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.class-disambig{background-color:#00FA9A}.mw-parser-output .class-draft{background-color:#E7B198}.mw-parser-output .class-file{background-color:#DDCCFF}.mw-parser-output .class-future{background-color:#B4BBFF}.mw-parser-output .class-portal{background-color:#DDB1BC}.mw-parser-output .class-project{background-color:#C0C090}.mw-parser-output .class-redirect{background-color:#C0C0C0}.mw-parser-output .class-sia{background-color:#E9DAFF}.mw-parser-output .class-user{background-color:#DDD06A}.mw-parser-output .class-template{background-color:#FBCEB1}.mw-parser-output .class-unassessed{background-color:#DCDCDC}.mw-parser-output .conflict{border:0.2em solid red}.mw-parser-output .inactive-wikiproject .wpb-header-bubbles{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}</style><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/25px-Crystal_personal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/38px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/50px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="70"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">Biography</a><span class="wpb-nested-task-force">: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Science_and_academia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Science and academia">Science and Academia</a></span> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="An appropriate infobox may need to be added to this article. Please refer to the list of biography infoboxes for further information."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/20px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/30px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/40px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></span></span></span> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="An editor has requested that an image or photograph be added to this article."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/20px-Camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/30px-Camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/40px-Camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/60px-Crystal_personal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/90px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/Crystal_personal.svg/120px-Crystal_personal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="70"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography">WikiProject Biography</a></b>, a collaborative effort to create, develop and organize Wikipedia's articles about people. All interested editors are invited to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Members" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Members">join the project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Biography" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Biography">contribute to the discussion</a>. For instructions on how to use this banner, please refer to the <a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Biography/doc" title="Template:WikiProject Biography/doc">documentation</a>.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Biography</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Biography</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">biography</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taskforce icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article is supported by <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Science_and_academia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Science and academia">the science and academia work group</a></b> (assessed as <a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_biography_(science_and_academia)_articles" title="Category:Low-importance biography (science and academia) articles">Low-importance</a>).</td></tr><tr><td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Note icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/25px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/38px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-text-x-credits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">An appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infobox</a> may need to be added to this article. Please refer to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Infoboxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography/Infoboxes">list of biography infoboxes</a> for further information.</td></tr><tr><td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Note icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/25px-Camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/38px-Camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/50px-Camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">An editor has requested that an <b>image</b> or <b>photograph</b> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">added</a> to this article.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/25px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/38px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/50px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="354"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">Computer science</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/80px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/120px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg/160px-Wikimedia_Compsci_Working_Group_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="354"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">WikiProject Computer science</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> related articles on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer science">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Computer science</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Computer science</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Computer science</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Computer_science_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Computer science articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0"><table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background:transparent;width:100%"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left;padding:0.2em 2px 0.2em 0">Things you can help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science">WikiProject Computer science</a> with:</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;padding:5px;background-color:white;border:1px solid #c0c090;margin-top:5px"> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><br/><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Applied_arts_and_sciences/Computer_science,_computing,_and_Internet" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences/Computer science, computing, and Internet">Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences/Computer science, computing, and Internet</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science_articles_needing_attention" title="Category:Computer science articles needing attention">Computer science articles needing attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science_articles_needing_expert_attention" title="Category:Computer science articles needing expert attention">Computer science articles needing expert attention</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">Copyedit</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">Expand</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infobox</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science_articles_without_infoboxes" title="Category:Computer science articles without infoboxes">Computer science articles without infoboxes</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Maintain</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">Timeline of computing 2020–present</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Photo</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li>Find pictures for the biographies of computer scientists (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_scientists" title="List of computer scientists">List of computer scientists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_articles_needing_images" title="Category:Computing articles needing images">Computing articles needing images</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Stubs</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science_stubs" title="Category:Computer science stubs">Computer science stubs</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Unreferenced</a></i> :</b> <div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science/Unreferenced_BLPs" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science/Unreferenced BLPs">WikiProject Computer science/Unreferenced BLPs</a></li></ul> </div></li><li><b><i>Project-related</i> :</b> <div> <ul><li>Tag all relevant articles in <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category:Computer science</a> and sub-categories with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Computer_science" title="Template:WikiProject Computer science">WikiProject Computer science</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graduation_hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/35px-Graduation_hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/53px-Graduation_hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/70px-Graduation_hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="278"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Higher_education" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Higher education">Higher education</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graduation_hat.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/80px-Graduation_hat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/120px-Graduation_hat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Graduation_hat.svg/160px-Graduation_hat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="278"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Higher_education" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Higher education">WikiProject Higher education</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a> on Wikipedia. Please visit the project page to join the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Higher_education" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Higher education">discussion</a>, and see the project's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:College_and_university_article_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:College and university article guideline">article guideline</a> for useful advice.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Higher education</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Higher education</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Higher education</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Higher education</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/34px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg" decoding="async" width="34" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/51px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/67px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="1979"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_London" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject London">London</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/80px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/120px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg/160px-Routemaster_LDS402A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="1979"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/16px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/24px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/33px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_London" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject London">WikiProject London</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_London" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject London">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">London</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject London</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject London</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">London-related</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_London-related_articles" title="Category:Low-importance London-related articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_London/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject London/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/40px-Camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/60px-Camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Camera-photo.svg/80px-Camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text">It is requested that an <b>image</b> or <b>photograph</b> of <b>Richard Bornat</b> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uploading_images" title="Wikipedia:Uploading images">included</a> in this article to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_development" title="Wikipedia:Article development">improve its quality</a>. Please replace this template with a more specific <a href="/wiki/Template:Media_request_templates" title="Template:Media request templates">media request template</a> where possible.<br/><small>The <a class="external text" href="https://fist.toolforge.org/fist.php?doit=1&language=en&project=wikipedia&data=Richard+Bornat&datatype=articles&params%5Bcatdepth%5D=0&params%5Brandom%5D=50&params%5Bll_max%5D=5&params%5Bcommons_max%5D=5&params%5Bflickr_max%5D=5&params%5Binclude_flickr_id%5D=1&params%5Bwts_max%5D=5&params%5Bgimp_max%5D=5&params%5Besp_max%5D=5&params%5Besp_skip_flickr%5D=1&params%5Bgeograph_max%5D=5&params%5Bforarticles%5D=noimage&params%5Blessthan_images%5D=3&params%5Bdefault_thumbnail_size%5D=&params%5Bjpeg%5D=1&params%5Bpng%5D=1&params%5Bgif%5D=1&params%5Bsvg%5D=1&params%5Bogg%5D=1&params%5Bmin_width%5D=80&params%5Bmin_height%5D=80&sources%5Blanguagelinks%5D=1&sources%5Bcommons%5D=1&sources%5Bflickr%5D=1">Free Image Search Tool</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openverse.org/?q=Richard+Bornat&license=cc0,pdm,by,by-sa">Openverse Creative Commons Search</a> may be able to locate suitable images on <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> and other web sites.</small></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/special:uploadWizard?&descriptionlang=en&description=%5B%5B%3Aen%3ARichard+Bornat%7CRichard+Bornat%5D%5D&categories=writers"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Upload</span></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Comment" data-mw-thread-id="h-Comment-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Comment-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span>Comment<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Comment-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Richard_Bornat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z-Comment"></span>The Sheep/Goats theory looks good to me. Who says it's controversial ? -- <a href="/wiki/User:Derek_Ross" title="User:Derek Ross">Derek Ross</a> | <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Derek_Ross" title="User talk:Derek Ross">Talk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Bornat#c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z-Comment" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">06:16, 22 October 2006 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z-Comment"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z-Comment"></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T03:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span>Well, you are definitely entitled to your opinion. Are you looking to discredit the source of the information?</li></ul> <p>Just in case you think this may be an issue of hyperbole, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers#Controversies">another person in academia</a> – with a much higher profile – was forced to resign around the same time for a similar incident. 07:46, 22 October 2006 (UTC) </p> <dl><dd>Well if they're rude to people they can hardly expect those people to respond with affection. Both Bornat and Summers should be old enough to know how the world works. Too bad if they haven't worked out how to get along with other people by now.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Anyway getting back to my question, who says the theory is controversial ? Wikipedia isn't supposed to. That's why we need to quote a source if we want to include that point of view. If we don't have one, and thus can't attribute it to anybody we shouldn't include it. That's basic NPOV as Larry Sanger originally phrased it. If someone says the theory is controversial, I'll happily quote them. But if nobody other than your esteemed self is of that opinion, you will need to take it elsewhere. -- <a href="/wiki/User:Derek_Ross" title="User:Derek Ross">Derek Ross</a> | <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Derek_Ross" title="User talk:Derek Ross">Talk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Bornat#c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T03:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">03:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T03:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T03:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Folajimi-2006-10-27T15:19:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span>Whatever. You said that the theory "looks good" to you. Either you are downright oblivious to the odiousness of such displays of ostentation, or are simply intellectually dishonest.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In any case, the source is included. If you can legally discredit the source, feel free to spin the content in question. If not, take your tripe elsewhere --<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Folajimi" title="User talk:Folajimi">User talk:Folajimi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Bornat#c-Folajimi-2006-10-27T15:19:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">15:19, 27 October 2006 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Folajimi-2006-10-27T15:19:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Folajimi-2006-10-27T15:19:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T22:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span>I'm not interested in discrediting the source. I just wanted to see it. Thanks for providing it. -- <a href="/wiki/User:Derek_Ross" title="User:Derek Ross">Derek Ross</a> | <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Derek_Ross" title="User talk:Derek Ross">Talk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Bornat#c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T22:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T22:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Derek_Ross-2006-10-27T22:17:00.000Z-Derek_Ross-2006-10-22T06:16:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Book_Link" data-mw-thread-id="h-Book_Link-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Book_Link-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z"></span>Book Link<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Book_Link-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Richard_Bornat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book Link"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/staffpages/r_bornat/books/compiling.pdf"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z-Book_Link"></span>http://www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/staffpages/r_bornat/books/compiling.pdf</a> is the new location of the book download "Understanding and Writing Compilers" <small class="autosigned">— Preceding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B" title="Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B">2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Richard_Bornat#c-2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z-Book_Link" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">13:46, 31 March 2021 (UTC)</a></small><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z-Book_Link"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-2A00:23C4:9A0B:DA00:B8B7:F21F:8CF:512B-2021-03-31T13:46:00.000Z-Book_Link"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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