius.com_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photius.com-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、世界排名第6長的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="預期壽命">預期壽命</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和世界上第三最好的醫療保健表現<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利在2004年出生時的預期壽命為80.9,超過經濟合作與發展組織平均兩年<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利的2005年嬰兒死亡率為4.7‰(經濟合作與發展組織:5.4‰)。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>的法泰貝內弗拉泰里醫院(Fatebenefratelli Hospital)<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>不過意大利就像幾乎所有的經濟合作與發展組織國家一樣,超重及肥胖人口的比例成續增加。這個數字從1994年的7.0%上升到2005年的9.9%。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="编辑章节:教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="意大利教育">意大利教育</a></div> <p>意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="公共教育">公共教育</a>是免費的,<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="義務教育">義務教育</a>覆盖6-14歲<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a>学制5年;<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中學">中學</a>8年,分為第一階段(<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%B4%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="初級中學">初級中學</a>)和第二階段(<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" title="高級中學">高級中學</a>)。意大利擁有高水準的公共教育,超過了其他一樣發達的國家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利也擁有公共及私人的教育系統。 </p><p>據美國國家科學指標(1981年—2002年)一個由研究服務團隊製作,包含90多個國家輸出和論文統計的數據庫顯示,意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="科學論文">科學論文</a>(在許多論文當中,至少有一位作者是來自意大利)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="空間科學">空間科學</a>(太空科學,世界上9.75%的論文是從意大利來的)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>(數量占世界上論文的5.51%)<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="計算機科學">計算機科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>輸出都高於平均水平;最低則是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學">心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神病學">精神病學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="商業">商業</a>論文的產出,不過仍略高於世界平均水平<sup id="cite_ref-sci_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sci-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentino_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Valentino_castle.jpg/250px-Valentino_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Valentino_castle.jpg/375px-Valentino_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Valentino_castle.jpg/500px-Valentino_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="瓦伦蒂诺城堡">瓦倫蒂諾城堡</a>,位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="都灵理工大学">都灵理工大学</a>校園內</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利擁有各式各樣的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="高等学校">高等学校</a>。米蘭的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="博科尼大学">博科尼大學</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%97%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="華爾街日報">華爾街日報</a>的國際排名中名列世界前20名最佳商學院,特別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="工商管理碩士">工商管理碩士</a>學程。在2007年根據大型跨國公司招聘偏愛的畢業生排行榜名列世界第17位<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,福布斯在金錢價值排行榜中將博科尼大學名列世界第1<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2008年5月,博科尼在《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="金融时报 (英国)">金融時報</a>》行政教育排名榜中,超越一些全球頂尖商學院,名列歐洲第5位,世界第15位<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利其他一流<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="理工學院">理工學院</a>包括:<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="都灵理工大学">都灵理工大学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="米蘭理工大學">米蘭理工大學</a>(在2009年被評選為在世界最佳科技大學排行中名列第57名<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。從2008年第63位上升6個名次。意大利在2009年將該校是意大利最好的大學,參考指標包括科學生產力、對外國學生吸引力以及其他等方面<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="罗马大学">羅馬大學</a>(在2005年名列歐洲第33佳的大學<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,歐洲50所和世界150所最好的大學之一)與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="米蘭大學">米蘭大學</a>(其研究和教學活動,發展了多年,並且已經獲得重要的國際讚譽。米蘭大學是歐洲研究型大學聯盟唯一的意大利大學,該聯盟擁有20所著名的研究密集型歐洲大學。它也在萊頓排名中名列意大利第1與歐洲第7)。 </p><p>意大利和西方世界最古老的大學是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9A%86%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="波隆納大學">波隆納大學</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據2009年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2-QS%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" title="泰晤士高等教育-QS世界大学排名">泰晤士高等教育-QS世界大學排名</a>的報導,波隆納大學是唯一一所名列世界大學前200大的意大利大學。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="帕多瓦大學">帕多瓦大學</a>也仍然是歐洲最古老的大學之一,該校成立於1222年。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="通訊"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.A8.8A"></span>通訊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="编辑章节:通訊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利通訊(页面不存在)">意大利通訊</a></div> <p>意大利擁有現代化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電話">電話</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="數據">數據</a>服務<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。該國擁有1770萬網路用戶,在世界上第4<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,3200萬網路用戶,在世界上排名第10位。意大利使用中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="手提電話">手提電話</a>有88,580,000支,遠遠超過意大利實際的人口數,位居世界第11位,並擁有2000萬支<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E5%9B%BA%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="網固電信(页面不存在)">網固電信</a>電話<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利擁有高容量電纜提供用戶在國內使用手機或與國外聯絡<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="媒體"><span id=".E5.AA.92.E9.AB.94"></span>媒體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="编辑章节:媒體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利媒體(页面不存在)">意大利媒體</a></div> <p>意大利第一種形式的電視媒體出現在1939年,當年開始第一個實驗性廣播。然而這種廣播只持續了很短的一段時間:當意大利法西斯政府於1940年參加第二次世界大戰後,所有的通訊都遭到中斷,直到結束衝突9年後(1954年)才真正恢復。有兩個主要國家電視網絡最多人使用:國有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="意大利广播电视公司">意大利广播电视公司</a>與<a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a>(由意大利前總理<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼">西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼</a>所成立的商業網路)。雖然意大利也有許多其他的電視網路系統,不論是國家或地區,但是這兩個系統就占了80%的收視率。 </p><p>正如所有其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利媒體(页面不存在)">意大利媒體</a>一樣,意大利電視業在國內與國外都被廣泛的認為過於<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%96" title="政治化">政治化</a><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。公共廣播機構<a href="/wiki/RAI" class="mw-disambig" title="RAI">RAI</a>不像<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="英國廣播公司">英國廣播公司</a>,它是由一個獨立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E4%BF%A1%E6%89%98%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="英国广播公司信托基金">英国广播公司信托基金</a>(BBC Trust)所操控,並且受到政府的直接控制。反過來意大利最重要的商業電視台則是由現任總理所擁有。根據2008年12月的調查,只有24%的意大利人相信電視<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%AF%80%E7%9B%AE" title="新聞節目">新聞節目</a>,比較英國的38%更低,導致意大利成為三個認為在網路訊息比電視更加可靠的國家其中之一<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>一樣,意大利的新聞自由在歐洲處於最低的水準,甚至落後於一些前<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="共產主義">共產主義</a>國家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克共和國">捷克共和國</a><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="女權"><span id=".E5.A5.B3.E6.AC.8A"></span>女權</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="编辑章节:女權"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利女權(页面不存在)">意大利女權</a></div> <p>女性與男性享有平等權利,擁有同樣的工作,職業與教育機會。一些人意大利社會傳統主義人士(特別是在南部)仍傾向將女性視為較差的一方,但是意大利的女權可以跟大多數西方國家相媲美<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT權利"><span id="LGBT.E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9"></span>LGBT權利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="编辑章节:LGBT權利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利LGBT權利(页面不存在)">義大利LGBT權利</a></div> <p>意大利法律承認同性戀及變性人士,但他們可能面臨非LGBT居民不會經歷的法律挑戰。男性和女性的同性行動在意大利是合法的,但同性伴侶與同性伴侶組成的家庭沒有資格獲得法律對於異性伴侶的保護。 </p><p>意大利的輿論與以前不同,現在人們更傾向於支持女同性戀者,男同性戀者,雙性戀者,變性者(LGBT)的權利,但他們往往比其他歐洲國家受到更多壓迫。由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教">羅馬天主教</a>的影響(已在意大利社會根深蒂固了1,700年),寬容的態度比較少見。保守的意大利政治家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼">西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼</a>就經常反對增加同性戀權利<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurobarometer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurobarometer(页面不存在)">Eurobarometer</a>在2006年12月發表的調查顯示有31%的意大利受訪者支持同性婚姻、24%承認同性伴侶的權利(歐洲聯盟平均分別為44%和33%)<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。2007年對於是否支持民間合夥<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="律師">律師</a>為同性戀者的調查顯示,有45%的人支持這項措施、47%反對、8%的人則說他們沒有意見<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。同性戀者也擁有參與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9F%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="募兵制">募兵</a>的權利。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日常生活"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E5.B8.B8.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB"></span>日常生活</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="编辑章节:日常生活"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg/220px-Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg/330px-Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg/440px-Sicilia_Isola_Bella-Beach_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>一處受歡迎的海灘</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利的社會習俗和生活因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>發生深刻的改變,從一個以農業為基礎的傳統社會,成為一個進步與現代化的國家<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大多數意大利人喜愛的活動,例如看電影、閱讀<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報紙</a>、看<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>及收聽<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="無線電">無線電</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="廣播">廣播</a>,而讀書與運動已經成為冷門活動<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。根據一些調查顯示,意大利人普遍對於社會和家庭關係、醫療保健、日常生活及人際關係感到高度的滿意,但是意大利人對於經濟狀況及就業機會普遍不感到滿意,尤其是在意大利南部,擁有相對較高的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="失業率">失業率</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。會議及社交活動充斥在廣場、酒吧、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="迪斯科">迪斯科</a>、比薩店和餐廳,意大利仍然流行尋找其他形式的娛樂活動,特別是年輕的一代<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。汽車仍然是意大利生活中重要的一部分,但也導致許多城市交通擁擠<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="禮儀"><span id=".E7.A6.AE.E5.84.80"></span>禮儀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="编辑章节:禮儀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>意大利人的禮儀可與在歐洲大多數禮節的價值觀相似。結識新朋友時為了展現開放與自信,外表裝扮典雅(美形主義)被認為是必要的,以取得人們較好的印象<sup id="cite_ref-kwintessential.co.uk_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kwintessential.co.uk-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-traveletiquette.co.uk_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traveletiquette.co.uk-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利人注重用餐,所以餐桌禮儀被高度重視。家庭經常圍著桌子一起用餐,人們在星期日或特殊場合可以邀請朋友或親戚到家中或餐館一起用餐<sup id="cite_ref-traveletiquette.co.uk_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traveletiquette.co.uk-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="犯罪"><span id=".E7.8A.AF.E7.BD.AA"></span>犯罪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="编辑章节:犯罪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>發源自西西里島的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%89%8B%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="黑手黨">黑手黨</a>廣泛地影響意大利社會,直接影響到22%的意大利人和14.6 %的國內生產總值<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,甚至意大利總理<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%9B%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼">西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼</a>也早已被指控與組織犯罪有所關聯<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利政府打擊黑手黨造成許多人的生命遭到威脅,包括公然暗殺<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="法官">法官</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85" title="乔瓦尼·法尔科内">乔瓦尼·法尔科内</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%BA" title="保罗·博尔塞利诺">保羅·博爾塞利諾</a>。 </p><p>有4個單獨的黑手黨組織控制範圍及商業活動分布在4個意大利南部地區:西西里島的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%89%8B%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="黑手黨">黑手黨</a>、坎帕尼亞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89" title="克莫拉">克莫拉</a>、卡拉布里亞的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A6%AE%E6%9C%83" title="光榮會">光榮會</a>與普利亞的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%86%A0%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聖冠聯盟(页面不存在)">聖冠聯盟</a>(Sacra Corona Unita),共有超過13,000,000意大利人受到這些組織的影響<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他們的業務範圍涵蓋歐洲與全球<sup id="cite_ref-http_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>這些地區的商業、企業家、店主與工匠必須支付保護費于掌控該地的犯罪集團。逃避支付金錢的可能性很少,不遵守的人將會讓自己的營業場所和生命處於危險之中。那些無法滿足犯罪組織需求的人擁有的產業會部分或完全遭到組織犯罪的接管<sup id="cite_ref-http_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在每1,000人中會有0.013人遭受<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%80%E6%AE%BA" title="謀殺">謀殺</a>,意大利的謀殺率在世界上63個國家中排名第47位<sup id="cite_ref-NationMaster.com_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationMaster.com-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利每1,000人遭到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%A7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="強姦">強姦</a>的機率在世界65個國家中則名列第43位<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公共假日"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E5.85.B1.E5.81.87.E6.97.A5"></span>公共假日</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="编辑章节:公共假日"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利節日(页面不存在)">義大利節日</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>日期</th> <th>中文名稱</th> <th>當地名稱</th> <th>說明 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1月1日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%97%A6" title="元旦">元旦</a></td> <td><i>Capodanno</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1月6日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%AF%E7%AF%80" title="主顯節">主顯節</a></td> <td><i>Epifania</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>週日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80" title="復活節">復活節</a></td> <td><i>Pasqua</i></td> <td>具體日期不固定,復活節是春分月圓後第一個星期天 </td></tr> <tr> <td>週一</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80" title="復活節">復活節</a></td> <td><i>Lunedì dell'Angelo</i>, <i>Pasquetta</i></td> <td>復活節隔天 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4月25日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%97%A5" title="解放日">解放日</a></td> <td><i>Festa della Liberazione</i></td> <td>1945年<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%90%E6%9D%9F" title="第二次世界大戰歐洲戰場的結束">第二次世界大戰歐洲戰場的結束</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5月1日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動節">勞動節</a></td> <td><i>Festa dei Lavoratori</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6月2日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%A5" title="義大利共和國日">共和國日</a></td> <td><i>Festa della Repubblica</i></td> <td>1946年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利共和國成立(页面不存在)">意大利共和國成立</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8月15日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="八月節">八月節</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E5%8D%87%E5%A4%A9%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="圣母升天日">聖母升天日</a></td> <td><i>Ferragosto</i>與<i>Assunzione</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11月1日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E8%81%96%E7%AF%80" title="諸聖節">諸聖節</a></td> <td><i>Ognissanti</i> or <i>Tutti i santi</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12月8日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%84%A1%E6%9F%93%E5%8E%9F%E7%BD%AA%E7%9E%BB%E7%A6%AE" title="聖母無染原罪瞻禮">聖母無染原罪瞻禮日</a></td> <td><i>Immacolata Concezione</i>(或<i>Immacolata</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12月25日</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="聖誕節">聖誕節</a></td> <td><i>Natale</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12月26日</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E7%AF%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="聖史蒂芬節(页面不存在)">聖史蒂芬節</a></td> <td><i>Santo Stefano</i></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="環境"><span id=".E7.92.B0.E5.A2.83"></span>環境</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="编辑章节:環境"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_(8091188816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg/250px-Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg/375px-Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg/500px-Acqua_Alta_sur_la_place_Saint_Marc_%C3%A0_Venise_%288091188816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>威尼斯在水位上升時更常遭到海水淹沒</figcaption></figure> <p>在工業快速成長後,意大利政府花費很長的時間來解決工業造成的環境問題。經過多次改善後,意大利的生態永續性目前世界排名第84位<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。空氣污染在意大利是一個嚴重的問題,特別是在比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a>的北部,工業<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>排放量在1990年代曾經達到世界第10高(每人7.03噸)<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Nations_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Nations-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。一氧化碳在該國的排放量從1985年至1989年之間增加了12%<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>意大利都會區的交通量龐大且擁擠,例如米蘭、羅馬和那不勒斯,這意味著在意大利城市地區的汙染情形頗高,造成環境與健康問題<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。最近意大利北部地區80個城鎮舉行反煙霧日,所有非必要的交通都暫時停止<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。自從1970與80年代開始,煙霧濃度顯著下降,已經存在的煙霧正逐漸減少,各級<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB" title="二氧化硫">二氧化硫</a>濃度正在下降<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。建築物較少地區的空氣,例如意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾卑斯山">阿爾卑斯山</a>與意大利南部地區,汙染比工業化地區減少更多。 </p><p>許多水道和沿海地區也受到工業及農業活動的污染<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而由於威尼斯的水位上升,導致近幾年經常淹沒整個城市。工業廢棄物並不總是遵守法律規定來處置,並導致居住區的居民健康受到永久性的影響,例如塞維索災難。意大利從1963年至1990年之間建造幾個核能反應爐,但是意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%AB%BE%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" class="mw-redirect" title="車諾比核能電廠事故">車諾比核能電廠事故</a>與公投通過後已終止核能發電計劃,但是這個決定於2008年被政府推翻。意大利與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>簽署的協議,預計在2009年建造四個新的核能<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="發電廠">發電廠</a>。 </p><p>砍伐<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a>、非法建築的擴張與糟糕的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%9A%AE" title="地皮">土地</a>管理政策導致意大利各地山區遭到破壞,造成災害發生與重大損失,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%82%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="維昂特大壩(页面不存在)">維昂特大壩</a>水災、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="墨西拿土石流(页面不存在)">墨西拿土石流</a>與1998年造成137人喪生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%BA" title="萨尔诺">薩爾諾</a>(Sarno)土石流<sup id="cite_ref-Sicily_mudslide_leaves_scores_dead_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicily_mudslide_leaves_scores_dead-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="编辑章节:文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="義大利文化">義大利文化</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg/220px-PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg/330px-PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg/440px-PiazzadelCampoSiena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%80%B6%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="錫耶納">錫耶納</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="田野广场">田野廣場</a>是意大利中世紀建築的經典代表</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利直到1861年合併之後才成為一個國家,因此在歷史上曾經存在於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利半島">意大利半島</a>的政體、傳統及藝術活動都被歸屬在意大利之下。雖然這些地區的政治及社會制度是獨立運作,意大利在歷史及文化上的遺產仍然是相當巨大的。意大利目前擁有53處<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="世界遺產">世界遺產</a>,也是世界上擁有最多世界遺產的國家。意大利全國估計有100,000個任何形式的紀念物(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="博物館">博物館</a>、宮殿、建築物、雕像、教堂、藝術畫廊、別墅、噴泉、歷史建築與考古遺跡<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="建築"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AF.89"></span>建築</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="编辑章节:建築"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利建築(页面不存在)">義大利建築</a></div> <p>意大利悠久的歷史上出現過許多不同的建築風格,從古典羅馬與希臘、哥德式、文藝復興、巴洛克、新古典主義、新藝術風格到現代。包含幾個國家著名的建築,例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="万神殿">萬神殿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%A5%E7%8D%B8%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="鬥獸場">鬥獸場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E6%96%9C%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="比薩斜塔">比薩斜塔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="田野广场">田野廣場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="米兰主教座堂">米蘭主教座堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E8%81%96%E6%AE%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="聖母百花聖殿">聖母百花聖殿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%90%B4%E5%AF%9F%E5%9F%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%A7%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%A5%E5%A2%85" title="維琴察城和威尼托的帕拉第奧式別墅">維琴察城和威尼托的帕拉第奧式別墅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" title="圣母大殿">聖母大殿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%AB%E5%A2%85" title="奥尔莫别墅">奥尔莫别墅</a>與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮埃利大廈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pirelli Tower"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃利大廈(页面不存在)">皮埃利大廈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Tower" class="extiw" title="en:Pirelli Tower"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pirelli Tower</span></a></span>)</span></span>。意大利擁有許多著名<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="建築師">建築師</a>,有一些甚至改變建築的發展歷史,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%9F%E5%A5%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="安德烈亚·帕拉弟奥">安德烈亞·帕拉弟奧</a>(創造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%9F%E5%A5%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="帕拉弟奧主義(页面不存在)">帕拉弟奧主義</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%A2%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基">菲利波·布魯內萊斯基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="济安·贝尼尼">濟安·貝尼尼</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA" title="伦佐·皮亚诺">倫佐·皮亞諾</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="從古典到哥德風格"><span id=".E5.BE.9E.E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E5.88.B0.E5.93.A5.E5.BE.B7.E9.A2.A8.E6.A0.BC"></span>從古典到哥德風格</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="编辑章节:從古典到哥德風格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg/220px-Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg/330px-Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg/440px-Colosseo_di_Roma_panoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7335" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬競技場">羅馬競技場</a></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利建築開始於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="伊特拉斯坎文明">伊特拉斯坎文明</a>,這兩個文明建造<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="寺廟">寺廟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="教堂">教堂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%9F%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="圆柱">圓柱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="廣場">廣場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF" title="宮殿">宮殿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9E%B6%E6%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="高架渠">高架渠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%86" class="mw-redirect" title="牆">牆</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%BE%A1%E5%A0%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="公共澡堂(页面不存在)">公共澡堂</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。羅馬建築對於意大利與西方世界產生巨大的影響。由於羅馬帝國擴展到相當廣大的領域,其中包括許多城市化地區。羅馬工程師為了配合公民來開發方法可以大規模發展,包括使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土">混凝土</a>。大規模的建築物,例如萬神殿與鬥獸場不可能使用之前的技術來建造。雖然混凝土早在1,000年前就在近東地區被發明出來了,但是羅馬人善於利用材料的強度及低廉的成本,將它的使用範圍從城寨擴展到最令人印象深刻的建築物與古蹟<sup id="cite_ref-Janson,_p._160_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janson,_p._160-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在羅馬建築中,城牆的核心覆蓋著石膏、磚、石或大理石貼面,並有彩繪裝飾與鍍金的雕塑,展現出令人眼花繚亂的權力與財富<sup id="cite_ref-Janson,_p._160_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janson,_p._160-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="哥特式">哥特式</a>建築在意大利出現於12世紀,但直到13世紀之前並沒有成熟到成為獨特的風格,部分原因是地理因素所造成。由於其相對晚熟,受到拜占庭與古典藝術風格的影響,所以磚(而不是石頭)是最常見的建築材料與最常見的大理石裝飾材料,意大利<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德式建築">哥特式建築</a>存在獨有的特點,有別於它的發源地法國以及其他歐洲國家的發展方向。 </p><p>尤其是大膽的建築風格與創新技術很少出現在法國的哥特式教堂上。除了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="米兰主教座堂">米蘭主教座堂</a>(它是意大利人、法國人與德國人共同合作一個世紀的產物)以外,很少有意大利教堂注重縱向發展、匯集成群的軸心、華麗的花紋與複雜的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%B1%E8%82%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拱肋(页面不存在)">拱肋</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">義大利語</a>:<span lang="it">vault rib</span>)這些哥特式建築出現在歐洲其他地方的特徵。著名的範例包括意大利哥德特式建築<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8)" title="圣十字圣殿 (佛罗伦萨)">聖十字聖殿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E8%80%B6%E6%89%98%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="奧爾維耶托主教座堂">奧爾維耶托主教座堂</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%80%B6%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="锡耶纳主教座堂">錫耶納主教座堂</a>,它們獨特華麗的外觀設計是顯而易見的<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="文藝復興至現代"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88.E8.87.B3.E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3"></span>文藝復興至現代</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="编辑章节:文藝復興至現代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg/220px-Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg/330px-Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg/440px-Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_-_evening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>米蘭的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%90%8A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E9%95%B7%E5%BB%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃馬努埃萊二世長廊(页面不存在)">埃馬努埃萊二世長廊</a>,是意大利首個使用鋼鐵建造的建築,被認為是世界上最古老的購物長廊</figcaption></figure> <p>15世紀的意大利處於文藝復興時期,特別是佛羅倫斯。新的建築風格在佛羅倫斯出現,與從<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马式建筑">羅馬式建築</a>風格中緩慢演化出哥德式風格相異,建築師從過去的「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="黄金时代">黃金時代</a>」中獲得靈感。古代建築結構的學術方法被重新學習。 </p><p>古代建築遺蹟,特別是在羅馬,仍然顯示出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="古典風格(页面不存在)">古典風格</a>,為藝術家提供了靈感,哲學當時也朝向古典風格發展。 </p><p>意大利則成為主要的歐洲中心的巴羅克式,不同的巴羅克式建築風格紛紛出現,特別是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>(參見<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%85%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西西里巴羅克風格(页面不存在)">西西里巴羅克風格</a>)。新古典主義風格的建築在18世紀和19世紀開始出現在羅馬、米蘭、杜林與意大利各地。19世紀也出現一些相當大的意大利建築,包括米蘭的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E8%90%8A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%E9%95%B7%E5%BB%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="埃馬努埃萊二世長廊(页面不存在)">埃馬努埃萊二世長廊</a>,它是世界最古老的購物長廊,影響到其他建築,例如那不勒斯<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E9%95%BF%E5%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="翁贝托长廊">翁貝托長廊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦">倫敦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF%E6%8B%B1%E5%BB%8A%E8%A1%97" title="伯灵顿拱廊街">伯灵顿拱廊街</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="聖彼得堡">聖彼得堡</a>的長廊。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG/220px-Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG/330px-Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG/440px-Fontana_di_Trevi_di_notte.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>羅馬的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%90%8A%E7%B6%AD%E5%99%B4%E6%B3%89" class="mw-redirect" title="特萊維噴泉">特萊維噴泉</a>是巴洛克風格的經典代表</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利在20世紀也進行幾個重大工程,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="新藝術運動">新藝術運動</a>風格開始出現,在意大利則被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="意大利自由风格建筑">「自由」建築</a>。理性-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="法西斯建築">法西斯主義建築</a>在法西斯時代持續發展,一直持續到1940年代。意大利在1921年建立了世界上第一條高速公路連結米蘭與<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4" title="瓦雷澤">瓦雷澤</a>之間,而菲亞特的靈格托在當時是世界上最大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汽車">汽車</a>製造廠<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。幾棟摩天大樓在1950年代與1960年代出現在全國各地,例如著名的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃利大廈(页面不存在)">皮埃利大廈</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%A1%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="托雷維拉斯加塔(页面不存在)">托雷維拉斯加塔</a>(Torre Velasca)。意大利在21世紀最顯著的建築物是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%8E%AE_(%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="羅鎮 (義大利)">羅鎮</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%B1%95%E8%A6%BD%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="米蘭國際展覽館(页面不存在)">米蘭國際展覽館</a>(位於米蘭附近,是歐洲最大與最重要的展覽中心之一<sup id="cite_ref-aboutmilan.com_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutmilan.com-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。而<a href="/wiki/2015%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88%E4%BC%9A" title="2015年世界博览会">2015年世界博覽會</a>也將在米蘭舉行<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,其中三棟新的摩天大樓為lo storto、il curvo與il diritto<sup id="cite_ref-italy.dailyre.info_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italy.dailyre.info-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,它們將由外國建築師,如<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B8%9D" title="薩哈·哈帝">扎哈·哈迪德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%AF%E5%B4%8E%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="磯崎新">磯崎新</a>與丹尼爾·利貝甚金德來設計<sup id="cite_ref-italy.dailyre.info_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italy.dailyre.info-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。這也將是一個計畫或城市重劃,被稱為“城市生活“,在米蘭的西北部建造新的行人專用區、公園、綠地、湖泊與水道<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="宮殿"><span id=".E5.AE.AE.E6.AE.BF"></span>宮殿</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="编辑章节:宮殿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg/220px-Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg/330px-Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg/440px-Der_bourbonische_K%C3%B6nigspalast_in_Caserta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AE" title="卡塞塔王宮">卡塞塔王宮</a>(Palace of Caserta)的花園,它在1996年被列入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="世界遺產">世界遺產</a>,被認為是壯麗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克藝術</a>的天鵝之歌<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利在各個城市擁有許多不同風格的宮殿(主要是羅馬、佛羅倫斯、威尼斯、米蘭、杜林、博洛尼亞與那不勒斯),各式各樣不同的風格的宮殿建立在此,包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古羅馬建築">古羅馬建築</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼式建築">羅曼式建築</a>、中古時代建築、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德式建築">哥德式建築</a>到文藝復興時期建築、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴洛克">巴洛克</a>建築、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可</a>建築、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="新古典風格(页面不存在)">新古典風格</a>建築及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯主義">法西斯主義</a>建築等。「Palazzo」這個名詞在意大利更廣泛地使用,比起英語「palace」。宮殿在意大利是一些具有野心的建築師所設計的宏偉建築,是一個家庭或一些著名機構的總部,甚至是英國所謂的「公寓大樓」或居所。在威尼斯,大部分宮殿被稱為“Ca“,這是“Casa“的簡寫,在意大利意思是「房子」,例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E8%90%A8%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%AB" title="佩萨罗宫">佩薩羅宮</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%BD%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="雷佐尼可宫">雷佐尼可宮</a>。 </p><p>意大利著名宮殿包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%AE%AB" title="斯帕达宫">斯帕達宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="拉特兰宫">拉特蘭宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="奎里纳尔宫">奎里納爾宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%AE%AB_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8)" title="旧宫 (佛罗伦萨)">舊宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E6%8F%90%E5%AE%AB" title="彼提宫">彼提宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AE" title="卡塞塔王宮">卡塞塔王宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AB" title="都灵王宫">都灵王宫</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%B3%A2%E8%BF%AA%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡波迪蒙特宮(页面不存在)">卡波迪蒙特宮</a>(Palace of Capodimonte)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AB" title="那不勒斯王宫">那不勒斯王宮</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E5%A1%94%E5%AE%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="利塔宮(页面不存在)">利塔宮</a>(Palazzo Litta)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%AE" title="得特宮">得特宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E5%AE%AB" title="黄金宫">黃金宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="福斯卡里宫">福斯卡里宮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="总督宫">總督宮</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%BD%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%AE%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="雷佐尼可宫">雷佐尼可宮</a>等。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg/220px-Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg/330px-Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg/440px-Villa_Deste_park_central_2011_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯特别墅">伊斯特別墅</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="花園"><span id=".E8.8A.B1.E5.9C.92"></span>花園</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="编辑章节:花園"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利式花園(页面不存在)">義大利式花園</a></div> <p>意大利有一些別墅擁有著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="花園">花園</a>,其中大部分採用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利式花園(页面不存在)">意大利式花園</a>(Giardino all'italiana)設計,例如那些<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯特别墅">伊斯特別墅</a>。他們設計的原則是完美的幾何形狀及對稱性,展現淩駕於自然界的壯觀秩序。意大利式花園受到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬式花園(页面不存在)">羅馬式花園</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BC%8F%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利文藝復興式花園(页面不存在)">意大利文藝復興式花園</a>的影響,並且已經被歐洲其他家族仿效長達數百年。 </p><p>意大利文藝復興式花園出現在15世紀後期的羅馬及佛羅倫斯別墅。靈感來自古典思想中的秩序及美麗,他們的目的是要提供一個超越花園及自然風光的愉快觀點,為了省思以及享受花園本身的景色、聲音及氣味。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="視覺藝術"><span id=".E8.A6.96.E8.A6.BA.E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93"></span>視覺藝術</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="编辑章节:視覺藝術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利繪畫(页面不存在)">義大利繪畫</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利雕刻(页面不存在)">義大利雕刻</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_italian_painters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collage_italian_painters.jpg/250px-Collage_italian_painters.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collage_italian_painters.jpg/375px-Collage_italian_painters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Collage_italian_painters.jpg/500px-Collage_italian_painters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>4位著名意大利<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="繪畫">繪畫</a>家,分別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A5%A7%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="李奧納多·達·文西">李奧納多·達·文西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅">米開朗基羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提香">提香</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E4%B8%B0%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3" title="拉维尼亚·丰塔纳">豐塔納</a></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="繪畫">繪畫</a>傳統特色為溫暖的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="色調">色調</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="光線">光線</a>,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E4%B9%94" title="卡拉瓦乔">卡拉瓦喬</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提香">提香</a>的作品,並呈現出宗教信仰的主題。從<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="罗马式美术">羅馬式藝術</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="哥德式藝術">哥德式藝術</a>開始,經過<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴洛克">巴洛克</a>時期的數百年間,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利繪畫(页面不存在)">意大利繪畫</a>都代表著<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>繪畫的最高水準。這些時期著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術家">藝術家</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅">米開朗基羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A5%A7%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="李奧納多·達·文西">李奧納多·達·文西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="桑德羅·波提切利">桑德羅·波提切利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提香">提香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%AA%E7%BE%85" title="多那太羅">多那太羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E4%B9%94" title="卡拉瓦乔">卡拉瓦喬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉·安杰利科">弗拉·安杰利科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斐爾">拉斐爾</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="济安·贝尼尼">濟安·貝尼尼</a>等人。在這之後,因為受到許多外來政權的侵略,導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="義大利藝術">意大利藝術</a>在歐洲的地位日漸衰弱。直到20世紀,<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="未來主義">未來主義</a>代表人<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%81%E8%B2%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E9%82%B1%E5%B0%BC" title="翁貝托·薄邱尼">翁貝托·薄邱尼</a>與<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賈科莫·巴拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Giacomo Balla"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="賈科莫·巴拉(页面不存在)">賈科莫·巴拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Balla" class="extiw" title="en:Giacomo Balla"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Giacomo Balla</span></a></span>)</span></span>的畫作才讓意大利的繪畫再度引導世界的潮流。在未來主義之後,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91" title="乔治·德·基里科">喬治·德·基里科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="抽象藝術">抽象畫</a>對於後來的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="超現實主義">超現實主義</a>畫家產生巨大的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="影響(页面不存在)">影響</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="编辑章节:文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利文學">義大利文學</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg/250px-Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg/375px-Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg/500px-Collage_pittori_italiani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption>4位著名的意大利<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学家">文學家</a>,由左上方順時鐘分向分別是: <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁·阿利吉耶里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC" title="卡洛·哥尔多尼">卡洛·哥爾多尼</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗切斯科·彼特拉克">弗朗切斯科·彼特拉克</a></figcaption></figure> <p>現代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利語">意大利語</a>是奠基於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="詩人">詩人</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁·阿利吉耶里</a>,他的著名作品《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9B%B2" title="神曲">神曲</a>》被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="中古時代">中古时代</a>歐洲最出色的文學作品。意大利歷史上擁有許多著名的文學家,例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">喬萬尼·薄伽丘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%A5%A5%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA" title="贾科莫·莱奥帕尔迪">贾科莫·莱奥帕尔迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E4%BD%90%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山达罗·孟佐尼">亚历山达罗·孟佐尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%B8%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%A2" title="托尔夸托·塔索">托尔夸托·塔索</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里奧斯托">阿里奧斯托</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克">弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克</a>(以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="十四行詩">十四行詩</a>而聞名)等。<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%88%BE%E9%81%94%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E8%AB%BE" title="焦爾達諾·布魯諾">焦爾達諾·布魯諾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%BA" title="马尔西利奥·费奇诺">马尔西利奥·费奇诺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%9F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="維柯">維柯</a>都是意大利傑出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>。現代意大利文學家也多次獲得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾文學獎">諾貝爾文學獎</a>的肯定,包括國家詩人<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%8B%8F%E5%9F%83%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%9C%E5%A5%87" title="焦苏埃·卡尔杜奇">焦蘇埃·卡爾杜奇</a>於1906年獲獎、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自然主義">自然主義</a>作家<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%BB%9B%E8%90%8A%E9%81%94" title="格拉齊亞·黛萊達">格拉齊亞·黛萊達</a>於1926年獲獎、小說家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E4%BC%8A%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%A9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="路伊吉·皮蘭德婁">路伊吉·皮蘭德婁</a>於1934年獲獎、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="詩人">詩人</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%A4%B8%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A" title="萨尔瓦托雷·夸西莫多">萨尔瓦托雷·夸西莫多</a>於1959年獲獎及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%B9%8C%E6%9D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%A1%94%E8%8E%B1" title="埃乌杰尼奥·蒙塔莱">埃烏傑尼奧·蒙塔萊</a>於1975年獲獎,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="劇作家">劇作家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="達里奧·福">達里奧·福</a>則於1997年獲獎<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="戲劇"><span id=".E6.88.B2.E5.8A.87"></span>戲劇</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=62" title="编辑章节:戲劇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利戲劇(页面不存在)">義大利戲劇</a></div> <p>意大利的戲劇可以追溯至古羅馬時代,並廣泛的受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>的影響,許多作品都是由希臘戲劇所翻譯改編的。許多<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%8A%B3%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF" title="普劳图斯">普勞圖斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇">喜劇</a>作品是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德">米南德</a>的作品改編的。一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%88%88%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="即興劇">即興劇</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="藝術喜劇(页面不存在)">藝術喜劇</a>在16世紀及18世紀初開始發展,並存在至今。巡迴演出的劇團會設立一個露天舞台,表演<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E6%8A%80" title="雜技">雜技</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94" title="特技表演">特技</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%95%E8%A1%A8%E6%88%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="幕表戲(页面不存在)">幕表戲</a>(Canovaccio),這是一種擁有固定角色及粗略的劇情大綱的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87" title="喜劇">喜劇</a>,演出全由演員自己即興發揮。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="科學技术"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.8A.80.E6.9C.AF"></span>科學技术</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=63" title="编辑章节:科學技术"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利科學(页面不存在)">義大利科學</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg/270px-Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg/405px-Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg/540px-Collage_scienziati_italiani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>四位著名的意大利科學家,由左上方順時鐘分向分別是: <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亞歷山德羅·伏打">亞歷山德羅·伏打</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利萊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">古列爾莫·馬可尼</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·費米</a></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利在歷史上擁有許多著名的科學家。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A5%A7%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="李奧納多·達·文西">李奧納多·達·文西</a>對於許多領域都有重要的貢獻,包括藝術、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>及工藝。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利萊</a>是一位<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學家">數學家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文學家">天文學家</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>中扮演重要的角色。伽利略對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="望遠鏡">望遠鏡</a>的改良及天文觀測有重要的貢獻,他也支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哥白尼">哥白尼</a>所提出的主張。物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·費米</a>是1938年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾物理獎">諾貝爾物理獎</a>得主<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,他率領他的團隊負責設計建造世界首座持續鏈式裂變的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>,並對許多科學領域作出貢獻,包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="量子论">量子論</a>在內。 </p><p>意大利其他著名的科學家包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="乔瓦尼·多梅尼科·卡西尼">乔瓦尼·多梅尼科·卡西尼</a>(發現許多新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>天體及現象)及發明<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="原電池">原电池</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亞歷山德羅·伏打">亞歷山德羅·伏打</a>和他的对头<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%BC" title="路易吉·伽伐尼">加伐尼</a>。著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學家">數學家</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="約瑟夫·拉格朗日">約瑟夫·拉格朗日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B3%A2%E9%82%A3%E5%A5%91" title="斐波那契">斐波那契</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔达诺">卡爾達諾</a>(代表作為《Ars Magna》)。<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="醫生">醫生</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E5%90%89" title="马尔切洛·马尔皮吉">马尔切洛·马尔皮吉</a>則是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="顯微解剖學">顯微解剖學</a>的奠基人。<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="生物学家">生物學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%97%E6%9C%AD%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="史帕朗札尼">史帕朗札尼</a>是實驗生物學的奠基者,對於人體機能、動物繁殖及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>研究有巨大的貢獻。科學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA" title="卡米洛·高尔基">卡米洛·高爾基</a>對於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>研究有許多重要貢獻,包括發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="高爾基體">高爾基體</a>,並獲得1906年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎">諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobel-1906_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1906-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。他的發現則對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="神經元學說(页面不存在)">神經元學說</a>理論有關鍵性的貢獻。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">古列爾莫·馬可尼</a>則因為對<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="無線電">無線電</a>的發展作出巨大貢獻而獲得1909年的諾貝爾物理獎。<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="音樂"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E6.A8.82"></span>音樂</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=64" title="编辑章节:音樂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="義大利音樂">義大利音樂</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_italian_music.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Collage_italian_music.jpg/270px-Collage_italian_music.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Collage_italian_music.jpg/405px-Collage_italian_music.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Collage_italian_music.jpg/540px-Collage_italian_music.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>四位著名的意大利音樂家、作曲家與歌手,由左上方順時鐘分向分別是: <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="朱塞佩·威爾第">朱塞佩·威爾第</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%93%A6%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="安東尼奧·韋瓦第">安東尼奧·韋瓦第</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E5%A5%87%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%8F%AF%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="盧奇亞諾·帕華洛帝">盧奇亞諾·帕華洛帝</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賈科莫·普契尼">賈科莫·普契尼</a></figcaption></figure> <p>從<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="民俗音樂">民俗音樂</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="古典音樂">古典音樂</a>,音樂在意大利文化中扮演一個重要的角色。意大利許多古典音樂的傳統都是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇">戲劇</a>發展而來的。意大利也經常被視為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="歌劇">歌劇</a>的發源地<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利語歌劇(页面不存在)">意大利語歌劇</a>被認為奠基於1600年代早期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6" title="曼托瓦">曼托瓦</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。古典音樂所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="樂器">樂器</a>,包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%8F%90%E7%90%B4" title="小提琴">小提琴</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E7%90%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼琴">鋼琴</a>都是由意大利人發明的。許多廣泛使用的古典音樂形式,例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9F%BF%E6%9B%B2" title="交響曲">交響曲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E5%A5%8F%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="協奏曲">協奏曲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%8F%E9%B3%B4%E6%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="奏鳴曲">奏鳴曲</a>等都可以追溯至16至17世紀時期的意大利音樂。 </p><p>意大利曾經醞育出許多著名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="作曲家">作曲家</a>,包括文藝復興時代作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%B3" title="乔瓦尼·皮耶路易吉·达·帕莱斯特里纳">喬瓦尼·皮耶路易吉·達·帕萊斯特里納</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%B0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="克勞迪奧·蒙台威爾第">克勞迪奧·蒙台威爾第</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="巴洛克时代">巴洛克時代</a>作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山德羅·斯卡拉蒂">亞歷山德羅·斯卡拉蒂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%9D%8E%E5%82%91%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%9B%B7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾坎傑羅·科雷利">阿爾坎傑羅·科雷利</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%93%A6%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="安東尼奧·韋瓦第">安東尼奧·韋瓦第</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古典时期">古典時期</a>作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="尼科罗·帕格尼尼">尼科罗·帕格尼尼</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="焦阿基诺·罗西尼">焦阿基诺·罗西尼</a>;<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主義">浪漫主義</a>作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="朱塞佩·威爾第">朱塞佩·威爾第</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賈科莫·普契尼">賈科莫·普契尼</a>。現代意大利作曲家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%81%B0%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5" title="卢恰诺·贝里奥">卢恰诺·贝里奥</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="路易吉·諾諾">路易吉·諾諾</a>對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="實驗音樂">實驗音樂</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="電子音樂">電子音樂</a>的發展貢獻良多。古典音樂在意大利相當興盛,歷史上有許多歌劇院設立在此,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2" title="斯卡拉大劇院">斯卡拉大劇院</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B4%9B%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="圣卡尔洛剧院">聖卡爾洛劇院</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E7%90%B4%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼琴家">鋼琴家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E9%BD%8A%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="毛利齊奧·波里尼">毛利齊奧·波里尼</a>及20世紀著名男高音<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%93%A6%E7%BD%97%E8%92%82" title="鲁契亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂">鲁契亚诺·帕瓦罗蒂</a>也都是20世紀重要的音樂家,顯示出意大利多元的音樂文化。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="爵士樂">爵士樂</a>在1920年被引進意大利,並受到意大利人異常強烈的支持,即使在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯主義">法西斯主義</a>盛行(採取反美文化政策)時仍受到人民的歡迎。直到今日,意大利仍然擁有許多著名的爵士樂中心,包括米蘭、羅馬及西西里島等。意大利也是1970年代<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="前衛搖滾">前衛搖滾</a>浪潮的發源地之一。每年舉辦的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%9B%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%AF%80" title="聖雷莫音樂節">聖雷莫音樂節</a>是意大利<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="流行音樂">流行音樂</a>的重要盛事,它是受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%BD" title="歐洲歌唱大賽">歐洲歌唱大賽</a>的鼓舞而成立的。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E6%89%8B" title="歌手">歌手</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A8%9C_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%8C%E6%89%8B)" title="米娜 (意大利歌手)">米娜</a>、古典音樂家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9" title="安德烈·波伽利">安德烈·波伽利</a>、歌手<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%BF%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E8%A5%BF%E5%A6%AE" title="蘿拉·普西妮">蘿拉·普西妮</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%91%AA%E4%BD%90%E7%AC%AC" title="艾羅斯·拉瑪佐第">艾羅斯·拉瑪佐第</a>也都受到國際上廣泛的讚譽。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="電影"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.BD.B1"></span>電影</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=65" title="编辑章节:電影"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="意大利电影">義大利電影</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/220px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/330px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/440px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>意大利著名電影導演<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%AF%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="費德里柯·費里尼">費德里柯·費里尼</a>對電影發展的影響極為深遠</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利電影歷史起始於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%B1%B3%E5%9F%83%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="盧米埃兄弟">盧米埃兄弟</a>公開播放電影幾個月之後,而首部意大利電影長度只有幾秒鐘,當時是為了祝福<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="良十三世">良十三世</a>而拍攝的。意大利電影工業於1903年至1908年間誕生,當時陸續有3間電影公司成立。而其他電影公司隨之在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD" title="米蘭">米蘭</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>等地出現。早期的電影公司很快的製作出相當水準的電影作品,並將影響力擴展到國外。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="墨索里尼">墨索里尼</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>期間於羅馬設立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="電影城市(页面不存在)">電影城市</a>(Cinecittà)<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E8%A3%BD%E7%89%87%E5%A0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="電影製片場(页面不存在)">製片場</a>,企圖利用電影來進行政治宣傳<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在第二次世界大戰結束後,意大利電影廣泛的輸出到世界各地,直到1980年代才逐漸式微。這個時期的知名<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E6%BC%94" class="mw-redirect" title="導演">導演</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%AF%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="費德里柯·費里尼">費德里柯·費里尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89" title="維多里奧·狄西嘉">維多里奧·狄西嘉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%A2%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="皮埃尔·保罗·帕索里尼">皮埃爾·保羅·帕索里尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%90%89%E6%AD%90%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%82%E5%B0%BC" title="塞吉歐·李昂尼">塞吉歐·李昂尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="米開朗基羅·安東尼奧尼">米開朗基羅·安東尼奧尼</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%90%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%9A" title="達利歐·阿基多">達利歐·阿基多</a>等人。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%AF_(%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="大路 (義大利電影)">大路</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%BB%8A%E5%A4%B1%E7%AB%8A%E8%A8%98" title="單車失竊記">單車失竊記</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%98%8F%E4%B8%89%E9%8F%A2%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="黃昏三鏢客">黃昏三鏢客</a>》等電影都是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%8F%B2" title="电影史">電影史</a>上的經典代表。不過近年來意大利電影在美國電影界的發展並未獲得很多注目,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%B2%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC" title="羅貝托·貝尼尼">羅貝托·貝尼尼</a>自導自演的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)" title="美麗人生 (意大利電影)">美麗人生</a>》及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%A5%BF" title="馬西莫·特羅西">馬西莫·特羅西</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="郵差">郵差</a>》,但是意大利目前也是獲得<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%A4%96%E8%AA%9E%E7%89%87%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="奧斯卡最佳外語片獎">奧斯卡最佳外語片獎</a>次數最多的國家<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="體育"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E8.82.B2"></span>體育</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=66" title="编辑章节:體育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="義大利體育">義大利體育</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg/180px-Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg/270px-Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg/360px-Valentino_Rossi_2010_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦伦蒂诺·罗西">瓦伦蒂诺·罗西</a>曾獲得9次<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E8%BB%8A%E9%8C%A6%E6%A8%99%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="世界摩托車錦標賽">世界摩托車錦標賽</a>的年度冠軍,被認為是史上最出色的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E8%BB%8A" title="摩托車">機車</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E8%BB%8A%E6%89%8B" title="賽車手">賽車手</a>之一</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83" title="足球">足球</a>是意大利的第一運動,在國際球壇素以頑強的防守見長,而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E7%94%B2%E7%B4%9A%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利足球甲級聯賽">意大利足球甲級聯賽</a>也是世界上最著名的足球聯盟之一,彙集眾多豪門俱樂部與頂級球星,享有「小世界盃」的美譽。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E9%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利國家足球隊">意大利國家足球隊</a>曾4次奪得<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="世界盃足球賽">世界盃足球賽</a>冠軍,分別是<a href="/wiki/1934%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1934年世界盃足球賽">1934年</a>、<a href="/wiki/1938%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1938年世界盃足球賽">1938年</a>、<a href="/wiki/1982%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1982年世界盃足球賽">1982年</a>及<a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="2006年世界盃足球賽">2006年</a><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,奪冠次數与德国并列,位居世界第2,僅次於巴西的5次。意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國際足球總會">國際足球總會</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%B8%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="國際足總世界排名">國際足總世界排名</a>也曾高居世界第1位,雖然在2010年7月僅排名在世界第11位<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。除此之外,意甲联盟的<a href="/wiki/AC%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="AC米兰队">AC米蘭隊</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%87%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="尤文图斯队">祖雲達斯隊</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际米兰队">國際米蘭隊</a>在世界範圍內擁有大量支持者,其中AC米蘭隊曾經七次捧得<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%86%A0%E8%BB%8D%E8%81%AF%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲冠軍聯賽">歐洲冠軍聯賽</a>的冠軍獎盃,國際米蘭隊和祖雲達斯隊亦分別三次以及兩次捧杯。 </p><p>此外,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%83%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="籃球">籃球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%90%83" title="排球">排球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8A%E5%8A%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="擊劍">擊劍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%90%83" title="水球">水球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E7%90%83" title="橄欖球">橄欖球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%90%83" title="冰球">冰上曲棍球</a>(主要盛行於米蘭、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%80%AB%E6%89%98%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" title="特倫托自治省">特倫托自治省</a>及威尼托地區)、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%92%E5%BC%8F%E6%BA%9C%E5%86%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="直排式溜冰(页面不存在)">直排式溜冰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E8%BB%8A" title="賽車">賽車</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8A" title="自行車">自行車</a>競速在意大利亦相當受到歡迎。而意大利北部地區對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="冬季運動">冬季運動</a>更加喜愛,並曾經舉辦過許多國際賽事及兩屆<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A7%E9%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="冬季奧運">冬季奧運</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E7%B4%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%A9%E4%BD%90" title="科爾蒂納丹佩佐">科爾蒂納丹佩佐</a>曾在1956年舉辦過第7屆冬季奧運,<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%81%B5" title="都灵">都灵</a>曾在2006年舉辦過第20屆冬季奧運<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。而傳統節慶也經常與體育活動互相結合,例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%80%B6%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="錫耶納">錫耶納</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BD%E9%A6%AC%E7%AF%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="賽馬節(页面不存在)">賽馬節</a>與9月第1個禮拜日在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>舉行的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A2%E5%A4%9A%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="貢多拉">貢多拉</a>划船競賽。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>時代的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%AC%A5%E5%A3%AB" title="角鬥士">角鬥士</a>會在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬競技場">羅馬競技場</a>進行競技,而現代羅馬的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%A0%B4" title="羅馬奧林匹克體育場">羅馬奧林匹克體育場</a>也會舉辦足球比賽。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%92%E7%90%83" title="棒球">棒球</a>近年來在意大利發展迅速,有自己的職業聯賽意大利棒球聯盟,是目前歐洲本土棒球發展程度最高的國家。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E7%90%83" title="板球">板球</a>在意大利也逐漸受到歡迎,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%9D%BF%E7%90%83%E9%9A%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利國家板球隊(页面不存在)">意大利國家板球隊</a>是由意大利板球聯盟(Federazione Cricket Italiana)所管理,目前在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%9D%BF%E7%90%83%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" title="國際板球理事會">國際板球理事會</a>的世界排名為27位,在歐洲則名列第5位。意大利亦曾經於1934年及1990年2度主辦世界盃足球賽,並在1960年由羅馬主辦過第17屆<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="奧林匹克運動會">奧林匹克運動會</a><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="時裝"><span id=".E6.99.82.E8.A3.9D"></span>時裝</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=67" title="编辑章节:時裝"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E8%A3%85" title="意大利时装">義大利時裝</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentinowhitedresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Valentinowhitedresses.jpg/215px-Valentinowhitedresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Valentinowhitedresses.jpg/323px-Valentinowhitedresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Valentinowhitedresses.jpg/430px-Valentinowhitedresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%80%AB%E9%90%B5%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="范倫鐵諾">瓦伦蒂诺</a>服飾</figcaption></figure> <p>意大利時裝發展擁有悠久的歷史,被認為是世界上最重要的地區之一,與法國、美國、英國及日本時裝並列。米蘭、佛羅倫斯和羅馬是意大利的主要時裝之都。然而,那不勒斯、杜林、威尼斯、博洛尼亞、熱那亞和維琴察則是其他的時裝中心。根據2009年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%9B%A3%E6%B8%AC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="全球語言監測(页面不存在)">全球語言監測</a>(Global Language Monitor)的數據顯示,米蘭被認為是世界上真正的時裝之都,甚至超越其他國際城市,例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約">紐約</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦">倫敦</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="東京">東京</a>,羅馬則名列第4位<sup id="cite_ref-languagemonitor.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languagemonitor.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利主要的時裝品牌被視為最優秀的時裝公司之一的世界,例如<a href="/wiki/Gucci" class="mw-redirect" title="Gucci">古驰</a>、<a href="/wiki/Prada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prada">普拉达</a>、<a href="/wiki/Versace" class="mw-redirect" title="Versace">范思哲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%80%AB%E9%90%B5%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="范倫鐵諾">瓦伦蒂诺</a>、<a href="/wiki/Armani" class="mw-redirect" title="Armani">阿玛尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolce &amp; Gabbana">杜嘉班纳</a>、<a href="/wiki/Missoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoni">米索尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/Fendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fendi">芬迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/Moschino" class="mw-redirect" title="Moschino">Moschino</a>、<a href="/wiki/Max_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Mara">Max Mara</a>與<a href="/wiki/Ferragamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferragamo">菲拉格慕</a>等。此外,時裝雜誌《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogue_Italia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogue Italia(页面不存在)">Vogue Italia</a>》被認為是世界上最重要和最負盛名的時裝雜誌<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="設計"><span id=".E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88"></span>設計</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=68" title="编辑章节:設計"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利設計(页面不存在)">義大利設計</a></div> <p>意大利在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計">設計</a>領域的表現相當出色,特別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="室內設計">室內設計</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="建築設計">建築設計</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="工業設計">工業設計</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="城市设计">城市設計</a>。意大利也培養出一些著名的傢俱設計師,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E8%92%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="吉奧·彭蒂(页面不存在)">吉奧·彭蒂</a>(Giò Ponti)與<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%89%B9%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="埃托雷·索特萨斯">埃托雷·索特薩斯</a>。一些意大利語名詞,例如<i>Bel Disegno</i>與<i>Linea Italiana</i>也成為傢俱設計的用語<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。意大利<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%BB%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="家用電器">家用電器</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A2%E4%BF%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="傢俱">傢俱</a>的經典範例,包括金章(Zanussi)的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E8%A1%A3%E6%A9%9F" title="洗衣機">洗衣機</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a><sup id="cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>、Atrium的「新聲」沙發<sup id="cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>與埃托雷·索特薩斯後現代的書架(受到美國歌手<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%91%E5%8B%83%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="鮑勃·迪倫">鮑勃·迪倫</a>的歌曲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E8%97%8D%E8%AA%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="孟菲斯藍調(页面不存在)">孟菲斯藍調</a>的啟發<sup id="cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。米蘭與杜林目前在建築設計與工業設計方面位居國內領先地位。意大利最大的設計展示中心<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%B1%95%E8%A6%BD%E9%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="米蘭國際展覽館(页面不存在)">米蘭國際展覽館</a>也位於米蘭附近,它也是歐洲最大也是最重要的工業設計展覽中心之一<sup id="cite_ref-wiley.com_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley.com-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。米蘭還舉辦過大型設計及建築相關活動,例如<i>Fuori Salone</i>和<i>Salone del Mobile</i>,許多設計師也居住在此,例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%82%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布魯諾·莫那(页面不存在)">布魯諾·莫那</a>(Bruno Munari)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E9%BD%90%E6%AC%A7%C2%B7%E5%B0%81%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卢齐欧·封塔纳">盧齊歐·封塔納</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="恩里科·卡斯泰拉尼(页面不存在)">恩里科·卡斯泰拉尼</a>(Enrico Castellani)與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E4%BD%90%E5%B0%BC" title="皮耶羅·曼佐尼">皮耶羅·曼佐尼</a><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="飲食"><span id=".E9.A3.B2.E9.A3.9F"></span>飲食</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=69" title="编辑章节:飲食"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利菜">義大利菜</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/220px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/330px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/440px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>傳統的意大利<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E9%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="比薩餅">比薩餅</a></figcaption></figure> <p>意大利的飲食文化受到幾個世紀的政治及社會改變的影響,歷史可以追溯至4世紀。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="新大陸">新大陸</a>的發現對於意大利<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B9%E9%A3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="烹飪">烹飪</a>產生重大的影響,一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="蔬菜">蔬菜</a>因此可以取得,其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%83%E8%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="蕃茄">蕃茄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%88%B4%E8%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="馬鈴薯">馬鈴薯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92" title="辣椒">辣椒</a>。不過現代意大利烹飪的核心架構直到18世紀後才逐漸發展出來<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>許多意大利菜餚及成分因不同的區域而有所變化。但是許多區域性的菜餚逐漸散播到國外,因此產生不同的變化。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="起司">起司</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>是意大利飲食重要的一環,並隨著不同的變化及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E5%AE%9A%E7%B4%9A%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄酒定級規則(页面不存在)">葡萄酒定級規則</a>(Denominazione di Origine Controllata)在不同的地區及國家扮演不同的角色。<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>(特別是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E7%B8%AE%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="濃縮咖啡">濃縮咖啡</a>)在意大利飲食文化中扮演非常重要的角色。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%96%A9%E9%A4%85" class="mw-redirect" title="比薩餅">比薩餅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%BC%8F%E9%BA%B5%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="意式麵食">意式麵食</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%B0%83%E5%91%B3%E9%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利调味饭">調味飯</a>都是聞名世界各地的意大利菜餚。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各項國際排名"><span id=".E5.90.84.E9.A0.85.E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E6.8E.92.E5.90.8D"></span>各項國際排名</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=70" title="编辑章节:各項國際排名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>組織 </th> <th>項目 </th> <th>世界排名 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國教科文組織">聯合國教科文組織</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="世界遺產">世界遗产数量</a><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%88%87%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="美國新聞與世界報道">美國新聞與世界報道</a>》 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="文化影響力(页面不存在)">文化影響力</a><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%88%87%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="美國新聞與世界報道">美國新聞與世界報道</a>》 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="時尚">時尚</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療保健系統(页面不存在)">醫療保健系統排名</a><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="世界旅游组织">世界旅遊組織</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="世界旅遊人數列表(页面不存在)">世界旅遊人數排名</a><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="世界銀行">世界銀行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="世界概況">世界概況</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">國際貨幣基金組織</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E9%A1%8D%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國內生產總額排名(页面不存在)">國內生產總額排名</a><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學人">經濟學人</a>》與《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="國際生活雜誌(页面不存在)">國際生活雜誌</a>》 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="生活质量指数">生活質量指數</a><sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8與10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>經濟與和平研究所 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="全球和平指數">全球和平指數</a><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E7%BD%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國開發計劃署">聯合國開發計劃署</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="人類發展指數">人類發展指數</a> </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">國際貨幣基金組織</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="國內生產總值">國內生產總值</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="購買力平均(页面不存在)">購買力平均</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="透明國際">透明國際</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%BB%89%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="清廉指數">清廉指數</a> </td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國傳統基金會">美國傳統基金會</a>/《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%88%BE%E8%A1%97%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="華爾街日報">華爾街日報</a>》 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟自由度指數">經濟自由度指數</a><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="無國界記者">無國界記者</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="全球新聞自由指數">全球新聞自由指數</a> </td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87" title="世界經濟論壇">世界經濟論壇</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A" title="全球競爭力報告">全球競爭力報告</a> </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>歐洲國家新聞自由指數 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲國家新聞自由指數(页面不存在)">歐洲國家新聞自由指數</a> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>人類發展 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="教育指数">教育指數</a><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%BB%A9%E6%95%88%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="环境绩效指数">環境績效指數</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="各國國債列表">國債</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美國中央情報局">美國中央情報局</a><br />經濟合作開發組織<br />國際貨幣基金組織 </td> <td>103.7%(世界第6位\歐洲第1位)<br />113%(歐洲第1位)<br />104.3%(世界第6位\歐洲第1位) </td></tr> <tr> <td>性別平等指數 </td> <td>性別平等指數<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nationmaster </td> <td>工人罷工<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=71" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=72" title="编辑章节:延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q38"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immaculateheartacademy.org/outside2/socialstudies/kuhns/1%20Italy%20Birthplace%20of%20the%20Renaissance.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-04-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.atitle=European+Rennaisance+and+Reformation&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Italy%3A+Birthplace+of+the+Renaisssance&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immaculateheartacademy.org%2Foutside2%2Fsocialstudies%2Fkuhns%2F1%2520Italy%2520Birthplace%2520of%2520the%2520Renaissance.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307050237/http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">Unification of Italy</a>. Library.thinkquest.org. 2003-04-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-11-19</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312582/unification.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-03-07).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Unification+of+Italy&amp;rft.date=2003-04-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Library.thinkquest.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2FTQ0312582%2Funification.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allempires.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allempires.com_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224012449/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=italian_colonial">The Italian Colonial Empire - All Empires</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/member.do?method=getMembers&amp;userid=1&amp;queryId=135">原始内容</a>存档于2010-11-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=DDP+Quick+Query&amp;rft.date=2004-07-20&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Ddp-ext.worldbank.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddp-ext.worldbank.org%2Fext%2FDDPQQ%2Fmember.do%3Fmethod%3DgetMembers%26userid%3D1%26queryId%3D135&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=9&amp;pr.y=12">Report for Selected Countries and Subjects</a>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424131253/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=PPPGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=9&amp;pr.y=12">存档</a>于2011-04-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&amp;rft.date=2006-09-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Imf.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2009%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2008%26ey%3D2008%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D512%252C941%252C914%252C446%252C612%252C666%252C614%252C668%252C311%252C672%252C213%252C946%252C911%252C137%252C193%252C962%252C122%252C674%252C912%252C676%252C313%252C548%252C419%252C556%252C513%252C678%252C316%252C181%252C913%252C682%252C124%252C684%252C339%252C273%252C638%252C921%252C514%252C948%252C218%252C943%252C963%252C686%252C616%252C688%252C223%252C518%252C516%252C728%252C918%252C558%252C748%252C138%252C618%252C196%252C522%252C278%252C622%252C692%252C156%252C694%252C624%252C142%252C626%252C449%252C628%252C564%252C228%252C283%252C924%252C853%252C233%252C288%252C632%252C293%252C636%252C566%252C634%252C964%252C238%252C182%252C662%252C453%252C960%252C968%252C423%252C922%252C935%252C714%252C128%252C862%252C611%252C716%252C321%252C456%252C243%252C722%252C248%252C942%252C469%252C718%252C253%252C724%252C642%252C576%252C643%252C936%252C939%252C961%252C644%252C813%252C819%252C199%252C172%252C184%252C132%252C524%252C646%252C361%252C648%252C362%252C915%252C364%252C134%252C732%252C652%252C366%252C174%252C734%252C328%252C144%252C258%252C146%252C656%252C463%252C654%252C528%252C336%252C923%252C263%252C738%252C268%252C578%252C532%252C537%252C944%252C742%252C176%252C866%252C534%252C369%252C536%252C744%252C429%252C186%252C433%252C925%252C178%252C746%252C436%252C926%252C136%252C466%252C343%252C112%252C158%252C111%252C439%252C298%252C916%252C927%252C664%252C846%252C826%252C299%252C542%252C582%252C443%252C474%252C917%252C754%252C544%252C698%26s%3DPPPGDP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%26pr.x%3D9%26pr.y%3D12&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2056.html">CIA World Factbook, Budget</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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Los Angeles: Words in Pictures, Inc. 1993–2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-04-29</span>&#93;</span>. 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Brown.edu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025041411/http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/florence_sub2.html">Renaissance - Focus on Florence</a>. Learner.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-11-19</span>&#93;</span>. 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Alan Macfarlane (1997). p.64. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780631181170" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/27711/Reform-and-Enlightenment-in-the-18th-century">Italy - Reform and Enlightenment in the 18th century</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100704012241/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/27711/Reform-and-Enlightenment-in-the-18th-century">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Mack Smith, Denis (1997). <i>Modern Italy; A Political History</i>. 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Cia.gov. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-10-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004073036/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2078rank.html">存档</a>于2008-10-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook+-+Country+Comparison+%3A%3A+Exports&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Cia.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2078rank.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/its2008_e.pdf">International Trade Statistics, 2008</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110605022421/http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/its2008_e.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), World Trade Organization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616HCrPsO?url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-08-049/EN/KS-QA-08-049-EN.PDF">First demographic estimates for 2008</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2008-12-10 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-08-049/EN/KS-QA-08-049-EN.PDF">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-08-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.au=Eurostat&amp;rft.btitle=First+demographic+estimates+for+2008&amp;rft.date=2008-12-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_OFFPUB%2FKS-QA-08-049%2FEN%2FKS-QA-08-049-EN.PDF&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EUROSTAT&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="EUROSTAT(页面不存在)">EUROSTAT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102184227/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF">Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies - Issue number 72/2008</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-04-28</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2009-01-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.au=EUROSTAT&amp;rft.btitle=Ageing+characterises+the+demographic+perspectives+of+the+European+societies+-+Issue+number+72%2F2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fcache%2FITY_OFFPUB%2FKS-SF-08-072%2FEN%2FKS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf">Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005-2008</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616HDoLE0?url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2011-08-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.au=ISTAT&amp;rft.btitle=Crude+birth+rates%2C+mortality+rates+and+marriage+rates+2005-2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Faltridati%2Findicatori%2F2008%2FTab_1.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf">Average number of children born per woman 2005-2008</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-03</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616HEONZD?url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2011-08-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.au=ISTAT&amp;rft.btitle=Average+number+of+children+born+per+woman+2005-2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Faltridati%2Findicatori%2F2008%2FTab_4.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-news.eu/news-italy/380-istat-population-of-immigrants-is-43-million-.html">Istat: Population of immigrants is 4,3 million</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101212191800/http://www.africa-news.eu/news-italy/380-istat-population-of-immigrants-is-43-million-.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)". Africa News. 2010-03-05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/italy-milan-race-riots">Italy wakes up to the realities of immigration</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130303035745/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/italy-milan-race-riots">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)". The Guardian. 2010-02-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-RA-08-013/EN/KS-RA-08-013-EN.PDF">Demographic Outlook</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Eurostat. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span>&#93;</span>. 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Birn.eu.com. 2007-11-08 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2008-11-04</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birn.eu.com/en/111/15/5745/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Balkan+Investigative+Reporting+Network&amp;rft.date=2007-11-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Birn.eu.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birn.eu.com%2Fen%2F111%2F15%2F5745%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&amp;paKey=7&amp;loKey=0&amp;evKey=&amp;toKey=&amp;torKey=&amp;tolKey=">Causes of the Italian mass emigration</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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Robin Cohen (1995). Cambridge University Press. p.143. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521444057" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotelsclick.com/hoteles/UY/Uruguay-DEMOGRAF%C3%ADA-5.html">Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Uruguay, provinces and territories - 20% sample data</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Italian_language::sub::Geographic_Distribution">Italian Language: Geographic Distribution</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111103063018/http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Italian_language::sub::Geographic_Distribution">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) <i>Discovery Media</i> Retrieved 2010-05-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Grimes, Barbara F. Barbara F. Grimes , 编. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Consulting Editors: Richard S. Pittman &amp; Joseph E. Grimes thirteenth. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Academic Pub. 1996-10. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-55671-026-7" title="Special:网络书源/1-55671-026-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1-55671-026-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Grimes&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&amp;rft.date=1996-10&amp;rft.edition=thirteenth&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-55671-026-7&amp;rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics%2C+Academic+Pub&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297241/Italian-language">Italian language - Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a>. 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Corriere della Sera. 2006-01-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-10</span>&#93;</span>. 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London: The Guardian. 2009-01-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-03-07</span>&#93;</span>. 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We now trust online news as we trust TV and newspapers</a>. TNS US. 2008-12-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-03-07</span>&#93;</span>. 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Britannica.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-11-19</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929181837/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita">存档</a>于2008-09-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Crime+Statistics+%3E+Murders%EF%BC%88per+capita%EF%BC%8Cmost+recent%29+by+country&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=NationMaster.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Fcri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_rap-crime-rapes">Crime Statistics &gt; Rapes(most recent)by country</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-04-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/environment.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-07-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.prenhall.com%2Fdivisions%2Fhss%2Fworldreference%2FIT%2Fenvironment.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_the_Nations-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_the_Nations_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Italy-ENVIRONMENT.html">Italy - Environment</a>. Encyclopedia of the Nations. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104111601/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/Italy-ENVIRONMENT.html">存档</a>于2011-01-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Italy+-+Environment&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+the+Nations&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2FEurope%2FItaly-ENVIRONMENT.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-0"><sup><b>179.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_179-1"><sup><b>179.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encyclopedia of the Nations"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/environment/anti-smog-day">Anti-smog day | ITALY Magazine</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115065454/http://www.italymag.co.uk/italy/environment/anti-smog-day">存档</a>于2011-01-15).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Anti-smog+day+%7C+ITALY+Magazine&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italymag.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Fenvironment%2Fanti-smog-day&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303051309/http://www.euro.who.int/document/hms/ehiexes_e.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-04-07</span>&#93;</span>. 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London: <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 2009-10-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-10-02</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213141540/http://www.unrv.com/culture/architecture.php">存档</a>于2009-12-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Roman+Architecture&amp;rft.date=2006-10-08&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Unrv.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrv.com%2Fculture%2Farchitecture.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janson,_p._160-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janson,_p._160_185-0"><sup><b>185.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janson,_p._160_185-1"><sup><b>185.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janson, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629052046/http://history-world.org/gothic_art_and_architecture.htm">Gothic Art And Architecture</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/">存档</a>于2011-05-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Laureates+in+Literature&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938</a>. Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2008-10-09</span>&#93;</span>. 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Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2007-07-28</span>&#93;</span>. 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Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2008-10-09</span>&#93;</span>. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213195650/http://books.google.com/books?id=pkeaOOxb_isC&amp;pg=PA16&amp;sig=JJmC6YC-Hmmm6Z5P2Cfbvz_jrSA#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">存档</a>于2011-12-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Your+modeling+career%3A+you+don%27t+have+...+-+Google+Books&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpkeaOOxb_isC%26pg%3DPA16%26sig%3DJJmC6YC-Hmmm6Z5P2Cfbvz_jrSA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller(2005)p.486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-0"><sup><b>211.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-1"><sup><b>211.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220_211-2"><sup><b>211.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Insight Guides(2004)p.220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley.com-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiley.com_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html">Design City Milan</a>. Wiley. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-01-03</span>&#93;</span>. 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Frieze.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-01-03</span>&#93;</span>. 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Whc.unesco.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/659knaRPN?url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">存档</a>于2012-02-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Centre+-+World+Heritage+List&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Whc.unesco.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/influence">Cultural Influence</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-08-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114201115/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/influence">存档</a>于2024-01-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Cultural+Influence&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-countries%2Frankings%2Finfluence&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/fashionable">These Are the Most Fashionable Countries</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-03-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531030058/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/fashionable">存档</a>于2024-05-31).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=These+Are+the+Most+Fashionable+Countries&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-countries%2Frankings%2Ffashionable&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html">The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems</a>. Photius.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105190014/http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html">存档</a>于2010-01-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Health+Organization%27s+ranking+of+the+world%27s+health+systems&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Photius.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photius.com%2Frankings%2Fhealthranks.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_update_sept_en.pdf">Interim Update, 2009-09</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160305140318/http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/pdf/barometer/UNWTO_Barom09_update_sept_en.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) UNWTO Tourism Barometer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=35&amp;pr.y=9">Countries by GDP</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211026124553/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&amp;ey=2008&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=35&amp;pr.y=9">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>). <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">國際貨幣基金組織</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912122439/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2009-09-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FGDP.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2195.html">The World Factbook</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004071135/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2195.html">存档</a>于2008-10-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2195.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalliving.com/qofl2010/">"The Quality-of-Life Index 2010"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410140309/http://www.internationalliving.com/qofl2010/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)《國際生活雜誌》(International Living Magazine)於2010-04-02查看</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704165325/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php">Vision of Humanity</a>. Vision of Humanity. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Vision+of+Humanity&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Vision+of+Humanity&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofhumanity.org%2Fgpi%2Fhome.php&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2006&amp;ssm=1&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=%2C&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=56&amp;pr1.y=11&amp;c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&amp;s=NGDPDPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=#download">Gross domestic product per capita, current prices</a>. International Monetary Fund. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2007-05-04</span>&#93;</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+per+capita%2C+current+prices&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2007%2F01%2Fdata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2006%26ey%3D2006%26ssm%3D1%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D%252C%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D56%26pr1.y%3D11%26c%3D512%252C941%252C914%252C446%252C612%252C666%252C614%252C668%252C311%252C672%252C213%252C946%252C911%252C137%252C193%252C962%252C122%252C674%252C912%252C676%252C313%252C548%252C419%252C556%252C513%252C678%252C316%252C181%252C913%252C682%252C124%252C684%252C339%252C273%252C638%252C921%252C514%252C948%252C218%252C686%252C963%252C688%252C616%252C518%252C223%252C728%252C516%252C558%252C918%252C138%252C748%252C196%252C618%252C278%252C522%252C692%252C622%252C694%252C156%252C142%252C624%252C449%252C626%252C564%252C628%252C283%252C228%252C853%252C924%252C288%252C233%252C293%252C632%252C566%252C636%252C964%252C634%252C182%252C238%252C453%252C662%252C968%252C960%252C922%252C423%252C714%252C935%252C862%252C128%252C716%252C611%252C456%252C321%252C722%252C243%252C965%252C248%252C718%252C469%252C724%252C253%252C576%252C642%252C936%252C643%252C961%252C939%252C813%252C644%252C199%252C819%252C184%252C172%252C524%252C132%252C361%252C646%252C362%252C648%252C364%252C915%252C732%252C134%252C366%252C652%252C734%252C174%252C144%252C328%252C146%252C258%252C463%252C656%252C528%252C654%252C923%252C336%252C738%252C263%252C578%252C268%252C537%252C532%252C742%252C944%252C866%252C176%252C369%252C534%252C744%252C536%252C186%252C429%252C925%252C178%252C746%252C436%252C926%252C136%252C466%252C343%252C112%252C158%252C111%252C439%252C298%252C916%252C927%252C664%252C846%252C826%252C299%252C542%252C582%252C443%252C474%252C917%252C754%252C544%252C698%26s%3DNGDPDPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D%23download&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm">Index of Economic Freedom</a>. Heritage Foundation &amp; The WSJ. www.heritage.org. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2007-04-10</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213211732/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm">存档</a>于2008-02-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.atitle=Index+of+Economic+Freedom&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Heritage+Foundation+%26+The+WSJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Ffeatures%2Findex%2Fcountries.cfm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701012941/http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/news/title,15493,en.html">Media Centre &#124; News &#124; Human Development Reports(HDR)&#124; United Nations Development Programme(UNDP)</a>. Hdr.undp.org. 2008-12-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/news/title,15493,en.html">原始内容</a>存档于2010-07-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Media+Centre+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+Human+Development+Reports%EF%BC%88HDR%EF%BC%89%26%23124%3B+United+Nations+Development+Programme%EF%BC%88UNDP%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.date=2008-12-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Hdr.undp.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Ftitle%2C15493%2Cen.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialwatch.org/node/9267">GEI 2008</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-04</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923094607/http://www.socialwatch.org/node/9267">存档</a>于2010-09-23).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=GEI+2008&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialwatch.org%2Fnode%2F9267&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_str-labor-strikes">Strikes by country. Definition, graph and map</a>. Nationmaster.com. 2009-11-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2010-08-02</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816050910/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lab_str-labor-strikes">存档</a>于2010-08-16).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Strikes+by+country.+Definition%2C+graph+and+map&amp;rft.date=2009-11-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Nationmaster.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fgraph%2Flab_str-labor-strikes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=75" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernitaly0000unse">Northern Italy</a>. APA Publications. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9812349030" title="Special:网络书源/9812349030"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9812349030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Northern+Italy&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9812349030&amp;rft.pub=APA+Publications&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernitaly0000unse&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Miller, Judith. Furniture: world styles from classical to contemporary. DK Publishing. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/075661340X" title="Special:网络书源/075661340X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;075661340X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Judith&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.btitle=Furniture%3A+world+styles+from+classical+to+contemporary&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=075661340X&amp;rft.pub=DK+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Italy. DK. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1405307811" title="Special:网络书源/1405307811"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;1405307811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;rft.btitle=Italy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1405307811&amp;rft.pub=DK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=76" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>意大利</b>在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目"><span id="sister-projects">姊妹项目</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/意大利">字词解释</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Italia" class="extiw" title="c:Italia">多媒体资源</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="n:Category:意大利">新闻</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基语录上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="q:意大利">名言</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/意大利">原始文献</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/意大利">教科书和手册</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基学院上的<a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/意大利">学习资源</a></span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Italy"><span style="font-weight:bold;">分類:意大利</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>國家資訊</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1065345.stm">英國廣播公司相關資訊</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090416222907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1065345.stm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Italy/">經濟學人相關資訊</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100527225641/http://www.economist.com/countries/Italy/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/it/">美國國務院相關資訊</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100801014752/http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503213731/http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.asp?SelectedCountry=ITA&amp;CCODE=ITA&amp;CNAME=Italy&amp;PTYPE=CP">世界銀行相關資訊</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>一般資訊</dt></dl> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5" title="世界概况">世界概况</a>》上有关<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/it">Italy</a>的条目</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italia.it/en/home.html">義大利旅遊官方網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100807055137/http://www.italia.it/en/home.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082829/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/italy.htm">UCB Libraries GovPubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Italy">意大利</a>”</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/15px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/23px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/30px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Italy">維基媒體的意大利地圖集</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/15px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/23px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/30px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a>上有關<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/365331">意大利</a>的地理信息</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%BC%E6%B8%B8" title="维基导游">维基导游</a>上<a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="voy:意大利">有關意大利的旅行指南</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>政府機構</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414205808/http://www.quirinale.it/presidente/altrelingue/inglese/presidente-en.htm">義大利總統網站</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/">義大利議會官方網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060702034145/http://www.parlamento.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/">義大利總統官方網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120630014940/http://www.quirinale.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615055147/http://english.camera.it/">義大利眾議院官方網站</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senato.it/">義大利參議院官方網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110225184221/http://www.senato.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italia.gov.it/">義大利政府網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100729122210/http://www.italia.gov.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governo.it/">部門會議</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060615202129/http://www.governo.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cortecostituzionale.it/">一般法院</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110607224952/http://www.cortecostituzionale.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cortedicassazione.it/">最高法院</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130801220104/http://www.cortedicassazione.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410231021/http://www.corteconti.it/English-co/index.asp">金融法院</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517014204/http://www.esteri.gov.it/eng/">外交部門</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interno.it/">內政部門</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100823015156/http://www.interno.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istruzione.it/">教育部門</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121115175914/http://www.istruzione.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.study-in-italy.it/">教育部門:國際交換學生</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090419134614/http://www.study-in-italy.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ministerosalute.it/">健康與衛生部門</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100129084803/http://www.ministerosalute.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.difesa.it/">國防部門</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170716205703/http://www.difesa.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922163623/http://www.welfare.gov.it/">勞工及社會福利部門</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicheagricole.gov.it/">農業部門</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080828114723/http://www.politicheagricole.gov.it/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="義大利語">(意大利文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214220932/http://www.giustizia.gov.it/sito_trad_inglese/en_index.htm">司法部門</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612233748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/italy.html">內閣成員及國家領導人資訊</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>其他網站</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/english/">義大利國立統計機構</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091207102304/http://www.istat.it/english/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinaita.com/">意中交流办公室</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160305010955/http://www.cinaita.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327024845/http://www.enit.it/default.asp?an=uin&amp;Lang=UK">ENIT義大利國內觀光告示板</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italiantourism.com/">ENIT北美洲</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170502153409/http://www.italiantourism.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418121932/http://www.trenitalia.it/en/index.html">義大利鐵路網</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.it/Eindex.html">義大利國家及地區公園</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100722224448/http://www.parks.it/Eindex.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paologiannetti.com/">泰拉奇納義大利旅游網站</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160215221922/http://www.paologiannetti.com/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://rete.comuni-italiani.it/wiki/Inizio" class="extiw" title="comune:Inizio">意大利自治市</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;section=77" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:意大利">意大利主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:古罗马">古罗马主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" 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notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a><br /> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛維尼亞</a> </td> <td style="width:0%; padding-left:5px" rowspan="5"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/50px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/75px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg/100px-Compass_rose_pale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利古里亞海">利古里亞海</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="北"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞得里亞海">亞得里亞海</a> ‧ <span 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title="義大利">義大利</a></b> &#160; </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="東"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span><figcaption>東</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="南"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E6%B5%B7" title="第勒尼安海">第勒尼安海</a> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" 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href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%82%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="共和国参议院 (意大利)">参议院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利選舉(页面不存在)">選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="義大利政黨列表">政黨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利司法系統(页面不存在)">司法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%8F%8A%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利貨幣及財政政策(页面不存在)">貨幣及財政政策</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利外交政策(页面不存在)">外交政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="義大利外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利人權(页面不存在)">人權</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利LGBT權益(页面不存在)">LGBT權益</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="義大利武裝部隊">軍隊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="義大利地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="意大利半島">半島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="北意大利">北部</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利东北部">东北部</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="中意大利">中部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="南意大利">南部</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利環境政策(页面不存在)">環境政策</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利地理區劃(页面不存在)">地理區劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="意大利行政区划">行政區劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="意大利城市列表">城市</a></li> <li>山脉 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%81%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="亚平宁山脉">亚平宁山脉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="義大利火山列表">火山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="義大利地震列表">地震列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="省 (意大利)">省份</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%95%87_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="市镇 (意大利)">市鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利島嶼列表(页面不存在)">島嶼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利湖泊列表(页面不存在)">湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利河流列表(页面不存在)">河流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="義大利經濟">經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E3%80%81%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD%E5%8F%8A%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利農業、林業及漁業(页面不存在)">一級產業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A5%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利製造業(页面不存在)">二級產業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8B%9E%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利勞力市場(页面不存在)">勞力</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利通訊(页面不存在)">通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="義大利交通">交通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="意大利银行">銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利能源(页面不存在)">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利新聞(页面不存在)">新聞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AD%89%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="意大利證券交易所">證券交易所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="南方问题">南方问题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="義大利文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利建築(页面不存在)">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="義大利藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利科學(页面不存在)">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="意大利电影">電影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="義大利飲食">料理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利民俗(页面不存在)">民俗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利雕塑(页面不存在)">雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利時尚">時尚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="意大利歌剧">歌劇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利文學">文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利媒體(页面不存在)">媒體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="義大利音樂">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利神話(页面不存在)">神話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="義大利電視">電視</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%B2%E9%99%A2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利戲院(页面不存在)">戲院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="義大利世界遺產列表">世界遺產</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社會</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利美學(页面不存在)">美學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="意大利人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利治安(页面不存在)">治安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="意大利教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利禮儀(页面不存在)">禮儀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利法律(页面不存在)">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="義大利人">人種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">文字</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利宗教(页面不存在)">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="義大利體育">體育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利醫療(页面不存在)">醫療</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="Category:意大利">分類</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="Portal:義大利">主題</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="WikiProject:意大利">專題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Template:歐洲"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Template talk:歐洲"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li 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title="英国">英国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="威爾斯">威尔士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="西歐平原">西歐平原</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧">南欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="意大利半島">亞平寧半島</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D" title="聖座的法律地位">属</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BA%A7" title="聖座">聖座</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98" title="馬爾他騎士團">馬爾他騎士團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA" title="圣马力诺">圣马力诺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="安道尔">安道尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海諸國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">馬爾他</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="德語地理分佈">德語圈</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">馬扎兒語圈</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="西斯拉夫民族">西斯拉夫</a>國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%94%E5%9C%8B" title="北歐五國">斯堪的纳维亚</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="波罗的海国家">波羅的海</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="東斯拉夫民族">東斯拉夫</a>國家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="歐洲俄羅斯">欧洲部分</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛">巴尔干半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; text-align:left"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛維尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克羅埃西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">黑山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨欧亚地区<br /><small>(部分領土位於歐洲)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="歐洲俄羅斯">欧洲部分</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="色雷斯">色雷斯</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索地區</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索">高加索地區</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="乌拉尔河">乌拉尔河</a>以西的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="西哈薩克斯坦州">西哈薩克斯坦州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="阿特勞州">阿特勞州</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">海外屬地</a>與<br />其他特殊政區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>英國 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀">直布罗陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E8%A5%BF%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80" title="根西行政區">根西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6" title="曼島">马恩岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF" title="澤西">澤西</a></li></ul></li> <li>挪威 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E9%A6%AC%E5%BB%B6" title="揚馬延">揚馬延島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4" title="斯瓦尔巴">斯瓦尔巴群島</a></li></ul></li> <li>丹麥 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="法罗群岛">法罗群岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0" title="格陵兰">格陵兰</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>参见:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="世界政區索引">世界政區索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南极洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国首都列表">各国首都列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83933911"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="地中海及其周边地区" style="text-align: left; font-size: smaller;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="Template:地中海"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="Template talk:地中海"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:地中海"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="地中海及其周边地区" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>及其周边地区</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="overflow:hidden"><div style="position:relative;margin-top:-13em;"><div style="align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="link ="><img alt="link =" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG/800px-Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG" decoding="async" width="800" height="489" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="551" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:18px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋"><span style="font-size:150%"><b>大 西 洋</b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:370px; top:360px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">⑮</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:272px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙"><img alt="西班牙" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">西班牙</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" title="巴利阿里海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">巴利阿里海</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:288px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="巴利阿里群島"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">巴利阿里群岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:168px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">法国</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:254px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑭</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:184px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="義大利"><img alt="義大利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">意大利</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="利古里亞海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">利古里亚海</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:240px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89" title="科西嘉"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">科西嘉岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:290px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81" title="撒丁"><b><span style="color:white;line-height:1em">撒<br />丁<br />岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:326px; top:288px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E6%B5%B7" title="第勒尼安海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">第勒尼安海</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:350px; top:328px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C" title="西西里"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">西西里岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:354px; top:192px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="亚得里亚海"><span style="color:white;font-weight:bold">亚<span style="position:absolute;top:1em;left:1em">得</span><span style="position:absolute;top:2em;left:2em">里</span><span style="position:absolute;top:3em;left:3em">亚</span><span style="position:absolute;top:4em;left:4.2em">海</span></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:458px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑨</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:446px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑩</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:426px; top:200px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑪</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:402px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑫</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:160px"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚"><b><big><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">⑬</span></big></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:410px; top:320px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="伊奥尼亚海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">爱奥尼亚海</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:376px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海"><span style="font-size:200%"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">地 中 海</span></b></span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:534px; top:284px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海"><big><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">爱<br />琴<br />海</span></b></big></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:558px; top:276px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="达达尼尔海峡"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">⑯</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:582px; top:264px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">⑰</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:594px; top:256px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">⑱</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:626px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海"><big>黑  海</big></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:514px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="基克拉泽斯群岛"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">基克拉泽斯</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:518px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="克里特岛"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">克里特岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:294px; top:373.6px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="突尼西亞"><img alt="突尼西亞" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="突尼西亞"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">突<br />尼<br />斯</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:474px; top:296px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊"><img alt="希腊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">希腊</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:618px; top:308px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其"><img alt="土耳其" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">土耳其</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:594px; top:382.4px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯"><img alt="賽普勒斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">塞浦路斯</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:662px; top:373.6px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">④</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:657.2px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">②</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:670px; top:386.4px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">③</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:714px; top:373.6px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><img alt="叙利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">叙利亚</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:702px; top:404px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">⑤</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:682px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">⑥</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:690px; top:444px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="約旦河西岸地區"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">⑦</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:674px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%A6" title="加沙地带"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">⑧</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:650px; top:470.4px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%88%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="西奈半島"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">西奈半岛</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:542px; top:468px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及"><img alt="埃及" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">埃及</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:464px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚"><img alt="利比亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">利比亚</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:392px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚"><img alt="阿尔及利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">阿尔及利亚</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:424px"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥"><img alt="摩洛哥" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">摩洛哥</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:82px; top:361.6px"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%83%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%B7" title="阿尔沃兰海"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">阿尔沃兰海</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E9%99%80%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="直布羅陀海峽"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">直布羅陀海峽</span></b></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:70.8px; top:361.6px"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">①</span></b></a></div> </div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国"><img alt="英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>:<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀"><img alt="直布罗陀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80" title="直布罗陀">① 直布罗陀</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞">② 亞克羅提利</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E5%88%A9%E8%88%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%87%B1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="亞克羅提利與德凱利亞">③ 德凱利亞</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯"><img alt="北賽普勒斯" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="北賽普勒斯">④ 北塞浦路斯</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩"><img alt="黎巴嫩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">⑤ 黎巴嫩</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列"><img alt="以色列" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">⑥ 以色列</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國"><img alt="巴勒斯坦國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦國</a>:<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="約旦河西岸地區"><img alt="約旦河西岸地區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="約旦河西岸地區">⑦ 约旦河西岸</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%A6" title="加沙地带"><img alt="加沙地带" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%99%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%A6" title="加沙地带">⑧ 加沙</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚"><img alt="阿尔巴尼亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">⑨ 阿尔巴尼亚</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅"><img alt="蒙特內哥羅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">⑩ 黑山</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那"><img alt="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">⑪ 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚"><img alt="克罗地亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">⑫ 克罗地亚</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚"><img alt="斯洛文尼亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">⑬ 斯洛文尼亚</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥"><img alt="摩纳哥" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">⑭ 摩纳哥</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他"><img alt="马耳他" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">⑮ 马耳他</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海域</a>:<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其"><img alt="土耳其" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="达达尼尔海峡">⑯ 达达尼尔海峡</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">⑰ 马尔马拉海</a></span>&#160; <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡">⑱ 博斯普鲁斯海峡</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%89%8D%E7%BC%80%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="Special:前缀索引/地中海">名稱以「地中海」開頭的所有条目</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="Category:地中海">分类:地中海</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="國際組織成員" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="國際組織成員" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">國際組織成員</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;"><div style="padding:0px;"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="七国集团(G7)/八国集团(G8)/八国集团同五国(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8" title="Template:G8"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G8" title="Template talk:G8"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:G8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:G8"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="七国集团(G7)/八国集团(G8)/八国集团同五国(G8+5)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七国集团</a>(G7)/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">八国集团</a>(G8)/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%9B%BD" title="八国集团同五国">八国集团同五国</a>(G8+5)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G7(G8)成員國</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a></li> <li>(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a>,凍結)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非正式成員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8+5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></li> <li><span 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navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:G20" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:G20"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="二十國集團(G20)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十國集團</a>(G20)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" 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title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/44px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="北大西洋公约">北大西洋公约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%83" title="北約峰會">峰会</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北约军事行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NATO Operations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北约军事行动(页面不存在)">军事行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Operations" class="extiw" title="en:NATO Operations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NATO Operations</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5" title="北約擴張">扩张</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/100px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/150px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png/200px-Seal_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A8" title="北約總部">總部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="北大西洋理事会">理事会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="欧洲盟军最高司令部">欧洲盟军最高司令部</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盟军转型司令部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allied Command Transformation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盟军转型司令部(页面不存在)">盟军转型司令部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" class="extiw" title="en:Allied Command Transformation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allied Command Transformation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北约议会大会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NATO Parliamentary Assembly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北约议会大会(页面不存在)">议会大会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="extiw" title="en:NATO Parliamentary Assembly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NATO Parliamentary Assembly</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%A7%98%E4%B9%A6%E9%95%BF" title="北大西洋公约组织秘书长">秘书长</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北约军事委员会主席" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="北約軍事委員會主席">军事委员会主席</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee" class="extiw" title="en:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chairman of the NATO Military Committee</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="欧洲盟军最高司令部">欧洲盟军最高司令</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盟军转型最高司令" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supreme Allied Commander Transformation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%86%9B%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盟军转型最高司令(页面不存在)">盟军转型最高司令</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Transformation" class="extiw" title="en:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supreme Allied Commander Transformation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1%E5%9C%8B" title="北約成員國">成员国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="阿尔巴尼亚武装部队">阿尔巴尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="比利時國防軍">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="保加利亞武裝部隊">保加利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="加拿大武裝部隊">加拿大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="克羅埃西亞軍事">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="捷克軍事">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="丹麥國防軍">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="愛沙尼亞國防軍">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="芬蘭國防軍">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="法國武裝部隊">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="德國聯邦國防軍">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="希臘武裝部隊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="匈牙利國防軍">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="冰島軍事">冰岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="義大利武裝部隊">意大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" title="拉脱维亚军事">拉托维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="立陶宛武装部队">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="盧森堡軍事">卢森堡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒙特內哥羅軍隊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military of Montenegro"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙特內哥羅軍隊(页面不存在)">蒙特內哥羅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Montenegro" class="extiw" title="en:Military of Montenegro"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military of Montenegro</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E9%9A%8A" title="荷蘭軍隊">荷兰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北马其顿军队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Army of the Republic of North Macedonia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北马其顿军队(页面不存在)">北马其顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="en:Army of the Republic of North Macedonia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Army of the Republic of North Macedonia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="挪威國防軍">挪威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D" title="波蘭共和國軍">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="葡萄牙武装部队">葡萄牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="罗马尼亚武装部队">罗马尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="斯洛伐克武裝部隊">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛文尼亚武装部队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slovenian Armed Forces"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚武装部队(页面不存在)">斯洛文尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" class="extiw" title="en:Slovenian Armed Forces"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slovenian Armed Forces</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="西班牙军队">西班牙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E8%BB%8D" title="瑞典國防軍">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" title="土耳其军队">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A" title="英國武裝部隊">英国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F" title="美国武装部队">美国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北约外交关系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foreign relations of NATO"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北约外交关系(页面不存在)">多边关系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO" class="extiw" title="en:Foreign relations of NATO"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foreign relations of NATO</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大西洋公约协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atlantic Treaty Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大西洋公约协会(页面不存在)">大西洋公约协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Treaty_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Atlantic Treaty Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atlantic Treaty Association</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲-大西洋伙伴理事会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2-%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲-大西洋伙伴理事会(页面不存在)">欧洲-大西洋伙伴理事会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" class="extiw" title="en:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">歐盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地中海对话">地中海對話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="和平伙伴关系计划">和平伙伴關係計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="独立合作伙伴行动计划">獨立合作夥伴行動計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%9D%9E%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E7%9B%9F%E5%8F%8B" title="主要非北約盟友">主要非北約盟友</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE" title="伊斯坦布尔合作倡议">伊斯坦堡合作倡議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9C%BC%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="五眼聯盟">五眼聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="古阿姆民主和经济发展组织">古阿姆民主和經濟發展組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七大工業國組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E8%88%87%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲安全與合作組織">歐洲安全與合作組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十大工業國</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">制度與法律規章</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="北約聯合軍事符號">NATO軍事標準標誌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E9%A2%82%E6%AD%8C" title="北约颂歌">北约之歌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="拉丁语联盟" style="padding:3px"><table 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律賓</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><b>官方語言</b>:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B3%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="加泰罗尼亚语">加泰罗尼亚语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">羅馬尼亞語</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="歐洲各國及其首都" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Template:歐洲各國及其首都"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Template talk:歐洲各國及其首都"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:歐洲各國及其首都"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="歐洲各國及其首都" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">歐洲各國及其首都</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90" title="北歐">北歐</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="南欧">南欧</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7" title="中欧">中欧</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7" title="东南欧">东南欧</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">荷蘭</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="阿姆斯特丹">阿姆斯特丹</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="布鲁塞尔">布鲁塞尔</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%B8%82" title="盧森堡市">盧森堡市</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="都柏林">都柏林</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5" title="摩纳哥">摩纳哥</a><span style="font-size:smaller;">(城邦)</span><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9" title="哥本哈根">哥本哈根</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%99%86" title="奥斯陆">奥斯陆</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA" title="赫尔辛基">赫尔辛基</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B" title="雷克雅維克">雷克雅未克</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="马德里">马德里</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a><br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">意大利</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89" title="安卡拉">安卡拉</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="尼科西亚">尼科西亚</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88" title="梵蒂冈">梵蒂冈</a><span style="font-size:smaller;">(城邦)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA" title="圣马力诺">圣马力诺</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%BE%E5%B8%82" title="聖馬力諾市">聖馬力諾市</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">马耳他</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E5%A1%94" title="瓦莱塔">瓦莱塔</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="安道尔">安道尔</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%8E" title="安道尔城">安道尔城</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC" title="伯尔尼">伯尔尼</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%83%BD%E8%8C%B2" title="瓦都茲">瓦杜兹</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99" title="华沙">华沙</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="布拉格">布拉格</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%91" title="布拉迪斯拉发">布拉迪斯拉发</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF" title="布达佩斯">布达佩斯</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛文尼亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E9%9B%85%E9%82%A3" title="卢布尔雅那">卢布尔雅那</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97" title="塔林">塔林</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8A%A0" title="里加">里加</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF" title="维尔纽斯">维尔纽斯</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%94" title="基輔">基輔</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="白俄罗斯">白俄罗斯</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克">明斯克</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B8%8C%E8%AE%B7%E4%B9%8C" title="基希讷乌">基希讷乌</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:18em;"><div> <div style="padding-left:0.75em;" class="nowrap"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="布加勒斯特">布加勒斯特</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="索菲亞">索非亚</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">黑山</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%9F" title="波德戈里察">波德戈里察</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80%E8%92%82%E7%BA%B3" title="普里什蒂纳">普里什蒂纳</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E4%BD%9B" title="塞拉耶佛">萨拉热窝</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C" title="斯科普里">斯科普里</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A3" title="地拉那">地拉那</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞尔维亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="贝尔格莱德">贝尔格莱德</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83" title="萨格勒布">萨格勒布</a><br /> </p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204565/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121869395">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152361066">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd8mVMcRhwVmbtcqCPcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX450723">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864655t">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864655t">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060022249106706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027833-5">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007554958205171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Italy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021783">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564289">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Itálie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ge129398&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35710095">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202014116">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000392541&amp;local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/106839">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=494/31499">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c6500277-9a3d-349b-bf30-41afdbf42add">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01369312?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e38fe806-15a3-41e8-a73d-070b09dd6725">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/hTr8I8xb">英国议会</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12857">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011196">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035812">NARA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10041770">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026389908">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/italya">伊斯兰百科全书</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐6bxhw Cached time: 20241123190931 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 4.378 seconds Real time usage: 5.468 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 35277/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1119274/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 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