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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_self-taught_musicianship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_self-taught_musicianship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and self-taught musicianship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_self-taught_musicianship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s:_career_beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s:_career_beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1940s: career beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s:_career_beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s:_recording_career_and_"Hound_Dog"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_recording_career_and_"Hound_Dog""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1950s: recording career and "Hound Dog"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_recording_career_and_"Hound_Dog"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnny_Ace's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnny_Ace's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Johnny Ace's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnny_Ace's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_"Ball_and_Chain"_and_continued_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_"Ball_and_Chain"_and_continued_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1960s: "Ball and Chain" and continued success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_"Ball_and_Chain"_and_continued_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_and_1980s:_later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_and_1980s:_later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1970s and 1980s: later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_and_1980s:_later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studio_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Studio albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Live_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Live_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Live albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Live_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Compilation albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Singles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Big Mama Thornton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیق ماما تورنتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیق ماما تورنتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیگ ماما تورنتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیگ ماما تورنتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85_%EB%A7%88%EB%A7%88_%EC%86%90%ED%8A%BC" title="빅 마마 손튼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅 마마 손튼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Торнтон, Биг Мамæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Торнтон, Биг Мамæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%AA%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ביג מאמא ת'ורנטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביג מאמא ת'ורנטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="ബിഗ് മാമാ തോണ്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിഗ് മാമാ തോണ്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيج ماما ثورنتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيج ماما ثورنتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ビッグ・ママ・ソーントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビッグ・ママ・ソーントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Торнтон, Биг Мама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торнтон, Биг Мама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Tornton" title="Big Mama Tornton – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Big Mama Tornton" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mama_Thornton" title="Big Mama Thornton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Big Mama Thornton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Big Mama Thornton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornton_Big_Mama_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thornton c. 1955–1960"><img alt="Thornton c. 1955–1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Thornton_Big_Mama_01.jpg/220px-Thornton_Big_Mama_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b3/Thornton_Big_Mama_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="347" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Thornton <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1955–1960</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Willie Mae Thornton</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-12-11</span>)</span>December 11, 1926<br /><a href="/wiki/Ariton,_Alabama" title="Ariton, Alabama">Ariton, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 25, 1984<span style="display:none">(1984-07-25)</span> (aged 57)<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas blues</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singer</li><li>songwriter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Vocals</li><li>harmonica</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1947–1984</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Records_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ace Records (UK)">Ace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arhoolie_Records" title="Arhoolie Records">Arhoolie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Back_Beat_Records" title="Back Beat Records">Back Beat</a></li><li>Bay-Tone</li><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Records" title="Duke Records">Duke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Records" title="Galaxy Records">Galaxy</a></li><li>Irma</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock</a></li><li>Pentagram</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton</b> (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American singer and songwriter of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>. </p><p>The <i>Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul</i> described Thornton, saying: "Her booming voice, sometimes 200-pound frame, and exuberant stage manner had audiences stomping their feet and shouting encouragement in R&B theaters from coast to coast from the early 1950s on".<sup id="cite_ref-Stambler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stambler-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thornton was the first to record <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller" title="Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller">Leiber and Stoller</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>", in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-russell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was written for her. It became Thornton's biggest hit, selling over 500,000 copies and staying seven weeks at number one on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> R&B chart</a> in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> music professor Maureen Mahon, "the song is seen as an important beginning of rock-and-roll, especially in its use of the guitar as the key instrument".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thornton's other recordings include her song "<a href="/wiki/Ball_and_Chain_(Big_Mama_Thornton_song)" title="Ball and Chain (Big Mama Thornton song)">Ball and Chain</a>", made famous in the late 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>. Though later recordings of her songs by other artists sold millions of copies, she was denied royalties by not holding the publishing copyrights to her creativity. Thornton died of a heart attack and liver disorders, penniless in a boarding-house in Los Angeles, California, and was buried in a shared pauper's grave. In 2024, Thornton was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in the musical influence category. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_self-taught_musicianship">Early life and self-taught musicianship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and self-taught musicianship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thornton was born on December 11, 1926, the sixth of George and Mattie (née Haynes) Thornton's seven children.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Thornton's birth certificate states that she was born in <a href="/wiki/Ariton,_Alabama" title="Ariton, Alabama">Ariton, Alabama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Arhoolie" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhoolie">Arhoolie</a> Records producer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Strachwitz" title="Chris Strachwitz">Chris Strachwitz</a>, she claimed <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, as her birthplace, perhaps because Montgomery was better known than Ariton.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was introduced to music in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a singer. Thornton said "I used to go to church a lot, but I didn’t do too much singing in church".<sup id="cite_ref-Arhoolie_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arhoolie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton's mother fell gravely ill from tuberculosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 13, Thornton cared for her mother until her death in the Montgomery Tuberculosis Sanatorium in 1939. At the time Thornton was still in the third grade. After losing her mother, she was unable to continue to attend school.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton left school and got a job washing and cleaning <a href="/wiki/Spittoon" title="Spittoon">spittoons</a> in a local tavern. </p><p>Thornton's talent was self taught. She said "My singing comes from my experience... My own experience. I never had no one teach me nothin'. I never went to school for music or nothin'. I taught myself to sing and to blow harmonica and even to play drums by watchin’ other people! I can't read music, but I know what I'm singing! I don't sing like nobody but myself".<sup id="cite_ref-FarOut_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FarOut-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Thornton was 8 years old, she taught herself to play the harmonica by watching her older brother, Calliope "Harp" Thornton.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observing the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm-and-blues</a> singers Bessie Smith and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Minnie" title="Memphis Minnie">Memphis Minnie</a>, whom she deeply admired, helped develop her singing talent.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I just started hearing the blues of Bessie Smith, well I was a kid myself, you know. I was a young type of youngster always running around the house humming the blues and my daddy wanted to get me with the razor strop, but I hit the door".<sup id="cite_ref-Terkel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terkel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton explained her early love of the blues, saying "My father was a minister. He's a Baptist preacher, and my mother she was very religious. And me, I don't know what I am, I'm -- well, [I] was just born with the blues... I really got the blues, you know, in '39 when I lost my mother, and then I said, 'Well, I don't know what to do'. I said, 'Well, I think I want to sing the blues'. So I said, well, [at] that time, I was listening to <a href="/wiki/Big_Maceo_Merriweather" title="Big Maceo Merriweather">Big Maceo</a>, his "Worried Life Blues" and I said 'I think I want to sing that', and I did. That was a beautiful number. Yeah."<sup id="cite_ref-Terkel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terkel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s:_career_beginnings">1940s: career beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1940s: career beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thornton's talent was discovered in 1940 when she was fourteen years old. <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Teeth_Mary" title="Diamond Teeth Mary">Diamond Teeth Mary</a>, the half-sister of one of her early idols <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, encouraged her to enter a talent contest after having heard Thornton singing while working a side-job on a garbage truck.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lunacy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunacy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton described the audition during a 1970 <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a> radio interview, saying "Show came through in the first of the '40s and called it 'Sammy Green's Hot Harlem Revue' as I mentioned earlier. They didn't have a singer, and so I asked him, I said, 'Give me an audition, let me sing'. I said, 'I've been singing all the little talent shows around here'. He said, 'Oh, little 'ole girl, you can't sing'. I said, 'Will you give me a try?' He said, 'Yeah, well, when the show start, say we gonna give a little audition for singers, 'cause I'm looking for a singer'. And so he give auditions. So I was there, he wrote my name down, and several people they sung, and then he said, 'Well, I, I want to see what you can do'. So I got up there, I had an old pair of jeans, one leg rolled up, I got up and I started singing one of Louis Jordan's song called "G.I. Jive", and I sung that song, and I sang this blues by Big Maceo, "Worried Life Blues" and he hired me. Out of 25 people, I was the 26th but then he hired me".<sup id="cite_ref-Terkel_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terkel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>14-year-old Thornton left home, traveling with the show between different cities in Alabama and Georgia. Thornton described the revue as "a stage show, like, playing in theaters... dancers, chorus girls, comedians, singers".<sup id="cite_ref-Arhoolie_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arhoolie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally hired as a dancer, singer and comedienne, Thornton quickly became known as the "New Bessie Smith" for her vocal talent.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton left Green's show in 1948 over a money dispute, saying "I traveled with them for quite a few years, and I went to Houston, Texas in ’48. We played there and then we left. As a matter of fact, I quit the show in ’48... They owed me a little, quite a bit of money and they wouldn’t pay it, and I just got tired".<sup id="cite_ref-Yale1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s:_recording_career_and_"Hound_Dog""><span id="1950s:_recording_career_and_.22Hound_Dog.22"></span>1950s: recording career and "Hound Dog"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950s: recording career and "Hound Dog""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thornton moved to Houston and started singing at the <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Ballroom" title="Eldorado Ballroom">Eldorado Ballroom</a> for fifty dollars a night. In 1950, Thornton recorded her first record, "All Right Baby" and "Bad Luck Got My Man", released on Houston's E&W Recording Studio record label and credited to the "Harlem All Stars". Thornton was credited as songwriter on both songs. Thornton moved to the Bronze Peacock Dinner Club which was owned by impresario and record producer <a href="/wiki/Don_Robey" title="Don Robey">Don Robey</a>. In 1950 she signed a five-year recording contract with Robey's <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a>. Her first Peacock record "No Jody For Me / Let Your Tears Fall Baby" was a local hit in the Houston area, but did not catch on nationally. Thornton needed additional income to live, so she started shining shoes to get by.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Don Robey struck a deal with impresario <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a>, allowing Peacock Records artists who had not broken through to national success to travel with Otis' California Rhythm and Blues Caravan<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to gain experience and exposure. The deal included recording the artists in Los Angeles and giving the recordings to Robey for distribution. Thornton was one of the artists Otis selected. </p><p>During the revue's appearance at Harlem's Apollo Theatre in December 1952, Thornton did not have a hit single of her own to sing. She sang a version of the <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ward_and_his_Dominoes" title="Billy Ward and his Dominoes">Billy Ward and his Dominoes</a> hit "<a href="/wiki/Have_Mercy_Baby" title="Have Mercy Baby">Have Mercy Baby</a>". The audience went wild for Thornton and would not stop until the stage manager brought the curtain down in order to move the show on. Thornton said "...that's where they made their mistake. They put me on first. I wasn't out there to put no one off stage. I was out there to get known and I did!... They had to put the curtain down. That's when they put my name in lights. Mr. Frank Shiffman, the manager came back stage hollerin' to Johnny Otis... 'You said you had a star and you got a star. You got to put her on to close the show!"<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next night, the Apollo marquee read "Big Mama Thornton". </p><p>While working with Otis, Thornton recorded "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>" in 1952, the first record produced by its writers <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Leiber_and_Mike_Stoller" title="Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller">Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller</a>. The pair were present at the recording,<sup id="cite_ref-pc7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Leiber demonstrating the song in the vocal style they had envisioned;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoller said "We wanted her to growl it." Thornton said "Don't tell me how to sing no song", but relented.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otis played drums, after the original drummer was unable to play an adequate part. Thornton's song is credited as helping to usher in the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton realized her record was being broadcast while traveling to a Dayton, Ohio performance. "I was going to the theater and I just turned the radio on in the car and the man said, 'Here's a record that's going nationwide: "Hound Dog" by Willie Mae Thornton'. I said, That's me! I hadn't heard the record in so long. So when we get to the theater they was blasting it. You could hear it from the theater, from the loudspeaker. They were just playing "Hound Dog" all over the theater. So I goes up in the operating room, I say, 'Do you mind playing that again?'... 'Cause I hadn't heard the record in so long I forgot the words myself. So I stood there while he was playing it, listening to it. So that evening I sang it on the show, and everybody went for it".<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hound Dog" was Thornton's only hit record, selling over 500,000 copies, spending 14 weeks in the R&B charts, including seven weeks at number one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the record made Thornton a star, she reportedly saw little of the profits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton never received full credit for recording the original version of the song. She claimed she received just one royalty check for $500 from her version that spent seven weeks as number one on the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i></a> R&B chart. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> quoted her as having said, "Didn’t get no money from them at all. Everybody livin’ in a house but me. I'm just livin".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton's success with "Hound Dog" was overshadowed three years later when <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> recorded a hit version of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-pc7_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presley, who did have knowledge of Thornton's recording of the song,<sup id="cite_ref-thorntonhounddog_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorntonhounddog-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later heard a sanitized version of "Hound Dog" performed by <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Bell_and_the_Bellboys" title="Freddie Bell and the Bellboys">Freddie Bell and the Bellboys</a>, while attending their show at the <a href="/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino" title="Sands Hotel and Casino">Sands Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. Bell had removed Thornton's growling declaration of leaving a cheating partner. Bell changed the song, the new lyrics were sung to a literal dog.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presley's version sold ten million copies, so today few people know that "Hound Dog" began as Thornton's "anthem of black Women's power".<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, Presley did not steal Thornton's version of "Hound Dog," with the song's co-writer Mike Stoller, who later co-wrote Presley songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)" title="Jailhouse Rock (song)">Jailhouse Rock</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/King_Creole_(song)" title="King Creole (song)">King Creole</a>", noting in 2022 that Presley had used the modified Freddie Bell and the Bellboys version.<sup id="cite_ref-thorntonhounddog_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorntonhounddog-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thornton continued with Johnny Otis's band between 1951 and 1954. The 30 recordings she made for the Peacock label during that time are considered "remarkable for the vocal presence and total cohesiveness".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton performed in R&B package tours with <a href="/wiki/Junior_Parker" title="Junior Parker">Junior Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Phillips" title="Esther Phillips">Esther Phillips</a> and continued to record for Peacock until 1957. Thornton did not have another hit record. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnny_Ace's_death"><span id="Johnny_Ace.27s_death"></span>Johnny Ace's death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Johnny Ace's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While performing Christmas Day 1954 at the City Auditorium in Houston, Texas, Thornton tried to intervene as fellow Duke and Peacock record performer <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ace" title="Johnny Ace">Johnny Ace</a> was playing with a new .22 cal. revolver in the backstage dressing room during that evening's show. In an official deposition taken at 12:40 am the next morning, Thornton said "I looked over at Johnny and noticed he had a pistol in his hand. It was a pistol that he bought somewhere in Florida. It was a .22 cal. revolver. Johnny was pointing this pistol at Mary Carter and Joe Hamilton. He was kind of waving it around. I asked Johnny to let me see the gun. He gave it to me and when I turned the chamber a .22 cal. bullet fell out in my hand. Johnny told me to put it back in where it wouldn’t fall out. I put it back and gave it to him. I told him not to snap it at nobody". Ace did not heed Thornton's advice. "After he got the pistol back, Johnny pointed the pistol at Mary Carter and pulled the trigger. It snapped... I told Johnny again not to snap the pistol at anybody. Johnny then put the pistol to Olivia’s head and pulled the trigger. It snapped. Johnny said 'I’ll show you that it won't shoot'. He held the pistol up and looked at it first and then put it to his head. I started toward the door and I heard the pistol go off. I turned around and saw Johnny falling to the floor. I saw that he was shot and I run on stage and told the people in the band about it. I stayed there until the officers arrived".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_"Ball_and_Chain"_and_continued_success"><span id="1960s:_.22Ball_and_Chain.22_and_continued_success"></span>1960s: "Ball and Chain" and continued success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s: "Ball and Chain" and continued success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As her career began to fade in the late 1950s and early 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-russell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she left Houston and relocated to the San Francisco Bay area, playing clubs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Her performances were infrequent so she could not retain a steady group of musicians to back her. Chris Strachwitz said when Thornton was booked to perform in a good venue like the Fillmore, her manager at the time, Jim Moore, would hire "lounge musicians. He called them 'jazz musicians' or whatever... they had no clue what the blues was all about. They were mediocre at the best".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While living in the Bay Area, Thorton recorded for a succession of labels, including Bay-Tone, Irma, Kent, Sotoplay<sup id="cite_ref-Gaar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Berkeley-based <a href="/wiki/Arhoolie_Records" title="Arhoolie Records">Arhoolie Records</a>. </p><p>In 1961 Thornton wrote another signature song, "<a href="/wiki/Ball_and_Chain_(Big_Mama_Thornton_song)" title="Ball and Chain (Big Mama Thornton song)">Ball And Chain</a>". The song relates the feelings of a woman who has been mistreated by her partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton assigned the song's copyright to Bay-Tone Records, a small, independent San Francisco record company in 1961. Bay-Tone released three of Thornton's singles, including "You Did Me Wrong / Big Mama's Blues". However the label chose not to release her "Ball And Chain" recording and instead held on to the copyright. This caused Thornton to once again miss out on the publishing royalties when her song was recorded by another artist and became a hit. During her later efforts to secure the royalties from the song, Thornton described how she had written the song 9 years before she recorded it, saying "I was singing that way before I recorded it". </p><p>After hearing Thornton perform the song at the Both/And Club on <a href="/wiki/Divisadero_Street" title="Divisadero Street">Divisadero Street</a> in San Francisco,<sup id="cite_ref-thinning_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinning-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_and_the_Holding_Company" title="Big Brother and the Holding Company">Big Brother and the Holding Company</a>'s vocalist <a href="/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a> and guitarist James Gurley approached her and asked permission to cover "Ball And Chain".<sup id="cite_ref-Yale1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton agreed. Gurley slowed the blues song, using a minor key. The band performed their version of "Ball And Chain" at the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterey Pop Festival">Monterey Pop Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaar_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crowd was stunned. Band guitarist Sam Andrew joked "This was no ‘wear flowers in your hair’ song".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the band released their version of the song on their album <i><a href="/wiki/Cheap_Thrills_(Big_Brother_and_the_Holding_Company_album)" title="Cheap Thrills (Big Brother and the Holding Company album)">Cheap Thrills</a></i> in August 1968. The album remained at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 200 charts for two months. Joplin's interpretation of the song renewed interest in Thornton, boosting her career.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1972 interview, Thornton acknowledged receiving royalty payments after having given Joplin permission to record her song, saying "I gave her the right and the permission to make 'Ball 'n' Chain' . . . It's all right, it made me money. At least I got paid for it, and I'm still drawing royalties".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the success of Big Brother's <i>Cheap Thrills</i> album, Arhoolie Records released Thornton's recording of "Ball And Chain" as a way to capitalize on the success of Joplin's cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, Thornton toured Europe with the <a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Blues_Festival" title="American Folk Blues Festival">American Folk Blues Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she was "celebrated by adoring fans".<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviews of the tour said "Thornton dazzles European audiences who are experiencing her live for the first time".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her success was notable "because very few female blues singers at that time had ever enjoyed success across the Atlantic".<sup id="cite_ref-Dicaire_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dicaire-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in London on October 20, she recorded her first album for Arhoolie, <i>Big Mama Thornton – In Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It featured backing by blues veterans <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Guy" title="Buddy Guy">Buddy Guy</a> (guitar), <a href="/wiki/Fred_Below" title="Fred Below">Fred Below</a> (drums), <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Boyd" title="Eddie Boyd">Eddie Boyd</a> (keyboards), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Lee_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimmy Lee Robinson (page does not exist)">Jimmy Lee Robinson</a> (bass), and <a href="/wiki/Walter_%22Shakey%22_Horton" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter "Shakey" Horton">Walter "Shakey" Horton</a> (harmonica),<sup id="cite_ref-Sporke_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for two songs (and a third as a bonus track on the 2005 CD reissue) on which <a href="/wiki/Fred_McDowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred McDowell">Fred McDowell</a> provided acoustic slide guitar.<sup id="cite_ref-AllMusic_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllMusic-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music producer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Strachwitz" title="Chris Strachwitz">Chris Strachwitz</a> said "Willie Mae ‘Big Mama’ Thornton is in my opinion the greatest female blues singer of this and any other decade" in the album's liner notes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Thornton recorded her second album for Arhoolie, <i>Big Mama Thornton with the Muddy Waters Blues Band – 1966</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> (guitar), <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Lawhorn" title="Sammy Lawhorn">Sammy Lawhorn</a> (guitar), <a href="/wiki/James_Cotton" title="James Cotton">James Cotton</a> (harmonica), <a href="/wiki/Otis_Spann" title="Otis Spann">Otis Spann</a> (piano), <a href="/wiki/Luther_Johnson_(Guitar_Junior)" title="Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior)">Luther Johnson</a> (bass guitar), and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Clay" title="Francis Clay">Francis Clay</a> (drums). Thornton performed at the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Jazz_Festival" title="Monterey Jazz Festival">Monterey Jazz Festival</a> in 1966 and 1968. Her last album for Arhoolie, <i>Ball n' Chain</i>, was released in 1968. It was made up of tracks from her two previous albums, plus her composition "Ball And Chain" and the standard "<a href="/wiki/Wade_in_the_Water" title="Wade in the Water">Wade in the Water</a>". A small combo, including her frequent guitarist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_%22Bee%22_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward "Bee" Houston (page does not exist)">Edward "Bee" Houston</a>, provided backup for the two songs. </p><p>By 1969, Thornton had signed with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a>, which released her most successful album, <i>Stronger Than Dirt</i>, which reached number 198 in the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Top_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Top 200">Billboard Top 200</a> record chart. Next, Thornton signed a contract with Pentagram Records and finally fulfilled one of her biggest dreams. A blues woman and the daughter of a preacher, Thornton loved the blues and what she called the "good singing" of gospel artists like the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Hummingbirds">Dixie Hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahalia_Jackson" title="Mahalia Jackson">Mahalia Jackson</a>. She had always wanted to record a gospel record, and did so with the album <i>Saved</i> (PE 10005). The album includes the gospel classics "<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Happy_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Oh, Happy Day">Oh, Happy Day</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Down_By_The_Riverside" class="mw-redirect" title="Down By The Riverside">Down By The Riverside</a>", "Glory, Glory Hallelujah", "<a href="/wiki/He%27s_Got_the_Whole_World_in_His_Hands" title="He's Got the Whole World in His Hands">He's Got the Whole World in His Hands</a>", "Lord Save Me", "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot" title="Swing Low, Sweet Chariot">Swing Low, Sweet Chariot</a>", "<a href="/wiki/One_More_River" title="One More River">One More River</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Go_Down_Moses" title="Go Down Moses">Go Down Moses</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, the American blues revival had come to an end. While the original blues acts like Thornton mostly played smaller venues, younger people played their versions of blues in massive arenas for big money. Since the blues had seeped into other genres of music, the blues musician no longer needed impoverishment or geography for substantiation; the style was enough. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s_and_1980s:_later_career">1970s and 1980s: later career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s and 1980s: later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While at home the offers became fewer and smaller, things changed for good in 1972, when Thornton was asked to rejoin the American Folk Blues Festival tour. She thought of Europe as a good place for herself, and, with the lack of engagements in the United States, she agreed happily. The tour, beginning on March 2, took Thornton to Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, where it ended on March 27 in Stockholm. With her on the bill were Eddie Boyd, Big Joe Williams, Robert Pete Williams, T- Bone Walker, Paul Lenart, Hartley Severns, Edward Taylor and Vinton Johnson. As in 1965, they garnered recognition and respect from other musicians who wanted to see them.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, the damage from years of heavy drinking began to visibly affect Thornton's health. She was in a serious auto accident but recovered to perform at the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport Jazz Festival</a> with Muddy Waters, <a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_%22Cleanhead%22_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson">Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson</a>. <i>The Blues — A Real Summit Meeting</i>, a recording of this performance was released by <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Records">Buddha Records</a>. Thornton's last albums were <i>Jail</i> and <i>Sassy Mama</i> for <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard Records</a> in 1975. <i>Jail</i> captured her performances during mid-1970s concerts at two prisons in the northwestern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other songs from this recording session were released in 2000 on <i>Big Mama Swings</i> (the third disc in <i>The Complete Vanguard Recordings</i> set). She was backed by a blues ensemble that featured sustained jams by <a href="/wiki/George_%22Harmonica%22_Smith" title="George "Harmonica" Smith">George "Harmonica" Smith</a> and included the guitarists <a href="/wiki/Doug_MacLeod_(musician)" title="Doug MacLeod (musician)">Doug MacLeod</a>, Bee Houston and Steve Wachsman, the drummer Todd Nelson, saxophonist Bill Potter, bassist Bruce Sieverson, and pianist J. D. Nicholson. She toured extensively through the United States and Canada, played at the Juneteenth Blues Fest in Houston, sharing the bill with John Lee Hooker.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She performed at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Blues_Festival" title="San Francisco Blues Festival">San Francisco Blues Festival</a> in 1979 and the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival" title="Newport Jazz Festival">Newport Jazz Festival</a> in 1980. Thornton also performed in the "Blues Is a Woman" concert that year, alongside <a href="/wiki/Sippie_Wallace" title="Sippie Wallace">Sippie Wallace</a>, sporting a man's three-piece suit, straw hat, and gold watch. She sat at center stage and played pieces she wanted to play, which were not on the program.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton took part in the Tribal Stomp at Monterey Fairgrounds, the Third Annual Sacramento Blues Festival, and the Los Angeles Bicentennial Blues with B. B. King and Muddy Waters. She was a guest on an ABC-TV special hosted by actor Hal Holbrook and was joined by <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> and toured through the club scene. She was also part of the award-winning PBS television special <i>Three Generations</i> of the blues with Sippie Wallace and Jeannie Cheatham.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thornton was found dead at age 57 by medical personnel in a Los Angeles boarding house<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on July 25, 1984. She died of heart and liver disorders due to her longstanding alcohol abuse. She had lost 355 pounds (161 kg) in a short time as a result of illness, her weight dropping from 450 to 95 pounds (204 to 43 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Gaar_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton was buried in <a href="/wiki/Inglewood_Park_Cemetery" title="Inglewood Park Cemetery">Inglewood Park Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, California</a>. Her pauper's grave features a small granite marker with two additional names, indicating her body was buried along with two strangers.<sup id="cite_ref-thinning_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinning-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summing up her life, Thornton said "I’ve been happy. There have been dull moments, but you have to take as worse as you going to get it or else you are never going to see it. And I’ve been happy and I’d like to stay that way".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, "Big Mama," by Frank Schiffman, the manager of Harlem's <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>, because of her strong voice, size, and personality. Thornton stated that she was louder than any microphone and did not want a microphone to ever be as loud as she was. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Echols" title="Alice Echols">Alice Echols</a>, the author of a biography of Janis Joplin, said that Thornton could sing in a "pretty voice" but did not want to. </p><p>Her style was heavily influenced by gospel music that she listened to growing up in the home of a preacher, though her genre could be described as blues.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton was quoted in a 1980 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>: "when I was comin' up, listening to Bessie Smith and all, they sung from their heart and soul and expressed themselves. That's why when I do a song by Jimmy Reed or somebody, I have my own way of singing it. Because I don't want to be Jimmy Reed, I want to be me. I like to put myself into whatever I'm doin' so I can feel it".<sup id="cite_ref-lexisnexis.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexisnexis.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as Maureen Mahon have praised Thornton for subverting traditional roles of Black or African-American women.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She added a black woman's voice to a field that was dominated by white males, and her strong personality transgressed stereotypes of what a Black or African-American woman should be. This transgression was an integral part of her performance and stage persona.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar Tyina Steptoe has written that Thornton's <a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender nonconformity</a> helped to establish rock 'n' roll as a rebellious form of music. She says that Thornton should be understood as <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music historian <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_McDonnell" title="Evelyn McDonnell">Evelyn McDonnell</a> remarked "If you go back and look at <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a>, Big Mama Thornton — they were <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">not publicly identifying themselves as queer</a>, necessarily, but clearly signaling in their lyrics and dressing in suits".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During her career, Thornton was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Blues_Music_Awards" title="Blues Music Awards">Blues Music Awards</a> six times.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to "Ball 'n' Chain" and "They Call Me Big Mama," Thornton wrote 20 blues songs. Her "Ball 'n' Chain" is included in the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> list of the "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until Janis Joplin covered Thornton's "Ball 'n' Chain" that it became a hit. Though Thornton did not receive financial compensation for her song, Joplin arranged for Thornton to open shows for her. Joplin found her singing voice through Thornton, who praised Joplin's version of "Ball 'n' Chain", saying, "That girl feels like I do".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thornton subsequently received greater recognition for her popular songs, but she is still under appreciated for her influence on the blues, rock and roll and soul music.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thornton's music was also influential in shaping American popular music. The lack of appreciation she received for "Hound Dog" and "Ball 'n' Chain" as they became popular hits is representative of the lack of recognition she received during her career as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many critics argue that Thornton's lack of recognition in the music industry is a reflection of an era of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation in the United States</a>, both physically and in the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars suggest that Thornton's lack of access to broader audiences (both white and black), may have been a barrier to her commercial success as both a vocalist and a composer.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the nonprofit Willie Mae Rock Camp for Girls, named for Thornton, was founded to offer a musical education to girls from ages eight to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahon_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first biography of Thornton, <i>Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music</i>, by Michael Spörke, was published in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Thornton was featured as a character in <i><a href="/wiki/Elvis_(2022_film)" title="Elvis (2022 film)">Elvis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biopic</a> about Elvis Presley. In the movie, Thornton (played by Shonka Dukureh in her only film role, as she died shortly after the film's release) is shown as the original singer of the song "Hound Dog" and appears in the movie singing the song. Presley (played by <a href="/wiki/Austin_Butler" title="Austin Butler">Austin Butler</a>) hears Thornton sing "Hound Dog" at a concert and decides to record a cover of the song. Dukureh's performance of "Hound Dog" was included in full on the movie <a href="/wiki/Elvis_(soundtrack)" title="Elvis (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movie and soundtrack were both critical and commercial hits, giving greater public attention to Thornton. </p><p>In 2024, Thornton was selected for induction into the <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a> in the musical influence category.<sup id="cite_ref-rrhof24_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rrhof24-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hofgreene_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofgreene-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1953: "Hound Dog" (Single), <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a>, Best Rhythm and Blues song, <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_Box" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash Box">Cash Box</a></i> magazine</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Blues_Festival" title="San Francisco Blues Festival">San Francisco Blues Festival</a> Award</li> <li>1984: Inductee, <a href="/wiki/Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blues Hall of Fame">Blues Hall of Fame</a>, Blues Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee</li> <li>2006: Classic of Blues Recording - Single or Album Track, "Hound Dog" (Single), <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blues Hall of Fame">Blues Hall of Fame</a>, Blues Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">GRAMMY</a> Hall Of Fame Award, "Hound Dog" (Single), <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a> (1953)</li> <li>2017: Inductee, National Recording Registry, "Hound Dog" (Single), <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Records" title="Peacock Records">Peacock Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Washington, DC</li> <li>2020: Inductee, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Alabama Music Hall of Fame">Alabama Music Hall of Fame</a>, Tuscumbia, Alabama</li> <li>2024: Inductee, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, Musical influence category, Cleveland, Ohio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_albums">Studio albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Studio albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>List of studio albums, with selected chart positions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;">Title </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;">Details </th> <th scope="col" colspan="1">Peak chart positions </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">US</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>In Europe</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: June 1966</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Arhoolie_Records" title="Arhoolie Records">Arhoolie</a></li></ul> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Big Mama Thornton and the Chicago Blues Band</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: May 1967</li> <li>Label: Arhoolie</li></ul> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Stronger Than Dirt</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: August 1969</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li></ul> </td> <td>198 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Saved</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1971</li> <li>Label: Pentagram</li></ul> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Sassy Mama!</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1975</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard</a></li></ul> </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="font-size:85%">"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Live_albums">Live albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Live albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>List of live albums, with selected details </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:11em;">Title </th> <th scope="col" style="width:18em;">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Way It Is</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: December 1969</li> <li>Label: Mercury</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Jail</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1975</li> <li>Label: Vanguard</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Live at Newport</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with <a href="/wiki/Muddy_Waters" title="Muddy Waters">Muddy Waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._B._King" title="B. B. King">B. B. King</a>)</span> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1982</li> <li>Label: Intermedia</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Rising Sun Collection</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1994</li> <li>Label: Just a Memory</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_albums">Compilation albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Compilation albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>List of compilation albums, with selected details </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:11em;">Title </th> <th scope="col" style="width:18em;">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Ball and Chain</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with <a href="/wiki/Lightnin%27_Hopkins" title="Lightnin' Hopkins">Lightnin' Hopkins</a> and Larry Williams)</span> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1968</li> <li>Label: Arhoolie</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>She's Back</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1970</li> <li>Label: Back Beat</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Mama's Pride</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1978</li> <li>Label: Vanguard</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Quit Snoopin' Round My Door</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1986</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Ace_Records_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ace Records (United Kingdom)">Ace</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Ball n' Chain</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1989</li> <li>Label: Arhoolie</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>You Ole Houn' Dog</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1989</li> <li>Label: Ace</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Original Hound Dog</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1990</li> <li>Label: Ace</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>They Call Me Big Mama</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1991</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Hound Dog: The Peacock Recordings</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1992</li> <li>Label: MCA</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Big Change</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1996</li> <li>Label: Altaya</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Hound Dog: The Essential Collection</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 1999</li> <li>Label: Spectrum Music</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Complete Vanguard Recordings</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: April 18, 2000</li> <li>Label: Vanguard</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>1950–1953</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2004</li> <li>Label: Classics</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>They Call Me Big Mama</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2005</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Proper_Records" title="Proper Records">Proper</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Blues</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2006</li> <li>Label: Disky</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Vanguard Visionaries</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2007</li> <li>Label: Vanguard</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Complete 1950–1961</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2013</li> <li>Label: <a href="/wiki/Le_Chant_du_Monde" title="Le Chant du Monde">Le Chant du Monde</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Rock-A-Bye-Baby: The 1950–1961 Recordings</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: 2014</li> <li>Label: Hoodoo</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Essential Recordings</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: March 31, 2017</li> <li>Label: Primo</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Story of My Blues</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: July 12, 2019</li> <li>Label: Primo</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Very Best of Big Mama Thornton</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: October 2019</li> <li>Label: Not Now Music</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Singles Collection 1950–1961</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: June 19, 2020</li> <li>Label: Acrobat</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>The Best of Big Mama Thornton 1951–1958</i> </th> <td> <ul><li>Released: July 14, 2023</li> <li>Label: Acrobat</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singles">Singles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>List of singles, with selected chart positions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;">Title </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="1">Peak chart positions </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:9em;">Album </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width:2.5em; font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">US R&B</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Partnership Blues" </th> <td rowspan="2">1951 </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="17" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Non-album singles </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"No Jody for Me" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Every Time I Think of You" </th> <td>1952 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>" </th> <td rowspan="3">1953 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"They Call Me Big Mama" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"I Ain't No Fool Either" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"I Smell a Rat" </th> <td rowspan="3">1954 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Stop Hoppin' on Me" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Rock a Bye Baby" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"The Fish" </th> <td rowspan="2">1955 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Tarzan and the Dignified Monkey"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Elroy Peace)</span> </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Just Like a Dog (Barking Up the Wrong Tree)" </th> <td>1957 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Don't Talk Back" </th> <td>1958 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"You Did Me Wrong" </th> <td>1961 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Mercy" </th> <td>1963 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Tom Cat" </th> <td>1964 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Before Day (Big Mama's Blues)" </th> <td>1965 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Swing It on Home" </th> <td rowspan="2">1966 </td> <td>— </td> <td><i>In Europe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Because It's Love" </th> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Non-album singles </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Don't Do Me This Way" </th> <td rowspan="2">1967 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"Their Ain't Nothing You Can Do Part I" </th> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"<a href="/wiki/Ball_and_Chain_(Big_Mama_Thornton_song)" title="Ball and Chain (Big Mama Thornton song)">Ball and Chain Part 1</a>" </th> <td>1968 </td> <td>— </td> <td><i>Ball and Chain</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">"<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Get_Stoned" title="Let's Go Get Stoned">Let's Go Get Stoned</a>" </th> <td>1969 </td> <td>— </td> <td><i>Stronger Than Dirt</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="font-size:85%">"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">List of blues musicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaloneWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Bill C.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTQjAQAAIAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Vol. 12</i></a> (illustrated ed.). University of North Carolina Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807832394" title="Special:BookSources/9780807832394"><bdi>9780807832394</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%2C+Vol.+12&rft.pages=370&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780807832394&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Bill+C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Charles+Reagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTQjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stambler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stambler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStambler1974" class="citation book cs1">Stambler, Irwin (1974). <i>Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock and Soul</i>. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312250258" title="Special:BookSources/0312250258"><bdi>0312250258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pop%2C+Rock+and+Soul&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0312250258&rft.aulast=Stambler&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (1997). <i>The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray</i>. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85868-255-6"><bdi>978-1-85868-255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blues%3A+From+Robert+Johnson+to+Robert+Cray&rft.place=Dubai&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85868-255-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603025828/http://www.billboard.com/artist/281663/big+mama+thornton/biography">"Big Mama Thornton – Biography"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/artist/281663/big+mama+thornton/biography">the original</a> on June 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Big+Mama+Thornton+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2F281663%2Fbig%2Bmama%2Bthornton%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/blues-singer-big-mama-thornton-had-a-hit-with-hound-dog-then-elvis-came-along/2021/02/23/60c36a04-6764-11eb-8468-21bc48f07fe5_story.html">Blues singer 'Big Mama' Thornton had a hit with 'Hound Dog.' Then Elvis came along</a>, <i>Washingtonpost.com</i>; accessed October 12, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreadwell2022" class="citation news cs1">Treadwell, Jaine (October 12, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.troymessenger.com/2022/10/12/big-mama-thornton-to-be-honored-in-ariton/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Big Mama' Thornton to be honored in Ariton"</a>. Troy, Alabama: The Troy Messenger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Big+Mama%27+Thornton+to+be+honored+in+Ariton&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Treadwell&rft.aufirst=Jaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.troymessenger.com%2F2022%2F10%2F12%2Fbig-mama-thornton-to-be-honored-in-ariton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/118521709:6224">"Willie N Thornton in the 1930 United States Federal Census"</a>. <i>ancestry.com</i>. United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Willie+N+Thornton+in+the+1930+United+States+Federal+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Fdiscoveryui-content%2Fview%2F118521709%3A6224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahon" class="citation web cs1">Mahon, Maureen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockhall.com/story-of-rock/features/all-featured/7734_willie-mae-big-mama-thornton-story-hound-dog/">"Mama's Voice"</a>. <i>Rock & Roll Hall of Fame</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221142737/http://rockhall.com/story-of-rock/features/all-featured/7734_willie-mae-big-mama-thornton-story-hound-dog/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+%26+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Mama%27s+Voice&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2Fstory-of-rock%2Ffeatures%2Fall-featured%2F7734_willie-mae-big-mama-thornton-story-hound-dog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sporke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sporke_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpörke2014" class="citation book cs1">Spörke, Michael (2014). <i>Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music</i>. McFarland. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7759-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-7759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Mama+Thornton%3A+The+Life+and+Music&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7759-3&rft.aulast=Sp%C3%B6rke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arhoolie-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arhoolie_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arhoolie_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrachwitz" class="citation web cs1">Strachwitz, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arhoolie.org/big-mama-thornton-interview/">"Big Mama Thornton Interview"</a>. <i>Arhoolie.org</i>. The Arhoolie Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arhoolie.org&rft.atitle=Big+Mama+Thornton+Interview&rft.aulast=Strachwitz&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farhoolie.org%2Fbig-mama-thornton-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFay1999" class="citation book cs1">Fay, Robert (1999). "Thornton, Willie Mae ('Big Mama')". 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Basic Civitas Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1845">1845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thornton%2C+Willie+Mae+%28%27Big+Mama%27%29&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=1845&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grunge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grunge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZabo2022" class="citation web cs1">Zabo, Marta (October 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grunge.com/1036721/the-untold-truth-of-big-mama-thornton/">"The Untold Truth of Big Mama Thornton"</a>. <i>Grunge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grunge.com&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Truth+of+Big+Mama+Thornton&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Zabo&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grunge.com%2F1036721%2Fthe-untold-truth-of-big-mama-thornton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FarOut-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FarOut_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2020" class="citation web cs1">Dasgupta, Pubali (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/big-mama-thornton-6-best-songs/">"Six definitive songs: The ultimate beginner's guide to Big Mama Thornton"</a>. <i>Faroutmagazine.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudsTerkel.wfmt.com&rft.atitle=Willie+Dixon%2C+Sunnyland+Slim+and+Big+Mama+Thornton+discuss+their+careers+in+the+blues+and+describe+some+of+their+songs&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudsterkel.wfmt.com%2Fprograms%2Fwillie-dixon-sunnyland-slim-and-big-mama-thornton-discuss-their-careers-blues-and-describe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcfarlandbooks.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcfarlandbooks.com_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpörke" class="citation web cs1">Spörke, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/big-mama-thornton/">"Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spontaneous+Lunacy&rft.atitle=Willie+Mae+%22Big+Mama%22+Thornton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spontaneouslunacy.net%2Fartists-big-mama-thornton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolden1984" class="citation news cs1">Holden, Stephen (July 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/28/obituaries/willie-mae-thornton-influential-blues-singer.html">"Willie Mae Thornton, Influential Blues Singer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Willie+Mae+Thornton%2C+Influential+Blues+Singer&rft.date=1984-07&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F07%2F28%2Fobituaries%2Fwillie-mae-thornton-influential-blues-singer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale1_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlineexhibits.library.yale.edu/s/ohamstruggles/page/bmt1">"The Struggles and Triumphs of Bessie Jones, Big Mama Thornton, and Ethel Waters"</a>. <i>library.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Struggles+and+Triumphs+of+Bessie+Jones%2C+Big+Mama+Thornton%2C+and+Ethel+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlineexhibits.library.yale.edu%2Fs%2Fohamstruggles%2Fpage%2Fbmt1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOakley1997" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Giles (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsmusichisto00oakl_0/page/214"><i>The Devil's Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilsmusichisto00oakl_0/page/214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80743-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80743-5"><bdi>978-0-306-80743-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Music&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80743-5&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevilsmusichisto00oakl_0%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pc7_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pc7_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19754/m1/">"Show 7, The All American Boy: Enter Elvis and the Rock-a-Billies. Part 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Show+7%2C+The+All+American+Boy%3A+Enter+Elvis+and+the+Rock-a-Billies.+Part+1&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc19754%2Fm1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hound Dog: The Leiber and Stoller Autobiography</i>. pp. 61–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rooks, Rikky (2006). <i>Lyrics: Writing Better Words for Your Songs</i>. Backbeat Books. p. 171; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-885-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-885-0">0-87930-885-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithsonian-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithsonian_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">March 2019. "Smithsonian", of. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahon_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mahon, Maureen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/women_and_music/v015/15.mahon.html">"Listening for Willie Mae 'Big Mama' Thornton's Voice: The Sound of Race and Gender Transgressions in Rock and Roll"</a>. <i>Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwam.2011.0005">10.1353/wam.2011.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191365511">191365511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+and+Music%3A+A+Journal+of+Gender+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Listening+for+Willie+Mae+%27Big+Mama%27+Thornton%27s+Voice%3A+The+Sound+of+Race+and+Gender+Transgressions+in+Rock+and+Roll&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwam.2011.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191365511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fwomen_and_music%2Fv015%2F15.mahon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronson, Fred. <i>The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits</i>. Billboard Books; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7677-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-7677-6">0-8230-7677-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santelli, Robert. <i>The Big Book of Blues</i>. p. 464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Charles A. (April 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nashville-mediator.com/who-owns-hound-dog/">"Who Owns "Hound Dog"?"</a>. <i>Charlesd A. Hill Mediation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charlesd+A.+Hill+Mediation&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+%22Hound+Dog%22%3F&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnashville-mediator.com%2Fwho-owns-hound-dog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorntonhounddog-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorntonhounddog_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorntonhounddog_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraye2022" class="citation news cs1">Graye, Megan (July 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/music/news/elvis-presley-hound-dog-big-mama-thornton-b2113658.html">"Elvis's 'Hound Dog' wasn't stolen from Big Mama Thornton, says the song's co-writer Mike Stoller"</a>. The Independent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Elvis%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98Hound+Dog%E2%80%99+wasn%E2%80%99t+stolen+from+Big+Mama+Thornton%2C+says+the+song%E2%80%99s+co-writer+Mike+Stoller&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft.aulast=Graye&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-independent.com%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Felvis-presley-hound-dog-big-mama-thornton-b2113658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2024" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Charles A. (January 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://songsthatsavedyourlife.substack.com/p/hound-dog-big-mama-thornton">"No.31 - "Hound Dog" - Big Mama Thornton"</a>. <i>Songsthatsavedyourlife.substack.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252096204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252096204"><bdi>978-0252096204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+the+Blues+Revival+-+Music+in+American+Life&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0252096204&rft.aulast=Cushing&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1K3AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinning-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thinning_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thinning_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShearer2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Shearer, Cynthia (February 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordamerican.org/magazine/issue-95-winter-2016/the-thinning-of-big-mama">"The Thinning of Big Mama"</a>. <i>Oxford American</i>. 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University of Texas Press - Austin. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-2118-8"><bdi>978-1-4773-2118-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Willie+Mae+Thornton+Matters&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press+-+Austin&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-2118-8&rft.aulast=Denise&rft.aufirst=Lynn%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.pub%2Fwhy-willie-mae-thornton-matters-9781477327944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050116031810/http://www.mtv.com/movies/movie/240441/moviemain.jhtml">"American Folk Blues Festival 1962–1965, Vol. 2 | Free Trailers, Plot Synopsis, Photos, Cast and Crew | MTV Movies"</a>. Mtv.com. December 19, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/movies/movie/240441/moviemain.jhtml">the original</a> on January 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Folk+Blues+Festival+1962%E2%80%931965%2C+Vol.+2+%26%23124%3B+Free+Trailers%2C+Plot+Synopsis%2C+Photos%2C+Cast+and+Crew+%26%23124%3B+MTV+Movies&rft.pub=Mtv.com&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie%2F240441%2Fmoviemain.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2014" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Mark (September 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluesblastmagazine.com/big-mama-thornton-the-life-and-music-book-review/">"Big Mama Thornton – The Life and Music"</a>. 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North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluessingersbiog00dica/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786406067" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786406067"><bdi>978-0786406067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+Singers%3A+Biographies+of+50+Legendary+Artists+of+the+Early+20th+Century&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0786406067&rft.aulast=Dicaire&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluessingersbiog00dica%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusic-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllMusic_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000208548">In Europe review</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Neal" class="citation web cs1">O'Neal, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blues.org/blues_hof_inductee/willie-mae-big-mama-thornton/">"Willie Mae 'Big Mama' Thornton"</a>. <i>The Blues Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 4, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+Mama+Thornton+Plays+Rare+Club+Date%3B+The+Women+%27Just+Sang%27+A+Hit+in+%27Hound+Dog%27&rft.date=1980-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F07%2F04%2Farchives%2Fbig-mama-thornton-plays-rare-club-date-the-women-just-sang-a-hit-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterman-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterman_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaterman2003" class="citation book cs1">Waterman, Dick (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenmidnightd00wate"><i>Between Midnight and Day: The Last Unpublished Blues Archive</i></a></span>. New York: Thunder's Mouth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933784458" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933784458"><bdi>978-1933784458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Midnight+and+Day%3A+The+Last+Unpublished+Blues+Archive&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1933784458&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweenmidnightd00wate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteptoe2018" class="citation journal cs1">Steptoe, Tyina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2018.0003">"Big Mama Thornton, Little Richard, and the Queer Roots of Rock 'n' Roll"</a>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2018.0003">10.1353/aq.2018.0003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6490">1080-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149727178">149727178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Big+Mama+Thornton%2C+Little+Richard%2C+and+the+Queer+Roots+of+Rock+%27n%27+Roll&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149727178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2018.0003&rft.aulast=Steptoe&rft.aufirst=Tyina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Faq.2018.0003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-pop-culture/long-cast-queer-women-are-starting-get-due-music-industry-rcna147887">"Billie Eilish, Reneé Rapp, Phoebe Bridgers: Queer women finally get their due in music"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 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"Death Sentences: From Genesis to Genre (Big Mama's Parole)". <i>Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0740770X.2014.994840">10.1080/0740770X.2014.994840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142981288">142981288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women+%26+Performance%3A+A+Journal+of+Feminist+Theory&rft.atitle=Death+Sentences%3A+From+Genesis+to+Genre+%28Big+Mama%27s+Parole%29&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0740770X.2014.994840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142981288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dalton+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/music/news/elvis-soundtrack-music-complete-guide-who-sings-what-1235297605/">"The Music of 'Elvis': A Complete Guide to Who Sings What on Soundtrack, from Jack White to Jazmine Sullivan to Stevie Nicks"</a>. <i>Variety.com</i>. June 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety.com&rft.atitle=The+Music+of+%27Elvis%27%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Who+Sings+What+on+Soundtrack%2C+from+Jack+White+to+Jazmine+Sullivan+to+Stevie+Nicks&rft.date=2022-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Felvis-soundtrack-music-complete-guide-who-sings-what-1235297605%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rrhof24-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rrhof24_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockhall.com/2024-inductees/">"2024 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees"</a>. <i>Rock & Roll Hall of Fame</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+%26+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=2024+Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+inductees&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2F2024-inductees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hofgreene-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hofgreene_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreene2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Greene, Andy (April 22, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/rock-hall-fame-2024-cher-ozzy-osbourne-dave-matthews-band-mary-j-blige-1235007784/">"Cher, Ozzy Osbourne, Dave Matthews Band, Mary J. Blige Lead Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2024 Class"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Cher%2C+Ozzy+Osbourne%2C+Dave+Matthews+Band%2C+Mary+J.+Blige+Lead+Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+2024+Class&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Frock-hall-fame-2024-cher-ozzy-osbourne-dave-matthews-band-mary-j-blige-1235007784%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xykEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106">"Billboard Top LPs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. September 6, 1969<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Top+LPs&rft.date=1969-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxykEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36">"Billboard Top R&B Records"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. May 16, 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Top+R%26B+Records&rft.date=1953-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLA0EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABig+Mama+Thornton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spörke, Michael (2014). <i>Big Mama Thornton: The Life and Music.</i> Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7759-3">978-0-7864-7759-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Mama_Thornton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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Blige</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">Dave Matthews Band</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Carter_Beauford" title="Carter Beauford">Carter Beauford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Coffin" title="Jeff Coffin">Jeff Coffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lessard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Lessard">Stefan Lessard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeRoi_Moore" title="LeRoi Moore">LeRoi Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Reynolds" title="Tim Reynolds">Tim Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashawn_Ross" title="Rashawn Ross">Rashawn Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Tinsley" title="Boyd Tinsley">Boyd Tinsley</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Dennis_Elliott" title="Dennis Elliott">Dennis Elliott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gagliardi" title="Ed Gagliardi">Ed Gagliardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gramm" title="Lou Gramm">Lou Gramm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Greenwood" title="Al Greenwood">Al Greenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jones_(Foreigner_guitarist)" title="Mick Jones (Foreigner guitarist)">Mick Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDonald_(musician)" title="Ian McDonald (musician)">Ian McDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Wills" title="Rick Wills">Rick Wills</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_%22Kool%22_Bell" title="Robert "Kool" Bell">Robert "Kool" Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Bell_(musician)" title="Ronald Bell (musician)">Ronald Bell</a>, George Brown, Robert "Spike" Mickens, <a href="/wiki/Claydes_Charles_Smith" title="Claydes Charles Smith">Claydes Charles Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_%22J.T.%22_Taylor" title="James "J.T." Taylor">James "J.T." Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_%22Dee_Tee%22_Thomas" title="Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas">Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas</a>, Ricky Westfield)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne" title="Ozzy Osbourne">Ozzy Osbourne</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ali_Shaheed_Muhammad" title="Ali Shaheed Muhammad">Ali Shaheed Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phife_Dawg" title="Phife Dawg">Phife Dawg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q-Tip_(musician)" title="Q-Tip (musician)">Q-Tip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarobi_White" title="Jarobi White">Jarobi White</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-performers<br />(Ahmet Ertegun Award)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_de_Passe" title="Suzanne de Passe">Suzanne de Passe</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Award for Musical Excellence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett" title="Jimmy Buffett">Jimmy Buffett</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/MC5" title="MC5">MC5</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Davis_(bassist)" title="Michael Davis (bassist)">Michael Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Kramer" title="Wayne Kramer">Wayne Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_%22Sonic%22_Smith" title="Fred "Sonic" Smith">Fred "Sonic" Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Thompson_(drummer)" title="Dennis Thompson (drummer)">Dennis Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Tyner" title="Rob Tyner">Rob Tyner</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dionne_Warwick" title="Dionne Warwick">Dionne Warwick</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Award for Musical Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Mayall" title="John Mayall">John Mayall</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Big Mama Thornton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237527#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2090" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237527#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2090" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237527#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000115070720">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42026866">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1503433/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8BxYrmTtg9TBQgTYtrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/134845617">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92013523">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900431h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900431h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0132996&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX990587">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p101023871">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7057999">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007329594905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000210487">Finland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2993f855-403f-4c6a-bea9-088cd5d354dc">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/134845617">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/139921427">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span 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