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class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Greco-Roman antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Roman_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval history subsection</span> </button> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline of archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recreational revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_modern_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_modern_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>A modern sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_modern_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Longbowmen.jpg/330px-Longbowmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Longbowmen.jpg/440px-Longbowmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Longbowmen archers of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a>, or the use of <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrows</a>, was probably developed in Africa by the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> (approx. 70,000 years ago). It is documented as part of <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a> (where it figures in the <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a> of many cultures)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the end of the 19th century, when bow and arrows was made functionally obsolete by the invention and spread of <a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">repeating firearms</a> (though in hunting they are still used).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archers were a widespread if supplemental part of the military in the classical period, and bowmen fought <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">on foot</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted on horses</a>. Archery rose to prominence in Europe in the later medieval period, where victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> cemented the longbow in military lore.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archery in both hunting and warfare was eventually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. Firearms eventually diffused throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">Gunpowder empires</a>, gradually reducing the importance of archery in warfare throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archery is still practiced today, for hunting<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a target sport.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic">Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest known evidence of arrows comes from South African sites such as <a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a>, where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Lombard2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lombard_M_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard_M-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Backwell2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backwell2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on some of which poisons may have been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombard2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombard2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small stone points from the <a href="/wiki/Grotte_Mandrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotte Mandrin">Grotte Mandrin</a> in Southern France, used some 54,000 years ago, have damage from use that indicates their use as projectile weapons, and some are too small (less than 10mm across as the base) for any practical use other than as arrowheads.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are associated with possibly the first groups of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">modern humans</a> to leave Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likely arrowheads were reported in 2020 from <a href="/wiki/Fa_Hien_Cave" title="Fa Hien Cave">Fa Hien Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at the Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels... Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the site of <a href="/wiki/Nataruk" title="Nataruk">Nataruk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana County</a>, Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> bladelets found embedded in a human skull and within the thoracic cavity of another human skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Sahara, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> rock art of the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili plateau</a> from 5,000 BP or earlier depicts people carrying bows.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on indirect evidence, the bow seems also to have appeared or reappeared later in Eurasia around the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, artifacts which may be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>, (ca. 12,800–10,300 BP) onwards. The <a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">PPN A</a> shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. </p><p>Possible fragments of a bow found at Mannheim-Vogelstang have been dated to the Early Magdelenian age (c. 17,500 to 18,000 years ago) and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> points found in <a href="/wiki/Grotte_du_Bichon" title="Grotte du Bichon">Grotte du Bichon</a>, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other early indications of archery in Europe come from <a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Stellmoor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg" title="Ahrensburg">Ahrensburg valley</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany. They were associated with artifacts of the late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> (11,000–9,000<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>). The arrows were made of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20 centimetre (6–8 inches) long foreshaft with a <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> point. They had shallow grooves on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest definite bows known so far come from the <a href="/wiki/Holmegaard" title="Holmegaard">Holmegaard</a> swamp in Denmark. In the 1940s, two bows were found there, dated to about 8,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">Holmegaard bows</a> are made of <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a> and have flat arms and a D-shaped midsection. The center section is biconvex. The complete bow is <span class="nowrap">1.50 m</span> (5 ft) long. Bows of Holmegaard-type were in use until the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>; the convexity of the midsection has decreased with time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Mesolithic</a> pointed shafts have been found in England, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. They were often rather long, up to <span class="nowrap">120 cm</span> (4 ft) and made of European hazel (<i><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">Corylus avellana</a></i>), wayfaring tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Viburnum_lantana" title="Viburnum lantana">Viburnum lantana</a></i>) and other small woody shoots. Some still have flint arrow-heads preserved; others have blunt wooden ends for hunting birds and small game. The ends show traces of <a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">fletching</a>, which was fastened on with <a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">birch-tar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Missing sources for this paragraph; unclear if existing citation applies (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morella_(combate-de-arquero.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png/220px-Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png/330px-Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png/440px-Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Cave painting of a battle between archers, Morella la Vella, Valencia, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest depictions of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">combat</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin" title="Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin">Iberian cave art</a> of the Mesolithic, show battles between archers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of three archers encircled by a group of four is found in Cueva del Roure, <a href="/wiki/Morella,_Castell%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Morella, Castellón">Morella la Vella</a>, Castellón, Valencia. A depiction of a larger battle (which may, however, date to the early Neolithic), in which eleven archers are attacked by seventeen running archers, is found in Les Dogue, <a href="/wiki/Ares_del_Maestrat" title="Ares del Maestrat">Ares del Maestrat</a>, Castellón, Valencia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Val del Charco del Agua Amarga, <a href="/wiki/Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a>, Aragon, seven archers with plumes on their heads are fleeing a group of eight archers running in pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archery seems to have arrived in the Americas via Alaska, as early as 6000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_small_tool_tradition" title="Arctic small tool tradition">Arctic small tool tradition</a>, about 2500 BC, spreading south into the temperate zones as early as 2000 BC, and was widely known among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of North America">indigenous peoples of North America</a> from about 500 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest Neolithic bow known from Europe was found in anaerobic layers dating between 7,400 and 7,200 BP, the earliest layer of settlement at the lake settlement at La Draga, <a href="/wiki/Banyoles" title="Banyoles">Banyoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The intact specimen is short at 1.08 m (3 ft 7 in), has a D-shaped cross-section, and is made of yew wood.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stone_wrist-guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone wrist-guards">Stone wrist-guards</a>, interpreted as display versions of <a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">bracers</a>, form a defining part of the <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> and arrowheads are also commonly found in Beaker graves. European Neolithic fortifications, arrow-heads, injuries, and representations indicate that, in Neolithic and Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Europe, archery was a major form of interpersonal violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement at <a href="/wiki/Carn_Brea,_Redruth" title="Carn Brea, Redruth">Carn Brea</a> was occupied between around 3700 and 3400 BC; excavations found that every timber structure on the site had been burnt, and there was a concentration of arrow heads around a probable entrance to the enclosure, suggesting that these arrows may have been used by a large group of archers in an organized assault.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RJM1970_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJM1970-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RJM1972_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJM1972-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a>-borne archers became a defining feature of Middle Bronze Age warfare, from Europe to Eastern Asia and India. However, in the Middle Bronze Age, with the development of massed infantry tactics, and with the use of chariots for shock tactics or as prestigious command vehicles, archery seems to have lessened in importance in European warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In approximately the same period, with the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino Phenomenon">Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a> and the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a> became a defining feature of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomad" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian nomad">Eurasian nomad</a> cultures and a foundation of their military success, until the massed use of guns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg/220px-Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg/330px-Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg/440px-Archers_frieze_Darius_palace_Louvre_AOD487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Archers with <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve bows</a> and short spears, detail from the archers' frieze in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_I_in_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Darius I in Susa">Palace of Darius I in Susa</a>. Siliceous glazed bricks, c. 510 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Empire">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite Empire">Nubians</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Arrows were destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers often proved decisive. The Sanskrit term for archery, <a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">dhanurveda</a>, came to refer to martial arts in general. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomelist_(Sesostris_I.)_1up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg/220px-Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg/330px-Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg/440px-Nomelist_%28Sesostris_I.%29_1up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>Ta-Seti (uppermost) at the "<a href="/wiki/White_Chapel" title="White Chapel">White Chapel</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> people took to archery as early as 5,000 years ago. It was widespread by the time of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> and was practiced both for hunting and use in warfare. Legendary figures from the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> are depicted giving "lessons in archery".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Egyptian deities are also connected to archery.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Nine_bows" title="Nine bows">Nine bows</a>" were a conventional representation of Egypt's external enemies. One of the oldest representations of the Nine bows is on the seated statue of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a> (3rd Dynasty, 27th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the archers in service to Egypt were of <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> extraction commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a>, who go from a mercenary force during their initial service to Egypt in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> to an elite paramilitary unit by the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. So effective were the Nubians as archers that Nubia as a whole would be referred to <a href="/wiki/Ta-Seti" title="Ta-Seti">Ta-Seti</a> or land of the bow by the Ancient Egyptians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh,_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II,_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection,_Glasgow,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg/440px-Archer_wearing_feather_headdress._Alabaster._From_Nineveh%2C_Iraq._Reign_of_Ashurbanipal_II%2C_668-627_BCE._The_Burrell_Collection%2C_Glasgow%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3378" /></a><figcaption>Archer wearing feather headdress. Alabaster. From Nineveh, Iraq. Reign of Ashurbanipal II, 668–627 BC. The Burrell Collection, Glasgow, UK.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a> extensively used the bow and arrow for hunting and warfare. The empires in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> formed the first standing armies used exclusively for warfare. This included soldiers trained and employed as archers. The archers served as an integral division of the military that was used on foot and on chariots. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_army_formation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Persian_army_formation.png/220px-Persian_army_formation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Persian_army_formation.png/330px-Persian_army_formation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Persian_army_formation.png/440px-Persian_army_formation.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sparabara" title="Sparabara">sparabara</a></i> units: nine rows of archers protected by one row of shield-bearers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a> warriors of the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a> relied heavily on the bow. The <a href="/wiki/Nuzi_texts" title="Nuzi texts">Nuzi texts</a> detail the bows and the number of arrows assigned to the chariot crew. Archery was essential to the role of the light horse-drawn chariot as a vehicle of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews119_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews119-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> has multiple references to archery as a skill identified with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Long_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Long bow">long bows</a> used to great effect in <a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a>. </p><p>Three-bladed (trilobate) arrowheads have been found in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, dated to 100 BC-150 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasian_Steppes">Eurasian Steppes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eurasian Steppes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bow</a> was first produced in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and from there it diffused throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. The nomads from the Eurasian steppes are believed to play an integral part in introducing the composite bow to other civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Iran, India, East Asia, and Europe. There are arrowheads from the earliest <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burials</a> at <a href="/wiki/Krivoye_Lake" title="Krivoye Lake">Krivoye Lake</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> about 2100–1700 BC. These people are also believed to have invented spoke-wheeled chariots, and chariot archery became an integral component of the militaries of early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>. </p><p>Domestication of horses and mounted horseback archery are also believed to have originated in the Eurasian steppes. This revolutionized warfare as well as the practice of archery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowmena.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Bowmena.PNG/220px-Bowmena.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3d/Bowmena.PNG/330px-Bowmena.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Bowmena.PNG 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> bowmen on gold plaque from <a href="/wiki/Kul_Oba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kul Oba">Kul Oba</a> kurgan, in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, 4th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of bow and arrow was recorded extensively throughout the history of the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>The paleolithic paintings of <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> depict archery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> hymns in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> lay emphasis on the use of the bow and arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second Veda, the Yajurveda contains <b>Dhanurveda</b> (dhanus "bow" and veda "knowledge"), which was an ancient treatise on the science of archery and its use in warfare. The existence of Dhanurveda or "Science of Archery" in antiquity is evident from references made in several works of ancient literature. The Viṣṇu Purāṇa refers it as one of the eighteen branches of knowledge taught, while the Mahābhārata mentions it as having sutras like other vedas. <a href="/wiki/Shukra-Niti" title="Shukra-Niti">Śukranīti</a> describes it as that 'upaveda of yajurveda' which has five arts or practical aspects. The Dhanurveda enumerates the rules of archery, and describes the uses of weapons and the training the army. Besides providing the account of the training of the archers, Vasiṣṭha's Dhanurveda describes the different types of bows and arrows, as well as the process of making them. Detailed accounts of training methodologies in early India considered to be an essential martial skill in early India.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composite bow in India was being used by 2nd millennium BCE. The bow was used extensively on foot as well on chariots. It was incorporated into the standing armies of the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, and used in mounted warfare on horses, camels, and elephants with a <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdah</a>. The importance of archery continued through antiquity during the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>, a military treaties written by <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> during the Maurya Era, goes in depth on the importance and implementation of archery. It also mentions an archery school at <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> which enrolled 103 princes from different kingdoms across the empire. </p><p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> mounted archery was largely supplanted by foot archers. This was in contrast to the nomadic armies on horseback from Central Asia such as the Iranian, Scythians, Parthians, Kushans, and Hunas. Later Indian kingdoms entities would maintain and field large numbers of mounted archers. The use of bows and arrows continued to be used as the mainstay of most Indian armies until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, introduced by Mongol <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder empires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drews119_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews119-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_antiquity">Greco-Roman antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greco-Roman antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg/220px-Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg/330px-Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg/440px-Apollo_Artemis_Brygos_Louvre_G151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>Apollo and Artemis. Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup, ca. 470 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG/220px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG/330px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG/440px-Antikensammlung_Berlin_525.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption>Female <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobat</a> shooting an <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">arrow with a bow</a> in her feet; <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Gnathia style</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek pottery"><i>pelikai</i> pottery</a>; 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> practiced archery and Cretan mercenary archers were in great demand.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crete was known for its unbroken tradition of archery.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the invasion of India by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, archers are listed among the troops Alexander personally commanded.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Romans had very few archers, if any. As their empire grew, they recruited auxiliary archers from other nations. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s armies in Gaul included Cretan archers, and <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> his enemy ordered "all the archers, of whom there was a very great number in Gaul, to be collected".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 4th century, archers with powerful composite bows were a regular part of Roman armies throughout the empire. During the fall of the western empire, the Romans came under severe pressure from the highly skilled <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archers</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a> invaders, and later Eastern Roman armies relied heavily on mounted archery.<sup id="cite_ref-Connolly_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connolly-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg/220px-Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg/330px-Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg/440px-Warring_States_Bronze_Arrowhead_with_Wings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Winged arrowhead, <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gungdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungdo">Gungdo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></div> <p>Archery featured prominently in ancient Chinese culture and philosophy <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> himself was an archery teacher; and <a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Zi</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoist</a> philosopher) was an avid archer.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaarchery_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaarchery-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a> were developed, and Han Dynasty writers attributed Chinese success in <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">battles against nomad invaders</a> to the massed use of crossbows, first definitely attested at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maling" title="Battle of Maling">Battle of Ma-Ling</a> in 341 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-jcms_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jcms-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the medieval period, shortbows were used for both hunting and warfare. Medieval shortbows were structurally similar to ancient bows, but new construction materials significantly increased their usefulness. With a range of about 100yds a shortbow had the ability to kill or injure an unarmoured man at close range, but were often ineffective against armour. <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> made extensive use of shortbows both on land and at sea, but other early medieval armies less so, with some notable exceptions. Both sides used archers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, and the Norman archers struck a decisive blow by firing their arrows into the air (avoiding shields and armour which they could not penetrate) and wounding <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">King Harold</a>. The shortbow remained the primary ranged weapon throughout early medieval Europe. Archers were usually unarmoured, and were typically peasants or townsmen rather than nobles or men-at-arms.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the tenth century the <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> was introduced in Europe. Crossbows generally had a longer range, greater accuracy and more penetration than the shortbow, but suffered from a much slower rate of fire. Unlike the longbow they did not require special skill or strength to use effectively. They were also controversial, attracting stigma to those who used them, and were outlawed by the Lateran Council of 1139.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, crossbows were used in the early <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, with models having a range of 300 yd (274 m) and being able to penetrate armour or kill a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fired short metal bolts rather than arrows. The French army relied substantially on the crossbow in late medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> first appeared in Europe in the 13th century, although similar weapons were described in antiquity. It did not appear with any frequency until the 14th. Like their shortbow predecessors longbow archers were more likely to be peasants or yeomen than men-at-arms. The longbow had a similar range and penetration as the crossbow, but a much higher rate of fire. It also required more skill and strength to use effectively than a crossbow. Its lack of accuracy at long ranges made it a mass weapon rather than an individual one. During the late medieval period the English army famously relied on massed archers armed with the longbow. In the Scottish Highlands, archers were used in battle until 1689 at Killiekrankie, with a documented fatal shot from the Hanoverian Government army. They were last used in large numbers during the final clan battle between the MacDonalds and the Mackintoshes in 1688. Highlanders are most regularly recorded or depicted using the short recurve or "McNaughton Bow" in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant victories attributable to the longbow, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> becoming part of military lore. In both England and Scotland legislation was passed to ensure a supply of trained longbowmen, such as the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Games_Act_1541" title="Unlawful Games Act 1541">Unlawful Games Act 1541</a> which prohibited "Several new devised Games" that might detract from archery training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_East">The Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle East the <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bow</a> was the preferred bow in the later Medieval period. More powerful than the shortbow, they had the advantage over the longer longbow that they could be fired from horseback. However they also required skilled craftsmen to manufacture, and, like the longbow, extensive training to use well. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was already using mounted archers extensively by the 5th Century, and the Emperor Mavrikios laid down principles for their use in his seminal military work the <a href="/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice" title="Strategikon of Maurice">Strategikon of Maurice</a>. The core of the Byzantine army was the <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a>, an armoured horse archer. The Byzantines also recruited mercenary light mounted archers from the Steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-HorseArcher_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseArcher-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish tribes, of which the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> are representative, used mounted archers against the European <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)</a>. Their archers were more lightly armoured than the Cataphracts, and consequently more mobile. Their tactic was to fire at the enemy infantry, and use their superior mobility to prevent the enemy from closing with them.<sup id="cite_ref-HorseArcher_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseArcher-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> armies of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and his successors relied almost exclusively on mounted warriors, who used the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a> (a form of recurve composite bow) as their principal weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-HorseArcher_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseArcher-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongol bows of that period were constructed from leather, horn, and wood with animal sinew outside, held together with fish glue and covered with tree bark to protect against water. 13th century bows were said to be able to shoot 700–800 meters accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warriors would carry two bows, a long one for shooting at range and a short one for close fighting. They also carried different types of arrows for different uses, some of which could pierce thick armour. The bow was also used for hunting, and warriors were trained from an early age, and competed in tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Korea <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> adopted a military-service examination system from China that included a focus on archery skills and that contributed to the development of Korean archery as a practical martial art.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Asia archery was one of the Six Noble Arts of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> of China (1146–256 BC); archery skill was a virtue for Chinese emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaarchery_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaarchery-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ca_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sasanid_Plate,_Azerbaijan_Museum,_Tabriz,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg/220px-Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg/440px-Sasanid_Plate%2C_Azerbaijan_Museum%2C_Tabriz%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Sasanian king is shooting an arrow on a horse to hunt two lion</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a> has been credited with writing a manual of archery in the tenth century in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a>'s catalogue <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Fihrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Fihrist">Kitab al-Fihrist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A complete arrow of 75 cm<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (along with other fragments and arrow heads) dated back to 1283 AD, was discovered inside a cave<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> situated in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treatise on <a href="/wiki/Arab_archery" title="Arab archery">Arab archery</a> by Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, called <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_Al-Jawziyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya</a> (1292AD-1350AD) comes from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treatise on Saracen archery was written in 1368. This was a didactic poem on archery dedicated to a Mameluke sultan by Ṭaibughā al-Ashrafī.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 14th-century treatise on Arab archery, <i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C4%81b_f%C4%AB_ma%CA%BFrifat_%CA%BFilm_ramy_al-sih%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitāb fī maʿrifat ʿilm ramy al-sihām">Kitāb fī maʿrifat ʿilm ramy al-sihām</a></i>, was written by Hussain bin Abd al-Rahman.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A treatise, <i>A book on the excellence of the bow & arrow</i> of c. 1500 details the practices and techniques of archery among the Arabs of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anonymous book written in <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, France, in the late 15th century details how archery in medieval Europe was practiced. The book was titled <i>Le Fachon de tirer l'arc a main</i>. It describes the means of how a yew bow could be made, the kinds of wood that could be used, how to shoot it, string it and different kind of arrows. According to the writer, its purpose is for posterity, possibly due to the rise of the gun.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">footmen</a> were dominated by archers. Three archers to one <a href="/wiki/Spearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Spearman">spearman</a> was the general ratio of Malian formations in the 16th century. The archers generally opened battle, softening up the enemy for cavalry charges or the advance of the spearmen.<sup id="cite_ref-ki_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ki-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_of_archery">Decline of archery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decline of archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg/220px-English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg/330px-English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/English_Archery_-_three_panels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Panels depicting Archery in England from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(engraver_and_antiquary)" title="Joseph Strutt (engraver and antiquary)">Joseph Strutt</a>'s 1801 book, <i>The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period</i>. The date of the top image is unknown; the middle image is from 1496 and the bottom panel is circa fourteenth century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Johan-van-Heemskerk-Batavische-Arcadia_MGG_1334.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="5245" /></a><figcaption>Archery game outside the town. Jan Lamsvelt in Van Heemskerk: <i>Batavische Arcadia</i>, 1708.</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunpowder warfare">firearms</a> eventually rendered bows obsolete in warfare. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the relative neglect of archery. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Have them bring as many guns as possible, for no other equipment is needed. Give strict orders that all men, even the samurai, carry guns."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Asano Yukinaga, 1598<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Geoffrey Keating</a> (c. 1569 – c. 1644) mentions archery as having been practiced "down to a recent period within our own memory."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early firearms were inferior in <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> (a Tudor English author expects eight shots from the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> in the time needed for a "ready shooter" to give five from the musket),<sup id="cite_ref-bowvsmusket.com_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowvsmusket.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a> reports that well-trained <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archers">mounted archers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Battle of Samugarh</a> in 1658 were "shooting six times before a musketeer can fire twice".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firearms were also very susceptible to wet weather. However, they had a longer effective range (up to 200 yards for the longbow, up to 600 yards for the musket),<sup id="cite_ref-bowvsmusket.com_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowvsmusket.com-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greater penetration,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were extremely powerful compared to any previous man-portable missile weapon (16th century arquebuses and muskets had 1,300 to 3,000 joules per shot depending on size and powder load, as compared to 80-100 joules for a typical longbow arrow or 150-200 joules for a crossbow bolt),<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions. They also penetrated steel armour without any need to develop special <a href="/wiki/Musculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculature">musculature</a>. Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower, and highly trained archers became obsolete on the battlefield. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerignola" title="Battle of Cerignola">Battle of Cerignola</a> in 1503 was won by Spain mainly by the use of matchlock firearms, marking the first time a major battle in Europe was won through the use of firearms. </p><p>The last regular unit armed with bows was the Archers' Company of the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company" title="Honourable Artillery Company">Honourable Artillery Company</a>, ironically a part of the oldest regular unit in England to be armed with gunpowder weapons. The last recorded use of bows in battle in England seems to have been a skirmish at <a href="/wiki/Bridgnorth" title="Bridgnorth">Bridgnorth</a>; in October 1642, during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, an impromptu militia, armed with bows, was effective against un-armoured musketmen.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last use of the bow in battle in Britain is said to have occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippermuir" title="Battle of Tippermuir">Battle of Tippermuir</a> in Scotland on 1 September 1644, when <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose">James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose</a>'s Royalist highlanders defeated an army of Scottish Covenanters.<sup id="cite_ref-foxhp.blogspot.com_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxhp.blogspot.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Montrose's army were bowmen.<sup id="cite_ref-foxhp.blogspot.com_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foxhp.blogspot.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archery continued in some areas that were subject to limitations on the ownership of arms, such as the Scottish Highlands during the repression that followed the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> cause, and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokees</a> after the Trail of Tears. The <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> severely limited the import and manufacture of guns, and encouraged traditional martial skills among the samurai; towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> in 1877, some rebels fell back on the use of bows and arrows. Archery remained an important part of the military examinations until 1894 in <a href="/wiki/Korean_bow" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean bow">Korea</a> and 1904 in China. </p><p>Within the steppe of Eurasia, archery continued to play an important part in warfare, although now restricted to mounted archery. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> still fielded auxiliary cavalry which was noted for its use of bows from horseback. This practice was continued by the Ottoman subject nations, despite the Empire itself being a proponent of early firearms. The practice declined after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> was absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>; however mounted archers remained in the Ottoman order of battle until the post-1826 reforms to the Ottoman Army. The art of traditional archery remained in minority use for sport and for hunting in Turkey up until the 1920s, but the knowledge of constructing composite bows fell out of use with the death of the last bowyer in the 1930s. The rest of the Middle East also lost the continuity of its archery tradition at this time. </p><p>An exception to this trend was the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> culture of North America, where <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">mounted archery</a> remained competitive with muzzle-loading guns. "After... about 1800, most Comanches began to discard muskets and pistols and to rely on their older weapons."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeating firearms, however, were superior in turn, and the Comanches adopted them when they could. Bows remained effective hunting weapons for skilled horse archers, used to some extent by all Native Americans on the Great Plains to hunt <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">buffalo</a> as long as there were buffalo to hunt. The last Comanche hunt was in 1878, and it failed for lack of buffalo, not lack of appropriate weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ongoing use of bows and arrows was maintained in isolated cultures with little or no contact with the outside world. The use of traditional archery in some African conflicts has been reported in the 21st century, and the <a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinelese people">Sentinelese</a> still use bows as part of a lifestyle scarcely touched by outside contact. A remote group in Brazil, recently photographed from the air, aimed bows at the aeroplane.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bows and arrows saw considerable use in the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007–2008 Kenyan crisis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_revival">Recreational revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recreational revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig,_Denbighshire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/220px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/330px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg/440px-The_meeting_of_the_Royal_British_Bowmen_in_the_grounds_of_Erthig%2C_Denbighshire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A print of the 1822 meeting of the "Royal British Bowmen" archery club.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British initiated a major revival of archery as an upper-class pursuit from about 1780–1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnes_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnes-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early recreational archery societies included the Finsbury Archers and the <a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Kilwinning Papingo</a>, established in 1688. The latter held competitions in which the archers had to dislodge a wooden parrot from the top of an abbey tower. The Company of Scottish Archers was formed in 1676 and is one of the oldest sporting bodies in the world. It remained a small and scattered pastime, however, until the late 18th century when it experienced a fashionable revival among the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Lever" title="Ashton Lever">Ashton Lever</a>, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, with the patronage of <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, the Prince of Wales</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/170px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/255px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg/340px-Archers_by_Adam_Buck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Fashionable female archers, 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and <a href="/wiki/21_gun_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="21 gun salute">21 gun salutes</a> for the competitors. The clubs were "the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of local elites. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnes_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnes-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was often consciously styled in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a> with titles and <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreaths</a> being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore of <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The societies were also elitist, and the new <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the preindustrial rural Britain. Particularly influential was Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s 1819 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> that depicted the heroic character Locksley winning an archery tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_modern_sport">A modern sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: A modern sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport. The first <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Archery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand National Archery Society">Grand National Archery Society</a> meeting was held in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' – a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards. <a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Ford" title="Horace A. Ford">Horace A. Ford</a> helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques. He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg/220px-Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Saxton_Pope_and_grizzly.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Picture of Pope taken while grizzly hunting at Yellowstone</figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> became more popular among the middle class. By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the <a href="/wiki/1900_Paris_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Paris Olympics">1900 Paris Olympics</a>. </p><p>In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century. The last of the <a href="/wiki/Yahi#Yahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahi">Yahi Indian</a> tribe, a native known as <a href="/wiki/Ishi" title="Ishi">Ishi</a>, came out of hiding in California in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctor, <a href="/wiki/Saxton_Pope" title="Saxton Pope">Saxton Pope</a>, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pope_and_Young_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope and Young Club">Pope and Young Club</a>, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the club was patterned after the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices. </p><p>In Korea, the transformation of archery to a healthy pastime was led by <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_the_Korean_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojong of the Korean Empire">Emperor Gojong</a>, and is the basis of a popular modern sport. The Japanese continue to make and use their unique <a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">traditional equipment</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokees</a>, popular use of their traditional longbows never died out.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, at the beginning of the 21st century, there has been revival in interest among craftsmen looking to construct bows and arrows, as well as in practicing technique in the traditional Chinese style.<sup id="cite_ref-ctas09_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctas09-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ctas10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctas10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, mounted archery continues to be practiced as a popular competitive sport in modern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and in some Asian countries but it is not recognized as an international competition.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archery is the national sport of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bhutan">Kingdom of Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.<sup id="cite_ref-technical_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern <a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">recurve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">compound bow</a>. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in the <i>Traditional Bowyer's Bibles</i> (see Further reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success to <a href="/wiki/Fred_Bear" title="Fred Bear">Fred Bear</a>, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a>, Japanese archery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a>, Japanese horseback archery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungdo">Gungdo</a>, Korean archery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_in_India" title="Archery in India">Archery in India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, Theodore R. (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUxvswEACAAJ"><i>The History of Archery</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9742-6255-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9742-6255-7"><bdi>978-1-9742-6255-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Archery&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1-9742-6255-7&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Theodore+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUxvswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldarchery.sport/news/178444/archery-history-tribal-use-bow-and-arrow-through-modern-day">"Archery history: Tribal use of the bow and arrow through the modern day | World Archery"</a>. <i>www.worldarchery.sport</i>. 3 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.ua.edu/reprints/22.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+the+Bow+in+Prehistoric+North+America&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-145&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2FHN64-P1UD-NM0A-J0LR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28324859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blitz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthropology.ua.edu%2Freprints%2F22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_M._Fagan" title="Brian M. Fagan">Fagan, Brian M.</a> (2011). <i>The First North Americans</i>. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-02120-0"><bdi>978-0-500-02120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+North+Americans&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-500-02120-0&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1907" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">Hodge, Frederick Webb</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich/page/484/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Volume 1</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. p. 484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookamindians02hodgrich%2Fpage%2F484%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306125738/https://www.uab.cat/web/latest-news/news-detail/the-oldest-neolithic-bow-discovered-in-europe-1096476786473.html?noticiaid=1340951938330">"The oldest Neolithic Bow discovered in Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona">Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a></i>. 29 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uab.cat/servlet/Satellite/latest-news/news-detail/the-oldest-neolithic-bow-discovered-in-europe-1096476786473.html?noticiaid=1340951938330">the original</a> on 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universitat+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Barcelona&rft.atitle=The+oldest+Neolithic+Bow+discovered+in+Europe&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uab.cat%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%2Flatest-news%2Fnews-detail%2Fthe-oldest-neolithic-bow-discovered-in-europe-1096476786473.html%3Fnoticiaid%3D1340951938330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bronze_Age_Warfare_2000._pp.139-142_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgoodMonksToms2010" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Richard; Monks, Sarah & Toms, Judith (2010) [2000]. <i>Bronze Age Warfare</i>. Stroud: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. pp. 139–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75245-697-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75245-697-3"><bdi>978-0-75245-697-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Warfare&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=139-142&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-75245-697-3&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Monks%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Toms%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow2011" class="citation book cs1">Burrow, Steve (2011). <i>Shadowland: Wales 3000-1500 BC</i>. Havertown, PA: <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-459-3"><bdi>978-1-84217-459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadowland%3A+Wales+3000-1500+BC&rft.place=Havertown%2C+PA&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-459-3&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJM1970-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RJM1970_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mercer" title="Roger Mercer">Mercer, R.J.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornisharchaeology.org.uk/volume-9-1970/">"The Neolithic Settlement on Carn Brea: Preliminary Report"</a>. <i>Cornish Archaeology</i>. <b>9</b>. Cornwall Archaeological Society: 54–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+Settlement+on+Carn+Brea%3A+Preliminary+Report&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=54-62&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornisharchaeology.org.uk%2Fvolume-9-1970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJM1972-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RJM1972_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mercer, R.J. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornisharchaeology.org.uk/volume-11-1972/">"The Excavation of the Neolithic Settlement, Carn Brea"</a>. <i>Cornish Archaeology</i>. <b>11</b>. Cornwall Archaeological Society: 5–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornish+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Excavation+of+the+Neolithic+Settlement%2C+Carn+Brea&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornisharchaeology.org.uk%2Fvolume-11-1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wilson_(Egyptologist)" title="John A. Wilson (Egyptologist)">Wilson, John A.</a> (1956). <i>The Culture of Ancient Egypt</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-22690-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-22690-152-7"><bdi>978-0-22690-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-22690-152-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraunecker2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Traunecker" title="Claude Traunecker">Traunecker, Claude</a> (2001) [1992]. <i>The Gods of Egypt</i>. Translated from the French by David Lorton (1st English ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80143-834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80143-834-9"><bdi>978-0-80143-834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Egypt&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-80143-834-9&rft.aulast=Traunecker&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoo2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Poo_Mu-chou" title="Poo Mu-chou">Poo, Mu-chou</a> (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKAVHnS5oUIC&dq=nine+bows&pg=PA43"><i>Enemies of Civilization: Attitudes toward Foreigners in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China</i></a>. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6364-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6364-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-6364-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+of+Civilization%3A+Attitudes+toward+Foreigners+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+China&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6364-2&rft.aulast=Poo&rft.aufirst=Mu-chou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKAVHnS5oUIC%26dq%3Dnine%2Bbows%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews119-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drews119_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drews119_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews, Robert</a> (1993). <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69104-811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69104-811-6"><bdi>978-0-69104-811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-69104-811-6&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelrue2007" class="citation journal cs1">Delrue, Parsival (2007). "Trilobate Arrowheads at Ed-Dur (U.A.E, Emirate of Umm Al-Qaiwain)". <i>Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 239–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2007.00281.x">10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00281.x</a>. <q>A trilobate arrowhead can be defined as an arrowhead that has three wings or blades that are usually placed at equal angles (i.e. c. 120°) around the imaginary longitudinal axis extending from the centre of the socket or tang. Since this type of arrowhead is rare in southeastern Arabia, we must investigate its origin and the reasons behind its presence at ed-Dur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Archaeology+and+Epigraphy&rft.atitle=Trilobate+Arrowheads+at+Ed-Dur+%28U.A.E%2C+Emirate+of+Umm+Al-Qaiwain%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-250&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0471.2007.00281.x&rft.aulast=Delrue&rft.aufirst=Parsival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorphy1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Morphy" title="Howard Morphy">Morphy, Howard</a> (1988). <i>Animals into Art</i>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Unwin_Hyman" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwin Hyman">Unwin Hyman</a>. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04445-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04445-030-6"><bdi>978-0-04445-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+into+Art&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-04445-030-6&rft.aulast=Morphy&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1993" class="citation book cs1">Drews, Robert (1993). <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69104-811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69104-811-6"><bdi>978-0-69104-811-6</bdi></a>. <q>With the bow let us win cows, with the bow let us win the contest and violent battles with the bow. The bow ruins the enemy's pleasure; with the bow let us conquer all corners of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-69104-811-6&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe2002" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). <i>Education in Ancient India</i>. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00412-556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00412-556-8"><bdi>978-9-00412-556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Ancient+India&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9-00412-556-8&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1969). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.). <i>Philosophies of India</i> (4th ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69101-758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69101-758-7"><bdi>978-0-69101-758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=140&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-69101-758-7&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanGarnseyRathbone2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_K._Bowman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan K. Bowman">Bowman, Alan K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Garnsey, Peter</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Rathbone" title="Dominic Rathbone">Rathbone, Dominic</a>, eds. (October 2000). <i>The High Empire, AD 70–192</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52126-335-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52126-335-1"><bdi>978-0-52126-335-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+High+Empire%2C+AD+70%E2%80%93192&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-10&rft.isbn=978-0-52126-335-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Kirk" title="Geoffrey Kirk">Kirk, Geoffrey</a> (1993). <i>The Iliad: A Commentary</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iliad%3A+A+Commentary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ashvayanas living on river Guraeus (modern <a href="/wiki/Panjkora_River" title="Panjkora River">river Panjkora</a>), which are the Gauri of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, were also known as Gorys or Guraios, modern Ghori or Gori, a wide spread <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>, branches of which are still to be found on the Panjkora and on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> at the point of its confluence with Landai. (See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Fauja (1997). <a href="/wiki/Lal_Mani_Joshi" title="Lal Mani Joshi">Joshi, L. M.</a> (ed.). <i>History of The Punjab, Volume I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>: Publication Bureau <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-1738-0336-6" title="Special:BookSources/8-1738-0336-6"><bdi>8-1738-0336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Punjab%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau+Punjabi+University&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=8-1738-0336-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Fauja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span>) The clan name Gore or Gaure is also found among the modern <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboj</a> people of Punjab and it is stated that the Punjab Kamboj Gaure/Gore came from the Kunar valley to Punjab at some point in time in the past. (See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Dardi1979" class="citation book cs1">Singh Dardi, Kirpal (1979). <i>These Kamboja People</i>. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Kamboja+People&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Singh+Dardi&rft.aufirst=Kirpal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Dardi2005" class="citation book cs1">Singh Dardi, Kirpal (2005). <i>Kambojas Through the Ages</i>. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kambojas+Through+the+Ages&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Singh+Dardi&rft.aufirst=Kirpal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Julius_Caesar1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a> (1929). <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rhys" title="Ernest Rhys">Rhys, Ernest</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10657/10657.txt"><i>Caesar's Commentaries</i></a>. Translated by W. A. Macdevitt. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>. Book VII, p. XXXI – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Commentaries&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=Book+VII%2C+p.+XXXI&rft.pub=Everyman%27s+Library&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Gaius+Julius+Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10657%2F10657.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Connolly" title="Peter Connolly">Connolly, Peter</a> (1998). <i>Greece and Rome at War</i>. Preface by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Keith_Goldsworthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian Keith Goldsworthy">Adrian Keith Goldsworthy</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-303-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Rome+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-303-0&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinaarchery-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinaarchery_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaarchery_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/742">"Six Arts of Ancient China"</a>. <i>Folk Archery Federation of the People's Republic of China</i>. 8 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folk+Archery+Federation+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=Six+Arts+of+Ancient+China&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaarchery.org%2Farchives%2F742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelby2000" class="citation book cs1">Selby, Stephen (2000). <i>Chinese Archery</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-501-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-501-1"><bdi>962-209-501-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Archery&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=962-209-501-1&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>, ed. (1986). <i>Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Military Technology, Missiles and Sieges, Volume 5, Part 6</i>. <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China" title="Science and Civilisation in China">Science and Civilisation in China</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology%2C+Military+Technology%2C+Missiles+and+Sieges%2C+Volume+5%2C+Part+6&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=124-128&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jcms-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jcms_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelby2010" class="citation journal cs1">Selby, Stephen (Winter 2010). "The Bows of China". <i>Journal of Chinese Martial Studies</i> (2). Hong Kong: Three-In-One Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Martial+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Bows+of+China&rft.ssn=winter&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths" class="citation web cs1">Griffiths, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyoffighting.com/archery-in-medieval-england.php">"Archery and Social Class in Medieval England"</a>. <i>History of Fighting.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Fighting.com&rft.atitle=Archery+and+Social+Class+in+Medieval+England&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyoffighting.com%2Farchery-in-medieval-england.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/crossbow">"Crossbow : Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i>. 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Crossbow+%3A+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcrossbow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bow-medieval-warfare">"The Bow in Medieval Warfare"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=The+Bow+in+Medieval+Warfare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbow-medieval-warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">name="RoyalArmouries"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195646/https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html">"People of the Hundred Years' War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries" title="Royal Armouries">Royal Armouries</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Manchester. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/499854155">499854155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27Kit%C4%81b+f+ma%CA%BFrifat+%CA%BFilm+ramy+al-sih%C4%81m%27%2C+a+treatise+on+archery+by+Husayn+b.+%CA%BFAbd+al-Rahman+b.+Muhammad+b.+Muhammad+b.+%CA%BFAbdallah+al-Yunini+AH+647%28%3F%29%E2%80%93724%2C+AH+1249-50%28%3F%29%E2%80%931324+%3A+A+critical+edition+of+the+Arabic+text+together+with+a+study+of+the+work+in+English&rft.inst=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499854155&rft.aulast=Jallon&rft.aufirst=Adnan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarisElmer1945" class="citation book cs1">Faris, Nabih Amin & Elmer, Robert Potter, eds. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102134239/http://www.tuba-archery.com/article/arab-archery.pdf"><i>Arab archery. An Arabic manuscript of about A.D. 1500, "A book on the excellence of the bow & arrow" and the description thereof</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuba-archery.com/article/arab-archery.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 November 2012 – via Tuba-Archery.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+archery.+An+Arabic+manuscript+of+about+A.D.+1500%2C+%22A+book+on+the+excellence+of+the+bow+%26+arrow%22+and+the+description+thereof&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuba-archery.com%2Farticle%2Farab-archery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span> A translation of "Kitāb fī bayān fadl al-qaws w-al-sahm wa-awsāfihima," no. 793 in descriptive catalog of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Garrett" title="Robert Garrett">Garrett collection</a> of Arabic manuscripts in the Princeton University library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallice1903" class="citation book cs1">Gallice, Henri (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archerylibrary.com/books/gallice/"><i>The Art of Archery published, with Notes, from a Manuscript of the 15th Century</i></a>. Translated by H. Walrond. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Cox" title="Horace Cox">Horace Cox</a> – via Archery Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Archery+published%2C+with+Notes%2C+from+a+Manuscript+of+the+15th+Century&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Horace+Cox&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Gallice&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archerylibrary.com%2Fbooks%2Fgallice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ki-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ki_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKi-Zerbo1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ki-Zerbo" title="Joseph Ki-Zerbo">Ki-Zerbo, Joseph</a> (1978). <i>Histoire de l'Afrique noire: d'hier à demain</i> [<i>History of Black Africa: From Yesterday to Tomorrow</i>] (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Hatier" title="Hatier">Hatier</a>. pp. 37–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-21804-176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-21804-176-1"><bdi>978-2-21804-176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Afrique+noire%3A+d%27hier+%C3%A0+demain&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=37-133&rft.pub=Hatier&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-2-21804-176-1&rft.aulast=Ki-Zerbo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asano Yukinaga, 1598 AD, letter to his father, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1977" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, S.R. (1977). <i>The Samurai: A Military History</i>. London, UK: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-097-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-097-7"><bdi>0-85045-097-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-85045-097-7&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Keating, Geoffrey</a> (1908). <a href="/wiki/David_Comyn" title="David Comyn">Comyn, David</a> & <a href="/wiki/Patrick_S._Dinneen" title="Patrick S. Dinneen">Dinneen, Patrick S.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100054.html"><i>The History of Ireland</i></a> (1st ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/David_Nutt_(publisher)" title="David Nutt (publisher)">David Nutt</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Texts_Society" title="Irish Texts Society">Irish Texts Society</a>. p. 27 – via <a href="/wiki/Corpus_of_Electronic_Texts" title="Corpus of Electronic Texts">Corpus of Electronic Texts</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=David+Nutt%2C+for+the+Irish+Texts+Society&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelt.ucc.ie%2Fpublished%2FT100054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowvsmusket.com-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bowvsmusket.com_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bowvsmusket.com_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1574" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnabe_Rich" title="Barnabe Rich">Rich, Barnabe</a> (1574). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bowvsmusket.com/2015/07/14/barnabe-rich-a-right-exelent-and-pleasaunt-dialouge-1574/"><i>A right exelent and pleasaunt dialogue, betwene Mercury and an English souldier contayning his supplication to Mars: bevvtified with sundry worthy histories, rare inuentions, and politike deuises</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Day_(printer)" title="John Day (printer)">J. Day</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+right+exelent+and+pleasaunt+dialogue%2C+betwene+Mercury+and+an+English+souldier+contayning+his+supplication+to+Mars%3A+bevvtified+with+sundry+worthy+histories%2C+rare+inuentions%2C+and+politike+deuises&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Day&rft.date=1574&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Barnabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbowvsmusket.com%2F2015%2F07%2F14%2Fbarnabe-rich-a-right-exelent-and-pleasaunt-dialouge-1574%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As attributed to Bernier by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolff2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_H._A._Kolff" title="Dirk H. A. Kolff">Kolff, Dirk H. A.</a> (2002) [1990]. <i>Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450–1850</i>. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications No. 43. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52152-305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52152-305-9"><bdi>978-0-52152-305-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naukar%2C+Rajput%2C+and+Sepoy%3A+The+Ethnohistory+of+the+Military+Labour+Market+of+Hindustan%2C+1450%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=University+of+Cambridge+Oriental+Publications+No.+43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-52152-305-9&rft.aulast=Kolff&rft.aufirst=Dirk+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvernayDuvernay2007" class="citation book cs1">Duvernay, Thomas A. & Duvernay, Nicholas Y. (2007). <i>Korean Traditional Archery</i>. Pohang, South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Handong_Global_University" title="Handong Global University">Handong Global University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Traditional+Archery&rft.place=Pohang%2C+South+Korea&rft.pub=Handong+Global+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duvernay&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.au=Duvernay%2C+Nicholas+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnGromelski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, Steven; Gromelski, Tomasz (6 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d644710a-63e9-4fb4-b6aa-521803a339ad">"For whom the bell tolls: accidental deaths in Tudor England"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>. <b>380</b> (9849): 1222–1223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961702-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61702-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23057076">23057076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20425600">20425600</a>. <q>The mean depth of arrow wounds, for example, was an inch and a half, that of gunshot wounds six inches, not counting balls that went right through the body or head.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=For+whom+the+bell+tolls%3A+accidental+deaths+in+Tudor+England&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9849&rft.pages=1222-1223&rft.date=2012-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20425600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23057076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961702-4&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Gromelski%2C+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ad644710a-63e9-4fb4-b6aa-521803a339ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Alan (2003). <i>The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period</i>. History of Warfare. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill. pp. 922 & 945. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00412-498-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00412-498-1"><bdi>978-9-00412-498-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knight+and+the+Blast+Furnace%3A+A+History+of+the+Metallurgy+of+Armour+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=History+of+Warfare&rft.pages=922+%26+945&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9-00412-498-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HBMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA32">"The Garrisons of Shropshire During the Civil War, 1642–1648"</a>. Shrewsbury: Leake and Evans. 24 October 1867. p. 32 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Garrisons+of+Shropshire+During+the+Civil+War%2C+1642%E2%80%931648&rft.place=Shrewsbury&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Leake+and+Evans&rft.date=1867-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HBMAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foxhp.blogspot.com-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxhp.blogspot.com_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxhp.blogspot.com_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation web cs1">Fox, E.T. (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foxhp.blogspot.com/2015/10/archery-in-english-civil-war.html">"Archery in the English Civil War"</a>. <i>Fox Historical Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+Historical+Publications&rft.atitle=Archery+in+the+English+Civil+War&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=E.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoxhp.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F10%2Farchery-in-english-civil-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach, T.R.</a> (2007). <i>Comanches, the history of a people</i>. London, UK: Vintage Books. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952055-9"><bdi>978-0-09-952055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comanches%2C+the+history+of+a+people&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-952055-9&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span> First published in the USA by Alfred Knopf, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach2007" class="citation book cs1">Fehrenbach, T.R. (2007). <i>Comanches, the history of a people</i>. London, UK: Vintage Books. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952055-9"><bdi>978-0-09-952055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comanches%2C+the+history+of+a+people&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-952055-9&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span> First published in the USA by Alfred Knopf, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7427417.stm">"Amazonian archers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Amazonian+archers&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F7427417.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnes-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnes_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnes_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Johnes, Martin (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swansea.academia.edu/MartinJohnes/Papers/127610/Archery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840">"Archery, Romance and Elite Culture in England and Wales, c. 1780-1840"</a>. <i>History</i>. <b>89</b> (294): 193–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Archery%2C+Romance+and+Elite+Culture+in+England+and+Wales%2C+c.+1780-1840&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=294&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x&rft.aulast=Johnes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswansea.academia.edu%2FMartinJohnes%2FPapers%2F127610%2FArchery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121125050714/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html">"The Royal Company of Archers"</a>. <i>MartinFrost.ws</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/archers.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MartinFrost.ws&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Company+of+Archers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartinfrost.ws%2Fhtmlfiles%2Farchers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllely2008" class="citation book cs1">Allely, Steve; et al. (2008). <i>The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 4</i>. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9645741-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Bowyer%27s+Bible%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9645741-6-8&rft.aulast=Allely&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, Theodora (2004). <i>Ishi in Two Worlds: a biography of the last wild Indian in North America</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24037-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24037-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24037-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishi+in+Two+Worlds%3A+a+biography+of+the+last+wild+Indian+in+North+America&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24037-7&rft.aulast=Kroeber&rft.aufirst=Theodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1925" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Saxton (1925). <i>Hunting with the Bow and Arrow</i>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+with+the+Bow+and+Arrow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Saxton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1926" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Saxton (1926). <i>Adventurous Bowmen: field notes on African archery</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventurous+Bowmen%3A+field+notes+on+African+archery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Saxton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin1989" class="citation book cs1">Herrin, Al (November 1989). <i>Cherokee Bows and Arrows: How to Make and Shoot Primitive Bows and Arrows</i>. Tahlequah, Oklahoma: White Bear Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-96236-013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-96236-013-8"><bdi>978-0-96236-013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cherokee+Bows+and+Arrows%3A+How+to+Make+and+Shoot+Primitive+Bows+and+Arrows&rft.place=Tahlequah%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=White+Bear+Publishing&rft.date=1989-11&rft.isbn=978-0-96236-013-8&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctas09-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctas09_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaarchery.org/archives/94">"2009 Chinese Traditional Archery Seminar"</a>. <i>Folk Archery Federation of the People's Republic of China</i>. 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folk+Archery+Federation+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=2009+Chinese+Traditional+Archery+Seminar&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaarchery.org%2Farchives%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctas10-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctas10_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ori.hangzhou.com.cn/ornews/content/2010-05/30/content_3295004.htm">"2010传统射艺研讨会在杭州举行-杭网原创-杭州网"</a> [2010 Traditional Archery Symposium Held in Hangzhou]. <i>Hangzhou Net</i> (in Chinese). 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hangzhou+Net&rft.atitle=2010%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%B0%84%E8%89%BA%E7%A0%94%E8%AE%A8%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C-%E6%9D%AD%E7%BD%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B-%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2010-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fori.hangzhou.com.cn%2Fornews%2Fcontent%2F2010-05%2F30%2Fcontent_3295004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atarn.org/magyar/magyar_link.htm">"Magyar Traditional Archery"</a>. <i>Asian Traditional Archery Research Network</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Traditional+Archery+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Magyar+Traditional+Archery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarn.org%2Fmagyar%2Fmagyar_link.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorjiPhuntsho" class="citation news cs1">Dorji, Kunga T. & Phuntsho, Tashi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atarn.org/tibet_bhutan/bhutan/bhutan01.htm">"Archery: the Real Game is Played Elsewhere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kuensel" title="Kuensel">Kuensel</a></i> – via Asian Traditional Archery Research Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kuensel&rft.atitle=Archery%3A+the+Real+Game+is+Played+Elsewhere&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=Kunga+T.&rft.au=Phuntsho%2C+Tashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarn.org%2Ftibet_bhutan%2Fbhutan%2Fbhutan01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-technical-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-technical_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanNaglerKlopsteg1947" class="citation book cs1">Hickman, C. N.; Nagler, Forrest; Klopsteg, Paul E. (1947). <i>Archery: The Technical Side. A compilation of scientific and technical articles on theory, construction, use and performance of bows and arrows, reprinted from journals of science and of archery</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Field_Archery_Association" title="National Field Archery Association">National Field Archery Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archery%3A+The+Technical+Side.+A+compilation+of+scientific+and+technical+articles+on+theory%2C+construction%2C+use+and+performance+of+bows+and+arrows%2C+reprinted+from+journals+of+science+and+of+archery&rft.pub=National+Field+Archery+Association&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft.au=Nagler%2C+Forrest&rft.au=Klopsteg%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertalan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bertalan, Dan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYBT1c2NKVoC&pg=PA73"><i>Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia: The Bowhunting and Bowmaking World of the Nation's Top Crafters of Longbows and Recurves</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-046-1"><bdi>978-1-60239-046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Bowyers+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Bowhunting+and+Bowmaking+World+of+the+Nation%27s+Top+Crafters+of+Longbows+and+Recurves&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-046-1&rft.aulast=Bertalan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYBT1c2NKVoC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzel" class="citation web cs1">Weitzel, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001130833/http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/archery.htm">"American Indian Archery Technology"</a>. <i>The Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiowa.edu/~osa/learn/ancient/archery.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Office+of+the+State+Archaeologist%2C+The+University+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=American+Indian+Archery+Technology&rft.aulast=Weitzel&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uiowa.edu%2F~osa%2Flearn%2Fancient%2Farchery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrombie2016" class="citation book cs1">Crombie, Laura (2016). <i>Archery and Crossbow Guilds in Medieval Flanders</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archery+and+Crossbow+Guilds+in+Medieval+Flanders&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Crombie&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlofs2014" class="citation journal cs1">Alofs, Eduard (2014). "Studies on Mounted Warfare in Asia I: Continuity and Change in Middle Eastern Warfare, c. ce 550–1350–What Happened to the Horse Archer?". <i><a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a></i>. <b>21</b> (4): 423–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344513517664">10.1177/0968344513517664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163010878">163010878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Mounted+Warfare+in+Asia+I%3A+Continuity+and+Change+in+Middle+Eastern+Warfare%2C+c.+ce+550%E2%80%931350%E2%80%93What+Happened+to+the+Horse+Archer%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-444&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344513517664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163010878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alofs&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlofs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Alofs, Eduard (2015). "Studies on Mounted Warfare in Asia II: The Iranian Tradition–The Armoured Horse Archer in the Middle East, c. ce 550–1350". <i>War in History</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 4–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344513518333">10.1177/0968344513518333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162976652">162976652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Mounted+Warfare+in+Asia+II%3A+The+Iranian+Tradition%E2%80%93The+Armoured+Horse+Archer+in+the+Middle+East%2C+c.+ce+550%E2%80%931350&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-27&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344513518333&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162976652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alofs&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallanan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Callanan, Martin (September 2013). "Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery". <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>87</b> (337): 728–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00049425">10.1017/S0003598X00049425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130099119">130099119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Melting+snow+patches+reveal+Neolithic+archery&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=337&rft.pages=728-745&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00049425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130099119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Callanan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, Steven (2010). "Archery practice in early Tudor England". <i><a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a></i> (209): 53–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtq029">10.1093/pastj/gtq029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Archery+practice+in+early+Tudor+England&rft.issue=209&rft.pages=53-81&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtq029&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Antoinette (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26384874">"A Rural Community and a Train Stop: Archery, Georgia, and the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site"</a>. <i>Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 265–301. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26384874">26384874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Anthropology+and+Studies+of+Cultural+Systems+and+World+Economic+Development&rft.atitle=A+Rural+Community+and+a+Train+Stop%3A+Archery%2C+Georgia%2C+and+the+Jimmy+Carter+National+Historic+Site&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-301&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26384874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26384874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Johnes, Martin (April 2004). "Archery, romance and elite culture in England and Wales, c. 1780–1840". <i><a href="/wiki/History_(journal)" title="History (journal)">History</a></i>. <b>89</b> (294): 193–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Archery%2C+romance+and+elite+culture+in+England+and+Wales%2C+c.+1780%E2%80%931840&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=294&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2004.00297.x&rft.aulast=Johnes&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunkmannsKlüglSchochDi_Pietro2019" class="citation journal cs1">Junkmanns, Jürgen; Klügl, Johanna; Schoch, Werner H.; Di Pietro, Giovanna & Hafner, Albert (December 2019). "Neolithic and Bronze Age archery equipment from alpine ice-patches: A review on components, construction techniques and functionality". <i>Journal of Neolithic Archaeology</i> (21): 283–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12766%2Fjna.2019.10">10.12766/jna.2019.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neolithic+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Neolithic+and+Bronze+Age+archery+equipment+from+alpine+ice-patches%3A+A+review+on+components%2C+construction+techniques+and+functionality&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=283-314&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12766%2Fjna.2019.10&rft.aulast=Junkmanns&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Kl%C3%BCgl%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Schoch%2C+Werner+H.&rft.au=Di+Pietro%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Hafner%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kaegi, Walter Emil Jr. (1964). "The contribution of archery to the Turkish conquest of Anatolia". <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Academy_of_America" title="Medieval Academy of America">Medieval Academy of America</a>: 96–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2850132">10.2307/2850132</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2850132">2850132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161246352">161246352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+archery+to+the+Turkish+conquest+of+Anatolia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-108&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161246352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2850132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2850132&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+Emil+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlopsteg1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Klopsteg" title="Paul E. Klopsteg">Klopsteg, Paul E.</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chapterintheevol017966mbp"><i>A Chapter in the Evolution of Archery in America</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chapter+in+the+Evolution+of+Archery+in+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Klopsteg&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchapterintheevol017966mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaubin1980" class="citation book cs1">Laubin, Reginald (1980). <i>American Indian Archery</i>. 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The Lyons Press. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-086-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-086-1"><bdi>1-58574-086-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Bowyers+Bible%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-58574-086-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 3</i>. The Lyons Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-087-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-087-X"><bdi>1-58574-087-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Bowyers+Bible%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-58574-087-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Traditional Bowyers Bible, Volume 4</i>. The Lyons Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9645741-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Bowyers+Bible%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9645741-6-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_archery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archerylibrary.com">"Archery Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archery+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archerylibrary.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+archery" class="Z3988"></span> Online Archery Books with historical content.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archery" title="Template:Archery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archery" title="Template talk:Archery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_archery" title="Chinese archery">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_archery" title="Turkish archery">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_crossbows" title="History of crossbows">History of crossbows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_competitive_archery" title="Modern competitive archery">Modern competitive archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Archery Federation">World Archery Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Rankings" title="World Archery Rankings">World Archery Rankings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archer%27s_paradox" title="Archer's paradox">Archer's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_archery" title="Run archery">Run archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bow_shape" title="Bow shape">Bow shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbalest" title="Arbalest">Arbalest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_crossbow" title="Austroasiatic crossbow">Austroasiatic crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-backed_bow" title="Cable-backed bow">Cable-backed bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">Composite bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">Compound bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbow" title="Flatbow">Flatbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakgung" title="Gakgung">Gakgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmegaard_bow" title="Holmegaard bow">Holmegaard bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">Laminated bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">Longbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_bow" title="Mongol bow">Mongol bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurve_bow" title="Recurve bow">Recurve bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_bow" title="Self bow">Self bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_bow" title="Takedown bow">Takedown bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bow" title="Welsh bow">Welsh bow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowstring" title="Bowstring">Bowstring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">Bracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_cresting" title="Arrow cresting">Cresting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tab" title="Finger tab">Finger tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flu-flu_arrow" title="Flu-flu arrow">Flu-flu arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_aid" title="Release aid">Release aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">Quarrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">Quiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_target#Archery_sports" title="Shooting target">Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_ring" title="Thumb ring">Thumb ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowyer" title="Bowyer">Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clout_archery" title="Clout archery">Clout archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_archery" title="Field archery">Field archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popinjay_(sport)" title="Popinjay (sport)">Popinjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_archery" title="Target archery">Target archery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Archery at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Youth_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Youth Olympic Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Championships" title="World Archery Championships">World Championships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Archery_Youth_Championships" title="World Archery Youth Championships">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_World_Cup" title="Archery World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Archery at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Archery at the Summer Universiade">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_Archery_Championships" title="World University Archery Championships">World University Archery Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery_at_the_Military_World_Games" title="Archery at the Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li>Continental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Archery_Championships" title="African Archery Championships">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Archery_Championships" title="Pan American Archery Championships">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Archery_Championships" title="Asian Archery Championships">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Archery_Championships" title="European Archery Championships">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam#Archery" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archery" title="Category:Archery">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" 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