“重农”、“重储”：长安城百万人口的粮仓_太仓_唐代

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id="mp-editor"> <p>重视粮食储备是中国的历史传统，古代先民一直十分重视粮食储备。</p> <p>盛唐时期长安是丝绸之路的起点，也是唐朝的政治、经济、文化中心。据考古勘测，唐长安城东西长9721米，南北宽8651.7米，总周长36700米，面积达84.1平方公里。在中国历史中比较，唐长安城比任何一个王朝的都城都大，其人口规模自然也很可观，据史料记载，唐天宝年间京畿乡村的人口总数可多达150万。</p> <p>这么多人口，他们的粮食供给从哪来？陕西西安大白杨唐代粮仓遗址清理出的11座唐代粮仓就是粮食供给的一部分。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="yJyoDGPS+lN53ZVgsmSzc0YHA5OLTAphNexmz+w2eBqkc/rNzc2ydGspBnaoC0kIUnLiku36YHZjPMUPqGScaZ0AJbsfJSbRKoXiyIIa2GY="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△大白杨唐代粮仓遗址</span></p> <p>这11座唐代粮仓性质上同属唐朝太仓遗址。太仓是唐代粮仓六种分类的一种，主要是都城储粮的大仓，向长安城百万人口供应粮食。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="j62ER+laWpTPEkLaFdmRXpKhBUeX4zD/nO4eqhyO4jsWgwuG5LMAfd/tDoNDLjZUiOcQ55tcfBNp56r76hFLtrWTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△粮仓位置</span></p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="9jtEdtXdLrY19r1cR6XiEDjt3gd8kuhSc74W1FQKkcDA56UYu9gegO0wziBVS1qHzsvT6iDFz7PWRBLsIvi/pbWTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△考古专家对粮仓底部遗存进行取样</span></p> <p>太仓是都城的大型粮仓，正仓设在地方各州县，由各州县官员管理，储存地方粮食，太仓其实就相当于长安城的正仓。</p> <p>除了太仓外，唐朝粮仓还分为转运仓、军仓、常平仓、义仓。</p> <p>转运仓通常设立在交通要道上，它的主要职责是负责粮食的临时中转、实现水路运输的转换以及粮食的短期储存。军仓，从其名即可知其用途，它是专门用来储存军用粮食的仓库，通常坐落在军事上的重要地点。常平仓在市场中扮演着稳定器的角色。当粮食丰收时，它会以公平的价格收购并储存粮食；而在粮食歉收时，它则会以正常的价格出售所储粮食，以此来防止通货膨胀的发生。义仓则是在饥荒或灾荒时期发挥作用的仓库。它的主要任务是稳定粮食价格，并向受灾民众提供救济。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="rktmUZKiSD+eswOQv1Y0i/vkq/B0ObGQWb0LUP9JS2IqENGZlcO4oSQpChWRWspK+P9c2wW3vx2IrkVzyBPZCp0AJbsfJSbRKoXiyIIa2GY="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△“含嘉仓”铭文。图片来源：总台《探索·发现》节目</span></p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="vrQqgk+FQSQmr7dDCa0gduGoS5vB7150IFxKkMI0FyfuN7wNPUxL5dLxaqvL6y3a52R8GG/uMr++vg9jorO807WTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△含嘉仓与隋唐通济渠地理位置关系。图源：《隋唐洛阳含嘉仓城考古发掘报告》</span></p> <p>含嘉仓是唐代最大、最重要的官仓，它的遗址位于隋唐洛阳城宫城外东北隅、东城之北，即老城北关一带。隋代初建时为含嘉城，与隋大业元年营建东都同时。含嘉城正式作为大型粮仓应始于唐初，唐代统治者吸取了隋代回洛仓建于城外，易被战乱切断城内粮食供应的深刻教训，选在宫城的旁侧修筑了大型粮仓，以备不时之需时可确保城内粮食供给无忧。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="h7fbg8uT6oAdxo1xkqmC8Zj5y9npKiCtYtXfwJPSb96htxI3EQTToOqMX1USaCcIwAP2d78Lr5A2Krj1OqrDkLWTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△含嘉仓出土的碳化粟米</span></p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="i+xuDLks9VorTFRP5fQEOfPwQXdFQGMfcLXJl63XTdUVxJk/yoPSqXdqnZHTuE2351xNTIYBA7e/4vZ037jdIbWTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△含嘉仓160号仓窖遗址</span></p> <p>唐代建立了一套完整的粮食储备制度管理体系，其中转运仓、太仓由中央直接管理监督，司农寺主其事，出纳粮食要通过御史台和监门卫。为确保管理制度的实施，唐代还建立了相应的监察体系。</p> <p>在接收粮食的过程中，太仓必须采取“扬掷”的方式来剔除其中的杂质，并且依据既定的损耗标准，要求交粮的州县进行补足。这一流程需经过严格的核查确认，随后，在司农寺、太仓署的官员以及来自各地的押粮吏的共同监督下，粮食才会被允许入仓。而当粮食出仓时，为防范盗窃或私吞行为，官员们需凭借契符来验证自己的身份。</p> <p>总的来说，唐代的粮仓管理体系复杂而严密，涵盖了从中央到地方、从官方到民间的多个层面，为保障国家粮食安全和社会稳定发挥了重要作用。</p> <p><strong>从《天下粮仓》看清代粮仓管理</strong></p> <p>说到粮仓的管理，笔者联想到一部2002年当时很火的电视剧《天下粮仓》，这部电视剧说的是乾隆元年关于粮仓的故事。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="rktmUZKiSD+eswOQv1Y0i8DmAjCCY/nKBIG50R4VuFi0421xypTkY2zb5pcG9U8R5vNxe0gtUtRFP/obJowEXJ0AJbsfJSbRKoXiyIIa2GY="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△《天下粮仓》剧照</span></p> <p>剧中令笔者印象最深的是“筷子浮起，人头落地”的剧情，也就是说筷子不能在赈灾的粥里立起，说明粥太稀，米太少，这是要掉脑袋的。包括“耕牛跪田”“阴兵借粮”的惊天奇案，主要讲的是乾隆初年发生的粮食危机以及涉及到的粮仓管理出现的贪腐问题，让笔者更直观地了解了什么是“民以食为天”。</p> <p>其实清代对于负责管理粮仓的官员管理十分严格。康熙四十二年确定“州县仓谷霉烂者革职留任，限一年赔完复职；逾年不完，解任；三年外不完，定罪，著落家产追赔。”</p> <p><strong>韩信与“搜粟都尉”</strong></p> <p>那么同样在唐代，也有专门负责粮食的官员。比如说“搜粟都尉”，在唐代已非司农寺官员，回归了此职设立的初衷，主要是为解决灾后关中的缺粮而设。</p> <p>这里会有读者有疑问，因为搜粟都尉一般被认为是西汉武帝时置,属大司农,职掌农耕及屯田事宜,之后即废置不行,但是在唐代石刻史料中发现搜粟都尉一职亦有使用。</p> <p>“搜粟都尉”这些与粮食有关的官职设置，反映了秦汉隋唐时期粟谷的重要性。</p> <p class="ql-align-center"><img max-width="600" data-src="sWGYY5yy0kWHb3ShJgzYTGVu2jLaLaAodVrGhunom4lbdvwseyMitnQ3MW1vvcVugr6NGXv2ww6t701QmjelnbWTzmKYPwYvFkmu9a+AK6w="><span class="img-desc" style="font-size: 16px;">△《楚汉传奇》剧照</span></p> <p>而且西汉著名的历史人物，有着“汉初三杰”之称的韩信就当过搜粟都尉，当时主要负责掌管生产军粮。《史记·淮阴侯列传》载：“滕公奇其（韩信）言，壮其貌，释而不斩。与语，大说之。言於上，上拜以为治粟都尉，上未之奇也。”</p> <p><strong>历代粮食管理者的称谓及职能</strong></p> <p>后稷为上古粮食管理之祖。因为后稷第一个建立粮食储备库和畎亩法，放粮救饥，赐百姓种子。那么秦汉时期，治粟内史（大司农）统管全国粮食，为朝中九卿之一。隋朝由民部尚书接管此职。唐朝则由户部尚书掌管钱粮，为正三品高官。此后历代多沿袭此制，户部尚书或侍郎成为粮食管理核心。明朝官员名称多变，最终恢复为户部侍郎，职权依旧。清朝则称尚书，亦称司农，继续承担此重任。</p> <p>参考文献：</p> <p>《中国古代粮仓变迁》河北日报</p> <p>《中华原风景：黍粟文明的历史脉动》澎湃新闻</p> <p>《唐代搜粟都尉考》作者王庆卫</p> <p>《文化 | 古代的粮食政策法规》齐鲁网</p> <p>《何以中国·运载千秋丨运河之上看一粒米的漕运之旅》大河网</p> <p>《盛唐时期长安城几乎百万人口，供粮怎么解决？》国家人文历史</p> <p>《说不尽的唐长安》中国教育新闻网</p> <p>编/袁立聪<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sohu.com/?strategyid%3D00001%2B" target="_blank" title="点击进入搜狐首页" id="backsohucom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="backword"><i class="backsohu"></i>返回搜狐，查看更多</span></a></p>  <p data-role="editor-name">责任编辑：<span></span></p> </article> <div id="articleTransfer"> <transfer /> </div> <div id="bannedNotice"> 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“重农”、“重储”：长安城百万人口的粮仓_太仓_唐代_管理