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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ميرسي أوتيس وارين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميرسي أوتيس وارين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مرسی اوتیس وارن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مرسی اوتیس وارن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%9C_%EC%98%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%8C%EB%9F%B0" title="머시 오티스 워런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머시 오티스 워런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ميرسى دوتيس وارين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميرسى دوتيس وارين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Уоррен, Мерси Отис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уоррен, Мерси Отис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mercy Otis Warren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мерсі Отіс Воррен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мерсі Отіс Воррен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2338545#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer (1728–1814)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mercy Otis Warren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs_James_Warren_(Mercy_Otis),_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warren c. 1763"><img alt="Warren c. 1763" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/220px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/330px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg/440px-Mrs_James_Warren_%28Mercy_Otis%29%2C_by_John_Singleton_Copley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Warren <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1763</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Mercy Otis<br />September 25, 1728<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1728-09-25</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">October 19, 1814<span style="display:none">(1814-10-19)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Burial_Hill" title="Burial Hill">Burial Hill</a>, Plymouth, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mercy_Otis_Warren&params=41.956_N_70.666_W_region:US-MA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°57′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°39′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.956°N 70.666°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.956; -70.666</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">A Columbian Patriot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet and political writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Rise,_Progress,_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution" title="History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution">History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(politician)" title="James Warren (politician)">James Warren</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 14, 1754">1754</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="November 28, 1808">1808</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">5</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg/250px-Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg/375px-Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg/500px-Mercy_Otis_Warren_bronze_statue_at_Barnstable_County_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sculpture of Mercy Otis Warren stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County_Courthouse" title="Barnstable County Courthouse">Barnstable County Courthouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mercy Otis Warren</b> (September 25, 1728 – October 19, 1814) was an American activist poet, playwright, and <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. During the years before the Revolution, she had published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> and urged colonists to resist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties. She was married to <a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(politician)" title="James Warren (politician)">James Warren</a>, who was likewise heavily active in the independence movement. </p><p>During the debate over the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> in 1788, she issued a pamphlet, <i>Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions,</i> written under the pseudonym "A Columbian Patriot", that opposed ratification of the document and advocated the inclusion of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trickey_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trickey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Observations</i> was long thought to be the work of other writers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a>. It was not until one of her descendants, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren_(U.S._author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Warren (U.S. author)">Charles Warren</a>, found a reference to it in a 1787 letter to British historian <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Macaulay" title="Catharine Macaulay">Catharine Macaulay</a> that Warren was accredited authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-projectcontinua.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-projectcontinua.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1790, she published a collection of poems and plays under her own name, an unusual occurrence for a woman at the time. In 1805, she published one of the earliest histories of the American Revolution, a three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Rise,_Progress,_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution" title="History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution">History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warren was born on September 25, 1728,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third of thirteen children and the first daughter of Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Otis_Sr." title="James Otis Sr.">James Otis</a> (1702–1778) and Mary (Allyne) Otis (1702–1774).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family lived in <a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother was a descendant of <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i> passenger <a href="/wiki/Edward_Doty" title="Edward Doty">Edward Doty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was a farmer and attorney, who served as a judge for the <a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable County</a> <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Common_Pleas_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Common Pleas in Massachusetts">Court of Common Pleas</a>. He won election to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a> in 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_moments_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_moments-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an outspoken opponent of British rule and the appointed colonial governor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19959–11,_16,_29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19959–11,_16,_29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Otis children were "raised in the midst of revolutionary ideals".<sup id="cite_ref-Caso_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caso-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Mercy had no formal education, she studied with the Reverend Jonathan Russell while he tutored her brothers Joseph and James in preparation for college. Her father also had unconventional views of his daughter's education, as he fully supported her endeavors, which was extremely unusual for the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201512_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201512-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brother <a href="/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Otis, Jr.">James</a> attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> and became a noted patriot and lawyer. What little of his correspondence with Mercy survives suggests that James encouraged Mercy's academic and literary efforts, treating her as an intellectual equal and confidante.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19953_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19953-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mercy Otis married James Warren on November 14, 1754. After settling in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a>, James inherited his father's position as <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>. His previous occupations included farming and merchanting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19954_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19954-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout their lives, they wrote letters of respect and admiration to each other. These exchanges of adoration showed both a mutual respect and an enduring bond between the two. James would write from Boston, "I have read one Excellent Sermon this day & heard two others. What next can I do better than write to a Saint," and Mercy would then respond, "Your spirit I admire - were a few thousands on the Continent of a similar disposition we might defy the power of Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had five sons, James (1757–1821), Winslow (1759–1791), Charles (1762–1784), Henry (1764–1828), and George (1766–1800).<sup id="cite_ref-masshist_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masshist-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her husband James had a distinguished political career. In 1766, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" title="Massachusetts House of Representatives">Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillis200540_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillis200540-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became speaker of the House and president of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Provincial_Congress" title="Massachusetts Provincial Congress">Massachusetts Provincial Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as <a href="/wiki/Paymaster" title="Paymaster">paymaster</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s army for a time during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodenboughHaskin2015100_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodenboughHaskin2015100-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their Plymouth home was often a meeting place for local politics and revolutionaries including the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011514_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011514-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren became increasingly drawn to political activism, and she hosted protest meetings in her home.<sup id="cite_ref-mass_moments_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mass_moments-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These meetings laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a>. Warren wrote, "Perhaps no single step contributed so much to cement the union of the colonies, and the final acquisition of independence, as the establishment of committees of correspondence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995129_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995129-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She wrote: "Every domestic enjoyment depends on the unimpaired possession of civil and religious liberty." Mercy's husband James encouraged her to write, fondly referring to her as the "scribbler",<sup id="cite_ref-bioMOW_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioMOW-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she became his chief correspondent and sounding board.<sup id="cite_ref-samizdat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samizdat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_writings_and_politics">Revolutionary writings and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolutionary writings and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warren formed a strong circle of friends with whom she regularly corresponded, including <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a>, and Hannah Winthrop, wife of <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_(educator)" title="John Winthrop (educator)">John Winthrop</a>. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Macaulay" title="Catharine Macaulay">Catharine Macaulay</a>, she writes: "America stands armed with resolution and virtue; but she still recoils at the idea of drawing the sword against the nation from whom she derived her origin. Yet Britain, like an unnatural parent, is ready to plunge her dagger into the bosom of her affectionate offspring."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She became a correspondent and advisor to many political leaders, including Washington, Samuel Adams, <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and especially John Adams, who became her literary mentor in the years leading to the Revolution. In a letter to James Warren, Adams writes, "Tell your wife that God Almighty has entrusted her with the Powers for the good of the World, which, in the cause of his Providence, he bestows on few of the human race. That instead of being a fault to use them, it would be criminal to neglect them."<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_Anthology_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath_Anthology-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She had already become acquainted with John Adam's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel</a>, as he was a frequent visitor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201542–43_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201542–43-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adams himself had suggested the basic content of the poem,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his request that Warren write was probably due to Warren's close friendship with his wife, Abigail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201589–90_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201589–90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsure of how her writing would be received, Warren consulted with her friend Abigail Adams about John Adams' opinion of her work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201589–90_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201589–90-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Adams was pleased with the anonymous poem and published it on the front page of the <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Gazette" title="Boston Gazette">Boston Gazette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also Adams who had urged her<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015143_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015143-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to write a history of the Revolution<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011516_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011516-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even while the war was still being fought. For this work, she was able to use her memory of the Revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015143–145_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015143–145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she solicited copies of congressional debates, letters, and other information from the active participants in the revolution, many of whom she knew personally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and during the Revolution, the Warren home served as a gathering place for patriot debates and meetings, allowing Mercy Warren to meet patriot leaders and their wives. In addition, her husband, James, was on the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence and among other official positions served as the paymaster of the Continental Army in 1776,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011514_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011514-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a time when Mercy Warren would travel between home and the army to serve as her husband's secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Trickey_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trickey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her elite and privileged status amid such a dramatically evolving political situation allowed her as a woman entry into the inner circles of revolutionary activity and debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011515_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011515-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did she come to know as individuals many of the most important political figures of her times, but she also formed strong opinions about many of them and some like Adams became influential in her literary life. Among those she met was George Washington, whom she described from their first meeting as "one of the most amiable and accomplished gentlemen, both in person, mind, and manners...."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, in 1790, she would ask Washington to approve her History, which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another friend, Jefferson helped her get subscriptions for this work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011521_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011521-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, this same creation also contributed to the bitterness that rose between Warren and John Adams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015127_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015127-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Revolution, Mercy sided with <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Republicanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She openly expressed her opinion in the harshest of terms in her historical account of Adams, ending one of the most productive friendships of the revolutionary period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015153–156_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015153–156-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with John Adams, John Hancock, who had once wavered about the question of independence from Britain, also fell out of favor with the Warrens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015106–107_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015106–107-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warren wrote several plays, including the <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satiric</a> <i>The Adulateur</i> (1772). Directed against Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> of Massachusetts, <i>The Adulateur</i> foretold the War of Revolution. It was published as a part of a longer play by an unknown author without Warren's consent in 1773. One of the main characters in Warren's part of the play is "Rapatio", who represented Hutchinson. Because Warren was a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> and Hutchinson was a <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a>, Warren disagreed with Hutchinson's views. Therefore, Rapatio is the antagonist in <i>The Adulateur.</i> The protagonist is "Brutus", whom Warren created to represent her brother, James Otis. In the play, the characters who are Whigs are brave, independent people, while the characters who are Tories are selfish and rude. The play includes a happy ending for the Whigs. After the play was published, Hutchinson become known as Rapatio to citizens of Massachusetts who identified with the Whigs. Because her first play was so successful and she thoroughly enjoyed writing about politics, Warren did not stop there.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1773, she wrote <i>The Defeat</i>, also featuring a character based on Hutchinson. Hutchinson had no idea of the accuracy of her plot nor completely comprehended the impact she made on his political fate. Warren's assistance in the movement to remove Governor Hutchinson from his position through <i>The Defeat</i> was one of her greatest accomplishments, and she allowed the piece a rare happy ending.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony195886–87_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony195886–87-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren began to doubt as she wrote the third installment in her trilogy<i>,</i> feeling the power of her satire compromised her divine purpose to be a "member of the gentler sex," but she found encouragement from Abigail Adams, who told her, "God Almighty has entrusted [you] with Powers for the good of the World".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony195895_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony195895-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this affirmation, Warren then provided her sharpest political commentary yet: in 1775 Warren published <i>The Group</i>, a satire conjecturing what would happen if the British king abrogated the Massachusetts charter of rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony195812_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony195812-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anonymously published <i>The Blockheads</i> (1776) and <i>The Motley Assembly</i> (1779) are also attributed to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony195884_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony195884-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1788, she published <i>Observations on the New Constitution</i>, whose ratification she opposed as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1958121–122_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1958121–122-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warren was one of the most convincing <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> in the Revolution and her works inspired others to become Patriots. Her work earned the congratulations of numerous prominent men of the age, including George Washington and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, who remarked, "In the career of dramatic composition at least, female genius in the United States has outstripped the male".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015141_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Revolutionary_writings_and_politics">Post-Revolutionary writings and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Revolutionary writings and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_Rise,_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_(1805).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg/220px-History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg/330px-History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg/440px-History_of_the_Rise%2C_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution_%281805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><i>History of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution</i> (1805)</figcaption></figure> <p>All of Warren's works were published anonymously until 1790 when she published <i>Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous</i>, the first work bearing her name. The book contains eighteen political poems and two plays. The two plays, called "The Sack of Rome" and "The Ladies of Castille," deal with liberty as well as social and moral values that were necessary to the success of the new republic.<sup id="cite_ref-samizdat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samizdat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1805, she completed her literary career with a three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Rise,_Progress,_and_Termination_of_the_American_Revolution" title="History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution">History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution</a></i>. President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> ordered subscriptions for himself and his cabinet and noted his "anticipation of her truthful account of the last thirty years that will furnish a more instructive lesson to mankind than any equal period known in history."<sup id="cite_ref-treasures_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasures-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting her access to Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, "it is considered one of the few great comprehensive histories of the Revolution and formative years of the Republic written by a contemporary," according to biographer Martha J. King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011513_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011513-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book's sharp comments on John Adams led to a heated correspondence and a breach in her friendship with Adams, which lasted until 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the book Adams fumed in a letter to a mutual friend "History is not the province of the ladies."<sup id="cite_ref-Trickey_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trickey-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Warren_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Warren_Grave.jpg/220px-James_Warren_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Warren_Grave.jpg/330px-James_Warren_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Warren_Grave.jpg/440px-James_Warren_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mercy Otis Warren's gravestone is located directly behind James Warren's plaque. She is buried alongside her husband at Burial Hill.</figcaption></figure> <p>Warren died on October 19, 1814, at the age of 86, six years after her husband died in 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19953_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19953-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is buried at <a href="/wiki/Burial_Hill" title="Burial Hill">Burial Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995s5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995s5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although at first dubious about the proper role of women as propagandists, she succumbed to the urgings of her friends and accepted her duty to use her talents for the patriot cause. Her interest in current events blossomed into the skills of a self-taught historian, with a romanticized style of the sort readers of contemporary literature expected. Like the fiction of the day, her historiography pointed toward moral lessons, and her plays and histories reflected her partisanship against the faction around Governor Hutchinson, or the Hamiltonian <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> in the national capital. Historians no longer read her for factual details, but they do find her a valuable source on the mood among intellectuals in the Revolutionary era and the early nation. Feminists debate whether she could be considered one of them, for her expressed approach was traditional, with some impatience shown at the restraints. She did strongly encourage women writers while stressing the cheerful performance of household duties.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warren proved her ability to resonate with her colonial audience, both men and women. She was willing to put forth work calling out the authoritative power while raising a family but was humble and practical in how she presented the commentary through quieter presentations. She told her son George, "The thorns, the thistles, and the briers, in the field of politics seldom permit the soil to produce anything... but ruin to the adventurer", yet the public would not let her retire from commenting on the political conflicts of her later days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015137_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015137-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Liberty_ships,_M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Liberty ships, M">SS <i>Mercy Warren</i></a>, a World War II <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> launched in 1943, was named in her honor. In 2002, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_(CDP),_New_York" title="Seneca Falls (CDP), New York">Seneca Falls, New York</a>. She is remembered on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail" title="Boston Women's Heritage Trail">Boston Women's Heritage Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her great-great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren_(U.S._author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Warren (U.S. author)">Charles Warren</a>, became a distinguished lawyer and historian.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her date of birth is September 25, 1728, on today's calendar. It was September 14, 1728, on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trickey-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trickey_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trickey_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trickey_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrickey" class="citation news cs1">Trickey, Erick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/woman-whose-words-inflamed-american-revolution-180963765/">"The Woman Whose Words Inflamed the American Revolution"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Woman+Whose+Words+Inflamed+the+American+Revolution&rft.aulast=Trickey&rft.aufirst=Erick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwoman-whose-words-inflamed-american-revolution-180963765%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-projectcontinua.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-projectcontinua.org_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whipp, Koren (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectcontinua.org/mercy-otis-warren/">"Mercy Otis Warren"</a>. Project Continua.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19952-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19952_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mass_moments-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mass_moments_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mass_moments_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massmoments.com/moment.cfm?mid=328">"Mass. Foundation for the Humanities"</a>. <i>Mercy Otis Warren</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.atitle=Mass.+Foundation+for+the+Humanities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massmoments.com%2Fmoment.cfm%3Fmid%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19959–11,_16,_29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19959–11,_16,_29_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, pp. 9–11, 16, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caso-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caso_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaso2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Caso, Maddie (February 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entitymag.com/famous-women-in-history-mercy-otis-warren/">"Famous Women in History: Mercy Otis Warren"</a>. <i>Entity Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entity+Magazine&rft.atitle=Famous+Women+in+History%3A+Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.aulast=Caso&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entitymag.com%2Ffamous-women-in-history-mercy-otis-warren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201512-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201512_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZagarri2015">Zagarri 2015</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19953-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19953_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19953_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards19954-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards19954_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1896" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Alice (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercywarren00browuoft"><i>Mercy Warren</i></a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mercywarren00browuoft/page/93">93</a>, 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercy+Warren&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=93%2C+96&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmercywarren00browuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masshist-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-masshist_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0235">"Massachusetts Historical Society"</a>. <i>Mercy Otis Warren Papers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren+Papers&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Ffindingaids%2Fdoc.cfm%3Ffa%3Dfa0235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillis200540-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillis200540_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillis2005">Gillis 2005</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2004_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerlach2004">Gerlach 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-03-02-0054">"The Speaker of the House of Representatives to the Massachusetts"</a>. <i>founders.archives.gov</i>. July 25, 1775<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archives.gov&rft.atitle=The+Speaker+of+the+House+of+Representatives+to+the+Massachusetts&rft.date=1775-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FAdams%2F06-03-02-0054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodenboughHaskin2015100-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodenboughHaskin2015100_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodenboughHaskin2015">Rodenbough & Haskin 2015</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri201544,_167_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZagarri2015">Zagarri 2015</a>, p. 44, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2011514-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011514_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2011514_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2011">King 2011</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker2019" class="citation web cs1">Hacker, Jeffrey H. (2019-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capecodlife.com/otis/">"The story of Barnstable's James and Mercy Otis"</a>. <i>Cape Cod LIFE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cape+Cod+LIFE&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Barnstable%27s+James+and+Mercy+Otis&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapecodlife.com%2Fotis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1995129-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1995129_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1995">Richards 1995</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioMOW-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bioMOW_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924113620/http://streamer3.lacoe.edu/Americanhistory/enactments/Walters/Walters_biography.htm">"American History for 21st Century Citizens: A Southern California Consortium"</a>. <i>Biography (Virtual Re-enactments; Mercy Otis Warren)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://streamer3.lacoe.edu/Americanhistory/enactments/Walters/Walters_biography.htm">the original</a> on September 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography+%28Virtual+Re-enactments%3B+Mercy+Otis+Warren%29&rft.atitle=American+History+for+21st+Century+Citizens%3A+A+Southern+California+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstreamer3.lacoe.edu%2FAmericanhistory%2Fenactments%2FWalters%2FWalters_biography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samizdat-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samizdat_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samizdat_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seltzerbooks.com/warren/generalintroduction.html">"Mercy Otis Warren, conscience of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>Introduction to the work of Mercy Otis Warren</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Introduction+to+the+work+of+Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.atitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren%2C+conscience+of+the+American+Revolution.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seltzerbooks.com%2Fwarren%2Fgeneralintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellet_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllet1849" class="citation web cs1">Ellet, Elizabeth F. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threerivershms.com/amwomenmwarr.htm">"The Women of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>Mercy Warren</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercy+Warren&rft.atitle=The+Women+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Ellet&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthreerivershms.com%2Famwomenmwarr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath_Anthology-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath_Anthology_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heaih/4e/students/author_pages/eighteenth/warren_me.html">"Heath Anthology of American Literature"</a>. <i>Mercy Otis Warren</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Benson, "Warren, Mercy Otis," in John A. Garraty, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American Biography</i> (1974), pp. 1152-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015137-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZagarri2015137_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZagarri2015">Zagarri 2015</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bwht.org/downtown/#15">"Downtown"</a>. <i>Boston Women's Heritage Trail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Women%27s+Heritage+Trail&rft.atitle=Downtown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwht.org%2Fdowntown%2F%2315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supremecourthistory.org/assets/schs-journal/pub_journal_1996_vol_2.pdf">"Charles Warren Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Supreme Court History</i>. <b>2</b>. Supreme Court Historical Society: 162. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914785-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-914785-13-3"><bdi>0-914785-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Charles+Warren+Revisited&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=162&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-914785-13-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourthistory.org%2Fassets%2Fschs-journal%2Fpub_journal_1996_vol_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1958" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Katharine (1958). <i>First Lady of the Revolution: The Life of Mercy Otis Warren</i>. Doubleay & Company. pp. 86–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Lady+of+the+Revolution%3A+The+Life+of+Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Doubleay+%26+Company&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gerlach, Murney (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-68768">"Warren, James (1726–1808)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68768">10.1093/ref:odnb/68768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warren%2C+James+%281726%E2%80%931808%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68768&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Murney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-68768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Jennifer Blizin (2005). <i>Mercy Otis Warren: Author and Historian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Compass_Point_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass Point Books">Compass Point Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-0982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-0982-8"><bdi>978-0-7565-0982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren%3A+Author+and+Historian&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-0982-8&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Blizin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation journal cs1">King, Martha J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513">"The "pen of the historian": Mercy Otis Warren's History of the American Revolution"</a>. <i>The Princeton University Library Chronicle</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 513–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-8456">0032-8456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513">10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+University+Library+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+%22pen+of+the+historian%22%3A+Mercy+Otis+Warren%27s+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=513-532&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0032-8456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.25290%2Fprinunivlibrchro.72.2.0513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/mercyotiswarren0000rich"><i>Mercy Otis Warren</i></a>. New York : Twayne Publishers ; London : Prentice Hall International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-4003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-4003-5"><bdi>978-0-8057-4003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Twayne+Publishers+%3B+London+%3A+Prentice+Hall+International&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-4003-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmercyotiswarren0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span> (Reviewed in <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> 1997 54(3): 659–61—via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953865?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents">JSTOR Review</a> by Jacqueline S. Reinier.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodenboughHaskin2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Francis_Rodenbough" title="Theophilus Francis Rodenbough">Rodenbough, Theophilus Francis</a>; Haskin, William Lawrence (2015) [1896]. <i>The Army Of The United States: Historical Sketches Of Staff And Line With Portraits Of Generals-in-chief</i>. Arkose Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3441-3256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3441-3256-5"><bdi>978-1-3441-3256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+Of+The+United+States%3A+Historical+Sketches+Of+Staff+And+Line+With+Portraits+Of+Generals-in-chief&rft.pub=Arkose+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3441-3256-5&rft.aulast=Rodenbough&rft.aufirst=Theophilus+Francis&rft.au=Haskin%2C+William+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagarri2015" class="citation book cs1">Zagarri, Rosemarie (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/womansdilemmamer0000zaga_p9y3"><i>A Woman's Dilemma : Mercy Otis Warren and the American Revolution</i></a>. Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-98113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-98113-9"><bdi>978-1-118-98113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woman%27s+Dilemma+%3A+Mercy+Otis+Warren+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Hoboken+%3A+John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-98113-9&rft.aulast=Zagarri&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomansdilemmamer0000zaga_p9y3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotting2016" class="citation journal cs1">Botting, Eileen Hunt (2016). "Women Writing War: Mercy Otis Warren and Hannah Mather Crocker on the American Revolution". <i>Massachusetts Historical Review</i>. <b>18</b>. Massachusetts Historical Society: 88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5224%2Fmasshistrevi.18.1.0088">10.5224/masshistrevi.18.1.0088</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1526-3894">1526-3894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Women+Writing+War%3A+Mercy+Otis+Warren+and+Hannah+Mather+Crocker+on+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5224%2Fmasshistrevi.18.1.0088&rft.issn=1526-3894&rft.aulast=Botting&rft.aufirst=Eileen+Hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1983" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Lester H. (1983). "Mercy Otis Warren: The Politics of Language and the Aesthetics of Self". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 481–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2712812">10.2307/2712812</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2712812">2712812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren%3A+The+Politics+of+Language+and+the+Aesthetics+of+Self&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=481-498&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2712812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2712812&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Lester+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davies, Kate. <i>Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren: The Revolutionary Atlantic and the Politics of Gender</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Davies, Kate, "Revolutionary Correspondence: Reading Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren," <i>Women's Writing: the Elizabethan to Victorian Period</i>. 2006 13:1, 73–97.</li> <li>Ellis, Joseph J. <i>The Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams</i>. Norton, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31133-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31133-3">0-393-31133-3</a></li> <li>Franklin, Benjamin V. and Warren, Mercy Otis. <i>The Plays and Poems of Mercy Otis Warren.</i> Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1980. Print.</li> <li>Friedman, Lawrence J. and Shaffer, Arthur H. "Mercy Otis Warren and the Politics of Historical Nationalism." <i>New England Quarterly</i> 1975 48(2): 194–215. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364658">364658</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_B._Gelles" title="Edith B. Gelles">Gelles, Edith B.</a> "Bonds of Friendship: the Correspondence of Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren" <i>Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society</i> 1996 108: 35–71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0076-4981">0076-4981</a></li> <li>Lane, Larry M. and Lane, Judith J. "The Columbian Patriot: Mercy Otis Warren and the Constitution." <i>Women & Politics</i> 1990 10(2): 17–32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0195-7732">0195-7732</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Mike (2017). <i>Written out of history : the forgotten founders who fought big government</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-56445-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-56445-1"><bdi>978-0-399-56445-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/987958509">987958509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+out+of+history+%3A+the+forgotten+founders+who+fought+big+government&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F987958509&rft.isbn=978-0-399-56445-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Oreovicz, Cheryl Z. "Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814)" <i>Legacy</i> 1996 13(1): 54–64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0748-4321">0748-4321</a> Fulltext online at Swetswise</li> <li>Shalev, Eran. "Mercy Otis Warren, the American Revolution and the Classical Imagination." <i>Transatlantica. Revue d'études américaines. American Studies Journal</i> 2 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/7713">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShone2019" class="citation book cs1">Shone, Steve J. (2019). "Mercy Otis Warren, the So-Called "Republican" Patriot". <i>Women of Liberty</i>. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol. 135. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 9–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004393226_003">10.1163/9789004393226_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39045-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39045-4"><bdi>978-90-04-39045-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercy+Otis+Warren%2C+the+So-Called+%22Republican%22+Patriot&rft.btitle=Women+of+Liberty&rft.series=Studies+in+Critical+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=9-53&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004393226_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39045-4&rft.aulast=Shone&rft.aufirst=Steve+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMercy+Otis+Warren" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rubin_Stuart" title="Nancy Rubin Stuart">Stuart, Rubin, Nancy</a>. <i>The Muse of the Revolution: The Secret Pen of Mercy Otis Warren and the Founding of a Nation</i>. Beacon Press, 2008.</li> <li>Tarantello, Patricia F. "Insisting on Femininity: Mercy Otis Warren, Susanna Rowson, and Literary Self-Promotion." <i>Women's Studies</i> 46.3 (2017): 181–199.</li> <li>Wood, Gordon S. "The Authorship of the Letters from the Federal Farmer" (in Notes and Documents). <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. 3rd Ser., Vol. 31, No. 2. (Apr., 1974), pp. 299–308.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercy_Otis_Warren&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Warren, Mercy Otis. <i>The Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revolution, Interspersed with Biographical, Political and Moral Observations</i>. Ed. and Ann. by Lester H. Cohen (2 vols.) Liberty Classics, 1988 (modern reprint of orig. 1804 edition).</li> <li>Warren, Mercy Otis. <i>Mercy Otis Warren: Selected Letters</i> (University of Georgia Press, 2010).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33784">Works by Mercy Otis Warren</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20Otis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Warren%2C%20M%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mercy%20Otis%20Warren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mercy%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22M%2E%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mercy%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mercy%20Otis%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mercy%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22M%2E%20Otis%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20Otis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Warren%2C%20M%2E%20O%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Warren%2C%20M%2E%20Otis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mercy%20Warren%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mercy%20Otis%20Warren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mercy%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22M%2E%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mercy%20Warren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mercy%20Otis%20Warren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mercy%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22M%2E%20O%2E%20Warren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20Otis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%20O%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mercy%20Warren%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Warren%2C%20Mercy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221728-1814%22%20AND%20Warren%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Mercy Otis Warren</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11769">Works by Mercy Otis Warren</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2338545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2338545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2338545#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/114623">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9382/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdjCDRvjKdHgWR9kTfv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119296357">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028341">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12495816s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12495816s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35592162">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000109938&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4583753">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07940877X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269888505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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