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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Illegal emigration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigraci%C3%B3n_irregular" title="Emigración irregular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emigración irregular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADle%C4%9Da_elmigrado" title="Kontraŭleĝa elmigrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭleĝa elmigrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89migration_ill%C3%A9gale" title="Émigration illégale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émigration illégale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illeg%C3%A1lis_kiv%C3%A1ndorl%C3%A1s" title="Illegális kivándorlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Illegális kivándorlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegale_emigratie" title="Illegale emigratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Illegale emigratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiton_maastamuutto" title="Laiton maastamuutto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laiton maastamuutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_utvandring" title="Illegal utvandring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Illegal utvandring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E5%A2%83" title="非法移民出境 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非法移民出境" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q301370#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Illegal_emigration" title="Special:EditPage/Illegal emigration">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Illegal+emigration%22">"Illegal emigration"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Illegal+emigration%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Illegal+emigration%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Illegal+emigration%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Illegal+emigration%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Illegal+emigration%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a>.</div> <p><b>Illegal emigration</b> is departure from a country in violation of <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> laws. Countries often seek to regulate who departs a country for diverse reasons, such as stopping criminals from leaving, preventing <a href="/wiki/Labor_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor shortage">labor shortages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>, and averting <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>. The simplest case is when a country prohibits certain persons from physically leaving. Another common situation is when a person legally goes abroad but refuses to return when demanded by their country of origin. </p><p>Special cases are when one flees a country as a <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> escaping persecution or, after committing a crime, trying to escape prosecution. However, a person who enters another country as an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrant</a> may be sent back, and if a criminal, a person may face <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> or prosecution in the other country. </p><p>The position of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> is that freedom to emigrate is a human right, part of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> policy was included in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> of 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Bloc">Eastern Bloc</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eastern Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as it is poorly written, repetitive, and reads like a list in many places.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Illegal_emigration" title="Talk:Illegal emigration">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> implemented emigration restrictions two months after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, with the various <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Socialist Republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> thereafter banning emigration. After the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> from countries occupied by the Soviet Union during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Eastern Bloc countries instituted emigration bans similar to those in the Soviet Union. After the erection of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961, emigration mostly halted from east-to-west. A few thousand <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#Escape_attempts" title="Berlin Wall">escape attempts from East Germany</a> occurred, including those by <a href="/wiki/Defector" class="mw-redirect" title="Defector">defecting</a> border guards. (More generally, escape by any citizen was considered defection.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system in the Soviet Union</a> was highly restrictive of any travel external to the Eastern Bloc, and often required approval by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty70_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty70-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet Jews and a few others who were not allowed emigrate from the USSR were described by the slang term <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">"refuseniks"</a>. </p><p>During the final stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> by directly annexing several countries as <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Socialist Republics</a>. These included Eastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">two different SSRs</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-stalinswars43_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (became <a href="/wiki/Latvia_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia SSR">Latvia SSR</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-wettig20_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (became <a href="/wiki/Estonian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian SSR">Estonian SSR</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-wettig20_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (became <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania SSR">Lithuania SSR</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-wettig20_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig20-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-senn_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of eastern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (became <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-ckpipe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ckpipe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and northern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (became the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldavian SSR">Moldavian SSR</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-stalinswars55_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinswars55-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shirer794_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shirer794-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other states were converted into <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Soviet Satellite</a> states, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">People's Republic of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-granville_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granville-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Romania">People's Republic of Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cook17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cook17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> from the Soviet zone of German occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-wettig96_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wettig96-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc (along with China, Mongolia and North Korea).<sup id="cite_ref-dowty114_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty114-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty121_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty121-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, before 1961, most of that east–west flow took place between East and West Germany, with over 3.5 million East Germans emigrating to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-mynz221_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mynz221-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 13, 1961, barbed-wire barrier that would become the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> separating East and West Berlin was erected by East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-pearson75_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pearson75-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.<sup id="cite_ref-dowty124_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dowty124-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In East Germany, the term <a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">Republikflucht</a> (fugitives from the Republic) was used for anyone wishing to leave to non-socialist countries. A propaganda booklet published by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) in 1955 for the use of party agitators outlined the seriousness of <a href="/wiki/Republikflucht" title="Republikflucht">'flight from the republic'</a>, stating "leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity", and "workers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic, the strong bastion of the fight for peace, to serve the deadly enemy of the German people, the imperialists and militarists".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous <a href="/wiki/Defectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Defectors">defectors</a> include Joseph Stalin's daughter <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a>, Mig-25 pilot <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Belenko" title="Viktor Belenko">Viktor Belenko</a>, U.N. Undersecretary General <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Shevchenko" title="Arkady Shevchenko">Arkady Shevchenko</a>, chess grand master <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a>, ballet stars <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Makarova" title="Natalia Makarova">Natalia Makarova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Godunov" title="Alexander Godunov">Alexander Godunov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-krasnov2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krasnov2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous East German defectors include author <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Leonhard" title="Wolfgang Leonhard">Wolfgang Leonhard</a>, East German soldier <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Schumann">Conrad Schumann</a> who was photographed jumping the Berlin wall while under construction and a number of European football players, including <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Berger" title="Jörg Berger">Jörg Berger</a>. While media sources often reported high level defections, non-prominent defections usually went unreported.<sup id="cite_ref-krasnov5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krasnov5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuba">Cuba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights in Cuba</a></div> <p>Previously, the Cuban government forbade its citizens from leaving or returning to Cuba without first obtaining permission from the government. In a translation by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, under Cuba's criminal code, individuals who, "without completing legal formalities, leave or take actions in preparation for leaving the national territory" faced prison sentences of one to three years in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1985 to 1994 the number of illegal emigrants is estimated to 82,500, with an additional 7,500 up to the mid-2000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even discussing illegal emigration carried a six-month prison sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-kobayashi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobayashi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Law-Decree 302, published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Cuba on October 16, 2012, went into effect on January 14, 2013. This immigration law eliminates the need for an exit permit but increased passport costs to 100 CUC, the equivalent of 5 months of average salary.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iran">Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is illegal for an Iranian woman to leave Iran alone without written permission from her husband, or male relative if she is not married.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Any woman of any nationality married to an Iranian man automatically becomes an Iranian citizen and is subject to these regulations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Mahmoody" title="Betty Mahmoody">Betty Mahmoody</a>, married to Iranian <a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Bozorg_Mahmoody" title="Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody">Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody</a>, was trapped in Iran after her husband had decided that they would stay there during a two-week vacation. She had to escape to Turkey aided by smugglers because she would not have legally been allowed to leave Iran without first obtaining a divorce from her husband, who would have gained full custody of their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mahtob_Mahmoody" title="Mahtob Mahmoody">Mahtob Mahmoody</a>. </p><p>According to the law of the government of Iran, Iranian males older than 18 years old are not allowed to leave the country unless they serve Iran armed forces for 24 months. This has caused a huge number of Iranian students and the young population to leave the country through illegal channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portugal">Portugal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1974, individual freedom to emigrate from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> was subordinated to the aims and interests of the nation. The 1933 Constitution says that "[t]he state has the right and the obligation to coordinate and regulate the economic and social life of the Nation with the objective of populating the national territories, protecting emigrants, and disciplining emigration."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The state tried to attain three key goals with this policy: meet labor needs, satisfy interests in Africa, and ensure benefits from emigrant remittances. At least 36 percent of Portuguese emigrants between 1950 and 1988 left the country illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the government of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> has tightly restricted the number of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> allowed to travel to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Haj" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj">Haj</a> pilgrimage. Muslims claimed they continue to have difficulties getting <a href="/wiki/Passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Passports">passports</a> to travel abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> per 2001, authorities continued to deny passports to less prominent critics as well as to family members of political prisoners and expatriate activists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_support">Child support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Child support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia and New Zealand have a travel ban for people who owe child support.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who owe child support are prevented from leaving Costa Rica.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a person owes more than $2,500 in child support, they cannot get their US passport renewed, and therefore will be unable to leave the United States and may be deported back to the United States for not having a valid US passport.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasday2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasday2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictive_exit_visas">Restrictive exit visas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Restrictive exit visas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exit_visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit visa">Exit visa</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> may require special exit visas for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a>, departing workers, <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>, or visitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> – 1965 movie fictionalizing the <a href="/wiki/Von-Trapp_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Von-Trapp family">von-Trapp family</a> fleeing the Nazis in Austria of 1938 and secretly escaping over the Alps to freedom in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in the events it was based on)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balseros_(film)" title="Balseros (film)">Balseros</a></i> – documentary about escaping Cuba on rafts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc emigration and defection">Eastern Bloc emigration and defection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowaway" title="Stowaway">Stowaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_out_circular" title="Look out circular">Look out circular</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dowty70-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty70_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars43-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars43_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig20-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wettig20_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettig20_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wettig20_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senn_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Senn, Alfred Erich, <i>Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above</i>, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2225-6">978-90-420-2225-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ckpipe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ckpipe_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, <i>Stalin's Cold War</i>, New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-4201-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-4201-1">0-7190-4201-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinswars55-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stalinswars55_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shirer794-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shirer794_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1990">Shirer 1990</a>, p. 794</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granville-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-granville_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granville, Johanna, <i>The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956</i>, Texas A&M University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4">1-58544-298-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenville2005">Grenville 2005</a>, pp. 370–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook17-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cook17_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2001">Cook 2001</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wettig96-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wettig96_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, pp. 96–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty114-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty114_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty121-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty121_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mynz221-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mynz221_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMynz1995">Mynz 1995</a>, p. 2.2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senate Chancellery, Governing Mayor of Berlin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlin.de/mauer/geschichte/index.en.html"><i>The construction of the Berlin Wall</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402152858/http://www.berlin.de/mauer/geschichte/index.en.html">Archived</a> 2014-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> states "Between 1945 and 1961, around 3.6 million people left the Soviet zone and East Berlin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pearson75-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pearson75_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearson1998">Pearson 1998</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dowty124-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dowty124_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty1989">Dowty 1989</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326234647/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/notiz3.htm">"<i>Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt, stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber</i> ("He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers")"</a>. <i>Notizbuch des Agitators ("Agitator's Notebook")</i>. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>, Agitation Department, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> District. November 1955. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/notiz3.htm">the original</a> on 2014-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notizbuch+des+Agitators+%28%22Agitator%27s+Notebook%22%29&rft.atitle=Wer+die+Deutsche+Demokratische+Republik+verl%C3%A4%C3%9Ft%2C+stellt+sich+auf+die+Seite+der+Kriegstreiber+%28%22He+Who+Leaves+the+German+Democratic+Republic+Joins+the+Warmongers%22%29&rft.date=1955-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvin.edu%2Facademic%2Fcas%2Fgpa%2Fnotiz3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krasnov2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krasnov2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrasnov1985">Krasnov 1985</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krasnov5-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-krasnov5_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrasnov1985">Krasnov 1985</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2005/cuba1005/2.htm">Cuba's Restrictions on Travel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolando García Quiñones, Director del Centro de Estudios Demográficos (CEDEM), Cuba: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K2/eng/docs/coop/migra/spsmirdi12-02/spsmirdi12-3.htm">International Migrations in Cuba: persinting trends and changes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005002547/http://www.sela.org/public_html/AA2K2/eng/docs/coop/migra/spsmirdi12-02/spsmirdi12-3.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kobayashi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kobayashi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Hollis_Kobayashi2005" class="citation web cs1">M. Hollis Kobayashi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ccsu.edu/archive/00000279/03/KobayashiFT.pdf">"Fidel Castro's Cuba: The Views of the Exile Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fidel+Castro%27s+Cuba%3A+The+Views+of+the+Exile+Community&rft.date=2005&rft.au=M.+Hollis+Kobayashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ccsu.edu%2Farchive%2F00000279%2F03%2FKobayashiFT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2012" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Girish (11 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/11/cuba-exit-visas/1694569/">"Cubans can leave, but to where and with what?"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>A passport will cost the average Cuban five months' salary</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Cubans+can+leave%2C+but+to+where+and+with+what%3F&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Girish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F11%2F11%2Fcuba-exit-visas%2F1694569%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainsford2013" class="citation news cs1">Rainsford, Sarah (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-21008571">"Cubans set for foreign travel as exit permits abolished"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cubans+set+for+foreign+travel+as+exit+permits+abolished&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.aulast=Rainsford&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-21008571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Ioannis B. Baganha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ies.berkeley.edu/research/files/CP02/CP02-Port_Emigration.pdf">Portuguese Emigration After World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094933/http://ies.berkeley.edu/research/files/CP02/CP02-Port_Emigration.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/07/18/burma4127.htm">Burma: Crackdown on Muslims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216022136/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/07/18/burma4127.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/tunisia.html">Tunisia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert2019" class="citation web cs1">Robert, Stuartt (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minister.servicesaustralia.gov.au/media-releases/2019-10-24-child-support-and-welfare-debt-pay-what-you-owe-or-you-risk-being-stopped-travelling-overseas">"Media release: Child Support and welfare debt"</a>. <i>servicesaustralia.gov.au</i>. Australian Government Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=servicesaustralia.gov.au&rft.atitle=Media+release%3A+Child+Support+and+welfare+debt&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Stuartt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminister.servicesaustralia.gov.au%2Fmedia-releases%2F2019-10-24-child-support-and-welfare-debt-pay-what-you-owe-or-you-risk-being-stopped-travelling-overseas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safetravel.govt.nz/sites/default/files/PAS815%2001-14_Before_you_go_stop_WEB.pdf">"Essential information for New Zealanders travelling overseas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>safetravel.govt.nz</i>. New Zealand Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=safetravel.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Essential+information+for+New+Zealanders+travelling+overseas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safetravel.govt.nz%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPAS815%252001-14_Before_you_go_stop_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasday2014-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasday2014_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Elaine_Hasday2014" class="citation book cs1">Jill Elaine Hasday (16 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEd9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Family Law Reimagined</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 58–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36985-6"><bdi>978-0-674-36985-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Law+Reimagined&rft.pages=58-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36985-6&rft.au=Jill+Elaine+Hasday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEd9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/winter/von-trapps.html">The Real Story of the Von Trapp Family</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöcker1998" class="citation cs2">Böcker, Anita (1998), <i>Regulation of Migration: International Experiences</i>, Het Spinhuis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5589-095-8"><bdi>978-90-5589-095-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regulation+of+Migration%3A+International+Experiences&rft.pub=Het+Spinhuis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-5589-095-8&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6cker&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation cs2">Cook, Bernard A. (2001), <i>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-4057-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2005" class="citation cs2">Dale, Gareth (2005), <i>Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-1989: Judgements on the Street</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714654089" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714654089"><bdi>978-0714654089</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+in+East+Germany%2C+1945-1989%3A+Judgements+on+the+Street&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0714654089&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowty1989" class="citation cs2">Dowty, Alan (1989), <i>Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04498-0"><bdi>978-0-300-04498-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closed+Borders%3A+The+Contemporary+Assault+on+Freedom+of+Movement&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04498-0&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenville2005" class="citation cs2">Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), <i>A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28954-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28954-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+from+the+20th+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28954-2&rft.aulast=Grenville&rft.aufirst=John+Ashley+Soames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2003" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), <i>Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09678-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09678-0"><bdi>978-0-691-09678-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+the+Soviets+Up+the+Wall%3A+Soviet-East+German+Relations%2C+1953-1961&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09678-0&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Hope+Millard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnov1985" class="citation cs2">Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), <i>Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List</i>, Hoover Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8231-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-8231-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Defectors%3A+The+KGB+Wanted+List&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8231-7&rft.aulast=Krasnov&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoescher2001" class="citation cs2">Loescher, Gil (2001), <i>The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829716-1"><bdi>978-0-19-829716-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UNHCR+and+World+Politics%3A+A+Perilous+Path&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829716-1&rft.aulast=Loescher&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMynz1995" class="citation cs2">Mynz, Rainer (1995), <i>Where Did They All Come From? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; EUROPEAN POPULATION CONFERENCE CONGRESS EUROPEAN DE DEMOGRAPHE</i>, United Nations Population Division</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Did+They+All+Come+From%3F+Typology+and+Geography+of+European+Mass+Migration+In+the+Twentieth+Century%3B+EUROPEAN+POPULATION+CONFERENCE+CONGRESS+EUROPEAN+DE+DEMOGRAPHE&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Division&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mynz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1998" class="citation cs2">Pearson, Raymond (1998), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-17407-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-17407-1"><bdi>0-312-17407-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-312-17407-1&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), <i>Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11204-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11204-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11204-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation cs2">Shirer, William L. (1990), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-72868-7"><bdi>0-671-72868-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-671-72868-7&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackeray2004" class="citation cs2">Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eventsthatchange00fran"><i>Events that changed Germany</i></a></span>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32814-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32814-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+that+changed+Germany&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32814-5&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feventsthatchange00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation cs2">Wettig, Gerhard (2008), <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+emigration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration" title="Template:Immigration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration" title="Template talk:Immigration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acculturation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturation Gap">Acculturation Gap</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentricism">Ethnocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition and reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War#Effects" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2015_European_migrant_crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_migrant_crisis" title="Template:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_migrant_crisis" title="Template talk:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_migrant_crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European migrant crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2015_European_migrant_crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis">Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Refugees and immigration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syrian refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Libya">Libyan refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Iraq" title="Refugees of Iraq">Iraqi refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Sudan" title="Refugees of Sudan">Sudanese refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration to Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration to Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration to Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">African immigration to Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Migrant vehicle incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2007_Malta_migrant_shipwreck" title="May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck">May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck</a> (May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Mediterranean_Sea_migrant_shipwreck" title="2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck">2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck</a> (March 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mediterranean_Sea_migrant_shipwreck" title="2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck">2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck</a> (April 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Lampedusa_migrant_shipwreck" title="2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck">Lampedusa shipwreck</a> (October 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Malta_migrant_shipwreck" title="2014 Malta migrant shipwreck">2014 Malta migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libya_migrant_shipwreck" title="2014 Libya migrant shipwreck">2014 Libya migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_M_incident" title="Blue Sky M incident">Blue Sky M incident</a> (December 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezadeen_incident" title="Ezadeen incident">Ezadeen incident</a> (January 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_corpses_discovery" title="Burgenland corpses discovery">Burgenland corpses discovery</a> (August 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alan_Kurdi" title="Death of Alan Kurdi">Death of Alan Kurdi</a> (September 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Egypt_migrant_shipwreck" title="2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck">2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck</a> (September 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Libya_migrant_shipwrecks" title="November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks">November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks</a> (November 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Libya_migrant_shipwrecks" title="2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks">2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks</a> (January 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_lorry_deaths" title="Essex lorry deaths">Essex lorry deaths</a> (October 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_lorry_deaths" title="Sofia lorry deaths">Sofia lorry deaths</a> (February 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Calabria_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster">2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster</a> (February 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Tunisia_migrant_boat_disasters" title="2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters">2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters</a> (March & April 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Libya_migrant_boats_sinking" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Libya migrant boats sinking">2023 Libya migrant boats sinking</a> (April 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Messenia_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster">2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster</a> (June 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canary_Islands_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster">2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster</a> (June 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Cape_Verde_migrant_boat_disaster" title="2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster">2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster</a> (July 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_van_crash" title="Mühldorf van crash">Mühldorf van crash</a> (October 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_migrant_vessel_incidents_on_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea">List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_migrant_vehicle_incidents_in_Europe" title="List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe">List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Poseidon" title="Frontex">Operation Poseidon</a> (EU, 2006–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Hermes" title="Frontex">Operation Hermes</a> (EU, 2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">Operation Mare Nostrum</a> (Italy, 2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Triton" title="Operation Triton">Operation Triton</a> (EU, 2014–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Themis" title="Operation Themis">Operation Themis</a> (EU, 2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sophia" title="Operation Sophia">Operation Sophia</a> (EU Navfor Med, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex#Poseidon" title="Frontex">Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention</a> (EU, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_Offshore_Aid_Station" title="Migrant Offshore Aid Station">Migrant Offshore Aid Station</a> (NGO, 2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactiva_Open_Arms" title="Proactiva Open Arms">Proactiva Open Arms</a> (NGO, 2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Dignitus" title="Aquarius Dignitus">Aquarius Dignitus</a> (NGO <a href="/wiki/SOS_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="SOS Méditerranée">SOS Méditerranée</a>, 2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugend_Rettet" title="Jugend Rettet">Jugend Rettet</a> (NGO, 2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Migrant camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basroch_refugee_camp" title="Basroch refugee camp">Basroch refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais_Jungle" title="Calais Jungle">Calais Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Lini%C3%A8re" title="La Linière">La Linière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampedusa_immigrant_reception_center" title="Lampedusa immigrant reception center">Lampedusa immigrant reception center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_refugee_camp" title="Moria refugee camp">Moria refugee camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants_around_Calais" title="Migrants around Calais">Migrants around Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_camp" title="Hotspot camp">Hotspot camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border barriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_border_barrier" title="Austrian border barrier">Austrian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border#Border_barrier" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Bulgarian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta_border_fence" title="Ceuta border fence">Ceuta border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calais_border_barrier" title="Calais border barrier">Calais border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_border_barrier" title="Hungarian border barrier">Hungarian border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla_border_fence" title="Melilla border fence">Melilla border fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_border_barrier" title="North Macedonia border barrier">North Macedonia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border_barrier" title="Norway–Russia border barrier">Norway–Russia border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Belarus_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Belarus barrier">Poland–Belarus barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_border_barrier" title="Slovenian border barrier">Slovenian border barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Khaled_Idris_Bahray" title="Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray">Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Geldermalsen_riot" title="2015 Geldermalsen riot">2015 Geldermalsen riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corsican_protests" title="2015 Corsican protests">2015 Corsican protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ashley_Ann_Olsen" title="Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen">Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatal_stabbing_of_Alexandra_Mezher" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher">Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hungarian_migrant_quota_referendum" title="2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum">2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Reutlingen_knife_attack" title="2016 Reutlingen knife attack">2016 Reutlingen knife attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Chemnitz_terrorism_plot" title="2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot">2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Maria_Ladenburger" title="Murder of Maria Ladenburger">Murder of Maria Ladenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Turku_attack" title="2017 Turku attack">2017 Turku attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pamela_Mastropietro" title="Murder of Pamela Mastropietro">Murder of Pamela Mastropietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Chemnitz_protests" title="2018 Chemnitz protests">2018 Chemnitz protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Desir%C3%A9e_Mariottini" title="Murder of Desirée Mariottini">Murder of Desirée Mariottini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_2015_migrant_crisis" title="European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis">European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Asylum_Curriculum" title="European Asylum Curriculum">European Asylum Curriculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Asylum" title="European Union Agency for Asylum">European Union Agency for Asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_shopping" title="Asylum shopping">Asylum shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">Chain migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Regulation" title="Dublin Regulation">Dublin Regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodac" title="Eurodac">Eurodac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edlumino" title="Edlumino">Edlumino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Border_Surveillance_System" title="European Border Surveillance System">European Border Surveillance System</a> (Eurosur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_at_Sea" title="Fire at Sea">Fire at Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Europe" title="Fortress Europe">Fortress Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants_around_Calais" title="Migrants around Calais">Migrants around Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey's migrant crisis">Turkey's migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta_Summit_on_Migration" title="Valletta Summit on Migration">Valletta Summit on Migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&oldid=1259704463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_emigration&oldid=1259704463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes" title="Category:Crimes">Crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criminal_law" title="Category:Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emigration_policy" title="Category:Emigration 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