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<li id="toc-Classification_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Classification and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graeco-Armenian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graeco-Armenian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Graeco-Armenian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graeco-Armenian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greco-Armeno-Aryan_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Armeno-Aryan_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Greco-Armeno-Aryan hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Armeno-Aryan_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status and usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Indo-European cognates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armeens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="አርሜንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርሜንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्मेनियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अर्मेनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аерманы бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аерманы бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأرمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأرمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_armenio" title="Idioma armenio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma armenio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Հայերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_armeniu" title="Idioma armeniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma armeniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Armeniañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Armeniañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99ni_dili" title="Erməni dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erməni dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ارمنی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارمنی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্মেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্মেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia-g%C3%AD" title="Armenia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Armenia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Әрмән теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әрмән теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армянская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Армянская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армянская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Арменски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арменски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenieg" title="Armenieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Armenieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Эрмен чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрмен чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Armenyanhon" title="Pinulongang Armenyanhon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Armenyanhon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9n%C5%A1tina" title="Arménština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeneg" title="Armeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Armeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensk_(sprog)" title="Armensk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armensk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniagiella" title="Armeniagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Armeniagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenische_Sprache" title="Armenische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme%C5%84%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Armeńšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Armeńšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenia_keel" title="Armeenia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armeenia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρμενική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμενική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Армянонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Армянонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_armenio" title="Idioma armenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma armenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armena_lingvo" title="Armena lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniera" title="Armeniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armeniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان ارمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ارمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_bhasa" title="Armenian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Armenian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nien" title="Arménien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arménien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeensk" title="Armeensk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Armeensk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Airm%C3%A9inis" title="An Airméinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Airméinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeainish" title="Armeainish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Armeainish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_armenia" title="Lingua armenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua armenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эрмалой мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрмалой мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia-ng%C3%AE" title="Armenia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Armenia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="아르메니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հայերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मीनियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्मीनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Armenšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Armenšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenski_jezik" title="Armenski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniana_linguo" title="Armeniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Armeniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Armenio" title="Pagsasao nga Armenio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Armenio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_armenie" title="Lingua armenie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua armenie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сомихаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сомихаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska" title="Armenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Armenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_armena" title="Lingua armena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua armena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ארמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arm%C3%A8ni" title="Basa Armèni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Armèni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Armeniu" title="Amánung Armeniu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Armeniu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სომხური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Armeńsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Armeńsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Армян тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армян тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyarumeniya" title="Icyarumeniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyarumeniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiarmenia" title="Kiarmenia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiarmenia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Армен кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Армен кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenava" title="Armenava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Armenava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ermen%C3%AE" title="Zimanê ermenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê ermenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Армян тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Армян тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_ermeni" title="Lingua ermeni – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua ermeni" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D" title="ພາສາອາເມເນຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອາເມເນຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Armenia" title="Lingua Armenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Armenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93%C5%86u_valoda" title="Armēņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97n%C5%B3_kalba" title="Armėnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_armenn-a" title="Lengua armenn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua armenn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Armeens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haieren_(lingua)" title="Haieren (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Haieren (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_armena" title="Lengua armena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua armena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rm%C3%A9ny_nyelv" title="Örmény nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örmény nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ерменски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_armeniana" title="Fiteny armeniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny armeniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അർമേനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർമേനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्मेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სომეხური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომეხური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89" title="ارمنلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارمنلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="ارمنیج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارمنیج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Armenia" title="Bahaso Armenia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Armenia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Armenia-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Armenia-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Армянонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Армянонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Армени хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Армени хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeens" title="Armeens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armeens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeensk" title="Armeensk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Armeensk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनियाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर्मेनियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्मेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="アルメニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルメニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Эрмалойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрмалойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeensk_spriak" title="Armeensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Armeensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarmanyan" title="Aarmanyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aarmanyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensk" title="Armensk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armensk" title="Armensk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Armensk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8ni" title="Armèni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armèni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arman_tili" title="Arman tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arman tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਮੇਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="آرمینیائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرمینیائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ارمني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_armen-a" title="Lenga armen-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga armen-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeensche_Sprake" title="Armeensche Sprake – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Armeensche Sprake" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_ormia%C5%84ski" title="Język ormiański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język ormiański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_arm%C3%AAnia" title="Língua armênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua armênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_armean%C4%83" title="Limba armeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba armeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminya_simi" title="Arminya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arminya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Арменьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арменьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Армянский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армянский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Эрмээн тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эрмээн тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_armena" title="Limba armena – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba armena" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenie_leid" title="Armenie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Armenie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_armene" title="Gjuha armene – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha armene" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_armena" title="Lingua armena – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua armena" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آرمينيائي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرمينيائي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9n%C4%8Dina" title="Arménčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arménčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Armenščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armenščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uormja%C5%84sko_godka" title="Uormjańsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uormjańsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەرمەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەرمەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јерменски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерменски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenski_jezik" title="Armenski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Armenski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Basa Arménia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Arménia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_kieli" title="Armenian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armenian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniska" title="Armeniska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armeniska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Armenyo" title="Wikang Armenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Armenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அருமேனிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருமேனிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Әрмән теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрмән теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาอาร์มีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาร์มีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони арманӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони арманӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenice" title="Ermenice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermenice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni_dili" title="Ermeni dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ermeni dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Армян кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Армян кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вірменська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірменська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آرمینیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرمینیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئەرمەن تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرمەن تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenijan_kel%27" title="Armenijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Armenijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Armenia" title="Tiếng Armenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmeniy%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Larmeniyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Larmeniyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rmenyin_(lingaedje)" title="Årmenyin (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årmenyin (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="亞美尼亞語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞美尼亞語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenyo_nga_pinulongan" title="Armenyo nga pinulongan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Armenyo nga pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="亚美尼亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚美尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="ארמעניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארמעניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Arm%C3%A9n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Arméníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Arméníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="亞美尼亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞美尼亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenki" title="Ermenki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ermenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="亚美尼亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚美尼亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99ni_zyvon" title="Erməni zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Erməni zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Armenian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հայերեն</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-classical_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/200px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/300px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg/400px-Armenian_language_in_the_Armenian_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="42" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">"Armenian language" in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[hɑjɛˈɾɛn]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.3 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2013–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Armenian</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Armenian">Proto-Armenian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_dialect" title="Karabakh dialect">Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_dialect" title="Karin dialect">Karin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mush_dialect" title="Mush dialect">Mush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharberd%E2%80%93Yerznka_dialect" title="Kharberd–Yerznka dialect">Kharberd–Yerznka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin-Karahisar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabin-Karahisar dialect">Shabin–Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakavaberd_dialect" title="Kakavaberd dialect">Kakavaberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zok</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><b>Organisations:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-CYP1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYP1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CYP2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYP2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-HUN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><sup id="cite_ref-IRQ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRQ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-POL1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POL1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POL2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POL2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-ROU_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROU-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup id="cite_ref-Toktaş2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toktaş2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayır2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayır2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uzum2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzum2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-UKR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian National Academy of Sciences</a> (Armenia)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Foundation" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation">Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation</a> (Western Armenian, <i>de facto</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=hy">hy</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=26">arm</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=26">hye</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hye" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hye">hye</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hyw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hyw">hyw</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xcl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xcl">xcl</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/axm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:axm">axm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arme1241">arme1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=57-AAA-a">57-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png/320px-Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png/480px-Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png/640px-Armenian_Language_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="2067" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The current distribution of the Armenian language in the southern Caucasus</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png/320px-Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png/480px-Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png/640px-Map-of-speakers-of-armenian.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#023858; color:white;"> </span> Official language spoken by the majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0570b0; color:white;"> </span> Recognized minority language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74a9cf; color:black;"> </span> Significant number of speakers</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Armenian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հայերեն</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-classical_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classical-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hayeren</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[hɑjɛˈɾɛn]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. It is the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian people</a> and the official language of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Historically spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a>, today Armenian is also widely spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a>. Armenian is written in its own <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>, introduced in 405 AD by Saint <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_and_origins">Classification and origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Armenian_alphabet" title="History of the Armenian alphabet">History of the Armenian alphabet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian language</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Language" title="Armenian Language"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/170px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/255px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Armenian_manuscripts.jpg/340px-Armenian_manuscripts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a></b> (from 405)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – 1700)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Armenian</a></b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span> – present)<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a> (mixed)</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization of Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><td 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-family:Palatino Linotype;""><b><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png/80px-Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png/120px-Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png/160px-Right-Facing_Armenian_Eternity_Sign_UC_058D.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenian culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Armenia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_per_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians per country">By country</a> or region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentines" title="Armenian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Uruguayans" title="Armenian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt" title="Armenians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Sweden" title="Armenians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">China</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Subgroups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hamshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Hetanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zok</a>) •  <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a> (<a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign</a> •  <i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian Sign</a></i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats#Language" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language">Armeno-Kipchak</a></i><br />Armenian–Lom: <a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Denial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Armenianism">Anti-Armenianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenians" title="Template:Armenians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenians" title="Template talk:Armenians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Armenian is an independent branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Phonological_change" title="Phonological change">phonological changes</a> within that family. Armenian exhibits <a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">more satemization than centumization</a>, although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> were dialectally close to each other;<sup id="cite_ref-p._6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-public.iastate.edu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public.iastate.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martirosyan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian was situated between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centum" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum">centum</a> subgroup) and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a> subgroup).<sup id="cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martirosyan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronald I. Kim has noted unique morphological developments connecting Armenian to <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Another text translated into Armenian early on, and also in the 5th-century, was the <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Alexander_Romance" title="Armenian Alexander Romance">Armenian Alexander Romance</a></i>. The vocabulary of the language has historically been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Western Middle Iranian languages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its derivational morphology and syntax were also affected by <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> with Parthian, but to a lesser extent.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact with Greek, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> also resulted in a number of loanwords. There are two standardized modern literary forms, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> (spoken mainly in Armenia) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> (spoken originally mainly in modern-day Turkey and, since the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a>). The differences between them are considerable but they are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> after significant exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some subdialects such as <a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a> are not mutually intelligible with other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s 4th century BC history, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">The Anabasis</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest surviving Armenian-language writing is etched in stone on Armenian temples and is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehenagir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehenagir (page does not exist)">Mehenagir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Armenian_language#Dubious" title="Talk:Armenian language">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a> in 405, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian alphabet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Albanian alphabet">Caucasian Albanian alphabet</a>. </p><p>While Armenian constitutes the sole member of the Armenian branch of the Indo-European family, Aram Kossian has suggested that the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> language may have been a (now extinct) Armenic language.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_contacts">Early contacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Armenian_mosaic_and_inscr_at_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birds_Mosaic_(Jerusalem)" title="Birds Mosaic (Jerusalem)">Armenian Birds Mosaic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> with Armenian language and alphabet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Lorri,_Hachpat,_Klasztor_Hachpat_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg/220px-2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg/330px-2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg/440px-2014_Prowincja_Lorri%2C_Hachpat%2C_Klasztor_Hachpat_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4166" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption>Armenian language writing in <a href="/wiki/Haghpat_Monastery" title="Haghpat Monastery">Haghpat Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>W. M. Austin (1942) concluded<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that there was early contact between Armenian and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>, based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. Unlike shared innovations (or <i><a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a></i>), the common retention of archaisms (or <i><a href="/wiki/Symplesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Symplesiomorphy">symplesiomorphy</a></i>) is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. There are words used in Armenian that are generally believed to have been borrowed from Anatolian languages, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, although some researchers have identified possible <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> loanwords as well.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable loanword from Anatolian is Armenian <i>xalam</i>, "skull", cognate to Hittite <i>ḫalanta</i>, "head".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, the Soviet linguist <a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Igor M. Diakonoff</a> noted the presence in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diakonoff1985_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diakonoff1985-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting that <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian-speaking</a> peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonoff identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:աղախին">ałaxin</a></i> "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. <i>al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne</i>), <i>cov</i> "sea" ( ← Urart. <i>ṣûǝ</i> "(inland) sea"), <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ուղտ">ułt</a></i> "camel" ( ← Hurr. <i>uḷtu</i>), and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:խնձոր">xnjor</a></i> "apple (tree)" ( ← Hurr. <i>ḫinzuri</i>). Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> characteristic of the development of Armenian from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian language</a> stage. </p><p>Contemporary linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Hrach Martirosyan</a>, have rejected many of the Hurro-Urartian and Northeast Caucasian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian and Caucasian languages from Armenian, and not vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable example is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:արծիվ">arciv</a></i>, meaning "eagle", believed to have been the origin of Urartian <i>Arṣibi</i> and Northeast Caucasian <i>arzu</i>. This word is derived from Proto-Indo-European <i>*h₂r̥ǵipyós</i>, with cognates in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (ऋजिप्य, <i>ṛjipyá</i>), <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> (<i>ərəzifiia</i>), and Greek (αἰγίπιος, <i>aigípios</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hrach Martirosyan and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian <i>eue</i> ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely a loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A5%D6%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:եւ">եւ</a></span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">yev</i></span>, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81epi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi">*h₁epi</a></i>). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martirosyan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loan words from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led some linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" title="Paul de Lagarde">Paul de Lagarde</a> and F. Müller believed that the similarities between the two languages meant that Armenian belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%BCbschmann" title="Heinrich Hübschmann">Heinrich Hübschmann</a> (1875)<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative method (linguistics)">comparative method</a> to distinguish two layers of Iranian words from the older Armenian <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>. He showed that Armenian often had two morphemes for one concept, that the non-Iranian components yielded a consistent <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> pattern distinct from Iranian, and that the inflectional morphology was different from that of Iranian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graeco-Armenian_hypothesis">Graeco-Armenian hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graeco-Armenian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></div> <p>The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with <a href="/wiki/Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)" title="Holger Pedersen (linguist)">Holger Pedersen</a> (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">Antoine Meillet</a> (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement and postulated that the parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity during the Proto-Indo-European period. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his book <i>Esquisse d'une histoire de la langue latine</i> (1936). <a href="/wiki/Georg_Renatus_Solta" title="Georg Renatus Solta">Georg Renatus Solta</a> (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek is clearly the dialect to be most closely related to Armenian. <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a> (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis and even anticipates a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">augment</a> and a negator derived from the set phrase in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*<i>ne h₂oyu kʷid</i></span></span> ("never anything" or "always nothing"), the representation of word-initial <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeals</a> by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Armeno-Aryan_hypothesis">Greco-Armeno-Aryan hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greco-Armeno-Aryan hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></div> <p>Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family</a>, ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, the Armenian language, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>. Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> by the mid-3rd millennium BC. Conceivably, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a> would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the <i><a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a></i> change) but others only with Greek (<i>s</i> > <i>h</i>). </p><p>Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists who believe the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_Urheimat_hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses">Indo-European homeland</a> to be located in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label <b>Aryano-Greco-Armenic</b>, splitting into Proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-p._6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-public.iastate.edu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public.iastate.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> (Arm: <i>grabar</i>), attested from the 5th century to the 19th century as the literary standard (up to the 11th century also as a spoken language with different varieties), was partially superseded by <a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a>, attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. Specialized literature prefers "Old Armenian" for <i>grabar</i> as a whole, and designates as "Classical" the language used in the 5th century literature, "Post-Classical" from the late 5th to 8th centuries, and "Late Grabar" that of the period covering the 8th to 11th centuries. Later, it was used mainly in religious and specialized literature, with the exception of a revival during the early modern period, when attempts were made to establish it as the language of a literary renaissance, with neoclassical inclinations, through the creation and dissemination of literature in varied genres, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mekhitarists</a>. The first Armenian periodical, <i><a href="/wiki/Azdarar" title="Azdarar">Azdarar</a></i>, was published in <i>grabar</i> in 1794. </p><p>The classical form borrowed numerous words from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diakonoff597-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains smaller inventories of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Greek,<sup id="cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diakonoff597-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syriac,<sup id="cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diakonoff597-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramaic,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongol,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a>. An effort to modernize the language in <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet ("<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օ</span></span>" and "<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆ</span></span>"), bringing the total number to 38.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Book of Lamentations</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a> (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style of Old Armenian by the 10th century. In addition to elevating the literary style and vocabulary of the Armenian language by adding well above a thousand new words,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through his other hymns and poems Gregory paved the way for his successors to include secular themes and vernacular language in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. "A Word of Wisdom", a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually, the interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others took the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. These changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or the morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> was conquered from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> control. The antagonistic relationship between the Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were further consolidated.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> became the center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to the now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects existed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major standards emerged: </p> <ul><li>Western standard: The influx of immigrants from different parts of the traditional Armenian homeland to Istanbul crystallized the common elements of the regional dialects, paving the way for a style of writing that required a shorter and more flexible learning curve than Grabar.</li> <li>Eastern standard: The <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan dialect</a> provided the primary elements of Eastern Armenian, centered in Tbilisi, Georgia. Similar to the Western Armenian variant, the Modern Eastern was in many ways more practical and accessible to the masses than Grabar.</li></ul> <p>Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of a network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language's existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from several morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and generally analogous rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other as long as they are fluent in one of the literary standards.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> preserved the Western Armenian dialect. </p><p>The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their <a href="/wiki/Turkic_loanwords_in_Armenian" title="Turkic loanwords in Armenian">Turkish lexical influences</a> in the 20th century, primarily following the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian manuscript, 5th–6th centuries."><img alt="Armenian manuscript, 5th–6th centuries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/151px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/227px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/302px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian manuscript, 5th–6th centuries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandzasar_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian inscription in Gandzasar Monastery"><img alt="Armenian inscription in Gandzasar Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gandzasar_01.jpg/200px-Gandzasar_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gandzasar_01.jpg/300px-Gandzasar_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gandzasar_01.jpg/400px-Gandzasar_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1132" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian inscription in <a href="/wiki/Gandzasar_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandzasar Monastery">Gandzasar Monastery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Four_Gospels,_1495,_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Four Gospels, 1495, Portrait of St Mark Wellcome with Armenian inscriptions"><img alt="The Four Gospels, 1495, Portrait of St Mark Wellcome with Armenian inscriptions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg/159px-The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg/239px-The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg/319px-The_Four_Gospels%2C_1495%2C_Portrait_of_St_Mark_Wellcome_L0031107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="3677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Four Gospels, 1495, Portrait of St Mark Wellcome with Armenian inscriptions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First printed Armenian language Bible, 1666"><img alt="First printed Armenian language Bible, 1666" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg/200px-The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg/300px-The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg/400px-The_first_Bible_printed_in_the_Armenian_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First printed Armenian language Bible, 1666</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian language road sign."><img alt="Armenian language road sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG/200px-Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG/300px-Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG/400px-Panneau_pr%C3%A8s_d%27Ohanavan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian language road sign.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to Armenia and Turkey, where it is <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a>, Armenian is spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, globally there are 1.6 million Western Armenian speakers and 3.7 million Eastern Armenian speakers, totalling 5.3 million Armenian speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e26_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Armenian speakers, <i>Ethnologue</i> (26th ed., 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e26_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Armenian speakers</th> <th>Main variety </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td> <td>3,000,000</td> <td>Eastern </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>510,000</td> <td>Eastern </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>340,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in the United States">United States</a></td> <td>240,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>150,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td>150,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>120,000</td> <td>Eastern </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>110,000</td> <td>Eastern </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td>84,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a></td> <td>70,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>70,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>67,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td>66,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>60,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>50,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>47,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>45,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>27,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>20,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>16,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>12,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>11,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kuwait" title="Armenians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></td> <td>11,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Jordan" title="Armenians in Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>10,000</td> <td>Western </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Georgia, Armenian speakers are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ninotsminda" title="Ninotsminda">Ninotsminda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a> districts where they represent over 90% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_usage">Status and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Status and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short-lived <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> declared Armenian its official language. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> was then dominating in institutions and among the population. When Armenia was incorporated into the USSR, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> made Eastern Armenian the language of the courts, government institutions and schools. Armenia was also <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russified</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> upholds the official status of the Armenian language. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> is the official variant used, making it the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige variety</a> while other variants have been excluded from national institutions. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> is perceived by some as a mere dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamanian2019_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamanian2019-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenian was also official in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>. It is recognized as an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> although Russian is the working language. </p><p>Armenian (without reference to a specific variety) is officially recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CYP1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYP1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CYP2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYP2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HUN_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IRQ_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRQ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-POL1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POL1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POL2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POL2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ROU_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROU-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKR_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recognized as a minority language and protected in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a> by the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toktaş2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toktaş2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayır2013_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayır2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uzum2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uzum2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Armenian is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in the majority of <a href="/wiki/Armenian-language_schools_outside_Armenia" title="Armenian-language schools outside Armenia">Armenian-language schools outside Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamanian2019_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamanian2019-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, in the <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, although Armenian has no legal status, there were 144 state-funded schools in the area as of 2010 where Armenian is the main language of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lebanese curriculum allows Armenian schools to teach the Armenian language as a basic language.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, home to a large <a href="/wiki/Armenian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian American">Armenian American</a> community, various <a href="/wiki/California_executive_branch" title="California executive branch">state</a> government agencies provide Armenian translations of their documents: the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Social_Services" title="California Department of Social Services">California Department of Social Services</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="California Department of Motor Vehicles">California Department of Motor Vehicles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">California superior courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the city of <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale</a>, there are street signs in Armenian.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lebanon, Syria and Iran, Armenian communities were given greater autonomy than other groups, namely Assyrians and Kurds. In practice, Armenians were the only ethnic minority group of these countries that were allowed to teach their language in their schools.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a>, article 15 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">constitution</a> allows the use of "regional and tribal languages" in the mass media as well as within the schools. However, these languages do not receive formal status and are not officially regulated by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iranian Armenians</a> are de facto the only non-Persian ethnic group in Iran enjoying this right. They have their own private schools, where Armenian is the medium of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian#Phonology" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian § Phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="159" data-mwtitle="Hy-1-ին_տիպի_շաքարային_դիաբետ_(Diabetes_mellitus_type_1).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hy-1-%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF_(Diabetes_mellitus_type_1).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Hy-1-%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF_%28Diabetes_mellitus_type_1%29.ogg/Hy-1-%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF_%28Diabetes_mellitus_type_1%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Hy-1-%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BF_%28Diabetes_mellitus_type_1%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Spoken Eastern Armenian</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> are aspirated in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian language</a>, one of the circumstances that is often linked to the <a href="/wiki/Glottalic_theory" title="Glottalic theory">glottalic theory</a>, a version of which postulated that some voiceless occlusives of Proto-Indo-European were aspirated.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Armenian, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last syllable contains the definite article <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, and the possessive articles <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ս</span></span> and <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դ</span></span>, in which case it falls on the penultimate one. For instance, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ախորժակ"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑχɔɾˈʒɑk]</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:մաղադանոս"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɑʁɑdɑˈnɔs]</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:գինի"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡiˈni]</span></a> but <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:Վահագն"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɑˈhɑɡən]</span></a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:դաշտը"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdɑʃtə]</span></a>. Exceptions to this rule are some words with the final letter <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">է</span></span> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ե</span></span> in the reformed orthography) (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մի՛թէ, մի՛գուցե, ո՛րեւէ</span></span>) and sometimes the ordinal numerals (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վե՛ցերորդ, տա՛սներորդ</span></span>, etc.), as well as <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">նաեւ, նամանաւանդ, հիմա, այժմ</span></span>, and a small number of other words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All varieties of Armenian employ only <a href="/wiki/Monophthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophthongs">monophthongs</a>. Eastern Armenian has six vowels, while Western Armenian has an additional two front rounded vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Eastern Armenian vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:ի">ի</a></span></span><br />i </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"> </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ու">ու</a></span></span><br />u </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:ե">ե</a></span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:է">է</a></span></span><br />e, ē </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ը">ը</a></span></span><br />ë </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ո">ո</a></span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:օ">օ</a></span></span><br />o, ō </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>/</span> <br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ա">ա</a></span></span><br />a </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Western Armenian vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rounded</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unrounded</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨ի⟩</span> </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨իւ⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨ու⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨է, ե⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-context_sensitive_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-context_sensitive-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨էօ⟩</span> </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨ը⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨ո, օ⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-context_sensitive_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-context_sensitive-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>  <span class="nowrap">⟨ա⟩</span> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> have an aspirated series, commonly transcribed with a reversed <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> after the letter. Each phoneme in the table is represented by IPA, Armenian script and romanization. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Eastern Armenian consonant phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">մ</span></span> – m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ն</span></span> – n </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">բ</span></span> – b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դ</span></span> – d </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">գ</span></span> – g </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-ejectives_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejectives-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">պ</span></span> – p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տ</span></span> – t </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">կ</span></span> – k </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">փ</span></span> – pʻ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թ</span></span> – tʻ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ք</span></span> – kʻ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ձ</span></span> – j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ջ</span></span> – ǰ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-ejectives_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ejectives-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ծ</span></span> – c </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ճ</span></span> – č </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-plosives_97-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ց</span></span> – cʻ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">չ</span></span> – čʻ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ֆ</span></span> – f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ս</span></span> – s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">շ</span></span> – š </td> <td colspan="2">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>/<sup id="cite_ref-velar_uvular_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velar_uvular-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">խ</span></span> – x </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հ</span></span> – h </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">վ</span></span> – v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">զ</span></span> – z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ժ</span></span> – ž </td> <td colspan="2">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span>/<sup id="cite_ref-velar_uvular_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velar_uvular-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ղ</span></span> – ġ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">լ</span></span> – l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">յ</span></span> – y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ռ</span></span> – ṙ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>/<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span>/ <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ր</span></span> – r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occurs before velars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plosives-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosives_97-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">/pʰ p b/ in Eastern Armenian dialects generally correspond to /pʰ b pʰ/ in Western dialects (more detailed table given below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejectives-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ejectives_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ejectives_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of the dialects may release the voiceless stops and affricates as ejectives.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-velar_uvular-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-velar_uvular_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-velar_uvular_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>The major phonetic difference between dialects is in the reflexes of Classical Armenian <a href="/wiki/Voice-onset_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice-onset time">voice-onset time</a>. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the t–d series:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Correspondence in initial position </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Armenian Letter </th> <td>Թ </td> <td>Տ </td> <td>Դ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> </th> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td>*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʰ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Karin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas, Turkey">Sebastia</a> </th> <td rowspan="6"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʱ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kharberd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharberd">Kharberd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">SWA</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuxar%C4%B1_%C6%8Fylis" title="Yuxarı Əylis">Agulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">SEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>, Artsakh </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armenian corresponds to other Indo-European languages in structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and grammatical features with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus region</a>. The Armenian orthography is rich in consonant clusters, but in pronunciation, they are broken up with schwas.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a system of noun declensions, with six or seven cases but no gender. In modern Armenian, the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to "will" in "he will go") has generally supplanted the inflected verbs of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go") in many tenses, otherwise adding only the negative <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">չ</span></span> to the positive conjugation. Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, but the modern language has undergone many <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytic</a> transformations like modern Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armenian has no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, not even in pronouns, but there is a feminine suffix (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">-ուհի</span></span> "-uhi") which has no grammatical effect. For example, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ուսուցիչ</span></span> (<i>usucʻičʻ</i>, "teacher") becomes <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">ուսուցչուհի</span></span> (<i>usucʻčʻuhi</i>, female teacher). The nominal inflection preserves several types of inherited stem classes. Historically, nouns were declined for one of seven cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> (ուղղական <i>uġġakan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (հայցական <i>haycʻakan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> (ներգոյական <i>nergoyakan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (սեռական <i>seṙakan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> (տրական <i>trakan</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> (բացառական <i>bacʻaṙakan</i>), or <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> (գործիական <i>gorciakan</i>), but in the modern language, the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the dative and genitive cases, have merged. </p> <dl><dt>Examples of noun declension in Eastern Armenian</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հեռախոս</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>Heṙaxos</i></i></span> (telephone) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոս<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxos<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոս<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxos<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոսներ<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxosner<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոսներ<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxosner<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոս<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxos<b>i(n)</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոս<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxos<b>i(n)</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոսներ<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxosner<b>i(n)</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոսներ<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxosner<b>i(n)</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոս<b>ից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxos<b>icʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոս<b>ից</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxos<b>icʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոսներ<b>ից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxosner<b>icʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոսներ<b>ից</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxosner<b>icʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոս<b>ով</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxos<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոս<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxos<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոսներ<b>ով</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxosner<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոսներ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxosner<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոս<b>ում</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxos<b>um</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոս<b>ում</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxos<b>um</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հեռախոսներ<b>ում</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">heṙaxosner<b>um</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հեռախոսներ<b>ում</b></p><p style="display: none;">heṙaxosner<b>um</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Մայր</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>Mayr</i></i></span> (mother) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մայր<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayr<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մայր<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">mayr<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մայրեր<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayrer<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մայրեր<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">mayrer<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մ<b>որ(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m<b>or(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մ<b>որ(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">m<b>or(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մայրեր<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayrer<b>i(n)</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մայրեր<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p style="display: none;">mayrer<b>i(n)</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մ<b>որից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m<b>oricʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մ<b>որից</b></p><p style="display: none;">m<b>oricʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մայրեր<b>ից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayrer<b>icʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մայրեր<b>ից</b></p><p style="display: none;">mayrer<b>icʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մ<b>որով</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">m<b>orov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մ<b>որով</b></p><p style="display: none;">m<b>orov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">մայրեր<b>ով</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mayrer<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">մայրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">mayrer<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Which case the direct object takes is split based on animacy (a phenomenon more generally known as <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">differential object marking</a>). Inanimate nouns take the nominative, while animate nouns take the dative. Additionally, animate nouns can never take the locative case. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հանրապետություն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>Hanrapetut'yun</i></i></span> (republic) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություն<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻyun<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություն<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻyun<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություններ<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություններ<b>(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետությ<b>ան(ը/ն)*</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻy<b>an(ë/n)*</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետությ<b>ան(ը/ն)*</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻy<b>an(ë/n)*</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություններ<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>i(n)</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություններ<b>ի(ն)</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>i(n)</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություն<b>ից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻyun<b>icʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություն<b>ից</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻyun<b>icʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություններ<b>ից</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetut'yunner<b>icʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություններ<b>ից</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetut'yunner<b>icʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետությ<b>ամբ</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻy<b>amb</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետությ<b>ամբ</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻy<b>amb</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություններ<b>ով</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություններ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetutʻyunner<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություն<b>ում</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetut'yun<b>um</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություն<b>ում</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetut'yun<b>um</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hy" style="margin: 0px;">հանրապետություններ<b>ում</b></p><p lang="hy-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanrapetut'yunner<b>um</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հանրապետություններ<b>ում</b></p><p style="display: none;">hanrapetut'yunner<b>um</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Examples of noun declension in Western Armenian</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դաշտ</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>tašd</i></i></span> (field) </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">կով</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>gov</i></i></span> (cow) </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašd</p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտ</p><p style="display: none;">tašd</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտեր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašder</p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտեր</p><p style="display: none;">tašder</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կով</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gov</p></div><p style="display: none;">կով</p><p style="display: none;">gov</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կովեր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gover</p></div><p style="display: none;">կովեր</p><p style="display: none;">gover</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտ<b>ի</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašd<b>i</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտ<b>ի</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašd<b>i</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašder<b>u</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašder<b>u</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կով<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gov<b>u</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կով<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;">gov<b>u</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կովեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gover<b>u</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կովեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;">gover<b>u</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abl<br />(Բացառական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտ<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašd<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտ<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašd<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտեր<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašder<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտեր<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašder<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կով<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gov<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կով<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">gov<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կովեր<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gover<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կովեր<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">gover<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instr<br />(Գործիական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտ<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašd<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašd<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">դաշտեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tašder<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">դաշտեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">tašder<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կով<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gov<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կով<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">gov<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">կովեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gover<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">կովեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">gover<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">գարուն</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>karun</i></i></span> (spring) </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">օր</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>ōr</i></i></span> (day) </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Քոյր</span></span> <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><i>koyr</i></i></span> (sister) </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուն</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karun</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուն</p><p style="display: none;"><i>karun</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուններ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karunner</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուններ</p><p style="display: none;"><i>karunner</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōr</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օր</p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōr</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օրեր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōrer</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օրեր</p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōrer</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քոյր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>koyr</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քոյր</p><p style="display: none;"><i>koyr</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քոյրեր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>koyrer</i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քոյրեր</p><p style="display: none;"><i>koyrer</i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարն<b>ա</b>ն</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karn<b>an</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարն<b>ա</b>ն</p><p style="display: none;"><i>karn<b>an</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուններ<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karunner<b>u</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուններ<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>karunner<b>u</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օր<b>ուայ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōr<b>uay</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օր<b>ուայ</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōr<b>uay</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōrer<b>u</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōrer<b>u</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քր<b>ոջ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kr<b>oč</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քր<b>ոջ</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>kr<b>oč</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քոյրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>koyrer<b>u</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քոյրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>koyrer<b>u</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abl<br />(Բացառական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուն<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karun<b>ē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուն<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>karun<b>ē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուններ<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karunner<b>ē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուններ<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>karunner<b>ē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օր<b>ուընէ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōr<b>uënē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օր<b>ուընէ</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōr<b>uënē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōrer<b>ē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōrer<b>ē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քր<b>ոջմէ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kr<b>očmē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քր<b>ոջմէ</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>kr<b>očmē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քոյրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>koyrer<b>ē</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քոյրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>koyrer<b>ē</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instr<br />(Գործիական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուն<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karun<b>ov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուն<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>karun<b>ov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գարուններ<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>karunner<b>ov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">գարուններ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>karunner<b>ov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōr<b>ov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōr<b>ov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">օրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>ōrer<b>ov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">օրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>ōrer<b>ov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քր<b>ոջմով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kr<b>očmov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քր<b>ոջմով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>kr<b>očmov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">քոյրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><i>kuyrer<b>ov</b></i></p></div><p style="display: none;">քոյրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;"><i>kuyrer<b>ov</b></i></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><b>հայր</b> / <i><b>hayr</b></i> (father) </th> <th colspan="2"><b>Աստուած</b> / <i><b>Asdvaj</b></i> (God) </th> <th colspan="2"><b>գիտութիւն</b> / <i><b>kidutiwn</b></i> (science) </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nom-Acc<br />(Ուղղական-Հայցական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հայր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hayr</p></div><p style="display: none;">հայր</p><p style="display: none;">hayr</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հայրեր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hayrer</p></div><p style="display: none;">հայրեր</p><p style="display: none;">hayrer</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Աստուած</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Asdvaj</p></div><p style="display: none;">Աստուած</p><p style="display: none;">Asdvaj</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">աստուածներ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asdvajner</p></div><p style="display: none;">աստուածներ</p><p style="display: none;">asdvajner</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւն</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiwn</p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութիւն</p><p style="display: none;">kidutiwn</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւններ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiwnner</p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութիւններ</p><p style="display: none;">kidutiwnner</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gen-Dat<br />(Սեռական-Տրական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հ<b>օ</b>ր</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">h<b>ō</b>r</p></div><p style="display: none;">հ<b>օ</b>ր</p><p style="display: none;">h<b>ō</b>r</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հայրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hayrer<b>u</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հայրեր<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;">hayrer<b>u</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Աստուծ<b>ոյ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Asduj<b>oy</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Աստուծ<b>ոյ</b></p><p style="display: none;">Asduj<b>oy</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">աստուածներ<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asdvajner<b>u</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">աստուածներ<b>ու</b></p><p style="display: none;">asdvajner<b>u</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութ<b>եան</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidut<b>ean</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութ<b>եան</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidut<b>ean</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւններ<b>ու</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiunner<b>u</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութ<b>եանց</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidut<b>eancʻ</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութիւններ<b>ու</b> / գիտութ<b>եանց</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidutiunner<b>u</b> / kidut<b>eancʻ</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abl<br />(Բացառական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հ<b>օ</b>ր<b>մէ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">h<b>ō</b>r<b>mē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հ<b>օ</b>ր<b>մէ</b></p><p style="display: none;">h<b>ō</b>r<b>mē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հայրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hayrer<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հայրեր<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">hayrer<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Աստուծ<b>մէ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Asduj<b>mē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Աստուծ<b>մէ</b></p><p style="display: none;">Asduj<b>mē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">աստուածներ<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asdvajner<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">աստուածներ<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">asdvajner<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութ<b>ենէ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidut<b>enē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութ<b>ենէ</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidut<b>enē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւններ<b>է</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiwnner<b>ē</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութիւններ<b>է</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidutiwnner<b>ē</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instr<br />(Գործիական) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հ<b>օ</b>ր<b>մով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">h<b>ō</b>r<b>mov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հ<b>օ</b>ր<b>մով</b></p><p style="display: none;">h<b>ō</b>r<b>mov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">հայրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hayrer<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">հայրեր<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">hayrer<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Աստուծ<b>մով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Asduj<b>mov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">Աստուծ<b>մով</b></p><p style="display: none;">Asduj<b>mov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">աստուածներ<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asdvajner<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">աստուածներ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">asdvajner<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութ<b>եամբ</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidut<b>eamp</b></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւն<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiwn<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութ<b>եամբ</b> / գիտութիւն<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidut<b>eamp</b> / kidutiwn<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">գիտութիւններ<b>ով</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kidutiwnner<b>ov</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">գիտութիւններ<b>ով</b></p><p style="display: none;">kidutiwnner<b>ov</b></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_verbs" title="Armenian verbs">Armenian verbs</a></div> <p>Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> with two main verb types in Eastern Armenian and three in Western Armenian changing form based on <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dialects" title="Armenian dialects">Armenian dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_dialects,_Adjarian_1909.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/350px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/525px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/700px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_dialects_of_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical dialects of Armenian">Armenian dialects in early 20th century</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> -owm dialects, nearly corresponding to Eastern Armenian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> -el dialects (intermediate)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD800; color:black;"> </span> -gë dialects, nearly corresponding to Western Armenian</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, having two modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> forms: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic- and Turkish-speaking communities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="168" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_John_speaking_Armenian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A man speaking in Western Armenian</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical Armenian (Grabar), which remained the standard until the 18th century, was quite homogeneous across the different regions that works in it were written; it may have been a cross-regional standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortson_2004_338–340-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle Armenian variety used in the court of Cilician Armenia (1080–1375) provides a window into the development of Western Armenian, which came to be based on what became the dialect of Istanbul, while the standard for Eastern Armenian was based on the dialect around Mount Ararat and Yerevan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortson_2004_338–340-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Armenian language is often divided into "east" and "west", the two standards are actually relatively close to each other in light of wealth of the diversity present among regional non-standard Armenian dialects. The different dialects have experienced different degrees of <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> effects, often with Turkic and Caucasian languages; for some, the result has been significant phonological and syntactic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortson_2004_338–340-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortson notes that the modern standard as well has now attained a subordinate clausal structure that greatly resembles a Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թ</span></span>) as [tʰ], (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դ</span></span>) as [d], and (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տ</span></span>) as a <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> occlusive [t˭]. Western Armenian has simplified the occlusive system into a simple division between voiced occlusives and aspirated ones; the first series corresponds to the tenuis series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">թ</span></span>) and (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">դ</span></span>) as [tʰ], and the (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">տ</span></span>) letter as [d]. </p><p>There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects. </p><p>Armenian can be divided into two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have become extinct due to the effects of the Armenian genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. Although Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, many subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is also literate in one of the standards, when exposed to the other dialect for a period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease. </p><p>Distinct Western Armenian varieties currently in use include <a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemshin peoples">Hemshin peoples</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dialects of Armenians of <a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a> (<a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="hy:Քեսաբի բարբառ">Քեսապի բարբառ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a> (Syria), <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar, Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fl%C4%B1,_Samanda%C4%9F" title="Vakıflı, Samandağ">Vakıflı, Samandağ</a> (Turkey), part of the "Sueidia" dialect (<a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="hy:Սվեդիայի բարբառ">Սուէտիայի բարբառ</a>). </p><p>Forms of the <a href="/wiki/Karin_dialect" title="Karin dialect">Karin dialect</a> of Western Armenian are spoken by several hundred thousand people in Northern Armenia, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artik" title="Artik">Artik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhuryan" title="Akhuryan">Akhuryan</a>, and around 130 villages in <a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak Province</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti" title="Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti">Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti</a> province of Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan-on-Don" title="Nakhichevan-on-Don">Nakhichevan-on-Don</a> Armenians speak another Western Armenian variety based on the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Armenians in Crimea</a>, where they came from in order to establish the town and surrounding villages in 1779 (<a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="hy:Նոր Նախիջևանի բարբառ">Նոր Նախիջևանի բարբառ</a>). </p><p>Western Armenian dialects are currently spoken also in <a href="/wiki/Gavar" title="Gavar">Gavar</a> (formerly Nor Bayazet and Kamo, on the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aparan" title="Aparan">Aparan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talin,_Armenia" title="Talin, Armenia">Talin</a> in Armenia (<a href="/wiki/Mush_dialect" title="Mush dialect">Mush dialect</a>), and by the large Armenian population residing in <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, where they are considered to be the first or second ethnic minority, or even equal in number to the local Abkhaz population<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Armenian language">Eastern Armenian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Western Armenian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td>Ayo (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Այո</span></span>) </td> <td>Ayo (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Այո</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td>Vočʻ (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ոչ</span></span>) </td> <td>Voč (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ոչ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I see you </td> <td>Yes kʻez tesnum em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ես քեզ տեսնում եմ</span></span>) </td> <td>Yes kez(i) gë desnem (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ես քեզ(ի) կը տեսնեմ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hello </td> <td>Barev (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարեւ</span></span>) </td> <td>Parev (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարեւ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'm going </td> <td>Gnum em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Գնում եմ</span></span>) </td> <td>G'ertam (gor) (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կ՚երթամ (կոր)</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Come! </td> <td>Ari! (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արի՛</span></span>) </td> <td>Yegur! (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Եկո՛ւր</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I will eat </td> <td>Utelu em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ուտելու եմ</span></span>) </td> <td>Bidi udem (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Պիտի ուտեմ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I must do </td> <td>Piti/petkʻ ē anem (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Պիտի/պետք է անեմ</span></span>) </td> <td>Bēdk ē ënem (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Պէտք է ընեմ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I was going to eat </td> <td>Utelu ēi (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ուտելու էի</span></span>) </td> <td>Bidi udēi (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Պիտի ուտէի</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Is this yours? </td> <td>Sa kʻonn ē? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Սա քո՞նն է</span></span>) </td> <td>Asiga kugt ē? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ասիկա քո՞ւկդ է</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>His grandma </td> <td>Nra tatikë (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Նրա տատիկը</span></span>) </td> <td>Anor nēnēn / mej maman (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Անոր նէնէն / մեծ մաման</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Look at that one! </td> <td>Dran nayir (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Դրան նայիր</span></span>) </td> <td>Ador nayē / Anor nayē (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ատոր նայէ / Անոր նայէ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have you brought these? </td> <td>Du es berel srankʻ? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Դո՞ւ ես բերել սրանք</span></span>) </td> <td>Asonk tun peraj es? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ասոնք դո՞ւն բերած ես</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you? I'm fine. </td> <td>Inčʻpes es? / Voncʻ es? Lav em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ինչպե՞ս ես։ / Ո՞նց ես։ Լավ եմ։</span></span>) </td> <td>Inčbēs es? Lav em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ինչպէ՞ս ես։ Լաւ եմ։</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did you say it? Say it! </td> <td>Du asacʻir (asecʻir)? Asa! (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Դո՞ւ ասացիր (ասեցիր): Ասա՛։</span></span>) </td> <td>Tun ësir? Ësē! (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Դո՞ւն ըսիր։ Ըսէ՛։</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have you taken it from us? </td> <td>Mezanicʻ es vercʻrel? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Մեզանի՞ց ես վերցրել</span></span>) </td> <td>Mezmē araj es? (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Մեզմէ՞ առած ես</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning </td> <td>Bari luys (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարի լույս</span></span>) </td> <td>Pari luys (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարի լոյս</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening </td> <td>Bari yereko (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարի երեկո</span></span>) </td> <td>Pari irigun / Parirgun (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարի իրիկուն / Բարիրկուն</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night </td> <td>Bari gišer (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Բարի գիշեր</span></span>) </td> <td>Kišer pari (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Գիշեր բարի</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>You love me </td> <td>Sirum es inj (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Սիրում ես ինձ</span></span>) </td> <td>Inji gë sires (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ինծի կը սիրես</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am Armenian </td> <td>Yes hay em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ես հայ եմ</span></span>) </td> <td>Yes hay em (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Ես հայ եմ</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I missed you </td> <td>Karotel em kʻez (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կարոտել եմ քեզ</span></span>) </td> <td>Garōdcay kezi (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կարօտցայ քեզի</span></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian Braille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Armenian_alphabet" title="History of the Armenian alphabet">History of the Armenian alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png/220px-Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png/330px-Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png/440px-Keyboard_Layout_Armenian.png 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Armenian <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայոց գրեր</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayots grer</i></span> or <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայոց այբուբեն</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayots aybuben</i></span>) is a graphically unique <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetical</a> writing system that is used to write the Armenian language. It was introduced around AD 405 by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader, and originally contained 36 letters. Two more letters, օ (ō) and ֆ (f), were added in the Middle Ages. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_orthography_reform" title="Armenian orthography reform">1920s orthography reform</a> in Soviet Armenia, a new letter և (capital ԵՎ) was added, which was a ligature before ե+ւ, whereas the letter Ւ ւ was discarded and reintroduced as part of a new letter ՈՒ ու (which was a digraph before). This alphabet and associated orthography is used by most Armenian speakers of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Neither the alphabet nor the orthography has been adopted by Diaspora Armenians, including Eastern Armenian speakers of Iran and all Western Armenian speakers, who keep using the traditional alphabet and spelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_cognates">Indo-European cognates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indo-European cognates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armenian is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>, so many of its <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>-descended words are <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> of words in other Indo-European languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p><p>Due to extensive loaning, only around 1,500 words (G. Jahukyan) are known to have been inherited from Indo-European by the Classical Armenian stage; the rest were lost, a fact that presents a major challenge to endeavors to better understand Proto-Armenian and its place within the family, especially as many of the sound changes along the way from Indo-European to Armenian remain quite difficult to analyze.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This table lists some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English words descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Armenian</th> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Latin</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Classical and Hellenistic Greek</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:մայր">մայր</a></span> <i>mayr</i> "mother"</td> <td><b>mother</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>mōdor</i>)</td> <td><b>māter</b></td> <td>μήτηρ <b>mētēr</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مادر</span></span> <b>mâdar</b></td> <td>मातृ <b>mātṛ</b></td> <td>мать <b>mat'</b></td> <td><b>máthair</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*méh₂tēr</span></span></b> "mother" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:հայր">հայր</a></span> <i>hayr</i> "father"</td> <td><b>father</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>fæder</i>)</td> <td><b>pater</b></td> <td>πατήρ <b>patēr</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پدر</span></span> <b>pedar</b></td> <td>पितृ <b>pitṛ</b></td> <td></td> <td><b>athair</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ph₂tḗr</span></span></b> "father" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:եղբայր">եղբայր</a></span> <i>eġbayr</i> "brother"</td> <td><b>brother</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>brōþor</i>)</td> <td><b>frāter</b></td> <td>φράτηρ <b>phrātēr</b> "brother-in-arms, comrade"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">برادر</span></span> <b>barâdar</b></td> <td>भ्रातृ <b>bhrātṛ</b></td> <td>брат <b>brat</b></td> <td><b>bráthair</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*bʰréh₂tēr</span></span></b> "brother" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:դուստր">դուստր</a></span> <i>dustr</i> "daughter"</td> <td><b>daughter</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>dohtor</i>)</td> <td>(Oscan <b>futrei</b>)</td> <td>θυγάτηρ <b>thugátēr</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دختر</span></span> <b>doxtar</b></td> <td>दुहितृ <b>duhitṛ</b></td> <td>дочь <b>doč'</b></td> <td><b>der, Dar-</b> "daughter (of)"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*dʰugh₂tḗr</span></span></b> "daughter" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:կին">կին</a></span> <i>kin</i> "woman, wife"</td> <td><b>queen</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>cwēn "queen, woman, wife"</i>)</td> <td></td> <td>γυνή <b>gunē</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زن</span></span> <b>zan</b></td> <td>ग्ना <b>gnā</b>/ जनि <b>jani</b></td> <td>жена <b>žena</b> "wife"</td> <td><b>ben</b> "woman"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷḗn</span></span></b> "woman, wife" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AB%D5%B4#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:իմ">իմ</a></span> <i>im</i> "my, mine"</td> <td><b>my, mine</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>min</i>)</td> <td><b>me-us</b>, <b>-a</b>, <b>-um</b> etc.</td> <td>ἐμ-ός, -ή, -όν <b>em-ós</b>, <b>-ē</b>, <b>-ón</b> etc.</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">من، ـم</span></span> <b>man,-am</b></td> <td>मम <b>mama</b></td> <td>мой <b>moy</b></td> <td><b>mo</b> "my, me"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁me-</span></span></b> "my, mine" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:անուն">անուն</a></span> <i>anun</i> "name"</td> <td><b>name</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>nama</i>)</td> <td><b>nōmen</b></td> <td>ὄνομα <b>ónoma</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نام</span></span> <b>nâm</b></td> <td>नामन् <b>nāman</b></td> <td>имя <b>im'a</b></td> <td><b>ainm</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₃nom-n̥-</span></span></b> "name" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%A9#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:յոթ">յոթ</a></span> <i>yotʻ</i> ( ← եաւթն "eawtʻn") "seven"</td> <td><b>seven</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> seofon)</td> <td><b>septem</b></td> <td>ἑπτά <b>heptá</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هفت</span></span> <b>haft</b></td> <td>सप्तन् <b>saptán</b></td> <td>семь <b>sem'</b></td> <td><b>secht</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*septḿ̥</span></span></b> "seven" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ութ">ութ</a></span> <i>utʻ</i> "eight"</td> <td><b>eight</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>eahta</i>)</td> <td><b>octō</b></td> <td>ὀκτώ <b>óktō</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هشت</span></span> <b>hašt</b></td> <td>अष्ट <b>aṣṭa</b></td> <td>во́семь <b>vosem'</b></td> <td><b>ocht</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*oḱtṓw</span></span></b> "eight" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ինն">ինն</a></span> <i>inn</i> "nine"</td> <td><b>nine</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>nigon</i>)</td> <td><b>novem</b></td> <td>ἐννέα <b>ennéa</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نه</span></span> <b>noh</b></td> <td>नवन् <b>navan</b></td> <td>де́вять <b>dev'at'</b></td> <td><b>noí</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁néwn̥</span></span></b> "nine" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A8#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տասը">տասը</a></span> <i>tas</i> (<տասն "tasn") "ten"</td> <td><b>ten</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>tien</i>) ( ← <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">P.Gmc.</a> <i>*tehun</i>)</td> <td><b>decem</b></td> <td>δέκα <b>déka</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ده</span></span> <b>dah</b></td> <td>दश <b>daśa</b></td> <td>де́сять <b>des'at'</b></td> <td><b>deich</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*déḱm̥</span></span></b> "ten" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B9%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:աչք">աչք</a></span> <i>ačʻkʻ</i> "eye"</td> <td><b>eye</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>ēge</i>)</td> <td><b>oculus</b></td> <td>ὀφθαλμός <b>ophthalmós</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> 𐬀𐬱𐬌 (<i>aši</i>, “eyes”)</td> <td>अक्षि <b>akṣi</b></td> <td>око <b>oko</b> (<i>archaic</i>)</td> <td></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*H₃okʷ-</span></span></b> "to see" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:արմունկ">արմունկ</a></span> <i>armunk</i> <i>(<*h₂(e)rH-mo-+ -ուկն)</i> "elbow"<br /></td> <td><b>arm</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>earm "joined body parts below shoulder"</i>)</td> <td><b>armus</b> "shoulder"</td> <td>ἁρμός <b>harmós</b> "a joint"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ارم</span></span> <b>arm</b> "arm"</td> <td>ईर्म <b>īrma</b> "arm"</td> <td>рамя <b>ram'a</b> "shoulder" (<i>archaic</i>)</td> <td></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₂er-</span></span></b> "fit, join (that which is fitted together)" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծունկ">ծունկ</a></span> <i>cunk</i> "knee"</td> <td><b>knee</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>cnēo</i>)</td> <td><b>genū</b></td> <td>γόνυ <b>gónu</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زانو</span></span> <b>zânu</b></td> <td>जानु <b>jānu</b></td> <td></td> <td><b>glún</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵénu-</span></span></b> "knee" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ոտք">ոտք</a></span> <i>otkʻ</i> "foot, leg"</td> <td><b>foot</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>fōt</i>)</td> <td><b>pēs, pedis</b></td> <td>πούς, πόδος <b>poús</b>, <b>pódos</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پا، پای</span></span> <b>pâ, pây</b> "foot"</td> <td>पाद् <b>pād</b> "foot"</td> <td></td> <td>(Gaul. <b>ades</b> "feet")</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*pod-, *ped-</span></span></b> "foot, leg" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:սիրտ">սիրտ</a></span> <i>sirt</i> "heart"</td> <td><b>heart</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>heorte</i>)</td> <td><b>cor, cordis</b></td> <td>καρδία <b>kardía</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دل</span></span> <b>del</b></td> <td>हृदय <b>hṛdaya</b></td> <td>се́рдце <b>serdce</b></td> <td><b>cride</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱerd-</span></span></b> "heart" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:մուկ">մուկ</a></span> <i>muk</i> "mouse"</td> <td><b>mouse</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>mūs</i>)</td> <td><b>mūs, mūris</b></td> <td>μῦς <b>mûs</b> "mouse, muscle"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">موش</span></span> <b>muš</b></td> <td>मूष् <b>mūṣ</b></td> <td>мышь <b>myš'</b></td> <td></td> <td><b>*múh₂s</b> "mouse, muscle" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:կով">կով</a></span> <i>kov</i> "cow"</td> <td><b>cow</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>cū</i>)</td> <td><b>bōs, bovis</b></td> <td>βοῦς <b>boûs</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گاو</span></span> <b>gâv</b></td> <td>गो <b>go</b></td> <td>говядина <b>gov'adina</b> "beef"</td> <td><b>bó</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷṓws</span></span></b> "cow" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:շուն">շուն</a></span> <i>šun</i> "dog"</td> <td><b>hound</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>hund "hound, dog"</i>)</td> <td><b>canis</b></td> <td>κύων <b>kúōn</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سگ</span></span> <b>sag</b></td> <td>श्वन् <b>śvan</b></td> <td>сука <b>suka</b><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "bitch"</td> <td><b>cú</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ḱwṓ</span></span></b> "hound, dog" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ամիս">ամիս</a></span> <i>amis</i> "month"</td> <td><b>moon, month</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>mōnaþ</i>)</td> <td><b>mēnsis</b></td> <td>μήν <b>mēn</b> "moon, month"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ماه</span></span> <b>mâh</b> "moon, month"</td> <td>मास <b>māsa</b> "moon, month"</td> <td>месяц <b>mes'ac</b></td> <td><b>mí</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*meH₁ns- </span></span></b> "moon, month" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ամառ">ամառ</a></span> <i>amaṙ</i> ( ← Proto-Armenian <i>*sm̥h₂er-m̥</i> <<i>*s(e)m-eh₂-</i>) "summer"</td> <td><b>summer</b> ( ← OE sumor)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">هامین</span></span> <b>hâmin</b> (<i>archaic</i>)</td> <td>समा <b>samā</b> "season"</td> <td></td> <td><b>sam</b> "summer"</td> <td><b>*semh₂-</b> "summer, hot season" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ջերմ">ջերմ</a></span> <i>ǰerm</i> "warm"</td> <td><b>warm</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>wearm</i>)</td> <td><b>formus</b></td> <td>θερμός <b>thermós</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گرم</span></span> <b>garm</b></td> <td>घर्म <b>gharma</b> "heat"</td> <td>жарко <b>žarko</b> "hot"</td> <td><b>geirid</b> "warm (v)"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*gʷʰerm-</span></span></b> "warm" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:լույս">լույս</a></span> <i>luys</i> "light"</td> <td><b>light</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>lēoht "brightness"</i>)</td> <td><b>lūx</b></td> <td>λευκός <b>leukós</b> "bright, shining, white"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">روز</span></span> <b>ruz</b> "day"</td> <td>रोक <b>roka</b></td> <td>луч <b>luč'</b> "beam"</td> <td><b>lóch</b> "bright"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*leuk-</span></span></b> "light, brightness" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:հուր">հուր</a></span> <i>hur</i> "flame"</td> <td><b>fire</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>fȳr</i>)</td> <td>(Umbrian <b>pir</b> "fire")</td> <td>πῦρ <b>pûr</b> "fire"</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*péh₂wr̥</span></span></b> "fire" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:հեռու">հեռու</a></span> <i>heṙu</i> "far"</td> <td><b>far</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>feor "to a great distance"</i>)</td> <td><b>per</b> "through"</td> <td>πέρα <b>péra</b> "beyond"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرا</span></span> <b>farâ</b> "forward"</td> <td>परस् <b>paras</b> "beyond"</td> <td>пере- <b>pere-</b> "through", про- <b>pro-</b> "forth"</td> <td><b>íre</b> "further"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*per-</span></span></b> "through, across, beyond" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:լվանալ">լվանալ</a></span> <i>lvanal</i> "to wash"</td> <td><b>flow</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>flōwan</i>)</td> <td><b>pluĕre</b> "to rain"</td> <td>πλύνω <b>plúnō</b> "I wash"</td> <td></td> <td>प्लु <b>plu</b> "to float, swim"</td> <td>плавать <b>plavat'</b> "swim"</td> <td><b>luí</b> "rudder"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*pleu-</span></span></b> "to flow, float, wash" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ուտել">ուտել</a></span> <i>utel</i> "to eat"</td> <td><b>eat</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>etan</i>)</td> <td><b>edō</b></td> <td>ἔδω <b>édō</b></td> <td></td> <td>अद्मि <b>admi</b></td> <td>есть <b>jest'</b></td> <td><b>ithid</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*h₁ed-</span></span></b> "to eat" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:գիտեմ">գիտեմ</a></span> <i>gitem</i> "I know"</td> <td><b>wit</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>wit, witan "intelligence, to know"</i>)</td> <td><b>vidēre</b> "to see"</td> <td>οἶδα <b>oîda</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ویده</span></span> <b>vida</b> "knowledge"</td> <td>विद् <b>vid</b></td> <td>видеть <b>videt'</b> "see, understand"</td> <td><b>adfet</b> "tells"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*weyd-</span></span></b> "to see" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:գետ">գետ</a></span> <i>get</i> "river"</td> <td><b>water</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>wæter</i>)</td> <td>(Umbrian <b>utur</b> "water")</td> <td>ὕδωρ <b>húdōr</b> "water"</td> <td><b>bārān</b> باران <p>"rain" </p> </td> <td>उदन् <b>udan</b> "water"</td> <td>вода <b>voda</b> "water"</td> <td><b>uisce</b> "water"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">(*wodor, *wedor, *uder-) from *wed-</span></span></b> "water" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:գործ">գործ</a></span> <i>gorc</i> "work"</td> <td><b>work</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>weorc</i>)</td> <td></td> <td>ἔργον <b>érgon</b></td> <td>ورز <b>varz</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*werǵ-</span></span></b> "to work" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:մեծ">մեծ</a></span> <i>mec</i> "big, great"</td> <td><b>much</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>mycel "great, big, many"</i>)</td> <td><b>magnus</b></td> <td>μέγας <b>mégas</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مه، مهست</span></span> <b>meh, mahest</b></td> <td>मह <b>maha</b></td> <td>много <b>mnogo</b> "many"</td> <td><b>maige</b> "great, mighty"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*meǵ-</span></span></b> "great" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ճանաչել">ճանաչել</a></span> <i>čanačʻel'</i> ( ← *ծանաչել <b>canačʻel</b>) "to recognize"</td> <td><b>know</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>cnawan</i>)</td> <td><b>nōscere</b> "to learn, recognize"</td> <td>γιγνώσκω <b>gignōskō</b> "I know"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شناختن</span></span> <b>šenâxtan</b> "to know"</td> <td>जानाति <b>jānāti</b> "to know"</td> <td>знать <b>znat'</b> "to know"</td> <td><b>ad·gnin</b> "to know"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*ǵneH₃-</span></span></b> "to know" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:մեռնել">մեռնել</a></span> <i>meṙnel</i> "to die"</td> <td><b>murder</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>morþor</i>)</td> <td><b>morī</b></td> <td>βροτός <b>brotós</b> "mortal"</td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مردن</span></span> <b>mordan</b> "death"</td> <td>मरति <b>marati</b></td> <td>мереть <b>meret'</b></td> <td><b>marb</b> "dead"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*mer-</span></span></b> "to die" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:միջին">միջին</a></span> <i>miǰin</i> "middle"</td> <td><b>mid, middle</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>mid, middel</i>)</td> <td><b>medius</b></td> <td>μέσος <b>mésos</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">میان</span></span> <b>miyân</b></td> <td>मध्य <b>madhya</b></td> <td>меж <b>mež</b> "between"</td> <td><b>mide</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*médʰyos from *me-</span></span></b> "mid, middle" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:այլ">այլ</a></span> <i>ayl</i> "other"</td> <td><b>else</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>elles "other, otherwise, different"</i>)</td> <td><b>alius</b></td> <td>ἄλλος <b>állos</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>aile</b> "other"</td> <td><b>*h₂élyos</b> "other" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:նոր">նոր</a></span> <i>nor</i> "new"</td> <td><b>new</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>nīwe</i>)</td> <td><b>novus</b></td> <td>νέος <b>néos</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">نو</span></span> <b>now</b></td> <td>नव <b>nava</b></td> <td>новый <b>novyj</b></td> <td><b>núae</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*néwo-</span></span></b> "new" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:դուռ">դուռ</a></span> <i>duṙ</i> "door"</td> <td><b>door</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>dor, duru</i>)</td> <td><b>foris</b></td> <td>θύρα <b>thúrā</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">در</span></span> <b>dar</b></td> <td>द्वार <b>dvāra</b></td> <td>дверь <b>dver'</b></td> <td><b>dorus</b></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*dʰwer-</span></span></b> "door, doorway, gate" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տուն">տուն</a></span> <i>tun</i> "house"</td> <td><b>timber</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>timber "trees used for building material, structure"</i>)</td> <td><b>domus</b></td> <td>δόμος <b>domos</b></td> <td><b>mān</b> مان <p>"house" Avestan: <b>dąm</b> 𐬛𐬄𐬨 </p> </td> <td>दम <b>dama</b></td> <td>дом <b>dom</b></td> <td></td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*domo-, *domu-</span></span></b> "house" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:բերել">բերել</a></span> <i>berel</i> "to bring"</td> <td><b>bear</b> ( ← <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">OE</a> <i>beran "give birth, carry"</i>)</td> <td><b>ferre</b> "to carry"</td> <td>φέρω <b>phérō</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بردن، برـ</span></span> <b>bordan, bar-</b> "to carry"</td> <td>भरति <b>bharati</b> "to carry"</td> <td>брать <b>brat'</b> "to take"</td> <td><b>beirid</b> "carry"</td> <td><b><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*bʱer-</span></span></b> "to carry" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following texts are the translations of the Article 1 of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">UDHR</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Eastern Armenian </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Western Armenian </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td> <td>Բոլոր մարդիկ ծնվում են ազատ ու հավասար` իրենց արժանապատվությամբ և իրավունքներով: Նրանք օժտված են բանականությամբ ու խղճով, և պարտավոր են միմյանց նկատմամբ վարվել եղբայրության ոգով: </td> <td>Bolor mardik c'nvowm en azat ow havasar' irenc arjhanapatvowt'yamb ew iravownqnerov: Nranq o'jhtvac' en banakanowt'yamb ow xghtwov, ew partavor en mimyanc nkatmamb varvel eghbayrowt'yan ogov: </td> <td>Բոլոր մարդիկ կը ծնուին ազատ եւ հաւասար իրենց արժանապատուութեամբ եւ իրաւունքներով: Իրենք օժտուած են բանականութեամբ ու խիղճով, եւ պարտաւորուած են միմեանց հանդէպ եղբայրութեան ոգիով վարուիլ: </td> <td>Polor martig gy' dz'nowin azad ew hawasar irenc arjhanabadowowt'eamp ew irawownqnerov. Irenq o'jhtowadz' en panaganowt'eamp ow xightwov, ew bardaworowadz' en mimeanc hante'b eghpayrowt'ean oqiov varowil. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_PowerSpell" title="Armenian PowerSpell">Armenian PowerSpell</a>, electronic text corrector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Auguste Carrière">Auguste Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_families_and_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families and languages">Language families and languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">Classical Armenian orthography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-classical-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classical_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classical_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spelled in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">classical orthography</a> as <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">հայերէն</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1.6 million for Western Armenian and 3.7 million for Eastern Armenian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Russian is the working language of the Union according to the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian and the languages of other member states are officially recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The websites of the Eurasian Economic Union<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Eurasian Economic Commission<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are available in Armenian, among other languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only countries with at least 10,000 speakers are listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">etymology debated, see <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/suka#Etymology">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e26_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e26_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hye">Eastern Armenian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hyw">Western Armenian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xcl">Classical Armenian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/axm">Middle Armenian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206124246/https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/0027353/itia_05062014_doc.pdf">"Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>eaeunion.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/0027353/itia_05062014_doc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2021. <q>Article 110 Working Language of the Bodies of the Union. Language of International Treaties within the Union and Decisions of the Commission: 2. International treaties within the Union and decisions of the Commission that are binding on the Member States shall be adopted in Russian with subsequent translation into the official languages of the Member States, if it is provided for by their legislation, in the procedure determined by the Commission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eaeunion.org&rft.atitle=Treaty+on+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.eaeunion.org%2Fdocs%2Fen-us%2F0027353%2Fitia_05062014_doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=am">"Եվրասիական տնտեսական միություն"</a>. <i>eaeunion.org</i> (in Armenian). Eurasian Economic Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eaeunion.org&rft.atitle=%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaeunion.org%2F%3Flang%3Dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/hy/Pages/default.aspx">"Եվրասիական Տնտեսական Հանձնաժողով"</a>. <i>eurasiancommission.org</i> (in Armenian). Eurasian Economic Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurasiancommission.org&rft.atitle=%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fhy%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CYP1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CYP1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CYP1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/cyprus/event/20170221_en">"Western Armenian – Cypriot Arabic: new century, new speakers?"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 21 February 2017. <q>Dedicated to the two officially recognized minority languages of Cyprus, the event will focus on the teaching aspect of Western Armenian and Cypriot Arabic as mother tongues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Western+Armenian+%E2%80%93+Cypriot+Arabic%3A+new+century%2C+new+speakers%3F&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcyprus%2Fevent%2F20170221_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CYP2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CYP2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CYP2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjilyra" class="citation web cs1">Hadjilyra, Alexander – Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214093009/https://publications.gov.cy/en/assets/user/publications/ARMENIANS/EN/Armenians_EN_2016.pdf">"The Armenians of Cyprus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>publications.gov.cy</i>. Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus. p. 15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gov.cy/en/assets/user/publications/ARMENIANS/EN/Armenians_EN_2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2019. <q>According to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe, Armenian was recognised as a minority language of Cyprus as of 1 December 2002.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.gov.cy&rft.atitle=The+Armenians+of+Cyprus&rft.pages=15&rft.aulast=Hadjilyra&rft.aufirst=Alexander+%E2%80%93+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gov.cy%2Fen%2Fassets%2Fuser%2Fpublications%2FARMENIANS%2FEN%2FArmenians_EN_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUN-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HUN_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HUN_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenesei2009" class="citation web cs1">Kenesei, István (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214103329/http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/09-Dublin-Kenesei-Mother.pdf">"Minority languages in Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>efnil.org</i>. European Federation of National Institutions for Language. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/09-Dublin-Kenesei-Mother.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2019. <q>As far as indigenous (autochthonous) minority languages are concerned, Hungarian legislation acknowledges the languages in the following list ...: Armenian, Boyash, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Hungarian Sign Language (HSL).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=efnil.org&rft.atitle=Minority+languages+in+Hungary&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kenesei&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efnil.org%2Fdocuments%2Fconference-publications%2Fdublin-2009%2F09-Dublin-Kenesei-Mother.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRQ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRQ_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRQ_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128152712/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">"Iraqi Constitution: Article 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Constitution%3A+Article+4&rft.pub=The+Republic+of+Iraq+Ministry+of+Interior+General+Directorate+for+Nationality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iraqinationality.gov.iq%2Fattach%2Firaqi_constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POL1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POL1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POL1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZych" class="citation web cs1">Zych, Maciej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104740/http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/new_polish_legislation_regarding_national_ethnic_and_linguistic_minorities.pdf">"New Polish legislation regarding national, ethnic and linguistic minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gugik.gov.pl</i>. Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography of Poland. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/new_polish_legislation_regarding_national_ethnic_and_linguistic_minorities.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2019. <q>There are 9 national minorities: Belorussian, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, Ukrainian and Jewish; and 4 ethnic minorities – Karait, Lemko, Roma and Tartar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gugik.gov.pl&rft.atitle=New+Polish+legislation+regarding+national%2C+ethnic+and+linguistic+minorities&rft.pages=2&rft.aulast=Zych&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksng.gugik.gov.pl%2Fpliki%2Fnew_polish_legislation_regarding_national_ethnic_and_linguistic_minorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POL2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POL2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POL2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisarek2009" class="citation web cs1">Pisarek, Walery (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104352/http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf">"The relationship between official and minority languages in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>efnil.org</i>. European Federation of National Institutions for Language. p. 118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/dublin-2009/16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2019. <q>In a Statement made by the Republic of Poland with relation to the ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Belarusian, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Karaim, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Lemkian, German, Armenian, Romani, Russian, Slovak, Tatar and Ukrainian were recognized as minority languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=efnil.org&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+official+and+minority+languages+in+Poland&rft.pages=118&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pisarek&rft.aufirst=Walery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efnil.org%2Fdocuments%2Fconference-publications%2Fdublin-2009%2F16-Dublin-Pisarek-Mother.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROU-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROU_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROU_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaramanduNevaci2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Saramandu" title="Nicolae Saramandu">Saramandu, Nicolae</a>; Nevaci, Manuela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095127/http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf">"MULTILINGVISM ȘI LIMBI MINORITARE ÎN ROMÂNIA [MULTILINGUALISM AND MINORITY LANGUAGES IN ROMANIA]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian). <a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutul_de_Lingvistic%C4%83_%E2%80%9EIorgu_Iordan_-_Alexandru_Rosetti%E2%80%9D" class="extiw" title="ro:Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan - Alexandru Rosetti”">Institute of Linguistics "Iorgu Iordan – Alexandru Rosetti"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a>. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Multilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-14</span></span>. <q>În cazul României, 10 limbi beneficiază de protecție generală (albaneză, armeană, greacă, italiană, idiș, macedoneană, poloneză, romani, ruteană, tătară) și 10 limbi beneficiază de protecție sporită (bulgară, cehă, croată, germană, maghiară, rusă, sârbă, slovacă, turcă, ucraineană).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MULTILINGVISM+%C8%98I+LIMBI+MINORITARE+%C3%8EN+ROM%C3%82NIA+%5BMULTILINGUALISM+AND+MINORITY+LANGUAGES+IN+ROMANIA%5D&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Institute+of+Linguistics+%22Iorgu+Iordan+%E2%80%93+Alexandru+Rosetti%22%2C+Romanian+Academy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Saramandu&rft.aufirst=Nicolae&rft.au=Nevaci%2C+Manuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dri.gov.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FMultilingvism-si-limbi-minoritare-in-Romania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toktaş2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toktaş2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toktaş2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToktaş2006" class="citation journal cs1">Toktaş, Şule (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/42732">"EU enlargement conditions and minority protection : a reflection on Turkey's non-Muslim minorities"</a>. <i>East European Quarterly</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 489–519. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8449">0012-8449</a>. p. 514: <q>This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Quarterly&rft.atitle=EU+enlargement+conditions+and+minority+protection+%3A+a+reflection+on+Turkey%27s+non-Muslim+minorities&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=489-519&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0012-8449&rft.aulast=Tokta%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcadmus.eui.eu%2Fhandle%2F1814%2F42732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayır2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayır2013_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayır2013_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayır2013" class="citation book cs1">Bayır, Derya (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37557239"><i>Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law</i></a>. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7254-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-7254-4</bdi></a>. <q>Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations - that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians - none of the other minority groups' language rights have been <i>de jure</i> protected by the legal system in Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+nationalism+in+Turkish+law&rft.place=Farnham&rft.series=Cultural+Diversity+and+Law&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7254-4&rft.aulast=Bay%C4%B1r&rft.aufirst=Derya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37557239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRWLanguageRights-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRWLanguageRights_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/04/19/qa-freedom-expression-and-language-rights-turkey"><i>Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey</i></a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. April 2002. <q>The Turkish government accepts the language rights of the Jewish, Greek and Armenian minorities as being guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers%3A+Freedom+of+Expression+and+Language+Rights+in+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2002%2F04%2F19%2Fqa-freedom-expression-and-language-rights-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uzum2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uzum2017_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uzum2017_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzumDemir2017" class="citation journal cs1">Uzum, Melike; Demir, Nurettin (2017-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugei-ojs-shsu.tdl.org/ugei/article/view/16">"Minority Language Education and Policy in Turkey: The Case of Cankiri Poshas"</a>. <i>Journal of Universality of Global Education Issues</i>. <b>4</b>: 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2575-9388">2575-9388</a>. <q>In the Lausanne treaty, people of the republic were defined through a religion based definition, similar to the Ottoman concept of millet (nation). For example, the non-Muslim minorities such as Armenians, Greeks, and Jews were recognized as minorities, and their language rights were identified in articles 39, 40, and 41.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Universality+of+Global+Education+Issues&rft.atitle=Minority+Language+Education+and+Policy+in+Turkey%3A+The+Case+of+Cankiri+Poshas&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.issn=2575-9388&rft.aulast=Uzum&rft.aufirst=Melike&rft.au=Demir%2C+Nurettin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugei-ojs-shsu.tdl.org%2Fugei%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKR-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKR_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKR_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17">"Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version – Revision from 01.02.2014)"</a>. <i>Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2</i> (in Ukrainian). rada.gov.ua. 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Стаття 7. Регіональні мови або мови меншин України ... 2. У контексті Європейської хартії регіональних мов або мов меншин до регіональних мов або мов меншин України, до яких застосовуються заходи, спрямовані на використання регіональних мов або мов меншин, що передбачені у цьому Законі, віднесені мови: російська, білоруська, болгарська, вірменська, гагаузька, ідиш, кримськотатарська, молдавська, німецька, новогрецька, польська, ромська, румунська, словацька, угорська, русинська, караїмська, кримчацька.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Document+5029-17%2C+Article+7%3A+Regional+or+minority+languages+Ukraine%2C+Paragraph+2&rft.atitle=Law+of+Ukraine+%22On+Principles+of+State+Language+Policy%22+%28Current+version+%E2%80%93+Revision+from+01.02.2014%29&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakon4.rada.gov.ua%2Flaws%2Fshow%2F5029-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005040613/http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1">"H. Acharian Institute of Language"</a>. <i>sci.am</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1">the original</a> on 5 October 2014. <q>Main Fields of Activity: investigation of the structure and functioning, history and comparative grammar of the Armenian language, exploration of the literary Eastern and Western Armenian Language, dialectology, regulation of literary language, development of terminology</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sci.am&rft.atitle=H.+Acharian+Institute+of+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.am%2Fresorgs.php%3Foid%3D34%26langid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorjian2017" class="citation book cs1">Borjian, Maryam (2017). <i>Language and Globalization: An Autoethnographic Approach</i>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgAqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Calouste+Gulbenkian+Foundation+%22western+armenian%22&pg=PA205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315394619" title="Special:BookSources/9781315394619"><bdi>9781315394619</bdi></a>. <q>At the forefront of the development of Western Armenian in everyday life as well as in arts and technology is the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Globalization%3A+An+Autoethnographic+Approach&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781315394619&rft.aulast=Borjian&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesayan2019" class="citation news cs1">Yesayan, Catherine (June 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502174327/https://asbarez.com/181752/unraveling-the-life-of-calouste-gulbenkian/">"Unraveling the Life of Calouste Gulbenkian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asbarez.com/181752/unraveling-the-life-of-calouste-gulbenkian/">the original</a> on 2 May 2021. <q>The 'core' activity of the Armenian Department is the preservation, advancement and revitalization of Western Armenian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Life+of+Calouste+Gulbenkian&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Yesayan&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F181752%2Funraveling-the-life-of-calouste-gulbenkian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Martirosyan, Hrach</a> (March 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502175841/https://aspirantum.com/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-armenian-language">"All You Need to Know about Armenian Language"</a>. <i>aspirantum.com</i>. ASPIRANTUM: Armenian School of Languages and Cultures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspirantum.com/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-armenian-language">the original</a> on 2 May 2021. <q>The total number of Armenians in the world is roughly estimated as 7–11 million, of which ca. 5-5.5 million speak Armenian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aspirantum.com&rft.atitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+about+Armenian+Language&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faspirantum.com%2Fblog%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-armenian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502180403/https://www.worldbook.com/behind-the-headlines/Language-Monday-Armenian">"Language Monday: Armenian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a></i>. April 23, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbook.com/behind-the-headlines/Language-Monday-Armenian">the original</a> on 2 May 2021. <q>About 7 million people speak the Armenian language worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Language+Monday%3A+Armenian&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbook.com%2Fbehind-the-headlines%2FLanguage-Monday-Armenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-language">"Armenian language"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Armenian+language&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArmenian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p._6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p._6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateescuSalomaa1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mateescu, Alexandru; Salomaa, Arto (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ59ojndUt4C&dq=armeno-aryan&pg=PA6">"Formal Languages: an Introduction and a Synopsis"</a>. In Rozenberg, Grzegorz; Salomaa, Arto (eds.). <i>Handbook of Formal Languages</i>. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-60420-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-60420-0"><bdi>3-540-60420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formal+Languages%3A+an+Introduction+and+a+Synopsis&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Formal+Languages&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-540-60420-0&rft.aulast=Mateescu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft.au=Salomaa%2C+Arto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQ59ojndUt4C%26dq%3Darmeno-aryan%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-public.iastate.edu-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-public.iastate.edu_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-public.iastate.edu_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514140029/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/Indoeuropean%20language%20family%20tree.jpg">"Indo-European tree with Armeno-Aryan, exclusion of Greek"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/Indoeuropean%20language%20family%20tree.jpg">the original</a> on 2018-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-European+tree+with+Armeno-Aryan%2C+exclusion+of+Greek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.iastate.edu%2F~cfford%2FIndoeuropean%2520language%2520family%2520tree.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2011" class="citation journal cs1">Holm, Hans J. (2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Swadesh lists' of Albanian Revisited and Consequences for its position in the Indo-European Languages". <i>The Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1–2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Swadesh+lists%27+of+Albanian+Revisited+and+Consequences+for+its+position+in+the+Indo-European+Languages&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martirosyan-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martirosyan_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Martirosyan, Hrach</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-100107">"The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1): 85–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-100107">10.31826/jlr-2013-100107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212688448">212688448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=The+place+of+Armenian+in+the+Indo-European+language+family%3A+the+relationship+with+Greek+and+Indo-Iranian&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-138&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2013-100107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2013-100107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clackson, James P. T. (2008). "Classical Armenian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511486845.014">10.1017/CBO9780511486845.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684965" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684965"><bdi>9780521684965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Armenian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511486845.014&rft.isbn=9780521684965&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James+P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Ronald (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37844906">"Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth"</a>. <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>. <b>123</b> (1). The University of British Columbia Library. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fif-2018-0009">10.1515/if-2018-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231923312">231923312</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Greco-Armenian%3A+The+persistence+of+a+myth&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fif-2018-0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231923312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37844906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivshits2006">Livshits 2006</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Meyer, Robin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:38e2dcfa-4051-4e5f-a761-844526cc6449"><i>Iranian-Armenian Language Contact in and before the 5th Century CE</i></a> (D.Phil. thesis). University of Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Iranian-Armenian+Language+Contact+in+and+before+the+5th+Century+CE.&rft.degree=D.Phil.&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A38e2dcfa-4051-4e5f-a761-844526cc6449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaux2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Vaux, B.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">"Armenian"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Brown, Keith</a>; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Elsevier. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>. <q>The relationship between the two modern literary dialects is somewhat complicated; there are many grammatical differences [...] and lexical differences [...], and most Western speakers have difficulty understanding Eastern, but many Eastern speakers are relatively comfortable with the Western dialect. [...] The fact that there is some mutual intelligibility in both directions can also be linked to the fact that the literary dialects tend to borrow the same forms from Classical Armenian, and (at least in recent decades) employ the same newly coined words.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenian&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Vaux&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolatianSharifzadehVaux2023" class="citation book cs1">Dolatian, Hossep; Sharifzadeh, Afsheen; <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Vaux, Bert</a> (2023-05-22). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014120151/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/you.stonybrook.edu/dist/c/2461/files/2023/05/Parskahayeren-May-23-2023.pdf"><i>A grammar of Iranian Armenian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Language Science Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-419-2"><bdi>978-3-96110-419-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/you.stonybrook.edu/dist/c/2461/files/2023/05/Parskahayeren-May-23-2023.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2023-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>. <q>There are two standardized dialects that are mutually intelligible after significant exposure: Standard Western Armenian (SWA) and Standard Eastern Armenian (SEA); henceforth Standard Western and Standard Eastern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Iranian+Armenian&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-419-2&rft.aulast=Dolatian&rft.aufirst=Hossep&rft.au=Sharifzadeh%2C+Afsheen&rft.au=Vaux%2C+Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fyou.stonybrook.edu%2Fdist%2Fc%2F2461%2Ffiles%2F2023%2F05%2FParskahayeren-May-23-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a> (2020). "Languages of the World". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aronoff" title="Mark Aronoff">Aronoff, Mark</a>; Rees-Miller, Janie (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUq1DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i></a>. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-30207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-30207-0"><bdi>978-1-119-30207-0</bdi></a>. <q>Armenian, spoken primarily in Armenia though also in the Armenian diaspora originating in eastern Turkey, is another branch of Indo-European consisting of a single language, although the differences between Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia) and Western Armenian (spoken originally mainly in Turkey) are considerable, and there are two written languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ+Chichester&rft.series=Blackwell+Handbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-119-30207-0&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUq1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaux2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Vaux, Bert</a> (2007-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/300652">"Homshetsma, The language of the Armenians of Hamshen"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hovann_Simonian" title="Hovann Simonian">Simonian, Hovann</a> (ed.). <i>The Hemshin: History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79830-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79830-7</bdi></a>. <q>Homshetsma is generally treated as a dialect of western Armenian. The two are generally not mutually intelligible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homshetsma%2C+The+language+of+the+Armenians+of+Hamshen&rft.btitle=The+Hemshin%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Identity+in+the+Highlands+of+Northeast+Turkey&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79830-7&rft.aulast=Vaux&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F300652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurkjian2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurkjian, Vahan (2008). "Armenia as Xenophon Saw It". <i>A History of Armenia</i>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia+as+Xenophon+Saw+It&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Armenia&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kurkjian&rft.aufirst=Vahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMovsisyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Movsisyan, Artak (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37618167"><i>The Writing Culture of Pre-Christian Armenia</i></a>. Yerevan University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8084-0810-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-8084-0810-5"><bdi>5-8084-0810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+Culture+of+Pre-Christian+Armenia&rft.pub=Yerevan+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=5-8084-0810-5&rft.aulast=Movsisyan&rft.aufirst=Artak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37618167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossian1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kossian, Aram V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html">"The Mushki Problem Reconsidered"</a>. <i>SMEA</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMEA&rft.atitle=The+Mushki+Problem+Reconsidered&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kossian&rft.aufirst=Aram+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1942" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, William M. (January–March 1942). "Is Armenian an Anatolian Language?". <i>Language</i>. <b>18</b> (1). Linguistic Society of America: 22–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409074">10.2307/409074</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409074">409074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Is+Armenian+an+Anatolian+Language%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-25&rft.date=1942-01%2F1942-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2015" class="citation cs2">Martirosyan, Hrach (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iling.spb.ru/confs/armenian_2015/slides/Hrach_Martirosyan_ALaC2015.pdf">"Notes on Anatolian loanwords in Armenian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>St. Petersburg, Institute for linguistic studies, Russian Academy of sciences</i>, Russia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://iling.spb.ru/confs/armenian_2015/slides/Hrach_Martirosyan_ALaC2015.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg%2C+Institute+for+linguistic+studies%2C+Russian+Academy+of+sciences&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Anatolian+loanwords+in+Armenian&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filing.spb.ru%2Fconfs%2Farmenian_2015%2Fslides%2FHrach_Martirosyan_ALaC2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 337</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diakonoff1985-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diakonoff1985_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_M._Diakonoff" title="Igor M. Diakonoff">Diakonoff, I. M.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Hurro-urartianBorrowingsInOldArmenian#page/n1/mode/1up">"Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>105</b> (4). New Haven: 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602722">10.2307/602722</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602722">602722</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6015257905">6015257905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163807245">163807245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Hurro-Urartian+Borrowings+in+Old+Armenian&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602722&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6015257905&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163807245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FHurro-urartianBorrowingsInOldArmenian%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Martirosyan, Hrach K. (2009). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Armenian+Inherited+Lexicon&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Martirosyan&rft.aufirst=Hrach+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrosyan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Petrosyan, Armen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2939663">"The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu"</a>. <i>Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>V</b> (1). 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"The Place of Europe in Germanic and Indo-European". <i>The Cambridge History of the English language</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521264747.003">10.1017/CHOL9780521264747.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26474-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26474-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Europe+in+Germanic+and+Indo-European&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+English+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521264747.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26474-7&rft.aulast=Bammesberger&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span> The model "still remains the background of much creative work in Indo-European reconstruction" even though it is "by no means uniformly accepted by all scholars."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indoiranisch-griechische Gemeinsamkeiten der Nominalbildung und deren indogermanische Grundlagen (= Aryan-Greek Communities in Nominal Morphology and their Indoeuropean Origins; in German) (282 p.), Innsbruck, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diakonoff597-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diakonoff597_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation journal cs1">Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>105</b> (4): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602722">10.2307/602722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602722">602722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163807245">163807245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Hurro-Urartian+Borrowings+in+Old+Armenian&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163807245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602722&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisowicz1995" class="citation book cs1">Pisowicz, Andrzej (1995). "How Did New Persian and Arabic Words Penetrate the Middle Armenian Vocabulary? Remarks on the Material of Kostandin Erznkac'i's Poetry". In Weitenberg, Joseph Johannes Sicco (ed.). <i>New Approaches to Medieval Armenian Language and Literature</i>. Dutch Studies in Armenian Language and Literature. Vol. 3. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004455139_008">10.1163/9789004455139_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004455139" title="Special:BookSources/9789004455139"><bdi>9789004455139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Did+New+Persian+and+Arabic+Words+Penetrate+the+Middle+Armenian+Vocabulary%3F+Remarks+on+the+Material+of+Kostandin+Erznkac%27i%27s+Poetry&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+Medieval+Armenian+Language+and+Literature&rft.series=Dutch+Studies+in+Armenian+Language+and+Literature&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004455139_008&rft.isbn=9789004455139&rft.aulast=Pisowicz&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz1964" class="citation journal cs1">Schütz, E. (1964). "Tangsux in Armenia". <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Akadémiai Kiadó: 106. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23656665">23656665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Tangsux+in+Armenia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23656665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanossian" class="citation book cs1">Panossian, Razmik. <i>The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231139267" title="Special:BookSources/9780231139267"><bdi>9780231139267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+From+Kings+and+Priests+to+Merchants+and+Commissars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780231139267&rft.aulast=Panossian&rft.aufirst=Razmik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuzounian2000" class="citation book cs1">Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; et al. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha"><i>The heritage of Armenian literature</i></a></span>. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heritageofarmeni00ajha/page/88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814328156" title="Special:BookSources/0814328156"><bdi>0814328156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Armenian+literature&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Wayne+State+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0814328156&rft.aulast=Ouzounian&rft.aufirst=Nourhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheritageofarmeni00ajha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirzoyan2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mirzoyan, H. (2005). "Նարեկացու բառաշխարհը" [Narekatsi's World of Words]. <i>Banber Erewani Hamalsarani</i> (in Armenian). <b>1</b> (115): 85–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Banber+Erewani+Hamalsarani&rft.atitle=%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82+%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A8&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=115&rft.pages=85-114&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mirzoyan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠvejcer1986" class="citation book cs1">Švejcer, Aleksandr D. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQhCAAAAQBAJ"><i>Contemporary Sociolinguistics: Theory, Problems, Methods</i></a>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027215189" title="Special:BookSources/9027215189"><bdi>9027215189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Sociolinguistics%3A+Theory%2C+Problems%2C+Methods&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9027215189&rft.aulast=%C5%A0vejcer&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQhCAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhachaturian2009" class="citation book cs1">Khachaturian, Lisa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0uY_tuRcx8C"><i>Cultivating nationhood in imperial Russia the periodical press and the formation of a modern Armenian identity</i></a>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412813723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412813723"><bdi>978-1412813723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultivating+nationhood+in+imperial+Russia+the+periodical+press+and+the+formation+of+a+modern+Armenian+identity&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1412813723&rft.aulast=Khachaturian&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0uY_tuRcx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrikor_Beledian2014" class="citation book cs1">Krikor Beledian (2014). Berghaus, Günter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQPpBQAAQBAJ"><i>International Yearbook of Futurism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110334104" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110334104"><bdi>978-3110334104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Yearbook+of+Futurism&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3110334104&rft.au=Krikor+Beledian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQPpBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2009" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Bella (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFN6SuymI00C"><i>Armenia in pictures</i></a>. Minneapolis: VGS/Twenty-First Century Books. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822585763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822585763"><bdi>978-0822585763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+in+pictures&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=VGS%2FTwenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0822585763&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Bella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFN6SuymI00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobarrubiasFishman1983" class="citation book cs1">Cobarrubias, Juan; Fishman, Joshua A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9KoAkzfVqIC&q=armenian%20lexical%20purification&pg=PA315"><i>Progress in language planning: International Perspectives</i></a>. Berlin: Mouton Publishers. pp. 315, 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/902793388X" title="Special:BookSources/902793388X"><bdi>902793388X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+in+language+planning%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=315%2C+319&rft.pub=Mouton+Publishers&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=902793388X&rft.aulast=Cobarrubias&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Fishman%2C+Joshua+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9KoAkzfVqIC%26q%3Darmenian%2520lexical%2520purification%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille2010" class="citation book cs1">Hille, Charlotte (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill"><i>State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus</i></a></span>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004179011" title="Special:BookSources/9789004179011"><bdi>9789004179011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Building+and+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004179011&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatebuildingcon00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karamanian2019-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karamanian2019_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karamanian2019_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramanian2019" class="citation journal cs1">Karamanian, Armen Samuel (2019-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6290">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'He Wasn't Able to Understand What I Was Saying': The Experiences of Returnees' Speaking Western Armenian in 'Eastern' Armenia"</a>. <i>PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (1–2): 120–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6290">10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F141096">10453/141096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1449-2490">1449-2490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211676057">211676057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PORTAL+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+International+Studies&rft.atitle=%27He+Wasn%27t+Able+to+Understand+What+I+Was+Saying%27%3A+The+Experiences+of+Returnees%27+Speaking+Western+Armenian+in+%27Eastern%27+Armenia&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=120-140&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F141096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211676057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1449-2490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6290&rft.aulast=Karamanian&rft.aufirst=Armen+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5130%252Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/78867/georgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections/">"Javakhk Armenians Looks Ahead to Local Elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asbarez" title="Asbarez">Asbarez</a></i>. 31 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Javakheti for use in the region's 144 Armenian schools ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=Javakhk+Armenians+Looks+Ahead+to+Local+Elections&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F78867%2Fgeorgias-armenian-minority-looks-ahead-toward-local-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezhdoyan2012" class="citation web cs1">Mezhdoyan, Slava (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/MinorityIssues/Session5/statements/ItemV/3.%20EuropeanArmenianFederationJustice%20andDemocracy.pdf">"Challenges and problems of the Armenian community of Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tbilisi: European Armenian Federation for Justice and Democracy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/MinorityIssues/Session5/statements/ItemV/3.%20EuropeanArmenianFederationJustice%20andDemocracy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Armenian schools in Georgia are fully funded by the government ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenges+and+problems+of+the+Armenian+community+of+Georgia&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=European+Armenian+Federation+for+Justice+and+Democracy&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.aulast=Mezhdoyan&rft.aufirst=Slava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FMinorityIssues%2FSession5%2Fstatements%2FItemV%2F3.%2520EuropeanArmenianFederationJustice%2520andDemocracy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/45377eb00.pdf">"Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. Third periodic reports of states parties due in 2003: Lebanon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a>. 25 October 2005. p. 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/45377eb00.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Right of minorities to learn their language. The Lebanese curriculum allows Armenian schools to teach the Armenian language as a basic language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consideration+of+Reports+Submitted+by+States+Parties+Under+Article+44+of+the+Convention.+Third+periodic+reports+of+states+parties+due+in+2003%3A+Lebanon&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Committee+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.date=2005-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F45377eb00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjian" class="citation web cs1">Sanjian, Ara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153117/http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html">"Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon"</a>. <i>Armenian News Network / Groong</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2014. <q>Moreover, the Lebanese government approved a plan whereby the Armenian language was to be considered from now on as one of the few 'second foreign languages' that students can take as part of the official Lebanese secondary school certificate (Baccalaureate) exams.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+News+Network+%2F+Groong&rft.atitle=Armenians+and+the+2000+Parliamentary+Elections+in+Lebanon&rft.aulast=Sanjian&rft.aufirst=Ara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.groong.org%2Fro%2Fro-20000907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153235/http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG25.htm">"Armenian Translations"</a>. California Department of Social Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG25.htm">the original</a> on 26 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+Translations&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Social+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdss.ca.gov%2Fcdssweb%2FPG25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112155947/https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/09a5b933-9869-4504-ac90-fe54366771b3/dl600A.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">"Վարորդների ձեռնարկ [Driver's Manual]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California Department of Motor Vehicles. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/09a5b933-9869-4504-ac90-fe54366771b3/dl600A.pdf?MOD=AJPERES">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B1%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF+%5BDriver%27s+Manual%5D&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Motor+Vehicles&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmv.ca.gov%2Fportal%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2F09a5b933-9869-4504-ac90-fe54366771b3%2Fdl600A.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saccourt.ca.gov/general/legal-glossaries/docs/armenian-western-legal-glossary.pdf">"English/Armenian Legal Glossary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Superior Court of California, County of Sacramento. 22 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.saccourt.ca.gov/general/legal-glossaries/docs/armenian-western-legal-glossary.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English%2FArmenian+Legal+Glossary&rft.pub=Superior+Court+of+California%2C+County+of+Sacramento&rft.date=2005-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saccourt.ca.gov%2Fgeneral%2Flegal-glossaries%2Fdocs%2Farmenian-western-legal-glossary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocha2011" class="citation news cs1">Rocha, Veronica (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2011/01/glendales-new-traffic-safet-signs-in-english-armenian-and-spanish.html">"New Glendale traffic safety warnings in English, Armenian, Spanish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=New+Glendale+traffic+safety+warnings+in+English%2C+Armenian%2C+Spanish&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.aulast=Rocha&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Flanow%2F2011%2F01%2Fglendales-new-traffic-safet-signs-in-english-armenian-and-spanish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghajanian2012" class="citation news cs1">Aghajanian, Liana (4 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141440/http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-09-04/opinion/tn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers">"Intersections: Bad driving signals a need for reflection"</a>. <i>Glendale News-Press</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-09-04/opinion/tn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers">the original</a> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>... trilingual street signs in English, Armenian, and Spanish at intersections ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glendale+News-Press&rft.atitle=Intersections%3A+Bad+driving+signals+a+need+for+reflection&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.aulast=Aghajanian&rft.aufirst=Liana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.glendalenewspress.com%2F2012-09-04%2Fopinion%2Ftn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRerooted_Archive2020" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Rerooted Archive (2020-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tK2GMRf-sY"><i>How Syrian-Armenians Preserved Western Armenian</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Syrian-Armenians+Preserved+Western+Armenian&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.au=Rerooted+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9tK2GMRf-sY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/armenians-kurds-lebanon-hold-their-languages">"Armenians, Kurds in Lebanon hold on to their languages"</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenians%2C+Kurds+in+Lebanon+hold+on+to+their+languages&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Farmenians-kurds-lebanon-hold-their-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesiltas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yesiltas, Ozum (2016-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.tlu.ee/index.php/stss/article/view/255">"Contested Notions of National Identity, Ethnic Movements And Democratization in Iran"</a>. <i>Studies of Transition States and Societies</i>. <b>8</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58036%2Fstss.v8i1.255">10.58036/stss.v8i1.255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1736-8758">1736-8758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+of+Transition+States+and+Societies&rft.atitle=Contested+Notions+of+National+Identity%2C+Ethnic+Movements+And+Democratization+in+Iran&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58036%2Fstss.v8i1.255&rft.issn=1736-8758&rft.aulast=Yesiltas&rft.aufirst=Ozum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.tlu.ee%2Findex.php%2Fstss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazi2005" class="citation cs2">Riazi, Abdolmehdi (2005-07-04), "6. The Four Language Stages in the History of Iran", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234705882"><i>Decolonisation, Globalisation</i></a>, Multilingual Matters, pp. 98–114, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21832%2F9781853598265-008">10.21832/9781853598265-008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-826-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-826-5"><bdi>978-1-85359-826-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+The+Four+Language+Stages+in+the+History+of+Iran&rft.btitle=Decolonisation%2C+Globalisation&rft.pages=98-114&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2005-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21832%2F9781853598265-008&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-826-5&rft.aulast=Riazi&rft.aufirst=Abdolmehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234705882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30582350">"Legal Aspects of Education in Mother Language for Iranian Azerbaijani Students"</a>. <i>eLIBRARY.RU</i>. 2017. pp. 284–294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eLIBRARY.RU&rft.atitle=Legal+Aspects+of+Education+in+Mother+Language+for+Iranian+Azerbaijani+Students&rft.pages=284-294&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D30582350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson2007" class="citation book cs1">Clackson, James (2007). <i>Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511808616">10.1017/CBO9780511808616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521653671" title="Special:BookSources/9780521653671"><bdi>9780521653671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511808616&rft.isbn=9780521653671&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes1995" class="citation book cs1">Beekes, Robert S.P. (1995). <i>Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</i>. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fz.72">10.1075/z.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556195051" title="Special:BookSources/9781556195051"><bdi>9781556195051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Indo-European+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fz.72&rft.isbn=9781556195051&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzemerényi1999" class="citation book cs1">Szemerényi, Oswald J.L. (1999). <i>Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198238706" title="Special:BookSources/9780198238706"><bdi>9780198238706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780198238706&rft.aulast=Szemer%C3%A9nyi&rft.aufirst=Oswald+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDum-Tragut2009">Dum-Tragut 2009</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-context_sensitive-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-context_sensitive_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-context_sensitive_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word. See the <i>Orthography</i> section <a href="#Orthography">below</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDum-Tragut2009">Dum-Tragut 2009</a>, pp. 17–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDum-Tragut2009">Dum-Tragut 2009</a>, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice2005">Price 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC"><i>The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110220261" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110220261"><bdi>978-3110220261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3110220261&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=van+der+Auwera%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi_VCm51kpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3nLnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Armenia, Vol. 11-12</i></a>. New Armenia Publishing Company. 1919. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1248372786" title="Special:BookSources/1248372786"><bdi>1248372786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Armenia%2C+Vol.+11-12&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=New+Armenia+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=1248372786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3nLnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortson_2004_338–340-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortson_2004_338–340_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, pp. 338–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 340:"The modern standard language has not been free of these influences either; in many areas of syntax, such as subordinate clausal structure, it more greatly resembles a Turkic language than a European one."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2009" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Victor A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">"Sociolinguistics in the Caucasus"</a>. In Ball, Martin J. (ed.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World: A Handbook</i>. Routledge. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415422789" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415422789"><bdi>978-0415422789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistics+in+the+Caucasus&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Sociolinguistics+Around+the+World%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415422789&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtCNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghdassarian-Thapaltsian1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baghdassarian-Thapaltsian, S. H. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915004421/http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1696/"><bdi lang="hy">Շիրակի դաշտավայրի բարբառային նկարագիրը</bdi></a>. <i>Լրաբեր հասարակական գիտությունների (Bulletin of Social Sciences)</i> (in Armenian). <b>6</b> (6): 51–60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lraber.asj-oa.am/1696/">the original</a> on 15 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D4%BC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%28Bulletin+of+Social+Sciences%29&rft.atitle=%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB+%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A8&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=51-60&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Baghdassarian-Thapaltsian&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flraber.asj-oa.am%2F1696%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hovannisian-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian,_Richard2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard</a>, ed. (2003). <i>Armenian Karin/Erzerum</i>. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publ. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568591513" title="Special:BookSources/9781568591513"><bdi>9781568591513</bdi></a>. <q>Thus, even today the Erzerum dialect is widely spoken in the northernmost districts of the Armenian republic as well as in the Akhalkalak (Javakheti; Javakhk) and Akhaltskha (Akhaltsikh) districts of southern Georgia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Karin%2FErzerum&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+California&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Mazda+Publ.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781568591513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekushev2016" class="citation web cs1">Tekushev, Islam (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130336/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/islam-tekushev/unlikely-home">"An unlikely home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/islam-tekushev/unlikely-home">the original</a> on 20 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+unlikely+home&rft.pub=openDemocracy&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.aulast=Tekushev&rft.aufirst=Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Fislam-tekushev%2Funlikely-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortson2004">Fortson 2004</a>, p. 338:"Armenian is still difficult for IE studies. This is primarily due to the small number of native forms left in the language by the time of its earliest attestation: no more than about 450 words are inherited. The small stock of native words has left precious few examples of many Armenian sound changes, some of which are among the most bizarre in the whole family..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613145930/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fl%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/udhr/ie-other.htm#armenian">"Article 1 of the UDHR"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Article+1+of+the+UDHR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fudhr%2Fie-other.htm%23armenian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDum-Tragut2009" class="citation book cs1">Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009). <i>Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian</i>. London Oriental and African language library. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8879-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8879-0"><bdi>978-90-272-8879-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/593240232">593240232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian%3A+Modern+Eastern+Armenian&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=London+Oriental+and+African+language+library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F593240232&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8879-0&rft.aulast=Dum-Tragut&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction</i>. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics (1st ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0316-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863202575">863202575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Malden&rft.series=Blackwell+textbooks+in+linguistics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863202575&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0316-9&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHübschmann1875" class="citation cs2">Hübschmann, Heinrich (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051221170107/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-docs/lehmann/reader/Chapter12.html">"Über die Stellung des armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen"</a>, <i>Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung</i>, <b>23</b>: 5–42, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-docs/lehmann/reader/Chapter12.html">the original</a> on 2005-12-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Vergleichende+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Stellung+des+armenischen+im+Kreise+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=5-42&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbschmann&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcola%2Fdepts%2Flrc%2Fiedocctr%2Fie-docs%2Flehmann%2Freader%2FChapter12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivshits2006" class="citation journal cs1">Livshits, Vladimir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/10/1/article-p77_6.xml">"Armeno-Partho-Sogdica"</a>. <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 77–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338406777979412">10.1163/157338406777979412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Armeno-Partho-Sogdica&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-86&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338406777979412&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft.aulast=Livshits&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fic%2F10%2F1%2Farticle-p77_6.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (2005) [1998]. <i>Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19286-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19286-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Glanville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchaṛean1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Achaṛean, Hrachʻeay H. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MoDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Classification des dialectes arméniens</i></a> (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Champion" title="Honoré Champion">Honoré Champion</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5018723">5018723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+des+dialectes+arm%C3%A9niens&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5018723&rft.aulast=Acha%E1%B9%9Bean&rft.aufirst=Hrach%CA%BBeay+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MoDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClackson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clackson" title="James Clackson">Clackson, James</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ"><i>The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Philological_Society" title="Philological Society">Publications of the Philological Society</a> (1st ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19197-1"><bdi>978-0-631-19197-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30701694">30701694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Relationship+Between+Armenian+and+Greek&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30701694&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19197-1&rft.aulast=Clackson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnStQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolst2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holst, Jan Henrik (2009). <i>Armenische Studien</i> (in German). Wiesbaden: <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06117-9"><bdi>978-3-447-06117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenische+Studien&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06117-9&rft.aulast=Holst&rft.aufirst=Jan+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.P._Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1989). <i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24710469">24710469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24710469&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Nielsen, R. T. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/3656151?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=977b49d72b890b755f82&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0"><i>Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate</i></a> (Thesis). Leiden University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3656151">1887/3656151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Prehistoric+loanwords+in+Armenian%3A+Hurro-Urartian%2C+Kartvelian%2C+and+the+unclassified+substrate&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3656151&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F3656151%3Fsolr_nav%255Bid%255D%3D977b49d72b890b755f82%26solr_nav%255Bpage%255D%3D0%26solr_nav%255Boffset%255D%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span> (PhD Thesis)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaux1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Vaux, Bert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfVjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Phonology of Armenian</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823661-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823661-0"><bdi>978-0-19-823661-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Armenian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823661-0&rft.aulast=Vaux&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfVjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaux2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Vaux" title="Bert Vaux">Vaux, Bert</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/300620">"The Armenian Dialects of Jerusalem"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Stone" title="Michael E. Stone">Stone, Michael Edward</a>; Ervine, Roberta R.; Stone, Nira (eds.). <i>Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land</i>. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Armenian studies. Leuven: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1078-2"><bdi>978-90-429-1078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Dialects+of+Jerusalem&rft.btitle=Armenians+in+Jerusalem+and+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem%2C+Armenian+studies&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1078-2&rft.aulast=Vaux&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F300620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyfarthDolatianGuekguezianKelly2023" class="citation journal cs1">Seyfarth, Scott; Dolatian, Hossep; Guekguezian, Peter; Kelly, Niamh; Toparlak, Tabita (2023). "Armenian (Yerevan Eastern Armenian and Beirut Western Armenian)". Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>: 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100323000130">10.1017/S0025100323000130</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Armenian+%28Yerevan+Eastern+Armenian+and+Beirut+Western+Armenian%29&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100323000130&rft.aulast=Seyfarth&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Dolatian%2C+Hossep&rft.au=Guekguezian%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Niamh&rft.au=Toparlak%2C+Tabita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenian+language" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/armol-0-X.html">Armenian Lessons</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216045300/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/armol-0-X.html">Archived</a> 2016-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (free online through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523020601/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/lrctr/">Linguistics Research Center</a> at UT Austin)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Armenian_Swadesh_list">Armenian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv">ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. History, discussion, and the presentation of Iranian influences in Armenian Language over the millennia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nayiri.com/">Nayiri.com</a> (Library of Armenian dictionaries)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaries.arnet.am/">dictionaries.arnet.am</a> Collection of Armenian <a href="/wiki/XDXF" title="XDXF">XDXF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stardict" class="mw-redirect" title="Stardict">Stardict</a> dictionaries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magaghat.ai/grabar">Grabar</a> (Brief introduction to Classical Armenian also known as Grabar)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://բառարան.հայ">բառարան.հայ</a> – Armenian dictionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_language" title="Template:Armenian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_language" title="Template talk:Armenian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeno-Aryan">Armeno-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian manuscript, circa 5th-6th century"><img alt="Armenian manuscript, circa 5th-6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/100px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/150px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg/200px-Manuscript_arm_5-6AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a> (c. 405–1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a> (c. 1100–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Armenian" title="Modern Armenian">Modern Armenian</a> (from c. 1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Armenian_alphabet" title="History of the Armenian alphabet">History of the Armenian alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orthography <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian_orthography" title="Classical Armenian orthography">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_orthography_reform_of_1922%E2%80%931924" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian orthography reform of 1922–1924">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_verbs" title="Armenian verbs">Verb table</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian_verb_table" title="Eastern Armenian verb table">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_verb_table" title="Western Armenian verb table">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standardized <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dialects_of_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical dialects of Armenian">Regional dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Armenian dialect">Iranian Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakavaberd_dialect" title="Kakavaberd dialect">Kakavaberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_dialect" title="Karabakh dialect">Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_dialect" title="Karin dialect">Karin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharberd%E2%80%93Yerznka_dialect" title="Kharberd–Yerznka dialect">Kharberd–Yerznka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mush_dialect" title="Mush dialect">Mush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabin%E2%80%93Karahisar_dialect" title="Shabin–Karahisar dialect">Shabin–Karahisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zok</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_writers" title="List of Armenian writers">List of writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_studies" title="Armenian studies">Armenian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Armenian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Armenian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_language" title="Category:Armenian language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Armenian language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Armenian_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Armenian language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Armenian_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Armenian language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/hy:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:hy:Main Page">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Armenian" class="extiw" title="b:Armenian">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Armenian_(Eastern)_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Armenian (Eastern) phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hy:">Armenian edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Template:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Armenian Women's Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br />(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_language" title="Andi language">Andi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapshima_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gapshima language (page does not exist)">Gapshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muira_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muira language (page does not exist)">Muira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Муиринский язык">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Usisha%E2%80%93Butri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usisha–Butri language (page does not exist)">Usisha–Butri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Dargwa_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Dargwa language (page does not exist)">Northern Dargwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Севернодаргинский язык">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqusha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqusha dialect (page does not exist)">Aqusha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Акушинское наречие">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murego%E2%80%93Gubden_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murego–Gubden dialect (page does not exist)">Murego–Gubden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мюрего-Губденська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugi dialect (page does not exist)">Mugi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Мугинское наречие">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Mulebki_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Mulebki dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Mulebki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashti_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashti language (page does not exist)">Ashti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Аштинский язык">ru</a>]</span>–<a href="/wiki/Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzhi language (page does not exist)">Sanzhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuzgi%E2%80%93Shiri_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuzgi–Shiri language (page does not exist)">Amuzgi–Shiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanakari%E2%80%93Chakhrizhi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanakari–Chakhrizhi language (page does not exist)">Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirhwa_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirhwa dialect (page does not exist)">Sirhwa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="extiw" title="lez:Сирхи чӀал">lez</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Сірхінська мова">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanti_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanti dialect (page does not exist)">Tanti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Vurqni_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Vurqni dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Vurqni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shari_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shari language (page does not exist)">Shari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li> <li>Samur <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_language" title="Udi language">Udi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jek_language" title="Jek language">Jek</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukh_dialect" title="Aukh dialect">Aukh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cyprus&#124;link=Cyprus_Languages_of_Cyprus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Template:Languages of Cyprus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Template talk:Languages of Cyprus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Cyprus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Cyprus&#124;link=Cyprus_Languages_of_Cyprus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages of Cyprus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiofficial language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vernacular languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> (Main)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Sorani</a> (Main)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani (Hawrami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Mandaic language">Neo-Mandaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Syria" title="Template:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Languages of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Standard Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen#Language" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine Arabic Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8785#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120142-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007285">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arménien (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120145318">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arménien (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120145318">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560354">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="arménština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118614&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX539662">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294984105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&oldid=1255174109">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_language&oldid=1255174109</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Category:Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the Caucasus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_language" title="Category:Armenian language">Armenian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_languages" title="Category:Armenian languages">Armenian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European_languages" title="Category:Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_5th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 5th century">Languages attested from the 5th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Armenia" title="Category:Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Languages of Cyprus">Languages of Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iran" title="Category:Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Languages of Kazakhstan">Languages of Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kurdistan" title="Category:Languages of Kurdistan">Languages of Kurdistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Languages of Lebanon">Languages of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Russia" title="Category:Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Category:Languages of Turkey">Languages of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_languages" title="Category:Subject–object–verb languages">Subject–object–verb languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_26" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 26">Language articles citing Ethnologue 26</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)">CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Armenian-language_script_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)">CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Armenian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Armenian IPA">Pages with Armenian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from May 2023">Articles with disputed statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2022">Articles with dead external links from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 15:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-fxndg","wgBackendResponseTime":227,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.393","walltime":"4.047","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30436,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":704608,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44445,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":68,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":531744,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3364.125 1 -total"," 23.72% 797.929 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.17% 611.150 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 17.51% 589.066 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.69% 326.141 92 Template:Fs_interlinear"," 8.61% 289.494 144 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