CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Lares - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"efc007f6-b3c2-40d5-bb9e-05a5975254de","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Lares","wgTitle":"Lares","wgCurRevisionId":1268780980,"wgRevisionId":1268780980,"wgArticleId":2396933,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Pages with Latin IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Tutelary deities","Roman deities","Household deities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Lares","wgRelevantArticleId":2396933,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q504377","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg/1200px-Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1886"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg/960px-Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1257"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1006"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Lares - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Lares rootpage-Lares skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lares" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lares" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Lares" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Lares" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Their_domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Their_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Their domains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Their_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_Lares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_Lares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestic Lares</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_Lares-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic Lares subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_Lares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lararia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lararia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Lararia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lararia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compitalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compitalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Compitalia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compitalia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compitalia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compitalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Augustan_religious_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustan_religious_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Augustan religious reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustan_religious_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_myths_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_myths_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Origin myths and theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_myths_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lares</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9)" title="لار (آلهة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لار (آلهة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Лары (міфалогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лары (міфалогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Лари (митология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лари (митология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar" title="Lar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larov%C3%A9" title="Larové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Larové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar" title="Lar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laren" title="Laren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laarid" title="Laarid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laarid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Λάρητες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάρητες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Lares (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lares (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larak" title="Larak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="لارها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لارها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares_(mythologie)" title="Lares (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lares (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_(deus)" title="Lar (deus) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lar (deus)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="라레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lari_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Lari (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lari (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="לארס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לארס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar" title="Lar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laren_(mythologie)" title="Laren (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laren (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ラレース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラレース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larer" title="Larer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Larer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lary" title="Lary – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lary" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Лары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Лари (божанства) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лари (божанства)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laarit" title="Laarit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larer" title="Larer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Larer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lares" title="Lares – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lares" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87)" title="拉尔 (神祇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉尔 (神祇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q504377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Lares" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lares"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lares"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Lares" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Lares" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&oldid=1268780980" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Lares&id=1268780980&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLares"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLares"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Lares&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lares" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q504377" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Guardian deities in ancient Roman religion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lares_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lares (disambiguation)">Lares (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lar_romano_de_bronce_(M.A.N._Inv.2943)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg/250px-Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg/330px-Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg/500px-Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>Lar holding a cornucopia from Axatiana (now <a href="/wiki/Lora_del_Rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lora del Rio">Lora del Rio</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Roman Spain</a>, early first century AD (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Spain">National Archaeological Museum of Spain</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lares</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LAIR</span>-eez, <span style="font-size:90%">LAY</span>-reez</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈlareːs]</a></span>; archaic <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lasēs</i></span>, singular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lar</i></span>) were <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity#Ancient_Rome" title="Tutelary deity">guardian deities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a>. Their origin is uncertain; they may have been hero-ancestors, guardians of the hearth, fields, boundaries, or fruitfulness, or an amalgam of these. </p><p>Lares were believed to observe, protect, and influence all that happened within the boundaries of their location or function. The statues of domestic Lares were placed at the table during family meals; their presence, cult, and blessing seem to have been required at all important family events. </p><p>Roman writers sometimes identify or conflate them with ancestor-deities, domestic <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">Penates</a>, and the hearth. </p><p>Because of these associations, Lares are sometimes categorised as <a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">household gods</a>, but some had much broader domains. Roadways, seaways, agriculture, livestock, towns, cities, the state, and its military were all under the protection of their particular Lar or Lares. Those who protected local neighbourhoods (<i><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a></i>) were housed in the crossroad shrines (<i><a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a></i>), which served as a focus for the religious, social, and political lives of their local, overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> communities. Their cult officials included freedmen and slaves, otherwise excluded by status or property qualifications from most administrative and religious offices. </p><p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Rome's major deities</a>, Lares had limited scope and potency, but archaeological and literary evidence attests to their central role in Roman identity and religious life. By analogy, a homeward-bound Roman could be described as returning <i>ad Larem</i> (to the Lar). Despite <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">official bans on non-Christian cults</a> from the late fourth century AD onwards, unofficial cults to Lares persisted until at least the early fifth century AD. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_(VIII_2_or_3)_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg/290px-Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg/435px-Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg/580px-Wall_painting_-_lararium_-_Pompeii_%28VIII_2_or_3%29_-_Napoli_MAN_8905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>Fresco in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> depicting two lares with <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Situla" title="Situla">situla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a> offering at an altar, flute-player, servant with vase and servant pushing a pig to the altar; below: altar with fruits and eggs between two snakes (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">agathodaimones</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaic Rome's <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> neighbours practised domestic, ancestral, or family cults very similar to those offered by later Romans to their Lares.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word itself seems to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> <span title="Etruscan-language romanization"><i lang="ett-Latn">lar</i></span>, <span title="Etruscan-language romanization"><i lang="ett-Latn">lars</i></span>, or <span title="Etruscan-language romanization"><i lang="ett-Latn">larth</i></span>, meaning 'lord'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek and Roman authors offer '<a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Daemon_(classical_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (classical mythology)"><i>daimones</i></a>' as translations of <i>Lares</i>; the early Roman playwright <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> (<i>circa</i> 254–184 BC) employs a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lar Familiaris</i></span> as a guardian of treasure on behalf of a family, as a plot equivalent to the Greek playwright <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>'s use of a <i><a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heroon</a></i> (as an ancestral hero-shrine).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinstock proposes a more ancient equivalence of Lar and Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hero</i></span>, based on his gloss of a fourth-century BC Latin dedication to the Roman ancestor-hero Aeneas as <i>Lare</i> (Lar).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg/250px-GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg/330px-GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg/500px-GBM_R%C3%B6merschatz_-_Statuetten_3_Lar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="3978" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statuette of a dancing Lar holding a <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a>, probably from Campania, 1st century AD (Gäubodenmuseum, <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>No physical Lar images survive from before the Late Republican era, but literary references (such as Plautus' singular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lar</i></span>, above) suggest that cult could be offered to a single Lar, and sometimes many more; in the case of the obscure <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lares_and_their_domains"><i>Lares Grundules</i></a>, perhaps 30. By the early Imperial era, they had become paired divinities, probably through the influences of Greek religion – in particular, the heroic twin <a href="/wiki/Dioscuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscuri">Dioscuri</a> – and the iconography of Rome's semidivine founder-twins, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. Lares are represented as two small, youthful, lively male figures clad in short, rustic, girdled tunics – made of dogskin, according to Plutarch.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They take a dancer's attitude, tiptoed or lightly balanced on one leg. One arm raises a drinking horn (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a></i>) aloft as if to offer a toast or libation; the other bears a shallow libation dish (<i><a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a></i>). Compitalia shrines of the same period show Lares figures of the same type. Painted shrine-images of paired Lares show them in mirrored poses to the left and right of a central figure, understood to be an ancestral <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Their_domains">Their domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Their domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lares belonged within the "bounded physical domain" under their protection, and seem to have been as innumerable as the places they protected. Some appear to have had overlapping functions and changes of name. Some have no particular or descriptive name: for example, those invoked along with <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Arvale" title="Carmen Arvale">Carmen Arvale</a> are simply <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lases</i></span> (an archaic form of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares</i></span>), whose divine functions must be inferred from the wording and context of the Carmen itself. Likewise, those invoked along with other deities by the consul <a href="/wiki/Publius_Decius_Mus_(consul_340_BC)" title="Publius Decius Mus (consul 340 BC)">Publius Decius Mus</a> as an act of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#devotio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>devotio</i></a> before his death in battle are simply <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares</i></span>. The titles and domains given below cannot, therefore, be taken as exhaustive or definitive. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_(13).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG/250px-Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG/330px-Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG/500px-Inscription_in_D._Diogo_de_Sousa_Museum_%2813%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="4213" /></a><figcaption>Inscription to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Viales</i></span>, the Lares of the roads</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)#Genius_and_.22household.22_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)"><i>Lares Augusti</i></a>: the Lares of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, or perhaps "the august Lares", given public cult on the first of August, thereby identified with the inaugural day of Imperial Roman magistracies and with Augustus himself. Official cult to the Lares Augusti continued from their institution through to the 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are identified with the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitalicii</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Praestites</i></span> of Augustan religious reform.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Compitalia">Lares Compitalicii</a></i></span> (also <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitales</i></span>): the Lares of local communities or neighbourhoods (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a></i></span>), celebrated at the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a></i></span> festival. Their shrines were usually positioned at main central crossroads (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">compites</i></span>) of their <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vici</i></span>, and provided a focus for the religious and social life of their communities, particularly for the plebeian and servile masses. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitalicii</i></span> are synonymous with the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> of Augustan reform. Augustus' institution of cult to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Praestites</i></span> was held at the same <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Compitalia</i></span> shrines, but on a different date.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Domestici</i></span>: Lares of the house, they were probably identical with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Familiares</i></span>.</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></i></span>: Lares of the family, probably identical with the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Domestici</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Grundules</i></span>: the 30 "grunting Lares" or Lares of the eaves, supposedly were given an altar and cult by Romulus or Aeneas when a sow produced a prodigious farrow of 30 piglets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the place where the sow bore the piglets and Aeneas made the sacrifice was sacred, and forbidden to foreigners. The sow's body was said to be kept at Lavinium, preserved in salt brine as a sacred object.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30 piglets would provide the theological justification for the 30 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">populi Albenses</i></span> of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">feriae Latinae</i></span> (the 30 fortified boroughs supposedly founded by Aeneas at Lavinium),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 30 <i><a href="/wiki/Curiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiae">curiae</a></i> of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lar Militaris</i></span>: "military Lar", named by Marcianus Capella as member of two distinct cult groupings which include Mars, Jupiter, and other major Roman deities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmer (1974) interprets the figure from a probable altar-relief as "something like a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lar Militaris</i></span>": he is cloaked, and sits horseback on a saddle of panther skin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Patrii</i></span>: Lares "of the fathers" possibly are equivalent to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dii patrii</i></span> (deified ancestors) who received cult at <a href="/wiki/Parentalia" title="Parentalia">Parentalia</a>.</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Permarini</i></span>: These Lares protected seafarers; also a temple was dedicated to them (of which one is known at Rome's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Campus martius</i></span>).</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Praestites</i></span>: Lares of the city of Rome, later of the Roman state or community; literally, the "Lares who stand before", as guardians or watchmen – they were housed in the state <i><a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a></i>, near the temple of Vesta, with whose worship and sacred hearth they were associated; they seem to have protected Rome from malicious or destructive fire. They may have also functioned as the neighbourhood Lares of Octavian (the later emperor Augustus), who owned a house between the Temple of Vesta and the Regia. Augustus later gave this house and care of its Lares to the Vestals: this donation reinforced the religious bonds between the Lares of his household, his neighbourhood, and the State. His Compitalia reforms extended this identification to every neighbourhood Lares shrine. However, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Praestites</i></span> and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitales</i></span> (renamed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span>) should probably not be considered identical. Their local festivals were held at the same Compitalia shrines, but at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Privati</i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Rurales</i></span>: Lares of the fields, identified as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">custodes agri</i></span> – guardians of the fields – by <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Viales</i></span>: Lares of roads (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">viae</i></span>, singular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">via</i></span>) and those who travel them</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_Lares">Domestic Lares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestic Lares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons,_0_tot_200_NC,_vindplaats-_Onbekend,_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren,_73.L.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg/200px-Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg/300px-Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg/400px-Figurine_van_een_Lar_in_brons%2C_0_tot_200_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Onbekend%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_73.L.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="7245" /></a><figcaption>Figurine of a Lar, 1 B.C.–200 A.D., ca 7.7 cm tall <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_Museum,_Tongeren" title="Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren">Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Roman households owned at least one protective Lares-figure, housed in a shrine along with the images of the household's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">penates</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a></i> image and any other favoured deities. Their statues were placed at table during family meals and banquets. They were divine witnesses at important family occasions, such as marriages, births, and adoptions, and their shrines provided a religious hub for social and family life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals who failed to attend to the needs of their Lares and their families should expect neither reward nor good fortune for themselves. In Plautus' comedy <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aulularia</i></span>, the Lar of the miserly <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paterfamilias</i></span> Euclio reveals a pot of gold long-hidden beneath his household hearth, denied to Euclio's father because of his stinginess towards his Lar. Euclio's own stinginess deprives him of the gold until he sees the error of his ways; then, he uses it to give his virtuous daughter the dowry she deserves, and all is well.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responsibility for household cult and the behaviour of family members ultimately fell to the family head, the <i><a href="/wiki/Paterfamilias" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterfamilias">paterfamilias</a></i>, but he could, and indeed should on certain occasions properly delegate the cult and care of his Lares to other family members, especially his servants.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positioning of the Lares at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Menander" title="House of Menander">House of Menander</a> suggest that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paterfamilias</i></span> delegated this religious task to his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">villicus</i></span> (bailiff).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Care and cult attendance to domestic Lares could include offerings of <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> wheat and grain-garlands, honey cakes and honeycombs, grapes and first fruits, wine, and incense.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could be served at any time and not always by intention; in addition to the formal offerings that seem to have been their due, any food that fell to the floor during house banquets was theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On important occasions, wealthier households may have offered their own Lares a pig. A single source describes Romulus' provision of an altar and sacrifice to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Grundules</i></span> ('grunting lares') after an unusually large farrowing of 30 piglets. The circumstances of this offering are otherwise unknown, Taylor conjectures the sacrifice of a pig, possibly a pregnant sow.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lararia"><i>Lararia</i><span class="anchor" id="Lararium"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lararia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg/330px-Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg/500px-Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg/960px-Casa_dei_Vettii_-_Larario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption><i>Lararium</i> with painted figures at the House of the Vettii, Pompeii: Two Lares, each holding a <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>, flank an ancestor-<i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">genius</a></i> holding a <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">libation bowl</a> and incense box, his <a href="/wiki/Capite_velato" class="mw-redirect" title="Capite velato">head covered</a> as if for sacrifice. The snake, associated with the land's fertility and thus prosperity, approaches a low, laden altar. The shrine's <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> shows a <i><a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">patera</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bucranium" title="Bucranium">ox-skull</a> and sacrificial knife.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By the early Imperial period, household shrines of any kind were known generically as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lararia</i></span> (s. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lararium</i></span>) because they typically contained a Lares figure or two. Painted <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lararia</i></span> from Pompeii show two Lares flanking a genius or ancestor-figure, who wears his <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#capite_velato" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">priestly manner prescribed for sacrificers</a>. Underneath this trio, a serpent, representing the fertility of fields or the principle of generative power, winds towards an altar. The essentials of sacrifice are depicted around and about; bowl and knife, incense box, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#libatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">libation</a> vessels and parts of sacrificial animals. </p><p>In households of modest means, small Lar statuettes were set in wall-niches, sometimes merely a tile-support projecting from a painted background. In wealthier households, they tend to be found in servant's quarters and working areas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Pompeii, the Lares and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lararium</i></span> of the sophisticated, unpretentious and artistically restrained <a href="/wiki/House_of_Menander" title="House of Menander">House of Menander</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were associated with its servant quarters and adjacent agricultural estate. Its statuary was unsophisticated, "rustic" and probably of ancient type or make. The placing of Lares in the public or semi-public parts of a house, such as its <a href="/wiki/Cavaedium" title="Cavaedium">atrium</a>, enrolled them in the more outward, theatrical functions of household religion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vettii" title="House of the Vettii">House of the Vettii</a> in Pompeii had two <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lararia</i></span>; one was positioned out of public view, and was probably used in private household rites. The other was placed boldly front-of-house, among a riot of Greek-inspired mythological wall-paintings and the assorted statuary of patron divinities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its positioning in a relatively public part of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i></span> would have provided a backdrop for the probably interminable <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Salutatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Salutatio">salutatio</a></i></span> (formal greeting) between its upwardly mobile owners and their strings of clients and "an assorted group of unattached persons who made the rounds of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">salutationes</i></span> to assure their political and economic security".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic Lararia were also used as a sacred, protective depository for commonplace symbols of family change and continuity. In his coming-of-age, a boy gave his personal amulet (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bulla</i></span>) to his Lares before he put on his manly <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">toga virilis</i></span>). Once his first beard had been ritually cut off, it was placed in their keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night before her wedding, a Roman girl surrendered her dolls, soft balls, and breastbands to her family Lares, as a sign she had come of age. On the day of her marriage, she transferred her allegiance to her husband's neighbourhood Lares (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Compitalia"><i>Lares Compitalici</i></a>) by paying them a copper coin en route to her new home. She paid another to her new domestic Lares, and one to her husband. If the marriage made her a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">materfamilias</i></span>, she took joint responsibility with her husband for aspects of household cult.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compitalia">Compitalia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compitalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compitalia_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/330px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/500px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> from a building near <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, a rare depiction of Roman men in <i>togae praetextae</i> with dark red borders. It dates from the early Imperial Era and probably shows an event during Compitalia</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of Rome was protected by a Lar, or Lares, housed in a shrine (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sacellum" title="Sacellum">sacellum</a></i></span>) on the city's ancient, sacred boundary (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vicus</i></span> (pl. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vici</i></span> – administrative districts or wards) had its own communal Lares, housed in a permanent shrine at a central crossroads of the district. These <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitalicii</i></span> were celebrated at the Compitalia festival (from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">compitum</i></span>, a crossroad) just after the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> that closed the old year. In the "solemn and sumptuous" rites of Compitalia, a pig was led in celebratory procession through the streets of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vicus</i></span>, then sacrificed to the Lares at their Compitalia shrine. Cult offerings to these Lares were much the same as those to domestic Lares; in the late Republican era, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> describes the contribution of a honey-cake from each household as ancient tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Compitalia itself was explained as an invention of Rome's sixth king, <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>, whose servile origins and favour towards plebeians and slaves had antagonised Rome's ruling Patrician caste and ultimately caused his downfall; he was said to have been fathered by a Lar or some other divine being, on a royal slave-girl.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So although the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitalicii</i></span> were held to protect all the community, regardless of social class, their festival had a distinctly plebeian ambiance, and a measure of Saturnalia's reversal of the status quo. Tradition required that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Compitalicii</i></span> be served by men of very low legal and social status, not merely plebeians, but freedmen and slaves, to whom "even the heavy-handed Cato recommended liberality during the festival".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionysius' explains it thus: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the heroes [Lares] looked kindly on the service of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And [the Romans] still observe the ancient custom in connection with those sacrifices propitiating the heroes by the ministry of their servants and during these days removing every badge of their servitude, in order that the slaves, being softened by this instance of humanity, which has something great and solemn about it, may make themselves more agreeable to their masters and be less sensible of the severity of their condition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the supervision of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vici</i></span> and their religious affairs may have been charged to the Roman elite who occupied most magistracies and priesthoods,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> management of the day-to-day affairs and public amenities of neighbourhoods – including their religious festivals – was the responsibility of freedmen and their slave-assistants. The Compitalia was an official festival but during the Republican era, its shrines appear to have been funded locally, probably by subscription among the plebeians, freedmen and slaves of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vici</i></span>. Their support through private benefaction is nowhere attested, and official attitudes to the Republican Compitalia seem equivocal at best: The Compitalia games (<a href="/wiki/Ludi_Compitalicii" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi Compitalicii">Ludi Compitalicii</a>) included popular theatrical religious performances of raucously subversive flavour:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compitalia thus offered a religiously sanctioned outlet for free speech and populist subversion. At some time between 85 and 82 BC, the Compitalia shrines were the focus of cult to the ill-fated popularist politician <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Marius_Gratidianus" title="Marcus Marius Gratidianus">Marcus Marius Gratidianus</a> during his praetorship. What happened – if anything – to the Compitalia festivals and games in the immediate aftermath of his public, ritualised murder by his opponents is not known but in 68 BC the games at least were suppressed as "disorderly".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustan_religious_reforms">Augustan religious reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Augustan religious reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a></i></span>, Augustus reformed Compitalia and <a href="/wiki/14_regions_of_Augustan_Rome" title="14 regions of Augustan Rome">subdivided the <i>vici</i></a>. From 7 BC a Lares' festival on 1 May was dedicated to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> and a new celebration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a> Augusti</i> was held on 1 August, the inaugural day for Roman magistracies and personally auspicious for Augustus as the anniversary of his victory at <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a>. Statues representing the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Genius Augusti</i></span> were inserted between the Lares of the Compitalia shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not Augustus replaced the public Lares with "his own" household Lares is questionable – the earliest reference to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">august</i></span> Lares (58 BC, in <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>) anticipates Octavian's adoption of Augustus as honorific by some thirty years – but when coupled with his new cult to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Genius Augusti</i></span>, his donation of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> statues for use at Compitalia shrines, and his association with the community Lares through the shared honorific makes the reformed Compitalia an unmistakable, local, "street-level" aspect of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)#Genius_and_"household"_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">cult to living emperors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Compitalia,_bas-relief,_Lateran_Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png/250px-Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png/330px-Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png/440px-Procession_of_the_Compitalia%2C_bas-relief%2C_Lateran_Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a>; the image of a Lar is carried in procession. Drawing from a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Lateran Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The iconography of these shrines celebrates their sponsor's personal qualities and achievements and evokes a real or re-invented continuity of practice from ancient times. Some examples are sophisticated, others crude and virtually rustic in style; taken as a whole, their positioning in every <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vicus</i></span> (ward) of Rome symbolically extends the ideology of a "refounded" Rome to every part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Compitalia reforms were ingenious and genuinely popular; they valued the traditions of the Roman masses and won their political, social and religious support. Probably in response to this, provincial cults to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> appear soon afterwards; in Ostia, a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> shrine was placed in the forum, which was ritually cleansed for the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Augustan model persisted until the end of the Western Empire, with only minor and local modifications, and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lares Augusti</i></span> would always be identified with the ruling emperor, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Augustus</i></span>, whatever his personal or family name.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustus officially confirmed the plebeian-servile character of Compitalia as essential to his <a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">"restoration" of Roman tradition</a>, and formalised their offices; the vici and their religious affairs were now the responsibility of official <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magistri vici</i></span>, usually freedmen, assisted by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ministri vici</i></span> who were usually slaves. A dedication of 2 BC to the Augustan Lares lists four slaves as shrine-officials of their <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vicus</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given their slave status, their powers are debatable but they clearly constitute an official body. Their inscribed names, and those of their owners, are contained within an oak-wreath cartouche. The oak-leaf chaplet was voted to Augustus as "saviour" of Rome;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was symbolic <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pater</i></span> ('father') of the Roman state, and though his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">genius</i></span> was owed cult by his extended family, its offer seems to have been entirely voluntary. Hardly any of the reformed Compital shrines show evidence of cult to the emperor's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">genius</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus acted with the political acumen of any responsible <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">patronus</i></span> ('patron'); his subdivision of the vici created new opportunities for his clients. It repaid honour with honours, which for the plebs meant offices, priesthood, and the respect of their peers;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least for some. In Petronius' <i>Satyricon</i>, a magistrate's <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictor</a> bangs on Trimalchio's door; it causes a fearful stir but in comes Habinnas, one of Augustus' new priests, a stonemason by trade; dressed up in his regalia, perfumed and completely drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_myths_and_theology">Origin myths and theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin myths and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Late Republican and early Imperial eras, the priestly records of the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brethren</a> and the speculative commentaries of a very small number of literate Romans attest to a <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Lares" title="Mother of the Lares">Mother of the Lares</a> (Mater Larum). Her children are invoked by the obscure, fragmentary opening to the Arval Hymn (<a href="/wiki/Carmen_Arvale" title="Carmen Arvale">Carmen Arvale</a>); <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">enos Lases iuvate</i></span> ('Help us, Lares').<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is named as <a href="/wiki/Mania_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mania (mythology)">Mania</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> (116–27 BC), who believes her an originally <a href="/wiki/Sabine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine">Sabine</a> deity. The same name is used by later Roman authors with the general sense of a bogey or "evil spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much later, <a href="/wiki/Macrobius_Ambrosius_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius">Macrobius</a> (<i>fl.</i> AD 395–430) describes the woolen figurines hung at crossroad shrines during <a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a> as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">maniae</i></span>, supposed as an ingenious substitution for child sacrifices to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mater Larum</i></span>, instituted by Rome's last monarch and suppressed by its first consul, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">L. Junius Brutus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship takes the Arval rites to the Mother of the Lares as typically <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a>, and the goddess herself as a dark or terrible aspect of the earth-mother, <a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Tellus</a>. Ovid supplies or elaborates an origin-myth for the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mater Larum</i></span> as a once-loquacious <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Lara</a>, whose tongue is cut out as punishment for her betrayal of Jupiter's secret amours. Lara thus becomes Muta (the speechless one). <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)#Worship" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">leads her</a> to the underworld abode of the dead (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad Manes</i></span>); in this place of silence she is <a href="/wiki/Dea_Tacita" title="Dea Tacita">Dea Tacita</a> ('the silent one'). En route, he impregnates her. She gives birth to twin boys as silent or speechless as she. In this context, the Lares can be understood as "<a href="/wiki/Manes" title="Manes">manes</a> of silence" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">taciti manes</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_depicting_a_lararium_(domestic_shrine)_with_a_niche_and_an_altar_(51356536057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fresco_depicting_a_lararium_%28domestic_shrine%29_with_a_niche_and_an_altar_%2851356536057%29.jpg/500px-Fresco_depicting_a_lararium_%28domestic_shrine%29_with_a_niche_and_an_altar_%2851356536057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fresco_depicting_a_lararium_%28domestic_shrine%29_with_a_niche_and_an_altar_%2851356536057%29.jpg/960px-Fresco_depicting_a_lararium_%28domestic_shrine%29_with_a_niche_and_an_altar_%2851356536057%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Household lararium in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ovid's poetic myth appears to draw on remnants of ancient rites to the Mater Larum, surviving as folk-cult among women at the fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Feralia" title="Feralia">Feralia</a>: an old woman sews up a fish-head, smears it with pitch then pierces and roasts it to bind hostile tongues to silence: she thus invokes Dea Tacita. If, as Ovid proposes, the <a href="/wiki/Lemures" title="Lemures">lemures</a> are an unsatiated, malevolent and wandering form of Lares, then they and their mother also find their way into <a href="/wiki/Lemuralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuralia">Lemuralia</a>, when the hungry Lemures gather in Roman houses and claim cult from the living. The <i><a href="/wiki/Paterfamilias" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterfamilias">paterfamilias</a></i> must redeem himself and his family with the offer of midnight libations of spring-water, and black beans spat onto the floor. Any lemures dissatisfied with these offerings are scared away by the loud clashing of bronze pots. Taylor notes the chthonic character of offerings made to fall – or deliberately expelled – towards the earth. If their mother's nature connects the Lares to the earth they are, according to Taylor, spirits of the departed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plutarch offers a legend of Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, credited with the founding of the Lares' public festival, Compitalia. Servius' virginal slave mother-to-be is impregnated by a phallus-apparition arising from the hearth,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or some other divine being held to be a major deity or ancestor-hero by some, a Lar by others: the latter seems to have been a strong popular tradition. During the Augustan era, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> reports Servius' fathering by a Lar and his pious founding of Compitalia as common knowledge, and the Lar as equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek hero">Greek hero</a>; semi-divine, ancestral and protective of place.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These stories connect the Lar to the hearth, the underworld, generative powers (however embodied), nourishment, forms of divine or semi-divine ancestry and the coupling of the divine with the servile, wherein those deprived by legal or birth-status of a personal gens could serve, and be served by, the cults attached to Compitalia and Larentalia. Mommsen's contention that Lares were originally field deities is not incompatible with their role as ancestors and guardians. A rural familia relied on the productivity of their estate and its soil: around the early 2nd century BC, Plautus's <a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lar Familiaris</a> protects the house, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">familia</i></span> as he has always done, and safeguards their secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMB_-_Muri_statuette_group_-_Lar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HMB_-_Muri_statuette_group_-_Lar.jpg/250px-HMB_-_Muri_statuette_group_-_Lar.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HMB_-_Muri_statuette_group_-_Lar.jpg/330px-HMB_-_Muri_statuette_group_-_Lar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="4740" /></a><figcaption>Gallo-Roman Lar from the Muri collection, Imperial period (<a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of Bern">Historical Museum of Bern</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The little mythography that belongs to the Lares seems inventive and poetic. With no traditional, systematic theology to limit their development, Lares became a single but usefully nebulous type, with many functions. In Cicero's day, one's possession of domestic Lares laid moral claim of ownership and belonging to one's domicile.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Festus</a> identifies them as "gods of the underworld" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Di_inferi" title="Di inferi">di inferi</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To <a href="/wiki/Granius_Flaccus" title="Granius Flaccus">Flaccus</a>, they are ancestral <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)"><i>genii</i></a> (s. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">genius</i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> considers them benevolent ancestral spirits; they belong both to the underworld and to particular places of the human world. To him, this distinguishes them from the divine and eternal <a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)"><i>genius</i></a> which inhabits, protects and inspires living men: and having specific physical domains, they cannot be connected with the malicious, vagrant <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lemures</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century AD the Christian polemicist <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, claiming among others <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> (116–27 BC) as his source, describes them as once-human spirits of the underworld, therefore ancestral <a href="/wiki/Manes" title="Manes">manes</a>-ghosts; but also as "gods of the air", or the upper world. He also – perhaps uniquely in the literature but still claiming Varro's authority – categorises them with the frightful <a href="/wiki/Lemures" title="Lemures">larvae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ubiquity of Lares seems to have offered considerable restraints on Christian participation in Roman public life. In the 3rd century AD, Tertullian remarks the inevitable presence of Lares in pagan households as good reason to forbid marriage between pagan men and Christian women: the latter would be "tormented by the vapor of incense each time the demons are honored, each solemn festivity in honor of the emperors, each beginning of the year, each beginning of the month."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet their type proved remarkably persistent. In the early 5th century AD, after the official suppression of non-Christian cults, <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Namatianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutilius Namatianus">Rutilius Namatianus</a> could write of a famine-stricken district whose inhabitants had no choice but to "abandon their Lares" (thus, to desert their rat-infested houses).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eudaemon_(mythology)" title="Eudaemon (mythology)">Eudaemon (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult (ancient Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_house" title="Spirit house">Spirit house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_(mythology)" title="Turan (mythology)">Turan</a>, the Etruscan love goddess</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/lares">"Lares"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryberg, pp. 10–13: a wall painting at the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Leopards" title="Tomb of the Leopards">Tomb of the Leopards</a>, at Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a>, shows offerings are made to Lares-like figures, or <a href="/wiki/Di_Manes" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Manes">di Manes</a> (deified ancestors) in a procession preparatory to funeral games. A black-figured Etruscan vase, and Etruscan reliefs, show the forms of altar and iconography used in Roman Lares-cult, including the offer of a garland crown, sacrifice of a pig, and the representation of serpents as a fructifying or generative force.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Charlton & al. <i>A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrews's edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary, revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DLar1">Lar</a>". Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keightley, Thomas. <i>The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA543">543</a>. Whittaker & Co. (London), 1838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinstock, 114–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Roman Questions</i>, 52: see Waites, 258 for analysis of chthonic connections between the Lares' dogskin tunic, Hecate and the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lares_and_their_domains">Lares of the crossroads (<i>Lares Compitalicii</i>)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard <i>et al</i>, 185-6, 355, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard <i>et al</i>, 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 115–117, citing Suetonius.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romulus in Taylor, 303, citing the second-century BC annalist <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Hemina" title="Lucius Cassius Hemina">Cassius Hemina</a>: "<i>monstrum fit: sus parit porcos triginta, cuius rei fanum fecerunt Laribus grundulibus</i>". Nonius s.v. Grundules: "<i>Grundules Lares dicuntur Romae constituti ob honorem porcae, quae triginta pepererat.</i>" A. Alföldi <i>Early Rome and the Latins</i> p. 277 n. 37. D. Briquel "L'oiseau ominal, la louve et la truie feconde" In MEFRA, 1976, p.: Briquel opines the appellative employed by Cassius Hemina must refer to the Lares protecting the eaves of a building.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeneas in Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 1. 57, 1, and in <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s epic poem, <i>The Aeneid</i>, book 3.390-4, 508-11, and book 8. 43-6, 81-5. In Virgil, Aeneas attempts to sacrifice a white sow to <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, but she escapes and farrows 30 piglets. She is eventually recaptured and sacrificed, along with her young; the white (Latin <i>alba</i>) sow's appearance, dedication, escape, reappearance, and sacrifice are prophetic, anticipating the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> by Aeneas and the much later foundation of Rome by Romulus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro <i>De Re Rustica</i> II 4, 18: "<i>Et corpus matris a sacerdotibus, quod in salsura fuerit, demonstratur.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lycophron <i>Alexandra</i> 1255. G. Vanotti <i>L'altro Enea</i> Rome 1995 p.206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Liou-Gille "Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation" <i>Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire</i> <b>74</b> 1996 1 p. 80-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcianus Capella, 1.45 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert EA Plamer, Roman religion and Roman Empire: five essays, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1974, p. 116.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JtQoAAAAYAAJ&q=%22lar+militaris%22">Limited preview available via googlebooks:</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tibullus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpQRKCKEsz0C&dq=Tibullus+custodes&pg=PA15">1, 1, 19–24.</a> See also Cicero, <i>De Legibus</i>, 2. 19, for reference to Lares as field-deities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The painted Lares and <i>genius</i> at the "House of the Red Walls" in Pompeii shared their quarters with bronze statuettes of Lares, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>: see Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed), 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plautus, <i>Aulularia</i>, prologue: see Hunter, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "proper occasions" included the household's participation in the Compitalia festival. Clear evidence is otherwise lacking for the executive roles of subservient household members in household cults.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, P., 2006, <i>The Insula of Menander at Pompeii, Vol.III, The Finds; A Contextual Study</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 28, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 303: citing Cassius Hemina <i>ap</i>. Diomedes I, p384 K; Nonius, p 114 M. Taylor notes that the story's association with Lavinius, Rome, and Alba: "In view of the frequent identity between God and sacrificial victim, it is worth noting that the pig was the most usual offering to the Lares, just as the pregnant animal and particularly the pregnant sow was a common sacrifice to the earth goddess."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interpretations and identities of figures based on Beard et al, vol. 2, 4.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual:" Clarke, 1, citing Frank E. Brown, <i>Roman Architecture</i>, (New York, 1961, 9. Clarke views Roman ritual as twofold; some is prescribed and ceremonial, and includes activities which might be called, in modern terms, religious; some is what might be understood in modern terms as secular conventions – the proper and habitual way of doing things. For Romans, both activities were matters of lawful custom (<i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">mos maiorum</a></i>) rather than religious as opposed to secular.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Named after its particularly fine fresco of <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">the poet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed), 200: in some cases, the artistic display of the <i>lararium</i> seems to displace its religious function.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The more public <i>lararium</i> is exceptionally large; it measures 1.3 x 2.25 m and faces onto the atrium internal courtyard of the building. Its painted deities are framed by stonework in the form of a classical temple, complete with finely carved pediment to support a <i>patera</i> for offerings. With its painted deities and mythological scenes, such a lararium would certainly have made a powerful impression. See Allison, P., 2006, <i>The Insula of Menander at Pompeii, Vol.III, The Finds; A Contextual Study</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, 4, 208, 264: the Vettii brothers had been freedmen and successful entrepreneurs, possibly in the wine business. Their house is designed and decorated in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles#Fourth_Style" title="Pompeian Styles">Fourth Style</a> and imports courtyard elements of the rural villa. According to Clarke, their "semipublic" lararium and its surrounding walls – decorated with a riot of deities and mythological scenes – reflects the increasing secularisation of household religion during this period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, 9–10; citing <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, 4.1.131-2 & <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a>, <i>The Satires</i>, 5.30-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Annals, 12.24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 31: Dionysius claims the Compitalia contribution of honey-cakes as an institution of <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same institution was also credited to King <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a>, Servius' predecessor and <i>paterfamilias</i> – though not, by all accounts, his birth father). Other candidates for Servius' paternity include a disembodied phallus that materialised at the royal hearth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 35, citing Cato, On Agriculture, 5.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius understands the function of the Lar as equivalent to that of a Greek hero; an ancestral spirit, protector of a place and its people, possessed of both mortal and divine characteristics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 4.14.2–4 (excerpt), Trans. Cary, Loeb, Cambridge, 1939: cited in Lott, 31. By "badges of servility" Dionysus seems to have meant distinctive slave-clothing; the slaves who ministered to the Lares were dressed as freedmen for the occasion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 32 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, 36.204; Cicero, <i>In Pisonem</i>, 8; Propertius, 2.22.3–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 28–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duncan Fishwick, <i>The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire</i>, volume 1, Brill Publishers, 1991, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornum, Michael B., <i>Nemesis, the Roman state and the games</i>, Brill, 1993, p.37 footnote 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, pp. 102–104. Lott (pp. 107–117) points out that "Augusti" is never used to refer to private Julian religious practices. He finds unlikely that so subtle a reformist as Augustus should claim to restore Rome's traditions yet high-handedly replace one of its most popular cults with one to his own family Lares: <i>contra</i> Taylor (whose view he acknowledges as generally accepted): limited preview available via googlebooks: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nd0aDXbOSkC&q=Lott+the+neighborhoods+of+Augustan+rome">[1]</a> (accessed 7 January 2010). For the function of Imperial cult at "street level" via the reformed Compitalia, see Duncan Fishwick, <i>The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire</i>, volume 1, Brill Publishers, 1991, p 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard <i>et al</i>, 184–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard <i>et al</i>, 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Their shrine is named as <i><a href="/wiki/Stata_Mater" title="Stata Mater">Stata Mater</a></i>, probably after a nearby statue of that goddess.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The oak was sacred to Jupiter and the award of an oak leaf chaplet was reserved for those who had saved the life of a fellow-citizen. As Rome's "saviour", Augustus had saved the lives of all. Senators, knights (<i>equites</i>), plebs, freedmen and slaves were "under his protection" as <i>pater patriae</i> (father of the country), a title apparently urged by the general populace.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galinsky, in Rüpke (ed), 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard <i>et al</i>, vol 2, 207–208: section 8.6a, citing ILS 9250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard et al, vol 2, p. 208, sect. 8.6b: citing Petronius, Satyricon, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the late 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Festus</a> cites <i>mania</i> as a name used by nursemaids to terrify children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 302: whatever the truth regarding this sacrifice and its abolition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> Junii held ancestor cult during <a href="/wiki/Larentalia" title="Larentalia">Larentalia</a> rather than the usual <a href="/wiki/Parentalia" title="Parentalia">Parentalia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, 2–88 & 174, Note 82: cf Ovid's connections between the lemures and Rome's founding myth. Remus is murdered by Romulus or one of his men just before or during the founding of the city. Romulus becomes ancestor of the Romans, ascends heavenwards on his death (or in some traditions, simply vanishes) and is later identified with the god Quirinus. Murdered Remus is consigned to the oblivion of the earth and – in Ovid's variant – returns during the Lemuralia, to haunt and reproach the living; wherefore Ovid derives "Lemuria" from "Remuria". The latter festival name is otherwise unattested but Wiseman observes possible connections between the Lemuria rites and Remus' role in Rome's foundation legends. While the benevolent Lar is connected to place, boundary and good order, the Lemur is fearsomely chthonic – transgressive, vagrant and destructive; its rites suggest individual and collective reparation for neglect of due honours, and for possible blood-guilt; or in the case of Romulus, fratricide. For Ovid's <i>Fasti</i> II, 571 ff (Latin text) see the latinlibrary.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.fasti2.shtml">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 301: citing "Mania" in Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 9, 61; "Larunda" in Arnobius, 3, 41; "Lara" in Ovid, <i>Fasti</i> II, 571 ff: Macrobius, <i>Saturnalia</i>, 1, 7, 34–35; Festus, p115 L.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also in Pliny, <i>Natural History</i>, 36, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 31: citing Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 4.14.3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Moralia</i>, On the fortune of the Romans, 10, 64: available online (Loeb) at Thayer's website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Romanorum*.html">[3]</a> (accessed 6 January 1020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lott, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plautus, <i>Aulularia</i>, 2–5. See Hunter, 2008 for analysis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>de Domo sua</i>, 108–109, for the domestic presence of the Lares and Penates as an indication of ownership.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Festus, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius, <i>de Deo Socratis</i>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnobius, <i>Adversus nationes</i>, 3.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, 299–301: citing Martianus Capella, II, 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowersock, Brown, Grabar <i>et al</i>., <i>Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world</i>, Belknap Press, Harvard University Press Reference Library, 1999, p. 27, citing Tertullian, <i>Ad Uxorem</i>, 6.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rutilius Namatianus, <i>de Reditu suo</i>, 290: Latin text at Thayer's website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Rutilius_Namatianus/text*.html">[4]</a> (accessed 6 January 2010)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, M.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._North_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. North (classicist) (page does not exist)">North, J.</a>, Price, S., <i>Religions of Rome, vol.</i> 1, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31682-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31682-0">0-521-31682-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, M.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._North_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. North (classicist) (page does not exist)">North, J.</a>, Price, S., <i>Religions of Rome, vol. 2</i>, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45646-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45646-0">0-521-45646-0</a></li> <li>Clarke, John R., <i>The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 BC-AD 250. Ritual, Space and Decoration,</i> illustrated, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08429-2">978-0-520-08429-2</a></li> <li>Giacobello, Federico, <i>Larari pompeiani. Iconografia e culto dei Lari in ambito domestico,</i> LED Edizioni Universitarie, Milano, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7916-374-3">978-88-7916-374-3</a></li> <li>Hunter, Richard, <i>On Coming After</i>, Studies in Post-Classical Greek Literature and its Reception, Berlin, New York (Walter de Gruyter) 2008, pp. 612–626.</li> <li>Lott, John. B., <i>The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome,</i> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82827-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82827-9">0-521-82827-9</a></li> <li>Orr, D. G., Roman domestic religion: the evidence of the household shrines, <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i>, II, 16, 2, Berlin, 1978, 1557‑91.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Rüpke, Jörg</a> (Editor), <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2943-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2943-5">978-1-4051-2943-5</a></li> <li>Ryberg, Inez Scott, Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art, <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome,</i> Vol. 22, University of Michigan Press for the American Academy in Rome, 1955, pp. 10 – 13.</li> <li>Taylor, Lilly Ross, The Mother of the Lares, <i>American Journal of Archaeology,</i> Vol. 29, 3, (July–Sept. 1925), 299–313.</li> <li>Waites, Margaret C., The Nature of the Lares and Their Representation in Roman Art, <i>American Journal of Archaeology,</i> Vol. 24, No. 3 (July–Sept., 1920), 241–261.</li> <li>Weinstock, Stefan, Two Archaic Inscriptions from Latium, <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, 50, (1960), 112–118.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.P._Wiseman" class="mw-redirect" title="T.P. Wiseman">Wiseman, T. P.</a>, <i>Remus: a Roman myth</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48366-7">978-0-521-48366-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lares&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lares" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lares">Lares</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #F0ACAC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_religion" title="Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_religion" title="Template talk:Roman religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_religion_and_mythology251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lares&oldid=1268780980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lares&oldid=1268780980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tutelary_deities" title="Category:Tutelary deities">Tutelary deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_deities" title="Category:Roman deities">Roman deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Household_deities" title="Category:Household deities">Household deities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 14:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lares&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lares</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>35 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-gc2md","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.554","walltime":"0.663","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4334,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":65071,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2498,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":61583,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 539.347 1 -total"," 20.01% 107.913 101 Template:Lang"," 16.18% 87.244 1 Template:IPA"," 11.99% 64.691 1 Template:Roman_religion"," 11.93% 64.344 2 Template:Navbox"," 10.30% 55.567 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.16% 54.794 7 Template:ISBN"," 7.49% 40.408 7 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 6.18% 33.316 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.14% 33.112 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.312","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17585339,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-p2tgv","timestamp":"20250330022525","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Lares","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lares","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q504377","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q504377","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-07T04:31:21Z","dateModified":"2025-01-11T14:30:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/31\/Lar_romano_de_bronce_%28M.A.N._Inv.2943%29_01.jpg","headline":"guardian deities in ancient Roman religion"}</script> </body> </html>